Dimensional shapes.

Vertex


height Edge

depth
width


4.0 Definiton of 3-Dimensional shapes
As human,we live in a three-dimensional world.We can see or touch the object that has
three dimensions that can be measured such as length,width,and height.
So many three-dimensional objects in our surrounding.The room you are sitting in can be
described by these three dimensions.
In the world around us,there are many three-dimensional geometric shapes.
3-dimensional(3D) is a shapes that takes up space which is not flat and called a solid.3D
shapes can be solid or hollow.They have width,height and length.Every solid has a fixed
number of edges,vertices and surfaces.















There are two main types of solids that are polyhedral and non-polyhedra.Polyhedra is a
solid whose faces are all flat.Each face must be polygon(they must have straight
sides).Polyhedrons or polyhedral are named according to the number of faces they have.This
terms comes from the Greek words poly,which means many,and hedron,which means
face.So quite literally,a polyhedron is a three-dimensional object with many faces.The other
parts of polyhedron are its edges,the line segments along which two faces intersect,and its
vertices,the points at which three or more faces meet.The examples of polyhedra are
cube,cuboid,pyramid and prisms.
Some common space figures that are non-polyhedra.These figures have some things in
common with polyhedra,but they all have some curved surfaces,while the surfaces of a
polyhedra are always flat.The examples of non-polyhedra are cylinders,cones and spheres.


(Refer to references A)



















4.1 The meaning of 3-dimensional shapes
Cuboid
In geometry, a cuboid is a solid figure bounded by six faces, forming a convex polyhedron. There
are two competing incompatible definitions of a cuboid in the mathematical literature. In the more
general definition of a cuboid, the only additional requirement is that these six faces each be a
quadrilateral, and that the undirected graph formed by the vertices and edges of the polyhedron
should be isomorphic to the graph of a cube.
[1]
Alternatively, the word cuboid is sometimes used to
refer to a shape of this type in which each of the faces is a rectangle, and in which each pair of
adjacent faces meets in a right angle; this more restrictive type of cuboid is also known as a right
cuboid, rectangular box, rectangular hexahedron, right rectangular prism, or rectangular
parallelepiped.
Prism
In geometry, an n-sided prism is a polyhedron made of an n-sided polygonal base, a translated
copy, and n faces joining corresponding sides. Thus these joining faces are parallelograms. All
cross-sections parallel to the base faces are the same.
Cube
In geometry, a cube is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces, facets or
sides, with three meeting at each vertex. The cube can also be called a regular hexahedron and is
one of the five Platonic solids. It is a special kind of square prism, of rectangular parallelepiped and
of trigonal trapezohedron. The cube is dual to the octahedron.
A cube is the three-dimensional case of the more general concept of a hypercube.
It has 11 nets. If one were to colour the cube so that no two adjacent faces had the same colour,
one would need 3 colours.











Cone
A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat, usually circular
base to a point called the apex or vertex. More precisely, it is the solid figure bounded by a plane
base and the surface (called the lateral surface) formed by the locus of all straight line segments
joining the apex to the perimeter of the base. The term "cone" sometimes refers just to the surface
of this solid figure, or just to the lateral surface.
The axis of a cone is the straight line (if any), passing through the apex, about which the lateral
surface has a rotational symmetry.
In common usage in elementary geometry, cones are assumed to be right circular, where right
means that the axis passes through the centre of the base (suitably defined) at right angles to its
plane, and circular means that the base is a circle. Contrasted with right cones are oblique cones, in
which the axis does not pass perpendicularly through the centre of the base. In general, however,
the base may be any shape, and the apex may lie anywhere (though it is often assumed that the
base is bounded and has nonzero area, and that the apex lies outside the plane of the base). For
example, a pyramid is technically a cone with a polygonal base.
Pyramid
A pyramid is a building where the outer surfaces are triangular and converge at a point. The base
of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon shape, meaning that a pyramid has at
least three outer surfaces (at least four faces including the base). The square pyramid, with square
base and four triangular outer surfaces, is a common version.
A pyramid's design, with the majority of the weight closer to the ground, means that less material
higher up on the pyramid will be pushing down from above: this distribution of weight allowed early
civilizations to create stable monumental structures.











Cylinder
A cylinder is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes, the surface formed by the points
at a fixed distance from a given straight line, the axis of the cylinder. The solid enclosed by this
surface and by two planes perpendicular to the axis is also called a cylinder. The surface area and
the volume of a cylinder have been known since deep antiquity.

Sphere
A sphere is a perfectly round geometrical object in three-dimensional space, such as the shape of a
round ball. Like a circle in three dimensions, a perfect sphere is completely symmetrical around its
center, with all points on the surface lying the same distance r from the center point. This distance r
is known as the radius of the sphere. The maximum straight distance through the sphere is known
as the diameter of the sphere. It passes through the center and is thus twice the radius



(Refer to references A)















4.2 Classify of 3D shapes.
Solid that are 3D shapes are cube,pyramid,cylinder,prisms,cone and spheres.






Cylinder Cone Sphere








Prism Cube Pyramid

















4.2.1 There are some ways to classify the 3- Dimensional shapes.There are:











Types of figures






Types of solids




Types of figure
Types of solids
Types of surfaces for solids
Result of movement by solids
Using number faces of the solids
Using corners of the solids
Using base of the solids
Using parallel faces
Plan figures-Polygon,many angle
Solid figures-Polyhedron,many faces
Polyhedra-cube,cuboid,prism,pyramid
Non-polyhedra-Cone,Cylinder,sphere











Types of surfaces for solids








Results of movement by solids






Using number faces of the solids






Flat surface solid-Cube,cuboid,pyramid,prism
Curved surface solid-Sphere
Flat and curved surface and solid-Cylinder,cone
Can be stacked-Cube,cuboid,prism,pyramid
Can be roll and side-Cone,cylinder,sphere
One faces-Sphere
Two or more faces-Cube,cuboid,prism,pyramid,cylinder,cone









Using corner of the solids



Using base of the solids

Using base of solid





Using parallel faces












No corner-Cone,cylinder,sphere
One or more corner-Cube,cuboid,prism,pyramid

No base-Sphere
One or more bases-Cube,cuboid,prism,pyramid,cylinder,cone
No parallel faces-Cone,sphere
Have parallel faces-Cube,cuboid,cylinder,prism,pyramid









The base of the
cylinder is same as
the top
Has parallel
congruent bases.
non-polyhedron
The lateral face
are curved
Has circular ends
of equal size.
4.3 Characteristics of 3-Dimensional shapes


















CYLINDER














Has a flat circular
base.
It sides are
curved.That shows it
is not a polyhedra.
It has only one
edged and one
vertex.
Have just one base.
Its top is pointed
and is sometimes
called the apex.




















CONE













Is a perfectly round
three-dimensional
shape.
Has only one curved
face.
It is perfectly
symmetrical.
It is not a polyhedra
The distance from the
centre to the edge is the
same in all direction.


















SPHERE















It has six faces.Ecery
face is square.
All these squares are
the same size.
Has eight
vertices(corners)
Each face has four
edges and all together
are twelve edges.
At each vertex,3 edges
meet.

















CUBE
















Is a polyhedron for which the top and
bottom faces
Has the same cross section all
along its length.Cross section is
the shape you get when cutting
across an object.
Is a space figure with two congruent and
has two bases that are parallel that are
polygon.
Has no curved side.
















PRISMS











Prisms can be divided into regular and irregular prisms.


A prisms has two faces that are parallel and congruent.The prisms are name after the shape of the
two parallel and congruent faces.For instance,a rectangular prism has bases that are rectangles
and a pentagonal prism has bases that are pentagons.











Has a regular cross
section
Its shape will be equal
edge lengths.
Regular
Prisms

Is not regular in shape
Irregular
prisms











Rectangular Prisms





Pentagonal Prisms




Hexagonal Prism











-6 rectangular faces
-12 edges
-8 vertices
-2 pentagonal faces
-5 rectangular faces
-15 edges
-10 vertices
-2 hexagonal faces
-6 rectangular faces
-18 edges
-12 vertices









Made by connecting a base to an apex
All the other
faces are
triangular and
meet at a
point(vertex)
Meeting at a common vertex
A solid object with
flat.




PYRAMID





























4.3.1 3D Shape Properties in tables





This 3D shape has no flat faces and no straight
edges. It has just one curved face.
It is a cube.





This 3D shape has one curved face and one flat
face. The flat face is a circle.
It is a cylinder.





This 3D shape has 6 flat square faces, 12 straight
edges and 8 corners.
It is a cuboid.





This 3D shape has one curved face and 2 flat
circular faces.
It is a cone.




This 3D shape has 6 flat faces; 2 are squares and 4
are rectangles. It has 12 straight edges and 8
corners.
It is a sphere











































4.4 Differentiation between the types of 3-D shapes








CUBOID

Key Feature
Six faces which are all rectangles

Faces 6
Corners 8
Edges 12









CUBE

Key Feature
Six faces which are all squares

Faces 6
Corners 8
Edges 12










TRIANGULAR PRISM

Key Feature
A prism with a triangular cross-section

Faces 5
Corners 6
Edges 9









HEXAGONAL PRISM

Key Feature
A prism with a hexagonal cross-section

Faces 8
Corners 12
Edges 18








CYLINDER

Faces,Corners and Edges
The normal definitions of faces,corners and edges are
not appropriate for a cylinder.





















(Refer to references B)








CONE

Key Feature
The point of the cone is directly above the centre of
the circular base.

Faces,Corners, and edges
The normal definitions of faces,corners and edges are
not appropriate for a con.







SPHERE

Key Feature
The point on the surface of the sphere is the same
from the centre.

Faces,Corners, and edges
The normal definitions of faces,corners and edges are
not appropriate for a sphere.

PYRAMID

Key Feature
A shape with a square base and triangular sides that
meet at a point.

Faces 5

Corners 5

Edges 8









4.5 Derivation formula of 3-Dimensional shapes
Shapes

Vertices
Edges
Corners Formula



8 12 6 Face Area = Area of the face = units
2

Surface Area = Total area of all the faces =
units
2

Volume of Cuboid = Length x Breadth x
Height = units
3






6 9 Volume of a prism = Area x Length
Example: What is the volume of a prism whose
ends are 25 in
2
and which is 12 in long:
Answer: Volume = 25 in
2
12 in = 300 in
3



8 12 6 Area of Square = length x breadth = l
2

Volume of cube = Ah = l
2
x h = l
3
units
3

The volume of a cube
Volume of a cube = a a
a = a
where a is the length of each
side of the cube.















Triangular prism
6 9 5
Area of triangle = x base x perpendicular
height = bh
Volume of triangular prism = Ah= bhl units
3

( where l is the length of the prism)



0 2 3 Area of circle = x radius x radius = r
2

so Volume of cylinder = Ah = r
2
units
3


V = [Area of circle] x [Height of cylinder]

V = ( x R x R) x H


10 15 7 Area of pentagonal = SA = 2B + Ph
SA = 2(1/2ans) + nsh
SA = 2(1/2a)(5)s + 5sh
SA = 5as + 5sh



Volume =
V = Bh
V = 1/2ansh
V = 1/2a(5)sh
V = 5/2ash

















12 18 8 Area of hexagonal =Surface Area of Prism =
6as + 6sh = 6as + Ph
Volume of Prism = 3ash = Ah
where
a = apothem length, s = side, h = height

4 6 Area of Pyramid : SA = B + n(1/2sl)
SA = s
2
+ (4)(1/2sl)
SA = s
2
+ 2sl

Volume = V = 1/3Bh
V = 1/3(b
2
)h
= 1/3b
2
h














Volume of a Cone vs Cylinder
The volume formulas for cones and cylinders are very similar:
The volume of a cylinder is: r
2
h
The volume of a cone is: r
2
(h/3)
So, the only difference is that a cone's volume is one third (
1
/
3
) of a cylinder's

Since the base area of a cone is a circle,again we can substitute the area fomula for a circle into the
volume formula,in place of the base area.




1 1 1 Area of cone = r
2
+ rl


Volume = 1/3 r
2
h
Using this knowledge, you can find the volume
of a cone by using the almost same formula of
the cube, but since it takes 3 cones to make 1
cube, we can multiple by 1/3 (or divide by 3; it's
the same thing afteral.












Volume of cylinder vs prism
The cylinder is somewhat like a prism.It hass parallel congruent bases,but its bases are circles
rather than polygons.You find the volume of a cylinder in the same way that you find the volume of
prism:it is the product of the base area times the height of the cylinder:
V = Bh
Since the base of a cylinder is always circle,we can substitute the formula for the area of circle into
the formula for the volume,like this:
V =

h


Comparison of the volume of 3D shapes
Volume (Vco) of the cone is give by:

V
co
= (1 / 3)*area of base * height

= (1 /3) * r
2
* r = (1 /3) * r
3

Volume (Vcy) of the cylinder is give by:

V
cy
= area of base * height

= r
2
* r = r
3

Volume (Vhe) of the hemisphere is give by:

V
he
= (1 / 2) volume of a sphere

= (1/2) (4/3) r
3
= (2 / 3) r
3

The volume of the cylinder is the largest. The volume of the cone is one third of the volume of
the cylinder and it is the smallest. The volume of the hemisphere is twice the volume of the
cone or two thirds the volume of the cylinder.













Volume of square pyramid
1.Identify the length and width of the base.
2.Calculate the area of the base.
3.Multiply the area of the base by the height..
4.Multiply the previous answer by one third, or divide by 3.


Volume of sphere
An easier way to obtain the answer:
Imagine a sphere which is divided into an infinite amount of prisms with a common vertex at the
centre of the sphere. By calculating the volume of all these prisms, one can obtain the volume of the
sphere.
The formula for the volume of a prism is (1/3)bh. If we apply this formula to the infinite number of
pyramids, the total area of the bases (b) would be the SA of the sphere, (4r
2
), the height (h), would
be the distance from the surface area to the centre, which is the radius (r).
This means the formula for finding the Volume of a sphere would then be (1/3)bh which is
(1/3)(r)(4r
2
) which could then be simplified to (4/3)r
3



(Refer to references C)













4.3.2 Platonic Solid
There are five Platonic Solids.

Each one is a polyhedron with every face being a regular polygon of the same size and shape.

They are also convex (no "dents" or indentations in them).




















Tetrahedron
4 Faces
4 Vertices
6 Edges

Cube
6 Faces
8 Vertices
12 Edges

Octahedron
8 Faces
6 Vertices
12 Edges



































Dodecahedron
12 Faces
20 Vertices
30 Edges

Icosahedron
20 Faces
12 Vertices
30 Edges











4.3.3 Some examples of cross-section




















Example:
The cross section of a rectangular
pyramid is a rectangle

Example:
The cross section of a circular cylinder
is a circle

Example:
The cross section of as quare prism is
square










Task B
Procedures on how to produce these 3-D shape models
Triangular prism
The triangular prism has five faces. three faces are rectangles and two are triangles.
A triangular prism has 6 vertices and 9 edges.Draw three rectangle with the measure is
11.5 cm.Make sure the measure are accurate.Then draw two same size of triangles with
the measure is 4.5 cm.
Score the net along ALL fold lines before attempting to assemble
Use a ruler to aid scoring
Use sticky tape on the tabs to assemble this shape rather than glue. It is much easier.


Hexagonal prism
The hexagonal prism is a prism composed of two hexagonal bases and six rectangular sides. It is
an octahedron. The regular right hexagonal prism of edge length has surface area and volume
Firstly,draw two same size hexagonal bases with the measure is 3.5 cm each side.
Then,draw six same size of rectangular sides which is the measure is 5.52 cm each side.
Score the net along ALL fold lines before attempting to assemble
Use a ruler to aid scoring
Use glue on the tabs to assemble this shape rather than sticky tape. It is much easier.