4- Levels of organization of matter and living beings:

There are four levels: chemical, cellular, organic, and ecological.

The first level, chemical, is the one that includes atoms and particles and the association of molecules and give
as result the macromolecules then the second level is the cellular, where the complex and specialized
structures are found like the organelles, the cells and the tissues. After it comes the organic one, in there are
localized the multicellular and complex organisms, for example the organs, systems and all the living things
and at last come the ecological level that is compound by the interaction between the organisms here is where
the population, community, ecosystem, biome, and ecosphere are.









5,6- Cells & Classification
The cell is the functional, structural, physiological, and origin unit. It consist of a protoplasm enclosed within a
membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.
General characteristics of a cell:
They are limited by a plasma membrane, which is the responsible of the interactions
between the cell and its environment.
They use DNA as the genetic material.
They have a cytoplasm
They obtain their energy and nutrients from its environment.
Their functions are limited by their size

There are two kinds of cells: the eukaryotic and the prokaryotic. The eukaryotic has a nucleus, and the
prokaryotic cell has no nucleus.






Comparison:
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
Cellular surface
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Flagella
Cellular surface
Capsule or mucilaginous level
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Flagella
Pili
Cytoplasmic structure
Ribosomes & Lysosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasmic structure
Ribosomes
Food granules
Genetic Material
Nucleus
Nuclear envelop
DNA
Chromatin & Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Genetic Material
Nucleoid
DNA
Chromosomes
Plasmids


7- Cellular Transport Mechanisms
Most important ones
Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an
area of lesser concentration

Osmosis: the diffusion of water
Isotonic solutions: ISO means the same so the concentration of salt is the
same on both sides of the solution so the result wont have any overall
amount of salt.
Hypotonic solutions: Hypo means less so there is less salt inside the cell
than the out, so water sill flow inside the cell.



Hypertonic solutions: Hyper means more so there is more salt in the cell
that out of it, when the water flows in will increase inside the cell.



Extra information
Facilitated diffusion: carrier and transporter enzymes move molecules across cell
membranes
Active transport: movement of molecules from an area of lesser concentration to
an area of greater concentration, requires ATP
Filtration: move water and dissolved substances from an area of higher pressure
to an area of lower pressure
Phagocytosis: a moving cells engulfs something
Pinocytosis: a stationary cell engulfs something