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Timber Design

Design of sawn timber columns and compressive


members
Design requirements.
1. The slenderness ratio L
e
/d for solid column shall not exceed 50 for service
load and shall not exceed 75 for construction. L
e
=K
e
L is effective length of
column, Ke is slenderness ratio, L is unsupported length of column. For
rectangular section, L
e
/d shall be evaluated in both directions.
2. Maximum compressive stress, fc must not exceed allowable stress parallel
to grain, F
c
= F
c
*C
D
*C
M
*C
t
*C
F
*C
p

Where
F
c
is allowable bending stress in NDS supplement.
C
D
is load duration factor, (see beam design)
C
M
is wet service factor, (use when moisture of timber is higher than 19%)
C
t
is temperature factor, (when timber is used in temperature higher than 150F)
C
F
is size factor, (apply only to visually graded sawn lumber members, and to round timber
bending members, not apply simultaneously with Cv for glued laminated timber)
C
p
is column stability factor (see below)

Slenderness ratio, K
e




Column stability factor C
p

According to NDS 3.7.1, column stability factor shall be determined as
1. Fully supported laterally throughout its length, C
p
=1.
2. Otherwise, C
p
shall be calculated as

F
c
*=Compressive design value in NDS tables multiplied by all other adjustment
factor except C
p
,
F
cE
= K
cE
E/(L
e
/d)
2
,
K
cE
=0.3 for visually graded lumber and machine evaluated lumber, (note:
K
cE
=0.418 for machine stress rated lumber and glued laminated timber),
C=0.8 for sawn lumber, (note: c = 0.85 for round timber piles and 0.9 for glued
laminated timber).

Design procedure for timber column and compressive
members
1. Select timber species and section.
2. Calculate slenderness ratio for both axes, L
ex
/d
x
, L
ey
/d
y
, where L
ex
=L
x
*K
ex
,
L
ey
=L
y
*K
ey
. K
ex
and K
ey
, are slenderness ratios in x and y direction. L
x
and
L
y
are unsupported length in x and y direction.
3. Determine maximum compressive stress, f
c
=P/A. P is column axial
load. A is cross section area.
4. Determine allowable compressive stress, F
c
*
F
c
* = F
c
C
D
C
M
C
t
C
F

Where
F
c
is allowable bending stress in NDS supplement.
C
D
is duration factor,
C
M
is wet service factor, (use when moisture of timber is higher than 19%)
C
t
is temperature factor, (when timber is used in temperature higher than 150F)
C
F
is size factor, (apply only to visually graded sawn lumber members, and to round timber
bending members, not apply simultaneously with C
v
for glued laminated timber)
5. Calculate elastic modulus
E=EC
M
C
t

Where E is modulus of elasticity in NDS supplement
6. Calculate F
cE
= K
cE
*E/(L
e
/d)
2

7. Calculate C
p

8. Calculate allowable compressive stress,
F
c
= F
c
*C
p




Example 4: Design of sawn timber column:
Design data:
Floor area supported by column: A = 80 ft
2

Unsupported length of column, L = 10 ft
Hinge support at top and bottom of column
Design load:
Floor live load: W
L
= 30 psf
Floor dead load: W
D
= 10 psf
Superimposed dead load: W
SD
= 5 psf
Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal room
temperature.
Solution:
1. Select southern pine, 4"x4" stud grade, d = 3.5 in
Actual cross section: A
c
= 12.25 in2.
Allowable compressive stress parallel to grain: F
c
= 975 psi
2. Calculate slenderness ratio: K
e
= 1, L
e
=K
e
L = 10 ft, L
e
/d = 34 < 50
3. Calculate compressive stress with load duration factor
Load duration factor for dead load: C
D
= 0.9
Load duration factors for live load: C
D
= 1.0 (Use 1 per NDS)
Calculate Design load: P = [W
D
+ W
SD
+ W
L
]A = 3600 lb
Column compressive stress, f
c
=P/A
c
= 293.8 psi
4. Calculate allowable stress without C
p
.
C
M
=1, C
t
=1, C
f
=1
F
c
* = F
c
C
M
C
t
C
F
= 975 psi
5. Calculate elasticity modulus
E=ECMCt = 1.410
6
psi
6. Calculate F
cE

K
cE
=0.3
F
cE
= K
cE
*E/(L
e
/d)
2
= 357.3 psi
7. Calculate C
p

c = 0.8

C
p
= 0.333
8. Calculate allowable compressive stress
F
c
= F
c
*C
p
= 324.8 psi > f
c
= 293.8 psi O.K.





Example 5: Design of timber load bearing stud wall
Design data:
Tributary width of floor supported by wall: B = 20 ft
2
.
Unsupported height of stud wall, L = 10 ft
Hinge support at top and bottom of stud wall
Design load:
Floor live load: W
L
= 30 psf
Floor dead load: W
D
= 10 psf
Superimposed dead load: W
SD
= 5 psf
Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal room
temperature.
Solution:
1. Select southern pine, 2"x4" stud grade at 16" O.C. d
1
= 3.5 in, d
2
= 1.5 in, s = 16
in
Actual cross section: A
c
= 5.25 in
2
.
Allowable compressive stress parallel to grain: F
c
= 975 psi
2. Calculate slenderness ratio:
K
e
= 1, L
ex
= K
e
L = 10 ft, L
ex
/d
1
=34 < 50
Provide blocking at mid-height in d
2
direction
L
ey
=K
e
(L/2) = 5 ft, L
ey
/d
2
=40 < 50 Govern
3. Calculate compressive stress with load duration factor
Load duration factor for dead load: C
D
= 0.9
Load duration factors for live load: C
D
= 1.0 (Use 1 per NDS 2001)
Calculate Design load: P = [W
D
+ W
SD
+ W
L
]Bs = 1200 lb
Column compressive stress, f
c
=P/A
c
= 228.5 psi
4. Calculate allowable stress without C
p

C
M
=1, C
t
=1, C
f
=1
F
c
* = F
c
C
D
C
M
C
t
C
F
= 975 psi
5. Calculate elasticity modulus
E=EC
M
C
t
= 1.410
6
psi
6. Calculate F
cE

K
cE
=0.3
F
cE
= K
cE
*E/(L
e
/d)
2
= 262.5 psi
7. Calculate C
p

c = 0.8

C
p
= 0.252
8. Calculate allowable compressive stress
F
c
= F
c
*C
p
= 246 psi > f
c
= 228.5 psi O.K.


Timber Design
Design of sawn timber beams or joists.
Design requirement
1. Maximum bending stress, fb must not exceed allowable stress parallel to
grain,
F
b
= F
b
*C
D
*C
M
*C
t
*C
F
*C
V
*C
fu
*C
r
*C
c
*C
f

Where
F
b
is allowable bending stress in NDS supplement.
C
D
is load duration factor, (see NDS Table 2.3.2 reproduced below)
C
M
is wet service factor, (use when moisture of timber is higher than 19%)
C
t
is temperature factor, (when timber is used in temperature higher than 150F)
C
L
is beam stability factor, (See below)
C
F
is size factor, (apply only to visually graded sawn lumber members, and to round timber
bending members, not apply simultaneously with Cv for glued laminated timber)
C
V
is volume factor, (apply only to glued laminated timber bending member)
C
fu
is flat use factor, (when 2-4 timber is loaded at wide face)
C
r
is repetitive member factor, (apply to dimension bending member 2-4 thick)
C
c
is curvature factor (apply to curved glued laminated bending member)
C
f
is form factor. (for round or diamond section)
2. Deflection should not exceed allowable limit. The elastic modulus shall be
calculated as E=E*C
M
*C
t
, Where E is modulus of elasticity in NDS
supplement
3. Maximum shear stress, fv shall not exceed allowable shear stress,
F
v
= F
v
*C
D
*C
M
*C
t
*C
H

Where F
v
is allowable shear stress in NDS supplement and,
C
H
is shear stress factor depends on length of split and shake. Value of
C
H
varies from 2 for no split to 1 with 1-1/2 split.

Adjustment factors
Load duration factor, C
D

Load duration C
D
Design load
Permanent 0.9 Dead load
Ten years 1.0 Occupancy live load
Two months 1.15 Snow load
Seven days 1.25 Construction load
Ten minutes 1.6 Wind/Earthquake load
Impact 2.0 Impact load




Beam stability factor, C
L
.
C
L
= 1 for the following condition for member, with nominal depth, B and width,
D.
1. D/B 2
2. 2 < D/B 4 solid blocking is provided at both ends of member.
3. D/B = 5, one edge (tension or compression) is fully supported.
4. D/B = 6, bridge, full depth blocking, cross bracing at 8 ft maximum, and
both edges are fully supported or compressive edge is fully supported to
prevent lateral displacement, and the ends at the point of bearing are
laterally supported to prevent rotation;
5. D/B = 7, both edge fully supported.
When the conditions were not met, C
L
is calculated based on a complicated
equation in NDS section 3.3.3.7. Normally, it is easier to meet the requirement
then to go through the complicated equation.
Size factor, C
F

The size, C
F
, for timber species other than southern pine are listed in Table 4-
A. For southern pine 2 to 4 thick, size factor needs not be applied. For southern
pine 4 thick, 8 and wider, C
F
= 1.1. For dimension lumber, wider than 12, C
F
=
0.9 except Dense structural 86. 72, and 65. in which, C
F
=0.9. When the depth of
Dense structural 86, 72, and 65, dimension lumber exceeds 12, C
F
=(12/d)1/9.
Repetitive member factor, C
r

C
r
applies to dimension lumber 2 to 4 thick that subjected to bending. C
r
=1.15
when members are used as joist, truss chords, rafters, etc and spacing is not exceed
24 and not less than 3.
Wet service factor, C
M

When the moisture of dimension lumber exceeds 19%, the design value Fb shall be
multiplied by C
M
= 0.85 except that when F
b
* C
M
1500 psi, C
M
=1.
Design procedure for Timber Beam and Joist
1. Calculate design load and moment
2. Select timber species and cross section. Determine maximum bending stress,
f
b
=M/S, where M is design moment with load duration factor, S is section
modulus.
3. Determine allowable bending stress, with the rest of multiplication factors
F
b
= F
b
*C
D
*C
M
*C
t
*C
F
*C
V
*C
fu
*C
r
*C
c
*C
f

4. Calculate elastic modulus
E=E*C
M
*C
t

5. Calculate deflection of beam with load without load duration factor.
6. Calculate shear stress, f
v
= VQ/Ib or for rectangular member, f
v
= 3V/2b
Where, V is shear force with load duration factor, Q is first moment of inertia, I is
second moment of inertia, b is width of the member, d is depth of the member.
7. Calculate allowable shear stress with the rest of multiplication factors
F
v
= F
v
*C
D
*C
M
*C
t
*C
H


Examples
Example 1: Design of 2x 10 floor joist with southern pine

Design data:
Length of floor joist: L = 16 ft
Spacing of floor joist: s = 16 in.
Top of joist supported by plywood sheathing.
Design load:
Floor live load: W
L
= 40 psf
Floor dead load: W
D
= 10 psf
Superimposed dead load including mechanical and electric load, W
SD
= 8 psf
Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal room temperature.
Solution:
Calculate Design load: W = [W
D
+ W
SD
+ W
L
]*s = 77.3 lb/ft
Design moment: M = W*L
2
/8 = 2475 lb-ft
Try 2x10 joist
Nominal dimension, B = 2 in, D = 10 in
Actual dimension, b = 1.5 in, d = 9.25 in
Section modulus: S = 21.39 in
3
, Modulus of inertia, I = 98.93 in
4
.
Bending stress: f
b
=M/S = 1388 psi
Try Southern pine No. 2, F
b
= 1500 psi
Load duration factor for dead load: C
D
= 0.9
Load duration factors for live load: C
D
= 1.0 (Use 1 per NDS 2001)
The depth to width ratio based on nominal dimension, D/B = 5
Since compressive edge is fully supported by plywood floor, C
L
= 1
Repetition factor for joist: C
r
= 1.15
Wet service factor: C
M
= 1
Temperature factor: C
t
= 1
Other factors not applicable
Allowable stress, F
b
= F
b
*C
D
* C
L
* C
r
* C
M
* C
t
= 1725 psi O.K.
Check deflection:
Elastic modulus: E = 1600000 psi*C
M
* C
t
= 1600000 psi
Deflection: = 5*W*L
4
/(384*E*I) = 0.75 in < L/240 O.K.
Check shear stress
Maximum shear force. V = W*L/2 = 640 lb
Shear stress, f
v
= V/bd = 46 psi
Conservatively assume shear stress factor, C
H
= 1
Allowable shear stress, F
v
= 90 psi * C
D
* C
M
* C
t
*C
H
= 90 psi O.K.
Example 2: Design of 3-3x12 beam with Southern pine.
Design data:
Length of beam: L = 16 ft
Tributary width: s = 8 ft
Top of beam supported by floor joists at 16 in O.C.
Design load:
Floor live load: W
L
= 40 psf
Floor dead load: W
D
= 10 psf
Superimposed dead load including mechanical and electric load, W
SD
= 8 psf
Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal room temperature.
Solution:
Calculate Design load: W = [(W
D
+ W
SD
+ W
L
]*s = 464 lb/ft
Design moment: M = W*L
2
/8 = 14850 lb-ft
Use 3-3x12 nailed together with 12d nails at 12 in O.C. from both sides
staggered.

Nominal dimension, B = 9 in, D = 12 in
Actual dimension, b = 7.5 in, d = 11.25 in
Section modulus: S = 158.2 in
3
, Modulus of inertia, I = 890 in
4
.
Bending stress: f
b
=M/S = 1126 psi
Try Southern pine No. 2, F
b
= 1500 psi
The depth to width ratio based on nominal dimension, D/B = 1.33
Since compressive edge is supported by floor joist at 16 in O.C., C
L
= 1
Wet service factor: C
M
= 1
Temperature factor: C
t
= 1
Load duration factor for dead load: C
D
= 0.9
Load duration factors for live load: C
D
= 1.0 (use 1 per NDS 2001)
Other factors not applicable
Allowable stress, F
b
= F
b
* C
D
*C
L
* C
M
* C
t
= 1500 psi O.K.
Check deflection:
Elastic modulus: E = 1600000 psi*CM* Ct = 1600000 psi
Deflection: = 5*W*L
4
/(384*E*I) = 0.48 in < L/240 O.K.
Check shear stress
Maximum shear force. V = W*L/2 = 3840 lb
Shear stress, fv = V/bd = 46 psi
Conservatively assume shear stress factor, C
H
= 1
Allowable shear stress, Fv = 90 psi * C
D
*C
M
* C
t
*C
H
= 90 psi O.K.


Example 3: Design of 2x12 floor joist with Douglas Fir-
Larch

Design data:
Length of floor joist: L = 16 ft
Spacing of floor joist: s = 16 in.
Top of joist supported by plywood sheathing.
Design load:
Floor live load: W
L
= 40 psf
Floor dead load: W
D
= 10 psf
Superimposed dead load including mechanical and electric load, W
SD
= 8 psf
Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal room temperature.
Solution:
Calculate Design load: W = [W
D
+ W
SD
+ W
L
]*s = 77.3 lb/ft
Design moment: M = W*L
2
/8 = 2475 lb-ft
Try 2x12 joist
Nominal dimension, B = 2 in, D = 12 in
Actual dimension, b = 1.5 in, d = 11.25 in
Section modulus: S = 31.64 in
3
, Modulus of inertia, I = 178 in
4
.
Bending stress: f
b
=M/S = 938.5 psi
Try Douglas Fir-Larch No. 1, F
b
= 1000 psi
The depth to width ratio based on nominal dimension, D/B = 6
Since compressive edge is fully supported by plywood floor,
Provide solid blocking at both ends, and cross bracing at mid-span,
Maximum spacing = 8 ft, C
L
= 1
Repetition factor for joist: C
r
= 1.15
Wet service factor: C
M
= 1
Temperature factor: C
t
= 1
From NDS Table, size factor, C
F
= 1
Load duration factor for dead load: C
D
= 0.9
Load duration factors for live load: C
D
= 1.0 (Use 1 per NDS 2001)
Other factors not applicable
Allowable stress, F
b
= F
b
* C
D
*C
L
* C
r
* C
M
* C
t
*C
F
= 1150 psi O.K.
Check deflection:
Elastic modulus: E = 1700000 psi*C
M
* C
t
= 1700000 psi
Deflection: = 5*W*L
4
/(384*E*I) = 0.38 in < L/240 O.K.
Check shear stress
Maximum shear force. V = W*L/2 = 640 lb
Shear stress, fv = V/bd = 38 psi
Conservatively assume shear stress factor, C
H
= 1
Allowable shear stress, Fv = 95 psi * C
D
*C
M
* C
t
*C
H
= 95 psi O.K.

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