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This document provides design requirements and guidelines for timber columns, compressive members, beams, and joists. It discusses factors like slenderness ratio, allowable stresses, load duration, wet service, temperature, size, stability, shear, and deflection that must be considered in design. An example is also provided showing the step-by-step design of a sawn timber column.
Deskripsi Asli:
A compilation of data relating to the design of a timber column and the explanation of some of the factors used.
Judul Asli
Design of sawn timber columns and compressive members
This document provides design requirements and guidelines for timber columns, compressive members, beams, and joists. It discusses factors like slenderness ratio, allowable stresses, load duration, wet service, temperature, size, stability, shear, and deflection that must be considered in design. An example is also provided showing the step-by-step design of a sawn timber column.
This document provides design requirements and guidelines for timber columns, compressive members, beams, and joists. It discusses factors like slenderness ratio, allowable stresses, load duration, wet service, temperature, size, stability, shear, and deflection that must be considered in design. An example is also provided showing the step-by-step design of a sawn timber column.
members Design requirements. 1. The slenderness ratio L e /d for solid column shall not exceed 50 for service load and shall not exceed 75 for construction. L e =K e L is effective length of column, Ke is slenderness ratio, L is unsupported length of column. For rectangular section, L e /d shall be evaluated in both directions. 2. Maximum compressive stress, fc must not exceed allowable stress parallel to grain, F c = F c *C D *C M *C t *C F *C p
Where F c is allowable bending stress in NDS supplement. C D is load duration factor, (see beam design) C M is wet service factor, (use when moisture of timber is higher than 19%) C t is temperature factor, (when timber is used in temperature higher than 150F) C F is size factor, (apply only to visually graded sawn lumber members, and to round timber bending members, not apply simultaneously with Cv for glued laminated timber) C p is column stability factor (see below)
Slenderness ratio, K e
Column stability factor C p
According to NDS 3.7.1, column stability factor shall be determined as 1. Fully supported laterally throughout its length, C p =1. 2. Otherwise, C p shall be calculated as
F c *=Compressive design value in NDS tables multiplied by all other adjustment factor except C p , F cE = K cE E/(L e /d) 2 , K cE =0.3 for visually graded lumber and machine evaluated lumber, (note: K cE =0.418 for machine stress rated lumber and glued laminated timber), C=0.8 for sawn lumber, (note: c = 0.85 for round timber piles and 0.9 for glued laminated timber).
Design procedure for timber column and compressive members 1. Select timber species and section. 2. Calculate slenderness ratio for both axes, L ex /d x , L ey /d y , where L ex =L x *K ex , L ey =L y *K ey . K ex and K ey , are slenderness ratios in x and y direction. L x and L y are unsupported length in x and y direction. 3. Determine maximum compressive stress, f c =P/A. P is column axial load. A is cross section area. 4. Determine allowable compressive stress, F c * F c * = F c C D C M C t C F
Where F c is allowable bending stress in NDS supplement. C D is duration factor, C M is wet service factor, (use when moisture of timber is higher than 19%) C t is temperature factor, (when timber is used in temperature higher than 150F) C F is size factor, (apply only to visually graded sawn lumber members, and to round timber bending members, not apply simultaneously with C v for glued laminated timber) 5. Calculate elastic modulus E=EC M C t
Where E is modulus of elasticity in NDS supplement 6. Calculate F cE = K cE *E/(L e /d) 2
7. Calculate C p
8. Calculate allowable compressive stress, F c = F c *C p
Example 4: Design of sawn timber column: Design data: Floor area supported by column: A = 80 ft 2
Unsupported length of column, L = 10 ft Hinge support at top and bottom of column Design load: Floor live load: W L = 30 psf Floor dead load: W D = 10 psf Superimposed dead load: W SD = 5 psf Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal room temperature. Solution: 1. Select southern pine, 4"x4" stud grade, d = 3.5 in Actual cross section: A c = 12.25 in2. Allowable compressive stress parallel to grain: F c = 975 psi 2. Calculate slenderness ratio: K e = 1, L e =K e L = 10 ft, L e /d = 34 < 50 3. Calculate compressive stress with load duration factor Load duration factor for dead load: C D = 0.9 Load duration factors for live load: C D = 1.0 (Use 1 per NDS) Calculate Design load: P = [W D + W SD + W L ]A = 3600 lb Column compressive stress, f c =P/A c = 293.8 psi 4. Calculate allowable stress without C p . C M =1, C t =1, C f =1 F c * = F c C M C t C F = 975 psi 5. Calculate elasticity modulus E=ECMCt = 1.410 6 psi 6. Calculate F cE
K cE =0.3 F cE = K cE *E/(L e /d) 2 = 357.3 psi 7. Calculate C p
c = 0.8
C p = 0.333 8. Calculate allowable compressive stress F c = F c *C p = 324.8 psi > f c = 293.8 psi O.K.
Example 5: Design of timber load bearing stud wall Design data: Tributary width of floor supported by wall: B = 20 ft 2 . Unsupported height of stud wall, L = 10 ft Hinge support at top and bottom of stud wall Design load: Floor live load: W L = 30 psf Floor dead load: W D = 10 psf Superimposed dead load: W SD = 5 psf Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal room temperature. Solution: 1. Select southern pine, 2"x4" stud grade at 16" O.C. d 1 = 3.5 in, d 2 = 1.5 in, s = 16 in Actual cross section: A c = 5.25 in 2 . Allowable compressive stress parallel to grain: F c = 975 psi 2. Calculate slenderness ratio: K e = 1, L ex = K e L = 10 ft, L ex /d 1 =34 < 50 Provide blocking at mid-height in d 2 direction L ey =K e (L/2) = 5 ft, L ey /d 2 =40 < 50 Govern 3. Calculate compressive stress with load duration factor Load duration factor for dead load: C D = 0.9 Load duration factors for live load: C D = 1.0 (Use 1 per NDS 2001) Calculate Design load: P = [W D + W SD + W L ]Bs = 1200 lb Column compressive stress, f c =P/A c = 228.5 psi 4. Calculate allowable stress without C p
C M =1, C t =1, C f =1 F c * = F c C D C M C t C F = 975 psi 5. Calculate elasticity modulus E=EC M C t = 1.410 6 psi 6. Calculate F cE
K cE =0.3 F cE = K cE *E/(L e /d) 2 = 262.5 psi 7. Calculate C p
c = 0.8
C p = 0.252 8. Calculate allowable compressive stress F c = F c *C p = 246 psi > f c = 228.5 psi O.K.
Timber Design Design of sawn timber beams or joists. Design requirement 1. Maximum bending stress, fb must not exceed allowable stress parallel to grain, F b = F b *C D *C M *C t *C F *C V *C fu *C r *C c *C f
Where F b is allowable bending stress in NDS supplement. C D is load duration factor, (see NDS Table 2.3.2 reproduced below) C M is wet service factor, (use when moisture of timber is higher than 19%) C t is temperature factor, (when timber is used in temperature higher than 150F) C L is beam stability factor, (See below) C F is size factor, (apply only to visually graded sawn lumber members, and to round timber bending members, not apply simultaneously with Cv for glued laminated timber) C V is volume factor, (apply only to glued laminated timber bending member) C fu is flat use factor, (when 2-4 timber is loaded at wide face) C r is repetitive member factor, (apply to dimension bending member 2-4 thick) C c is curvature factor (apply to curved glued laminated bending member) C f is form factor. (for round or diamond section) 2. Deflection should not exceed allowable limit. The elastic modulus shall be calculated as E=E*C M *C t , Where E is modulus of elasticity in NDS supplement 3. Maximum shear stress, fv shall not exceed allowable shear stress, F v = F v *C D *C M *C t *C H
Where F v is allowable shear stress in NDS supplement and, C H is shear stress factor depends on length of split and shake. Value of C H varies from 2 for no split to 1 with 1-1/2 split.
Adjustment factors Load duration factor, C D
Load duration C D Design load Permanent 0.9 Dead load Ten years 1.0 Occupancy live load Two months 1.15 Snow load Seven days 1.25 Construction load Ten minutes 1.6 Wind/Earthquake load Impact 2.0 Impact load
Beam stability factor, C L . C L = 1 for the following condition for member, with nominal depth, B and width, D. 1. D/B 2 2. 2 < D/B 4 solid blocking is provided at both ends of member. 3. D/B = 5, one edge (tension or compression) is fully supported. 4. D/B = 6, bridge, full depth blocking, cross bracing at 8 ft maximum, and both edges are fully supported or compressive edge is fully supported to prevent lateral displacement, and the ends at the point of bearing are laterally supported to prevent rotation; 5. D/B = 7, both edge fully supported. When the conditions were not met, C L is calculated based on a complicated equation in NDS section 3.3.3.7. Normally, it is easier to meet the requirement then to go through the complicated equation. Size factor, C F
The size, C F , for timber species other than southern pine are listed in Table 4- A. For southern pine 2 to 4 thick, size factor needs not be applied. For southern pine 4 thick, 8 and wider, C F = 1.1. For dimension lumber, wider than 12, C F = 0.9 except Dense structural 86. 72, and 65. in which, C F =0.9. When the depth of Dense structural 86, 72, and 65, dimension lumber exceeds 12, C F =(12/d)1/9. Repetitive member factor, C r
C r applies to dimension lumber 2 to 4 thick that subjected to bending. C r =1.15 when members are used as joist, truss chords, rafters, etc and spacing is not exceed 24 and not less than 3. Wet service factor, C M
When the moisture of dimension lumber exceeds 19%, the design value Fb shall be multiplied by C M = 0.85 except that when F b * C M 1500 psi, C M =1. Design procedure for Timber Beam and Joist 1. Calculate design load and moment 2. Select timber species and cross section. Determine maximum bending stress, f b =M/S, where M is design moment with load duration factor, S is section modulus. 3. Determine allowable bending stress, with the rest of multiplication factors F b = F b *C D *C M *C t *C F *C V *C fu *C r *C c *C f
4. Calculate elastic modulus E=E*C M *C t
5. Calculate deflection of beam with load without load duration factor. 6. Calculate shear stress, f v = VQ/Ib or for rectangular member, f v = 3V/2b Where, V is shear force with load duration factor, Q is first moment of inertia, I is second moment of inertia, b is width of the member, d is depth of the member. 7. Calculate allowable shear stress with the rest of multiplication factors F v = F v *C D *C M *C t *C H
Examples Example 1: Design of 2x 10 floor joist with southern pine
Design data: Length of floor joist: L = 16 ft Spacing of floor joist: s = 16 in. Top of joist supported by plywood sheathing. Design load: Floor live load: W L = 40 psf Floor dead load: W D = 10 psf Superimposed dead load including mechanical and electric load, W SD = 8 psf Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal room temperature. Solution: Calculate Design load: W = [W D + W SD + W L ]*s = 77.3 lb/ft Design moment: M = W*L 2 /8 = 2475 lb-ft Try 2x10 joist Nominal dimension, B = 2 in, D = 10 in Actual dimension, b = 1.5 in, d = 9.25 in Section modulus: S = 21.39 in 3 , Modulus of inertia, I = 98.93 in 4 . Bending stress: f b =M/S = 1388 psi Try Southern pine No. 2, F b = 1500 psi Load duration factor for dead load: C D = 0.9 Load duration factors for live load: C D = 1.0 (Use 1 per NDS 2001) The depth to width ratio based on nominal dimension, D/B = 5 Since compressive edge is fully supported by plywood floor, C L = 1 Repetition factor for joist: C r = 1.15 Wet service factor: C M = 1 Temperature factor: C t = 1 Other factors not applicable Allowable stress, F b = F b *C D * C L * C r * C M * C t = 1725 psi O.K. Check deflection: Elastic modulus: E = 1600000 psi*C M * C t = 1600000 psi Deflection: = 5*W*L 4 /(384*E*I) = 0.75 in < L/240 O.K. Check shear stress Maximum shear force. V = W*L/2 = 640 lb Shear stress, f v = V/bd = 46 psi Conservatively assume shear stress factor, C H = 1 Allowable shear stress, F v = 90 psi * C D * C M * C t *C H = 90 psi O.K. Example 2: Design of 3-3x12 beam with Southern pine. Design data: Length of beam: L = 16 ft Tributary width: s = 8 ft Top of beam supported by floor joists at 16 in O.C. Design load: Floor live load: W L = 40 psf Floor dead load: W D = 10 psf Superimposed dead load including mechanical and electric load, W SD = 8 psf Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal room temperature. Solution: Calculate Design load: W = [(W D + W SD + W L ]*s = 464 lb/ft Design moment: M = W*L 2 /8 = 14850 lb-ft Use 3-3x12 nailed together with 12d nails at 12 in O.C. from both sides staggered.
Nominal dimension, B = 9 in, D = 12 in Actual dimension, b = 7.5 in, d = 11.25 in Section modulus: S = 158.2 in 3 , Modulus of inertia, I = 890 in 4 . Bending stress: f b =M/S = 1126 psi Try Southern pine No. 2, F b = 1500 psi The depth to width ratio based on nominal dimension, D/B = 1.33 Since compressive edge is supported by floor joist at 16 in O.C., C L = 1 Wet service factor: C M = 1 Temperature factor: C t = 1 Load duration factor for dead load: C D = 0.9 Load duration factors for live load: C D = 1.0 (use 1 per NDS 2001) Other factors not applicable Allowable stress, F b = F b * C D *C L * C M * C t = 1500 psi O.K. Check deflection: Elastic modulus: E = 1600000 psi*CM* Ct = 1600000 psi Deflection: = 5*W*L 4 /(384*E*I) = 0.48 in < L/240 O.K. Check shear stress Maximum shear force. V = W*L/2 = 3840 lb Shear stress, fv = V/bd = 46 psi Conservatively assume shear stress factor, C H = 1 Allowable shear stress, Fv = 90 psi * C D *C M * C t *C H = 90 psi O.K.
Example 3: Design of 2x12 floor joist with Douglas Fir- Larch
Design data: Length of floor joist: L = 16 ft Spacing of floor joist: s = 16 in. Top of joist supported by plywood sheathing. Design load: Floor live load: W L = 40 psf Floor dead load: W D = 10 psf Superimposed dead load including mechanical and electric load, W SD = 8 psf Timber: Southern pine, moisture less than 19%, used in normal room temperature. Solution: Calculate Design load: W = [W D + W SD + W L ]*s = 77.3 lb/ft Design moment: M = W*L 2 /8 = 2475 lb-ft Try 2x12 joist Nominal dimension, B = 2 in, D = 12 in Actual dimension, b = 1.5 in, d = 11.25 in Section modulus: S = 31.64 in 3 , Modulus of inertia, I = 178 in 4 . Bending stress: f b =M/S = 938.5 psi Try Douglas Fir-Larch No. 1, F b = 1000 psi The depth to width ratio based on nominal dimension, D/B = 6 Since compressive edge is fully supported by plywood floor, Provide solid blocking at both ends, and cross bracing at mid-span, Maximum spacing = 8 ft, C L = 1 Repetition factor for joist: C r = 1.15 Wet service factor: C M = 1 Temperature factor: C t = 1 From NDS Table, size factor, C F = 1 Load duration factor for dead load: C D = 0.9 Load duration factors for live load: C D = 1.0 (Use 1 per NDS 2001) Other factors not applicable Allowable stress, F b = F b * C D *C L * C r * C M * C t *C F = 1150 psi O.K. Check deflection: Elastic modulus: E = 1700000 psi*C M * C t = 1700000 psi Deflection: = 5*W*L 4 /(384*E*I) = 0.38 in < L/240 O.K. Check shear stress Maximum shear force. V = W*L/2 = 640 lb Shear stress, fv = V/bd = 38 psi Conservatively assume shear stress factor, C H = 1 Allowable shear stress, Fv = 95 psi * C D *C M * C t *C H = 95 psi O.K.