SUNDAY, AUGUST 5, 2012

CBSE Class 9 - Ch9 - Force and Laws of Motion

Force and Laws of Motion
NCERT Solution and Q & A

Q1: Define intertia.

Answer: Inertia is the resistance of a body to change in its state of rest or motion. It is an inherent
property of the body. The property of inertia is due to the mass of the body. Greater the mass, higher
will be the inertia.

There are three kinds of intertia:
1. Intertia of rest
2. Interia of motion
3. Interia of direction.

(Some physicists consider inertia of direction is part of inertia of motion).

Q2(NCERT): Which of the following has more inertia:
(a) a rubber ball and a stone of the same size?
(b) A bicycle and a train?
(c) A five-rupee coin and a one-rupee coin?

Answer: The property of inertia is due to the mass of the body. Greater the mass, higher will be the
inertia.
(a) The stone will have more inertia because it has more mass than the ball.

(b) Mass of a train is more than the mass of a bicycle, thus the train will have more inertia.
(c) Mass of a five rupee coin is more than that of a one-rupee coin. Hence, the five rupee coin has
greater inertia than the one-rupee coin.

Q3: State Newton's First Law of motion.

Answer: Newton's First Law of motion states if a body is in state of rest, it will remain in the state of
rest and if it is in the state of motion it will remain in the state of the motion with same velocity and
same direction unless an external force is applied on it.

Q4: State why Newton's first law of motion is called law of inertia.

Answer: Inertia is a tendency of the object to resist change in its state. Newton's first law of motion
also states similar i.e. the object will remain its present state unless an external force is applied.
That's why Newton's first law is called Law of inertia.

Q5: Justify Newton's first law gives notion (or definition) about force.

Answer: According to Newton's first law of motion, an object tends to continue it is present state
unless and external force is applied to change its state. For example, when a ball is rolled over a
glass surface, it stops after covering a distance. It is because the frictional forces between the ball
and the glass are being applied here. If there is frictionless surface in a vacuum chamber, the ball will
continue to run and cover a longer distance. It implies the external force (frictional force in this case)
is almost absent and the ball continues to move its present state.
Thus Newton's first law provides a notion about force.



Q6(NCERT): In the following example, try to identify the number of times the velocity of the
ball changes:
A football player kicks a football to another player of his team who kicks the football towards the
goal. The goalkeeper of the opposite team collects the football and kicks it towards a player of
his own team.
Also identify the agent supplying the force in each case.

Answer: We need to apply first law of motion and identify what force is applied which changes the
velocity (state i.e. rest, direction, motion) of the ball. A force when applied can produce acceleration in
body.
Event Agent force and Action
A football player kicks a football football player push force, ball moves from rest.
to another player of his team who
kicks the football towards the
goal.
another player force, changes direction of ball.
The goalkeeper of the opposite team
collects the football
goal keeper
force to stop ball
(ball velocity is zero now)
and kicks it towards a player of
his own team
goalkeeper
force moves ball from rest to
motion in opposite direction.

Q7: What a force can do?

Answer: A force is a push or pull which produces acceleration in the body on which it acts. A force
acting on a body can cause:
1. it can alter the speed (or velocity) of the moving object.
2. it can change the direction of motion of a body.
3. it can change the shape of an object

Q8(NCERT): Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if we vigorously
shake its branch.

Answer: Some leaves of a tree get detached when we shake its branches vigorously isdue to inertia
of rest. When the tree moves to and fro, leaves tend to remain in the rest state and resist the change.
Due to this, some leaves gets detached and fall down.

Q9: Study the following scenarios and identify what type of inertia tends to resist the change.
(a) When a bus starts suddenly, the bus passengers standing in the bus tend to fall backwards.
(b) When a passenger jumps out of moving bus, he falls down.
(c) A cyclist on a levelled road does not come to rest immediately even he stops pedalling.
(d) When the playing card is flicked with the finger the coin placed over it falls in the tumbler.
(e) An athlete often jumps before taking a long jump.
(f) When a car enters a curved path, the car passengers tend to tilt outwards.

Answer:
(a) Inertia of rest
(b) Inertia of motion.
(c) Inertia of motion.
(d) Inertia of rest.
(e) Inertia of motion.
(f) Inertia of direction.




Q10(NCERT): Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus brakes to a stop and
fall backwards when it accelerates from rest?

Answer: Inertia tend to resist the change in state. When a moving bus brakes to stop, our body is in
inertia of motion state. It tends to oppose the change of state of rest and we fall forward.

Similarly when the bus is at rest and starts, our body is in inertia of rest state. It opposes the forward
motion of the bus and hence we fall backwards.

Q11: Is force required to keep a moving object in motion (yes/no)?

Answer: No.

Q12: Define momentum.

Answer: Momentum is defined as the product of its mass and velocity.
i.e. Momentum (P) = mass(m) velocity(v).

Momentum is a measure of the quantity of motion of a body. It is a vector quantity. It has both
direction and magnitude. and its direction is same as the direction of velocity. The SI unit of
momentum is kg-m/s.

Q13: A body of mass 25 kg has momentum of 125 kg m/s. What is the velocity of the body?

Answer: Since P = m v
v = P / m = 125 / 25 = 5m/s

Q14(CBSE 2010): Why is it easier to stop a tennis ball in comparison to a cricket ball moving
with the same speed ?

Answer: Tennis ball is lighter than (less mass) than a cricket ball. Tennis ball moving with same speed
has less momentum ( mass velocity) than a cricket ball. It is easier to stop tennis ball having less
momentum.

Q15(CBSE 2010): Which is having higher value of momentum ? A bullet of mass 10 g moving
with a velocity of 400 m/s or a cricket ball of mass 400 g thrown with the speed of 90 km/hr.

Answer: Momentum (P) = mass(m) velocity(v).
mass of bullet = 10g = 10 10
-3
kg = 10
-2
kg
velocity of bullet = 400 m/s
momentum of bullet = 10
-2
kg 400 m/s = 4 kg m/s

mass of cricket ball = 400g = 400 10
-3
kg = 0.400 kg
velocity of ball = 90 km/hr = 90 1000m / 3600s = 25m/s

momentum of ball = 0.400 25 = 10kg m/s
The cricket ball has higher momentum.
Following questions asked in CBSE examination (2010) are similar to Q14 and Q15.

Q: Two similar vehicles are moving with the same velocity on the roads such that one of them is
loaded and the other one is empty. Which of the two vehicles will require larger force to stop it. Give
reasons?

Q: Which one has greater inertia : a stone of mass 1 kg or a stone of mass 5 kg ?





Q16: The term 'mass' is analogous to physical quantity (a) Weight
(b) Intertia
(c) Force
(d) Acceleration

Answer: (b) Intertia

Q17: What are balanced and unbalanced forces?

Answer: If a set of forces acting on a body does not change the state of rest or of motion of an object
such forces are called balanced forces. In this case object is said to be inequilibrium state. The
vector sum of all forces is zero i.e. F
x
= 0.

If set of forces acting on body results in change in state i.e. either changes the speed or direction,
such forces are called unbalanced forces. In this case the object is in non-equilibrium state and the
resultant force is non-zero. i.e. F
x
0.

Q18: The object shown below moves with a constant velocity. Two forces are acting on the
object. Considering negligible friction, the resultant force will be:

(a) 17N leftwards
(b) 10N leftwards
(c) 3N leftwards
(d) 7N rightwards

Answer: (c) 3N leftwards.

Q19: If the set of forces acting on an object are balanced, then object
(a) must be at rest.
(b) must be moving
(c) must not be accelerating.
(d) none of these.

Answer: (c) must not be accelerating. If the forces are balanced, the object will remain in its present
state i.e. if it is moving, it will keep on moving with uniform speed. If it is at rest, it will remain at rest.

Q20(NCERT): An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it possible for the
object to be travelling with a non-zero velocity? If yes, state the conditions that must be placed
on the magnitude and direction of the velocity. If no, provide a reason.

Answer: According to Newto's first law, in order to change the state of motion of a body, an external
unbalanced force must be applied.
If an object is moving with a uniform speed and the object experiences a net zeroexternal unbalanced
force. It implies the object is in equilibrium state and it will remain in its present state i.e. it will keeps
on moving with the same speed and direction.







Q21(NCERT): When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it. Explain.

Answer: Due to inertia of rest. When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust particles tend to remain in
inertia of rest and resist the change. Hence, the dust particles come out of the carpet.

Q22(NCERT): Why is it advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with a rope?

Answer: While the bus is moving, luggage tends to remain in inertia of motion state. When the bus
stops, the luggage tends to resist the change and due to inertia of motion it moves forward and may
fall off. That's why it is advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with a rope.

Q23: State Newtons second law of motion.

Answer: The second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is
proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of force.

Mathematically, the law tells that force is the product of mass and acceleration.
i.e. F = ma
where m = mass of the object, a = acceleration and
F is the net force (i.e. F = F
x
= F
1
+ F
2
+ ... + F
n
)


Q24: Which of the following graph represents unbalanced force.



Answer: An unbalanced force results in acceleration. Figure (b) represents this condition.
In fig. (a), v-t graph represents uniform motion acceleration (a) = 0.
Fig. b, v-t graph shows the velocity is not uniform, it is decreasing acceleration is non-zero.
Fig. c is a Distance-time graph which shows uniform motion ( a straight line).

Q25: How Newton's Second law of motion is different from First law?

Answer: Newtons first law of motion deals with the behaviour of objects on which all existing forces
are balanced. It gives us notion of external force required to change the inertia state of the object.

While the second law of motion deals with the behaviour of objects on which all existing forces are not
balanced. It gives us a measure of the force.

Q26: Name the categories of forces based on interaction.

Answer: Force exists only as a result of an interaction of two objects. Based on it, forces are
categorised as:
contact forces and
non-contact-forces




Q27: What are contact forces? Give examples

Answer: Contact forces are forces in which the two interacting objects are physically in contact with
each other. Examples of contact forces are:
1. Tension force
2. Normal force
3. Air resistance
4. Buoyant force
5. Friction force

Q28: What are non-contact forces? Give examples.

Answer: Non-contact forces are forces in which the two interacting objects are not in physical contact
which each other, but are able to exert a push or pull. These are also called Action-at-a-distance
forces. Examples are:
1. Gravitational force
2. Magnetic Forces
3. Electric Force
4. Nuclear Force


Q29 (CBSE 2010): Using second law of motion, derive the relation between force and
acceleration.

Answer: Let an object of mass, m is moving along a straight line with an initial velocity, u.
Let the final velocity = v m/s
Acceleration = a ms
-2

Time taken = t s
and Force applied = F.

Initial momentum (before the force applied) = P
1
= mu
Final momentum (after the force applied) = P
2
= mv

Change in momentum P
2
- P
1

and Rate of Change in momentum (P
2
- P
1
)/t
(mv - mu)/t m(v - u)/t

According to Newton's second law, Rate of Change in momentum = F
F m(v - u)/t
F ma ( v = u + at)
F = kma (where k is a constant of proportionality).

The SI units for m is 1 kg, a is ms
-2
, thus k = 1
F = ma

SI unit of force is Newton (N) = kg-ms
-2



Q30: Define 1N (Newton).

Answer: One Newton is the force acts on a body of mass 1 kg and it produces an acceleration of
1 ms
-2
.
1N = 1kg 1 ms
-2




Q31: What is the unit of force in c.g.s system?

Answer: dyne (g cm s
-2
)

Q32: What's the relation between 1N and 1 dyne?

Answer: 1 N = 1kg 1 ms
-2

and 1 dyne = 1g 1 cms
-2

1 N = 1kg 1 ms
-2
= 1000g 100 cms
-2

1N = 10
5
dyne

Q33: Is Newton's second law of motion is consistent with the first law? How?

Answer: Yes Newton's second law is consistent with first law. The first law of motion can be
mathematically stated from the mathematical expression for the second law of motion.

Since F = ma = m(v - u)/t
or Ft = mv - mu.

F = 0 when v = u for any given time t.
The object will continue moving with uniform velocity, u throughout the time, t.

Similarly when object is at rest, u = v = 0. F = 0. No external force is being applied, the object will
remain at rest.

Q34(NCERT): A batsman hits a cricket ball which then rolls on a level ground. After covering a
short distance, the ball comes to rest. The ball slows to a stop because

(a) the batsman did not hit the ball hard enough.
(b) velocity is proportional to the force exerted on the ball.
(c) there is a force on the ball opposing the motion.
(d) there is no unbalanced force on the ball, so the ball would want to come to rest.

Answer: (c) there is a force on the ball opposing the motion.
Frictional force exerted by the ground opposes the motion due to which the ball comes to rest.
(Note: Frictional force always acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion.)

Q35(NCERT): A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant acceleration. It travels
a distance of 400 m in 20 s. Find its acceleration. Find the force acting on it if its mass is 7
metric tonnes. (Hint: 1 metric tonne = 1000 kg.)

Answer: Given, Truck starts from rest, initial velocity (u) = 0 m/s
Distance covered (S) = 400m
Time taken (t) = 20s
mass = 7 metric tonne = 7 1000 = 7000 kg
final velocity(v) = ?
acceleration (a) = ?
Force (F) = ?

Using equation of motion, S = ut + at
2
, acceleration (a) is
i.e. 400 m = 0 + (a)(20)
2

400 2 = a 400
a = 2 m/s
2
...(answer)

Using equation v = u + at
final velocity (v) = 0 + 2 2 = 4 m/s ...(answer)

Since Force (F) = mass(m) acceleration (a)
F = 7000 kg 2 = 14000 N ...(answer)

Q36(CBSE 2010/NCERT A3): A hammer of mass 500 g, moving at 50 m/s, strikes a nail. The nail
stops the hammer in a very short time of 0.01 s. What is the force of the nail on the hammer ?
Answer: Given, mass of hammer(m) = 500g = 0.5 kg
initial velocity of hammer(u) = 50 m/s
final velocity of hammer (v) = 0 m/s
Duration (t) = 0.01s

Using second law of motion, F = ma = m(v - u)/t
F = 0.5(0 - 50)/0.01 = (0.5 -50)/0.01 = -2500N ... (answer)
The -ve sign shows the force of 2500N acts in the opposite direction of motion.

Q37(NCERT): What is the momentum of an object of mass m, moving with a velocity v?(a) (mv)
2

(b) mv
2

(c) mv
2

(d) mv
Answer: (d) mv

Q38(NCERT): A stone of 1 kg is thrown with a velocity of 20 m s
-1
across the frozen surface of a
lake and comes to rest after travelling a distance of 50 m. What is the force of friction between
the stone and the ice? (Calculate time taken and acceleration also).
Answer: mass of stone (m) = 1kg
initial velocity of stone (u) = 20 m/s
final velocity of stone (v) = 0 m/s
Distance covered (S) = 50m
time taken (t) = ?
acceleration (a) = ?
Friction force between stone and ice (F) = ?

Using equation of motion, v
2
- u
2
= 2aS , we have
(0)
2
- (20)
2
= 2 a 50m
-400 = 100a
a = -4 m/s
2


Negative sign indicates that it is retardation acting in the opposite side of motion.

Since Force (F) = mass(m) acceleration (a)
F = 1kg (-4m/s
2
)
F = -4 kg m/s
2
= -4 N
The -ve sign shows the force acts in the opposite direction of motion.

using equation v = u + at
i.e. 0 = 20 - 4t
-4t = -20
t = 5s

Q39: An object of mass 5 kg is moving with a velocity 4 m/s. A constant force of 20 N acts on
the object. What will be the velocity after 3 s.

Answer: Give, mass (m) = 5 kg
Initial velocity (u) = 4 m/s
Force (F) = 20 N
Time taken (t) = 3 s
acceleration (a) = ?
final velocity (v) = ?

Since F = ma a = F/m
a = 20/5 = 4 m/s
2

Using equation v = u + at
v = 4 + 43 = 4 + 12 = 16 m/s

Q40(CBSE 2010): While catching a fast moving ball, fielder gradually pulls his hand backwards.
Give reasons.
Answer: By doing so, the fielder increases the time during which the high velocity of the moving ball
decreases to zero. The acceleration of the ball is decreased and therefore the impact of catching the
fast moving ball is also reduced.

We can prove it mathematically,

Let u be the initial velocity of ball before it reaches fielder hands. Let m be the mass of the ball.
Initial momentum of the ball = mu.

When the ball reaches field hands, it stops. final velocity (v) = 0.
And the final momentum = mv = 0

The ball will exert force (F) on fielder hands = Change in momentum / time(t
1
)

In this case F
1
= (0 - mu)/ t
1
= -mu/t
1


If fielder increases the time (say t
2
) i.e. t
2
> t
1
, the force will reduce
i.e. F
2
= - mu/ t
2
and F
2
< F
1


Q41(CBSE 2010): A man pushes a box of mass 50 kg with a force of 80 N. What will be the
acceleration of the box due to this force? What would be the acceleration if the mass were
doubled ?
Answer: Given,
mass of the box (m) = 50kg
Force (F) acting on box = 80N
acceleration (a) = ?

Since Force (F) = mass(m) acceleration (a)
a = F/m = 80/50 = 1.6 m/s
2


If mass becomes m = 2 50 = 100 kg
acceleration (a) = 80 / 100 = 0.8 m/s
2

Thus, the acceleration will be halved if the mass were doubled.

Q42: An automobile vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. What must be the force between the
vehicle and road if the vehicle is to be stopped with a negative acceleration of 1.7 ms
-2
.

Answer: Given, mass of vehicle (m) = 1500 kg
negative acceleration (a) = -1.7 m/s
2


According to Newton's 2nd law of motion,
Force (F) = mass(m) acceleration (a)

F = 1500 -1.7 m/s
2
= -2550N

The negative sign indicates a force of 2550N is to be applied in the opposite direction of motion.

Q43: State Newton's third law of motion.

Answer: It states that to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
When two objects A and B act on each other, the force exerted by A on B (F
AB
) is equal to the force
exerted by object B on A (F
BA
) in magnitude but are in opposite directions.

i.e. F
AB
= -F
BA

or F
AB
+ F
BA
= 0
One of the force (say F
AB
) can be said action force then other one is reaction force (i.e. F
BA
). Action-
reaction forces always act on different bodies and their line of action is the same.

Q44: When two objects act on each other, does action-reaction force pair cancel out each
other?

Answer: No. The action-reaction forces act on different bodies.

Q45: While driving on a highway, an insect strikes on the car windshield and splatters. Which
experiences greater impact (force): an insect or the windshield?


Answer: It is an example of third law of motion. Both insect and the car windshield experiences same
amount of force but in opposite direction. But the force is too great for the insect that its body splatters
while the windshield is able to withstand the impact.


Q46(NCERT): If action is always equal to the reaction, explain how a horse can pull a cart.

Answer: According to Newton's third law of motion, action force is equal to reaction but acts on two
different bodies and in opposite directions. When a horse pushes the ground, the ground reacts and
exerts a force on the horse in the forward direction. The force is able to overcome friction force of the
cart and it moves.
(Note: A detailed explanation on house cart problem can be read here)

Q47: Identify the action and reaction forces in the following cases:
(a) A television (TV) lying on a table
(b) Pushing a wall with your hand
(c) Firing a bullet from a gun.
(d) Walking of a person on a ground.

Answer:
(a) A TV lying on a table: TV is interacting with table surface. Applying Newton's third law of motion,
action force acts on table due to TV (F
TV-Table
) and a reaction force acts on TV by the table i.e. (F
Table-
TV
). Both these forces are equal in magnitude but in opposite directions.
F
Table-TV
= - F
TV-Table


(b) Pushing a wall with your hand: When you pushes a wall, you exert a force (action) on the wall.
Similarly, the wall exerts a (reaction) force on your hands in contact with the wall. According to
Newton;s third law of motion, both these forces form action-reaction pair and act on different bodies.
Both are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

(c) Firing a bullet from a gun: When a gun fires a bullet, a force is exerted (action) on a bullet and
the gun experiences an equal recoil (reaction) force in opposite direction.
(d) Walking of a person on a ground: When a person pushes the ground (action) backwards by his
foot, the ground also exerts an equal force (reaction) on the his foot in forward direction.

Q48: A TV set is lying on a table. The TV set experiences a gravitational force
(pull) downwards (F
W
) by the Earth. It also experiences a force on it due to table in contact i.e.
(F
Table-TV
) in upward direction. Do these forces form an action-reaction pair? Do these forces
follow Newton's third Law of motion?

Answer: No because these two forces are acting on the same body, these are not due to Newton's
third law of motion. These two forces do not form action-reaction pair.

In fact, Newton's first law of motion does apply. Since the TV set is at rest, because these forces are
balanced. i.e. F
W
= - F
Table-TV


A similar question (as Q48) was asked in CBSE 2010 examination, hope you may answer it!
Q 49(CBSE Exam/NCERT): According to the third law of motion when we push on an object,
the object pushes back on us with an equal and opposite force. If the object is a massive truck
parked along the road side, it will probably not move. A student justifies this by answering that
the two opposite and equal forces cancel each other. Comment on this logic and explain why
the truck does not move.

Answer: Two cases arise here:
Case I: No external force is applied. In this case, the truck weight (gravitational force) acting
downwards, is cancelled by the contact force applied on the truck by the ground.
i.e.
F
Weight
= - F
ground


Case II: If a person or group of persons pushes truck, the static friction acting on the truck horizontally,
cancels this push-force. Static friction is a self-adjusting force. More push is applied, more static
friction will oppose it (upto a limit) and forces are balanced. In order move the truck, the push-force
must overcome static friction.

i.e. F
Weight
= - F
ground

and F
Push
= - F
Friction



Q50 (NCERT): Explain, why is it difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which ejects large
amounts of water at a high velocity.

Answer: Large amount of water coming out from the nozzle of the hose at high velocity will have large
momentum. Due to a large momentum, water comes out exerting a large force. According to
Newton's third law of motion, the hose will also experience an equal reaction force but in opposite
direction. Because of this reaction force, it is difficult for a fireman to hold a hose.

Q51 (CBSE 2010): It is difficult to balance our body when we accidentally slip on a peel of banana.
Explain why?

Answer: A frictional force always acts parallel to the surface and is directed to oppose sliding. Banana
skin reduces friction (or frictional force) and thus brings body in unbalanced state and we tend to fall.

Q52(NCERT): Using a horizontal force of 200 N, we intend to move a wooden cabinet across a
floor at a constant velocity. What is the friction force that will be exerted on the cabinet?

Answer: A friction force (here it is kinetic or sliding friction) always acts parallel to surface but in
direction opposing motion. Since the wooden cabinet is moving with uniform speed and a horizontal
force of 200N acts on it. According to Newton's first law of motion, forces are balanced. Hence, a
frictional force of 200 N is exerted on the cabinet.

Q53: State Law of conservation of momentum.

Answer: According to law of conservation of momentum, in the absence of external unbalanced force
the total momentum of a system of objects remains unchanged or conserved by collision.

i.e. Total Initial Momentum Before Reaction =Total Initial Momentum After Reaction

This law holds good for any number of objects.

Q54: Law of conservation of momentum is applicable to an isolated system. What do you
mean by an isolated system?

Answer: Isolated system refers to absence of external unbalanced force or net force is zero.

Q55(NCERT EXEMPLAR): Suppose a ball of mass m is thrown vertically upward with an initial
speed v, its speed decreases continuously till it becomes zero. Thereafter, the ball begins to
fall downward and attains the speed v again before striking the ground. It implies that the
magnitude of initial and final momentums of the ball are same. Yet, it is not an example of
conservation of momentum. Explain why ?

Answer: The reason is because there exists external unbalanced force i.e. gravitation pull of the earth
due to which ball falls down and is accelerating. Therefore it is not an example of conservation of
momentum.

Q56: What is collision? What are the types of collision?

Answer: The interaction between two or more bodies causing the exchange of momentum is called
collision. It is categorised as of two types:
elastic collision (both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved)
inelastic collision (only momentum is conserved)



Q57(NCERT): From a rifle of mass 4 kg, a bullet of mass 50 g is fired with an initial velocity of
35 m/s. Calculate the initial recoil velocity of the rifle.
Answer: Initially both rifle and bullet are at rest. Given,
mass of rifle (m
1
) = 4 kg
initial velocity of rifle (u
1
) = 0 m/s
final velocity of rifle (v
1
) = ?

mass of bullet (m
2
) = 50g = 50 10
-3
kg = 0.05 kg
initial velocity of bullet (u
2
) = 0 m/s
final velocity of bullet (v
2
) = 35 m/s

Applying law of conservation of momentum,
total initial momentum = total final momentum

i.e. (m
1
u
1
) + (m
2
u
2
) = (m
1
v
1
) + (m
2
v
2
)
0 + 0 = (4v
1
) + (0.05 35)
- 4v
1
= 0.05 35
v
1
= - 0.4375 m/s ... (answer)
The negative sign indicates that rifle recoils in opposite direction to bullet i.e. backwards

Q58: Two objects of masses 100 g and 200 g are moving along the same line and direction
with velocities of 2 m s
-1
and 1 m s
-1
, respectively. They collide and after the collision, the first
object moves at a velocity of 1.67 m s
-1
. Determine the velocity of the second object.
Answer:
mass of the first object (m
1
) = 100g = 0.1 kg
velocity of the first object (u
1
) before collision = 2 m/s
velocity of the first object (v
1
) after collision = 1.67 m/s

mass of the second object (m
2
) = 200g = 0.2 kg
velocity of the second object (u
2
) before collision = 1 m/s
velocity of the second object (v
2
) after collision = ? m/s

Since no unbalanced external force is acting on the system, total momentum is conserved.
i.e. total initial momentum = total final momentum
(m
1
u
1
) + (m
2
u
2
) = (m
1
v
1
) + (m
2
v
2
)
(0.1 2) + (0.2 1) = (0.1 1.67) + (0.2 v
2
)
0.2 + 0.2 = 0.167 + 0.2v
2

0.2v
2
= 0.4 - 0.167 = 0.233
v
2
= 0.233 / 0.2 = 1.165 m/s

Q59(NCERT): Two objects, each of mass 1.5 kg, are moving in the same straight line but in
opposite directions. The velocity of each object is 2.5 m/s before the collision during which
they stick together. What will be the velocity of the combined object after collision?
Answer: Given
mass of the first object (m
1
) = 1.5 kg
velocity of the first object (u
1
) before collision = 2.5 m/s

mass of the second object (m
2
) = 1.5kg
velocity of the second object (u
2
) before collision = -2.5 m/s
The negative sign indicates the second object moves in direction opposite to the first one.

mass of the combined objects after collision (m
3
) = m
1
+ m
2
= 3.0 kg
velocity of the combined objects after collision (v
3
) =?

Being an isolated system, total momentum is conserved i.e.
(m
1
u
1
) + (m
2
u
2
) = (m
3
v
3
)
(1.5 2.5) + (1.5 -2.5) = 3.0 v
3

0 = 3.0 v
3

v
3
= 0 m/s



Q60: What is impulse?

Answer: The effect of force applied for a short duration is called impulse. It is the product of force (F)
and the time duration (t) for which the force is applied.
i.e. Impulse = F t

Impulse in a vector quantity and its SI unit is N-s.

Since F = ma = m(v-u)/t
F t = mv - mu
Impulse is equal to change in momentum.


Q61(NCERT): A hockey ball of mass 200 g travelling at 10 m s
-1
is struck by a hockey stick so
as to return it along its original path with a velocity at 5 m s
-1
. Calculate the change of
momentum occurred in the motion of the hockey ball by the force applied by the hockey stick.

Answer: Given, mass of ball = 200g = 0.2 kg
initial velocity of ball (u) = 10 m/s
final velocity of ball (v) = -5 m/s
(When ball struck by Hockey stick, it returns to its original position, means the direction of ball
reverses. Hence -ve sign of final velocity).

initial momentum P
i
= mu = 0.2 10 = 2 kg m/s
and final momentum (P
f
) = mv = 0.2 - 5 = -1 kg m/s

Change in momentum (P) = P
f
- P
i
= -1 - 2 = -3 kg m/s
Momentum is a vector quantity. The -ve sign indicates the direction of momentum i.e. same as final
velocity.

Q62(NCERT/CBSE 2010): Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motorcar that was moving
with a high velocity on an expressway when an insect hit the windshield and got stuck on the
windscreen. Akhtar and Kiran started pondering over the situation.

(a) Kiran suggested that the insect suffered a greater change in momentum as compared to
the change in momentum of the motorcar (because the change in the velocity of the insect
was much more than that of the motorcar).

(b) Akhtar said that since the motorcar was moving with a larger velocity, it exerted a larger
force on the insect. And as a result the insect died.

(c) Rahul while putting an entirely new explanation said that both the motorcar and the insect
experienced the same force and a change in their momentum.
Comment on these suggestions.


Answer: Let us consider the following scenario,

mass of the car (m
c
) = 1500 kg
speed of car before collision (u
c
) = 90 km/hr = 25 m/s

mass of the insect (m
i
) = 10g = 0.01 kg
speed of insect before collision (u
i
) = -5 m/s
(-ve sign indicates its direction is opposite to car's motion)

final speed of (car + insect) after collision (v) = ? m/s

Since both car and insect are moving with uniform speed, and there is not external force applied.
Hence, total momentum is conserved, i.e.

(m
c
u
c
) + (m
i
u
i
) = (m
c
+m
i
)v

(1500 25) + (0.01 -5) = (1500 + 0.01) v
37500 - 0.05 = 1500.01 v
37499.95 = 1500.01 v
v = 37499.95 / 1500.01= 24.9998 m/s

So velocity of insect changes from -5 m/s to 24.9998 m/s (big change)
Velocity of car changes from 25 m/s to 24.9998 m/s (almost a negligible change)

Change in momentum of the car = (m
c
v) - (m
c
u
c
) = m
c
(v - u
c
)
= 1500 (24.9998 - 25) = - 0.3 N-s

Change in momentum of the insect = (m
i
v) - (m
i
u
i
) = m
i
(v - u
i
)
= 0.01 ( 24.9998 + 5) = 0.3 N-s
The momentum gained by the insect is equal to the momentum lost by the car.

(a) Kiran is incorrect in terms of change in momentum. However s/he is correct, the change in velocity
in insect is higher than that of the car.
(b) Akhtar observation is correct that speed of car is higher than that of insect. However he is
incorrect that the insect experiences larger force. According to Newton's third law of motion both
experienced same amount of force.
(c) Rahul is correct that both experienced same force. If he says the amount of change in momentum
in both object is same, then he is correct.

Q63: A bullet of mass 10 g travelling horizontally with a velocity of 150 m/s strikes a stationary
wooden block and comes to rest in 0.03 s. Calculate the distance of penetration of the bullet
into the block. Also calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by the wooden block on the
bullet.
Answer: Given,
mass of the bullet (m) = 10g = 0.01 kg
initial velocity of the bullet (u) = 150 m/s
final velocity of the bullet (v) = 0 m/s
time taken (t) = 0.03s
Distance (S) = ? m
Force (F) = ? N
acceleration (a) = ? m/s
2


Using equation v = u + at
0 = 150 + a 0.03
a = -150/0.03 = -5000 m/s
2


The -ve sign of acceleration indicates that it is retardation.
Using equation of motion v
2
- u
2
= 2aS, we have
(0)
2
- (150)
2
= 2 (-5000) (S)
- 22500 = -10000 (S)
S = 22500/10000 = 2.25 m

Using Newton's second law of motion i.e. F = ma
F = 0.01 (-5000) = -50N
The -ve sign of force indicates that the force opposes the motion.

Q64(NCERT): A 8000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2000 kg, along a horizontal
track. If the engine exerts a force of 40000 N and the track offers a friction force of 5000 N, then
calculate:
(a) the net accelerating force;
(b) the acceleration of the train; and
(c) the force of wagon 1 on wagon 2.

Answer:
(a)Force generated by engine = 40000N
Friction force by track = -5000N
Net force (F
net
) acting on wagons = 40000 - 50000 = 35000N


(b) acceleration of wagons = F /(total mass of wagons)
Note here we are assuming net force acting on wagons by engine and the mass of the engine is not
considered in the system.
Total mass of 5 wagons = 5 2000kg = 10000kg
acceleration (a) = 35000N / 10000kg = 3.5 m/s
2

all wagons are moving with the same acceleration i.e. 3.5 m/s
2


(c) Consider the free body diagram of the first wagon

Two forces are acting on the first wagon and it is moving with acceleration 'a'
F
net
is the force applied by the engine.
T
1
is the action-reaction force (Newton's third law) on wagon-1 due to wagon-2 . Same force T
1
is also
acting on wagon-2 by the first wagon. Since there is acceleration,

F
net
- T
1
= m
1
a (where m
1
is the mass of wagon-1)
T
1
= F
net
- m
1
a = 35000 - (2000 3.5 ) = 35000 - 7000 = 28000 N
Note: If you consider engine part of the system, total mass = mass of engine + wagons = 18000N.
Acceleration (a) = 35000/18000 = 1.944 m/s
2
. Then engine and wagons will move with same
acceleration. In some books two accelerations are computed. In some books, two accelerations are
computed. One including engine plus wagons. And another for wagons separately, which I think is
incorrect.


Q65(NCERT): An object of mass 1 kg travelling in a straight line with a velocity of 10 m/s
collides with, and sticks to, a stationary wooden block of mass 5 kg. Then they both move off
together in the
same straight line. Calculate the total momentum just before the impact and just after the
impact. Also, calculate the velocity of the combined object.

Answer: Given, mass of object (m
1
) = 1 kg
initial velocity of object before collision (u
1
) = 10 m/s

mass of wooden block (m
2
) = 5kg
velocity of wooden block before collision (u
2
) = 0 m/s
final velocity of object+wooden black (v) after collision = ? m/s

Since momentum is conserved,
total initial momentum = total final momentum
i.e. (m
1
u
1
) + (m
2
u
2
) = (m
1
+ m
2
)v
1 10 + 0 = (1 + 5)v
v = 10/6 m/s = 5/3 m/s

Initial momentum = (m
1
u
1
) + (m
2
u
2
) = 1 10 + 0 = 10 kg m/s
Final momentum = (m
1
+ m
2
)v = (1 + 5) (5/3) = 6 (5/3) = 10 kg m/s

Q66(NCERT): The following is the distance-time table of an object in motion:
Time in
seconds
Distance in
meters
0 0
1 1
2 8
3 27
4 64
5 125
6 216
7 343

(a) What conclusion can you draw about the acceleration? Is it constant, increasing, decreasing, or
zero?

(b) What do you infer about the forces acting on the object?

Answer: (a) Since the distance travelled in in equal intervals of time is not equal rather it is increasing.
It means the object is moving with a non-uniform velocity. It is accelerating.
By looking at the table we find distance (S) t
3
...(I)
Let us check if acceleration is constant. We know that for fixed 'a', equation S = ut + at
2
is valid.
In this case, u = 0, (since at t = 0, S = 0), S = at
2
or (S) t
2
... (II)
But from the table, we get S t
3
, we conclude, that 'a' is increasing.

(b) Since the object is in accelerated condition, According to Newton's Second Law, F a.
We can say, unbalanced force is acting on the object.




Q67(NCERT): Two persons manage to push a motorcar of mass 1200 kg at a uniform velocity
along a level road. The same motorcar can be pushed by three persons to produce an
acceleration of 0.2m s
-2
. With what force does each person push the motorcar?
(Assume that all persons push the motorcar with the same muscular effort.)

Answer: Let each person applies force = F N
Initially car is moving with uniform speed. When two persons apply force, there is no change in state,
car moves with same uniform speed. It means the force of the two persons is cancelled by the kinetic
friction of the car.

2F + F
kinetic-friction
= 0 ... (I)

When the third person applies there occurs change in state, due to which acceleration (a) occurs.
3F + F
kinetic-friction
= ma
where m is the mass of the car = 1200 kg and a is acceleration = 0.2 m s
-2
.

Using eq. I, we get
F = ma = 1200 0.2 = 240N
Each person applies 240N force.

Q68(NCERT): A motorcar of mass 1200 kg is moving along a straight line with a uniform
velocity of 90 km/h. Its velocity is slowed down to 18 km/h in 4 s by an unbalanced external
force. Calculate the acceleration and change in momentum. Also calculate the magnitude of
the force required.

Answer: Given,
mass of the car (m) = 1200 kg
initial velocity of car (u) = 90 km/h = 90 1000m/3600s = 25 m/s
final velocity of car (v) = 18 km/h = 5 m/s
time taken (t) = 4s
acceleration (a) = ? m s
-2
.
Force applied (F) = ? N

Using equation of motion v = u + at
5 = 25 + 4a
4a = -25+ 5 = -20
a = -5 m s
-2

The -ve sign indicates it is retardation.

Change in momentum = mv - mu = m(v - u) = 1200 (5 - 25) = 1200 -20 = -24000 kg m s
-1
.

According to 2nd law of motion, Force(F) = mass (m) acceleration (a)
F = 1200 -5 = -6000 N
-ve sign indicates a force of 6000N acts on car opposing its motion.


Q69: A spring scale reads 20 N as it pulls a 4.0 kg object across a table. What is the magnitude
of the force exerted by object on the spring scale?
(a) 40 N
(b) 20 N
(c) 4 N
(d) 5 N

Answer: (b) 20 N (Hint: Newton's 3rd Law Action-reaction force).




Q70: A boy throws a ball upwards with a speed of 10m/s. The mass of the ball is 400g.
Calculate
(i) Weight of the ball.
(ii) Initial momentum of the ball.
(iii) How high the ball will go?
(iv) Momentum of the ball at its highest point.
(Take acceleration towards gravity (g) = 10 m/s
2
)
Answer: Given,
mass of the ball (m) = 400g = 0.4 kg
initial speed of the ball (u) = 10 m/s
When ball will reach at its highest point, its velocity will become zero and it will start to fall.
Velocity at the highest point (v) = 0 m/s

If we take upward direction positive(+ve), the downward direction will be taken as (-ve).
acceleration due to gravity (g) = -10 m/s
2


(a) Weight of the ball = mass acceleration due to gravity(g) = 0.4 -10 = -4N
-ve sign indicates weight (force) acts downwards.

(b) Initial momentum = mass(m) initial velocity(u) = 0.4 10 = 4 kg m/s
2


(c) Consider equation of motion, v
2
- u
2
= 2aS,
The height (h) will be,
(0)
2
- (10)
2
= 2 (-10)h
-100 = -20h
h = 100/20 = 5m

(d) Momentum at the highest point = mass (m) final velocity(v) = 10 0 = 0 kg m/s
2

Q71(HOTS): Are there any limitations to Newton's Laws of motion?

Answer: Newton's laws of motion hold true for common practical applications. However it has certain
limitations:
1. Second Law (F = ma) assumes mass is constant. When an object travels at the
speed of the light, its mass is also affected. Newton's law is not applicable in this case.
2. Newton's Laws fail to explain motion of electrons around nucleus.
3. These law also fail to explain about black holes and bending of gravity due to star
light.
4. It also fails to explain why a leaf falls in river stream, its path cannot be determined
(chaos theory)
Later these challenges were explained by Einstein's theory of relativity and quantum physics which
became the basis of modern physics.

Q72: Two objects having their masses in ratio 3:5 are acted upon by two forces each on one
object. The forces are in the ration of 5:3. Find the ratio in their accelerations.

Answer: Since masses are in ratio 3:5.
Let the mass of the objects be 3x and 5x.
Let F
1
and F
2
are the two forces with a
1
and a
2
accelerations.
F
1
= m
1
a
1
= 3xa
1

and F
2
= m
2
a
2
= 5xa
2

Since F
1
:F
2
= 5:3, we have
3xa
1
:5xa
2
:: 5:3
a
1
:a
2
= 55:33
a
1
:a
2
= 25:9



Q73: The speed-time graph of a car is shown below. The car weighs 1000kg.
(i) Find the distance covered by the in fits two seconds.
(ii) Find how much force is applied by the car brakes in the fifth second so that the car comes
to an halt by sixth second.



Answer: Given mass of the car(m) = 1000kg
(i) As shown in graph, Distance covered in first 2 secs = Area of inscribed in first 2s.
= base height = 2 15 = 15m

(ii) Force (F) = mass(m) acceleration (a)
Time taken by force to stop the car = 6 - 5 = 1 second
Initial Velocity (i.e. velocity at B) = 15 m/s
Final velocity (at point C) = 0 m/s
Using equation v = u + at
a = (v - u)/t = (0 - 15)/1 = -15 m/s
2
(-ve sign indicates it is retardation)
Force applied by brakes = 1000 -15 = -15000N = -15KN
TUESDAY, JULY 31, 2012
CBSE Class 9 - Science - CH9 - Force and Laws of Motion
Worksheet
Fill in the blanks

1. The study of motion of a body under the action of a force is called ______.

2. (Impulse/Force/Pressure) ______ is a push or pull acting upon an object.

3. The natural tendency of objects to resist a change in their state of rest or of uniform motion is
called ______.


4. When the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is zero, the forces are _______
(balanced/unbalanced).

5. When The resultant of all the forces acting on a body is not zero, the forces are _______
(balanced/unbalanced).

6. Newtons first law of motion states that a body at rest will remain at _____ (rest/motion) and a
body in motion will remain in ________ (uniform/non-uniform) motion unless acted upon by an
_________ (balanced/unbalanced) force.

7. The ______ of an object is a measure of its inertia.

8. _________ (Nuclear/Gravitational/Muscular) Force is the weakest force

9. _______ (Nuclear/Gravitational/Muscular) force is the strongest force of all the basic forces in
nature.
10. An imaginary co-ordinate system which is either at rest or in uniform and where Newtons laws
are valid is called an _______ frame of reference.

11. (Centrifugal/Centripetal) ________ force is the apparent outward force that draws a rotating
body away from the center of rotation.

12. The radially inward force towards the centre which continuously deflects a particle from its
straight line path and makes it along a circular path is called _______ (centrifugal/centripetal) force.

13. The momentum of an object is the product of its _____ and _______ and has the same
direction as that of the ________.

14. Newtons second law of motion states that the rate of change of ______ of a body is directly
proportional to the force and takes place in the same direction as the ______.

15. Action and reaction forces act on ________ (the same body/two different bodies) but they are
______ (equal/unequal) in magnitude.

16. When the resultant force acting on a system is zero , the total momentum of the system ______
(remains constant/ may vary). This is called ___________________ .
17. The velocity with which gun moves in the backward direction is known as the ______ velocity.
18. When the lift is stationary or moves with uniform velocity then acceleration is zero and
net force is ______ (zero/non-zero).

19. A change in momentum over a longer time requires ______ (less/more) force
Answer:
1. dynamics
2. Force
3. inertia
4. balanced
5. unbalanced
6. rest, uniform, unbalanced
7. mass
8. Gravitational
9. Nuclear
10. inertial
11. Centrifugal
12. centripetal
13. mass, velocity, velocity
14. momentum, force
15. two different bodies, equal.
16. remains constant, law of conservation of linear momentum
17. recoil
18. zero
19. less