Newtons Three Laws of Motion Newtons First Law If the net force acting on an object is zero, the object remains at rest, or if the object is already moving, continues to move in a straight line with constant speed. Newtons Second Law Connects force, acceleration, and mass. An object acted upon by a force will accelerate in the direction of the force. Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma). Newtons Third Law For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction. Newtons First Law of Motion Newtons First Law of Motion states that an object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest until acted upon by an unbalanced force. The first law is also referred to as The Law of Inertia
Law of Inertia Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity: whether in motion or motionless. An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
These pumpkins will not move unless acted on by an unbalanced force. What Causes Motion? An object moves if a force makes it move. A force is a push or a pull. When forces make something move, we say that forces are acting on the object. Forces that act on objects are either balanced or unbalanced. Balanced Forces Balanced forces two or more forces whose effects cancel each other out and do not change the motion of the object All the objects on your desk have balanced forces acting on them. The objects do not move. Unbalanced Forces Unbalanced forces two or more forces acting on an object that do not cancel, and cause the object to accelerate Objects move when unbalanced forces act on them. The dolly carrying the cases of bottles does not move until the boy pushes it. The toy wagon does not move until the girl pulls it. Push Pull Net Force Net Force combination of all forces acting on an object If forces act on the object in the same direction, add the forces together. If forces act on the object in the opposite directions, subtract the forces. Objects will always move in the direction of the greater force.
Calculating Net Force If forces act on the object in the same direction, add the forces together. In this example, two forces are acting on the box in the same direction. 50 N + 50 N = 100 N to the left Calculating Net Force If forces act on the object in the opposite direction, subtract the forces. In this example, two forces are acting on the box in opposite directions. The net force will always take the direction of the greater force. 75 N - 50 N = 25 N to the right Calculating Net Force If forces act on the object in the opposite direction, subtract the forces. In this example, two forces are acting on the box in the opposite direction with the same amount of force in each direction. 50N - 50 N = 0 Newtons When an object has a force of zero Newtons, it is balanced. Friction Friction force that acts to oppose sliding between two surfaces that are touching. Sliding Friction type of friction that slows down an object that slides. Due to the microscopic roughness of two surfaces Friction Static Friction type of friction that prevents an object from moving when a force is applied. Caused by the attraction between the atoms on the two surfaces that are in contact As the surfaces gets rougher and the objects heavier the force of static friction will be larger. Friction Rolling Friction type of friction needed to make a wheel or tire turn. Occurs between the ground and the part of the tire touching the ground Prevents tire from slipping Newtons Second Law of Motion Newtons Second Law of Motion states that objects will move in the direction of the force. Force is measured in units called Newtons (named for Sir Isaac Newton) 1 N = 1 kgm/s 2
The formula used to calculate force is Force = mass x acceleration, or F=ma
Weight The force of gravity causes all objects near Earths surface to fall with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s 2 . According to Newtons second law the gravitational force on any object near Earths surface is: F = ma = m X (9.8 m/s 2 ) Weight your weight on Earth is the gravitational force between you and Earth.
Mass Mass is the amount of matter in an object, and doesnt depend on location Weight will vary with location but mass will remain constant Ex. a book with a mass of 1 kg has a mass of 1 kg on Earth or on Mars. However, the weight of the book would be different on Earth and Mars. Why? Weight is a force just like the push of your hand is a force. When standing on a bathroom scale, you are measuring the pull of Earths gravity.
Center of Mass The point in an object that moves as if all the objects mass were concentrated at that point. Circular Motion Centripetal Force means center seeking force; any motion in a curved path represents accelerated motion, and requires a force directed toward the center of the path and is always perpendicular to the motion. How do satellites stay in orbit? Satellites are being pulled down toward the Earth just like a thrown baseball. However, they are at such a distance from Earth and traveling so fast horizontally that Earths surface curves downward at the same rate that the satellites are falling downward. The speed at which a satellite must move to go into orbit near Earths surface is about 8 km/s, or about 29,000 km/h.
Circular Motion Circular Motion http://glencoe.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0078617707/student_view0/chapter2/concept_animati ons.html# Newton Explains http://www.sciencewithmrnoon.com/projectarise/physics1st/newton2law.swf Lets Practice How much force is needed to accelerate a 1400 kilogram car 2 m/s 2 ? Write the formula F = m x a Fill in given numbers and units F = 1400 kg x 2 m/s 2 Solve for the unknown 2800 kg- m/s 2 or 2800 N
More Practice What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? A 6 kg object? A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2 . Determine the mass. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/s 2 ? What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/s 2 ?
More Practice What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force applied to a 3 kg object? A 6 kg object? 12 N = 3 kg x 4 m/s 2 A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate of 5 m/s 2 . Determine the mass. 16 N = 3.2 kg x 5 m/s 2 How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1 m/s 2 ? 66 kg-m/sec/sec or 66 N What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/s 2 ? 9800 kg-m/s 2 or 9800 N
Newtons Third Law of Motion Newtons Third Law of Motion states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Every action occurs in equal but opposite pairs. This basketball will hit the floor because of the downward force of gravity, but the floor will also exert a force on the ball and it will bounce in the opposite direction.
Newtons Third Law of Motion Action and reaction forces DO NOT cancel! The forces exerted by two objects on each other are often called an action-reaction force pair. Either force can be considered the action force or the reaction force. Just because action reaction forces are opposite and equal does not mean they cancel creating zero net force. Why? Because they act on different objects! Forces can only cancel when acting on the same object. Ex. two boys pushing on the same door from opposite directions can cancel each other creating zero net force.