Subra Ganesan 1

RFID and GPS Technology

and Applications
By:
Dr. Subra Ganesan
Professor, CSE Department, Oakland University
Rochester, MI 48309. USA.
ganesan@oakland.edu
6
th
Annual Winter Workshop
U.S. Army Vetronics Institute
January 10, 2007
Only a few slides are made available. Copy right rests with respective owners. These
slides are for academic purpose only
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Short biography of Dr. Subramaniam Ganesan
Professor in the department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Oakland University, Associate Director of Product Development and
Manufacturing Center, at Oakland University. He was the chair of the
department.
He received his M.Tech. and Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore, India.
He worked at National Aeronautical Laboratory, India, Ruhr University,
Germany, Concordia University, Canada, and Western Michigan University
before joining at Oakland University.
He has published nearly 35 journal papers, more than 100 papers in
conference proceedings, and 3 books. He developed a custom DSP board
with software for his book.
Active senior member and officer at IEEE, council member of ISPE.
He was general chair of four conferences. Has received best paper award,
best teacher awards.
DSP based electric power steering, Fuzzy idle-speed control, road scene
analysis for intelligent vehicles, mobile communication protocol, application
of wavelet transform and Hough Transform . His research interests are in
real time system, parallel architectures and computer systems for signal
processing.
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Abstract
This presentation has 4 parts
RFID
GPS
Sensor networks
Low Power Microcontrollers
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Topics
Basics of RFID sensors
Application of RFID for tracking
Basics of GPS technology
GPS ICs
Low power microcontrollers
Sensor networks
Integration of RFID,GPS, Low Power Micro and
sensor network for novel applications
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Some Specifications
Lower Cost
High Data transfer rate
Low to medium size local data storage
No line-of-sight communication preferred
Robust construction for use in harsh conditions
Low power consumption
Self diagnosing and fault tolerance
Network of Sensors to perform distributed
monitoring/ analysis.
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NIKE + iPOD--- a new Tracking device
Sensor
Receiver
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Privacy Issues
Time, Distance, Calories burned, running
pace.
Receiver links to one sensor at any time.
When the sensor is still, it sleeps. When
one walks, it transmits its ID. Sends 1
packet of info every second.
10 meter to 20 meter distance range for
transmission.
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Issues
10 to 30 MPH speed maximum.
Privacy issues:
Stalker
Customer Tracking
Muggers
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What is RFID
What is RFID
RFID is an area of automatic identification
that has quietly been gaining momentum
in recent years and is now being seen as a
radical means of enhancing data handling
processes, complimentary in many ways
to other data capture technologies such
bar coding.
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RFID What is it?
Radio Frequency Identification Device
Holds a small amount of unique data a
serial number or other unique attribute of
the item
The data can be read from a distance no
contact or even line of sight necessary
Enables individual items down to the
proverbial can of beansto be individually
tracked from manufacture to consumption!
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What is an RF
Tag ?
Chip
Antenna
Tag
Radio Tx/Rx
RAM ROM
CPU I/O
Pwr Supply
Radio Tx/Rx
RAM ROM
CPU I/O
Pwr Supply
Radio Tx/Rx
RAM ROM
CPU I/O
Pwr Supply
Radio Tx/Rx
RAM ROM
CPU I/O
Pwr Supply
Chip + Antennae + Packaging = Tag
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Variations of RF Tags
Basic types: active vs. passive
Memory
- Size (16 bits - 512 kBytes +)
- Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM
Arbitration (Anti-collision)
Ability to read/write one or more tags at a time
Frequency : 125KHz - 5.8 GHz
Physical Dimensions
- Thumbnail to Brick sizes
- Incorporated within packaging or the item
Price ($0.50 to $150)
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What is a Radio-Frequency
Identification (RFID) tag?
In terms of appearance
Chip (IC)
Antenna
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What is an RFID tag?
You may own a few RFID tags
Proximity cards (contactless physical-access
cards)
ExxonMobil Speedpass
EZ Pass
RFID in fact denotes a spectrum of devices:
What is an RFID tag?
You may own a few RFID tags
Proximity cards (contactless physical-access
cards)
ExxonMobil Speedpass
EZ Pass
RFID in fact denotes a spectrum of devices:
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SpeedPass
Mobile phone
EZ Pass
Basic
RFID
Tag
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What is a basic RFID tag?
Characteristics:
Passive device receives power from reader
Range of up to several meters
In effect a smart label: simply calls out its
(unique) name and/or static data
74AB8
5F8KJ 3
Plastic #3
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The capabilities of a basic
RFID tag
Little memory
Static 64-to-128-bit identifier in current ultra-cheap
generation (five cents / unit)
Hundreds of bits soon
Maybe writeable under good conditions
Little computational power
A few thousand gates
Static keys for read/write permission
No real cryptographic functions available
The grand vision:
RFID as next-generation barcode
Barcode
Line-of-sight Radio contact
Specifies object type Uniquely specifies object
RFID tag
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Fast, automated
scanning
Provides pointer
to database entry
for every object,
i.e., unique,
detailed history
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Most RFID tags transmit a number and
nothing else. 96-bit number.
The computer/ reader interprets the
number to open the door or calculate the
price etc.
To be read, a passive RFID must be
provided with sufficient power to run the
electronics and transmit a signal to the
reader.
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Read range depends on:
Reader transmit power typically 1 watt
Reader receiver sensitivity: - 80- dBmor
10
-11
watts
The reader antenna gain 6dBi
Tag antenna gain 1 dBi Omni directional
Tag power required- 100 microwatt
Tag modulator efficiency - -20dB
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Power Available to (needed by) the Tag, Pt =
Pt = Pr x Gr x Gt x T x (4Phi)
2
x d
2
Pr = reader transmitter power
Gr = Reader antenna gain
Gt = Tag antenna gain
T = Wavelength of system
For Pt = 100 microwatt and 915 MHz system,
d
max
= 5.8 meter (19.4 feet)
If Pt = 1 microwatt, one could read the tag at 200
feet approx.
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Some more Facts:
Water and metal affect the Radio waves.
A wet cardboard box reduces the signal
transmitted by the Tag inside the box
A metal can blocks the visibility of Tag inside.
A tag on the outside of metal can, will either
block or focus the signal waves
Dielectric coupling (human body, packing) can
detune the Tag antenna- make it less efficient.
Two tags on each other will interfere because of
coupling.
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Block the Tag
Easy way to block the Tag is to use a
single layer of Aluminum foil. 27 micron
thick foil.
1mm thick, dilute salt water also blocks the
Tag.
Some applications
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Better supply-chain visibility -- #1 compelling
application
U.S. DHS: Passports
U.S. FDA: Pharmaceuticals, anti-counterfeiting
Libraries
Housepets approx. 50 million
Parenting logistics
Water-park with tracking bracelet
RFID in Euro banknotes (?)
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Supply Chain
The largest use of RFID in the future is to track
and supply chain of consumer goods.
Track shipping from factory, container on the
way, unloading, arrival of every package, locate
where in the shelf the package is kept, is it mis-
shelved, out of stock, theft, light sensing RFID
can detect if the container was opened.. Great
many applications!
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Implant
Controversyimplant RFID into people.
Small glass cylinders, 2 or 3 mm wide 1
cm long. Inside the cylinder is microchip, a
coiled antenna, a capacitor for energy
storage.
Implant under the skin of hand, chest
cavity, neck. Using 12 gauge Needle in 20
seconds.
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Read the implanted RFID by using intense
magnetic field at 100KHz to 15 MHz.
October 2004 New York Times Applied
Digital Solution (ADS) manufactures
implantable RFID chips. In 1986 invented/
patent issued in 1993 by Hughes Aircraft
and Destron to implant in horses.
Digital Angel and VeriChip RFIDs.
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Digital Angel monitors wearers location using
GPS.
Wear around the neck of a child
Implant inside Rich people in South America to
prevent kidnapping
Track patients with Alzheimer disease.
Implant on the hands for patrons of Beach Club
(Spain) to pay for drinks using accounts.
Not approved by US FDA.
Implant VeriChip to access bank accounts.
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RFID Frequencies
Frequency Regulation Range Data Speed Comments
125-150 kHz
Basically
unregulated
? 10 cm Low
Animal identification
and factory data
collection systems
13.56 MHz
ISM band, differing
power levels and
duty cycle
<1 m
Low to
moderate
Popular frequency for
I.C. Cards (Smart
Cards)
433 MHz
Non-specific Short
Range Devices
(SRD), Location
Systems
1 100 m Moderate DoD Active
860-960 MHz
ISM band
(Increasing use in
other regions,
differing power
levels and duty
cycle
2 5 m
Moderate to
high
EAN.UCC GTAG,
MH10.8.4 (RTI),
AIAG B-11 (Tires),
EPC (18000-6)
2450 MHz
ISM band, differing
power levels and
duty cycle
1 2 m High
IEEE 802.11b,
Bluetooth, CT,
AIAG B-11

Regulating Authority : ITU and Geo Organizations
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SMART PASSPORT
Smart passports is an international matter, demanding global
cooperation. Driving standardization, the ICAO (International
Civil Aviation Organization) has now published document
9303, the basis of the new ISO (International Standards
Organization) standard.
Philips' P5CT072 SmartMX triple interface smart card controller IC
was the first to attain CC EAL5+ certification. Boasting up to 72
Kbytes EEPROM, Philips' chips are the only ones to meet the high
memory and security requirements of e-government projects
currently underway, including the smart passport projects in
Germany, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States.
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Tag Types
Active:
Standard: None, Mainly Manufacturers Proprietary
Systems/Protocols (transmits RF energy in the 400MHz,
900MHz, and 2.45GHz ranges)
Range: Generally 300 Feet or less (battery replacement)
Used Predominantly in Transportation Systems (rail, toll
systems, trucking, container).
Characteristics: Tag with Internal Power Cell Mounted to Item
or container/pallet/box, Interrogator Queries Tags,
Uploads/Downloads Data. Do not transmit all of the time. Data
Capacity Varies.
RF & Digital RF & Digital
Circuitry Circuitry
RF
antenna
Battery Battery
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Tag Types
Passive:
Standard: None, Mainly Manufacturers Proprietary
Systems/Protocols (uses back scatter technology)
Range: Typically Measured in Inches , Industry
Working Toward Meters (dependant system layout,
interference, etc.)
Used Predominantly in Retail Systems and
Transportation Systems.
Characteristics: Small Tag Loaded with License Plate
Data, Typically Mounted to End Item, Reader Captures
Data as Item Moves Through Choke Point (door,
pathway, frame, etc.). Could have a battery. Data
Capacities are Limited. Paper tag!
RF
antenna
Memory
(EEPROM)
Digital Logic Digital Logic
& Control & Control
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Tag Types
Semi-Active or Battery Assisted Passive
On-board battery power source
Uses Passive Technology (no transmitter)
Greater range but higher cost (less than active)
Requires less power from reader
Finite life
Can use thin batteries (little change to form factor)
RF
antenna
Memory
(EEPROM)
Digital Logic Digital Logic
& Control & Control
Battery Battery
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Tag Types - Read vs Read/Write
Read Only:
Information can only be read from an RFID device
programmed at manufacture
User Programmable
WORM - Write Once Read Many - Ability to initialize an
RFID device outside of the RFID manufacturers facility
after manufacture
Read/Write:
Information can be read from or written to an RFID
transponder during the time it is presented to a
reader/writer
Typically asymmetric read and write operating range
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Protocol
The method used to talk to a tag
Modulation method
Error correction
Anti-collision technique
Message format
Commands
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References
Martin Feldhofer (2004) A Proposal for an Authentication
Protocol in a Security Layer for RFID Smart Tags. IEEE
Proceedings of MELECON 2004, Vol. 2, pp. 759762
2005 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing-Extending
the EPC Network The Potential of RFID in Anti-
Counterfeiting By Thorsten Staake
http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.js
p?id=131175
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Conclusion 1
1) RFID can provide potentially huge benefits to
consumers, not just lower prices.
2) The threats to privacy from RFID are significantly
exaggerated.
3) Meeting the concerns of the privacy advocates is not
costless.
4) Given that RFID is only in its initial stages, legislation
and regulation is premature.
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INTRODUCTION TO GPS:
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Presentation Outline
I. GPS Basics
II. GPS Under the Hood
III. Datums and Coordinate Systems
IV.Mobile Mapping Technology
V. GPS Chip Sets
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What is GPS?
The Global Positioning System (GPS)
A Constellation of Earth-Orbiting
Satellites Maintained by the United
States Government for the Purpose of
Defining Geographic Positions On and
Above the Surface of the Earth. It
consists of Three Segments:
Control Segment
Space Segment
User Segment
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GPS Satellites (Satellite
Vehicles(SVs))
First GPS satellite launched in
1978
Full constellation achieved in 1994
Satellites built to last about 10
years
Approximately 2,000 pounds,17
feet across
Transmitter power is only 50 watts
or less
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Space Segment
24+ satellites
6 planes with 55
inclination
Each plane has 4-5
satellites
Broadcasting position
and time info on 2
frequencies
Constellation has
spares
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Space Segment
Very high orbit
20,200 km
1 revolution in
approximately 12 hrs
Travel approx. 7,000mph
Considerations
Accuracy
Survivability
Coverage
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Control Segment: Maintaining the
System
(5) Monitor Stations
Correct Orbit
and clock
errors
Create new
navigation message
Observe
ephemeris
and clock
Falcon AFB
Upload Station
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Common Uses for GPS
Land, Sea and Air
Navigation and
Tracking
Surveying/ Mapping
Military Applications
Recreational Uses
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Triangulation
Satellite 1 Satellite 2
Satellite 3
Satellite 4
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Distance Measuring
Each satellite carries
around four atomic
clocks
Uses the oscillation of cesium and
rubidium atoms to measure time
Accuracy?
plus/ minus a second over more
than 30,000 years!!
The whole system
revolves around
time!!!
Rate = 186,000 miles per
second (Speed of Light)
Time = time it takes
signal to travel from the
SV to GPS receiver
Distance = Rate x Time
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2-Dimensional Positioning Example
(1/5)
TX A
(0,0)
TX B
X
Y
3 4
3
6
(3 m, 6 m)
(X
USER
, Y
USER
)
( ) ( )
2
USER
2
USER A
m 6 Y m 3 X R + =
( ) ( )
2
USER
2
USER B
m 3 Y m 4 X R + =
(4 m, 3 m)
Difficult to solve for (X
USER
, Y
USER
)
because R
A
& R
B
are non-linear equations.
Problem can be linearizedusing a Taylor
Series Expansion and only keeping the
first order terms.
Least Squares iterative process leads to
user position (X
USER
, Y
USER
) .
( )
A USER A
TOT - TOR * C R =
( )
B USER B
TOT - TOR * C R =
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2-Dimensional Positioning Example (2/5)
Reference Frame
TX Stations
Identification
#Stations
Surveyed Locations
Synchronized Clocks
User Receiver to
measure the range from
the user to each TX
station
Given Information
Objective
Find the unknown
positional coordinates
(X
USER
, Y
USER
) of a
user in 2-dimensional
space
Subra Ganesan 50
2-Dimensional Positioning Example (3/5)
4-Dimensional Problem (X
USER
, Y
USER
, Z
USER
, t
USER
)
Unknown user position (X
USER
, Y
USER
, Z
USER
)
Unknown user time (t
USER
)
Must define a 3-D reference frame
Stationary transmitters become roving satellites
Must determine SV ID, locations, TOT
GPS receiver range measurement observables
Pseudorange (PR)
Accumulated Carrier Phase (ACP)
Position Determination Algorithms
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Navigating with GPS (4/5)
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GPS Chip Set/ Board
GPS9543 Serial Board (BF-5000)
TDC's serial board for the GPS9543 allows GPS to be easily
tested or integrated into an OEM system.
The board measures just 70 x 65 x 15mm, will operate from a
DC power supply of between 8 and 20 volts, consuming
under 40mA.
Data is available on a 9-way d-type connector at RS232
levels, and the board has 3mm mounting holes for easy
integration into your system.
Subra Ganesan 53
Chip manufacturers:
http://www.gpspassion.com/Hardware/chipsets.htm
There are three GPS chipset manufacturers for products used for
Pocket PCs:
SiRF - the most popular one with OEMs by far, with virtually current
dedicated PPC GPS solutions being based on these chipsets.
Almost all GPS receivers based on this chipset can be switched
between NMEA or SiRFoutput except the Pharos i180 mouse GPS.
The utilities to switch your GPS can be found here.
Chips differ mainly in their power usage, see table below for details
Evermore - Used only in one serial and usb mouse
Trimble - Apparently the Pretec CF GPS-LP released in September
2002 uses a Trimble chipset
Other GPS Chipset Manufacturers are listed here but their chips
aren't used in Pocket PC solutions
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Overview of Features:
MakerNameLaunchedCPUFab
ProcessTTFF (s)Voltage
(volts)
Power Usage (mW)Features/CommentsUsed
inTracking Contin.Trickle
***AverageSiRFSiRFstar I1997Motorola
MC68330 at 19.1 mhz0.6060/40/851,700 -
1,700
-- Leadtek Mouse 9531
- Royaltek Sapphire *SiRFSiRFstar I/LX
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Hitachi
SH-1 7021 RISC at 12.2 mhz0.3560/40/83.3500150165 -
Sophisticated power management
- PDF (requires Acrobat Reader)- Pretec Compact GPS
**SiRFSiRFstar IIe1999ARM7/TDMI
12.3 mhz 50/38/82.7500150165- Designed as a
standalone solution
- Designed for GPS solutions where data throughput is
more important than battery usage (built-in car systems,
etc...)
- WAAS, EGNOS, Beacon DGPS
- PDF (requires Acrobat Reader)
Subra Ganesan 56
- Axiom CF GPS
- Fortuna PocketTrack
- Leadtek Mouse 9532
- Leadtek 9534
- Navman sleeve
- Pharos CF GPS
- PocketMap CF GPS
- Teletype CF GPS
- Transplant CF GPS
- Billionton CF GPSSiRFSiRFstar IIe/lp2002ARM7/TDMI
12.3 (?) mhz?45/38/82.71756065- Designed as a
standalone solution
- Designed for GPS solutions where battery usage is
more important than data throughput (CF GPS, etc...)
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- WAAS, EGNOS, Beacon DGPS
- PDF (requires Acrobat Reader)- Emtac Bluetooth GPS
- Holux GM-270 CF GPS
- Transplant IGPSJ SleeveSiRFSiRFstar IIt2002ARM7/TDMI
12.3 (?) mhz 45/38/82.71704045- Designed to be integrated in a
host system with an existing powerful CPU (automobile navigation,
mobile computers)
- WAAS, EGNOS, Beacon DGPS
- PDF (requires Acrobat Reader)
* In some cases, manufacturer specs were not detailed enough to
determine whether they were using the SiRFstar I or the SiRFstar IIe
chip
** In some cases, manufacturer specs were not detailed enough to
determine whether they were using the SiRFstar I/LX or the
SiRFstar IIe chip
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Street Pilot
Garmin
TOM TOM
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Sensor Networks and
Applications59
By:
Dr. Subra Ganesan
Professor, CSE Department, Oakland
University
Rochester, MI 48309. USA.
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Topics Covered
1. Introduction
2. Sensor Network architecture
3. Tiny OS, Mote
4. Real time communication
5. Sensor network simulation
6. Applications
Subra Ganesan 61
Sensor Network
Miniaturization of Sensors,
combining them with low-power
Processors, communication devices,
software, internet and others makes
it possible to measure, and process
any physical phenomena in real time.
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Example Applications of Sensor Network
Wired Sensor Net Work:
Automotive application,
Home monitoring applications,
Industrial Applications,
distributed control
Real Time alert,
Health monitoring,
Wireless Network:
Weather monitoring in remote locations,
Military surveillance,
remote Bridge monitoring,
Electricity Power pole structural health monitoring.
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Collision Avoidance System
Side Radar (Left)
Side Radar (Right)
Collision Avoidance
Electronic Control Unit
24Ghz
Rear Radar
System
Powertrain
Electronic Control Unit
Anti-lock Braking
Electronic Control Unita
Data Logger
Electronic Control Unit
Power Steering
Electronic Control Unit
77 GHz
Frontal
Radar
Video
Camera
Steering Wheel Angle
Vehicle Speed
Windshield wiper status
Radio status
Audio Warning (radio)
Visual Warning
Diagnostics
Figure Complete high-end collision-avoidance system
Subra Ganesan 64
Automotive Sensor Net
A network of sensors like multiple radars
and camera in automobile help in lane,
object, and hazard identification.
Safety applications include adaptive
cruise control, pre-crash prediction, active
head-rest, tire pressure monitoring, rain
sensors to adjust braking, multiple airbag.
Fusion of multiple sensors.
Subra Ganesan 65
Smart, Distributed Sensor Systems
The development of silicon micro-
machined sensors enables physical
transducers to be integrated with
control and signal processing
electronics in a single, compact
package. This type of "smart" sensor will
revolutionize the design of sensor
systems.
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Smart Cheap Sensors
It will become easier, cheaper,
and faster to design a sensor
system, and the resulting
systems will be more reliable,
more scaleable, and provide
higher performance than
traditional systems.
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Sensor Programmability
Instead of designing a multitude of different
sensors for individual applications,
manufacturers need only to produce a small
variety of smart silicon-based sensors that
can be dynamically programmed to suit
many different user needs. Sensor
programmability will also enable highly
sophisticated and complex sensor systems that
would be too difficult to design using traditional
methods
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Smart sensor system.
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Prototype smart sensor node
MEMS technology potentially allows all three blocks
to be implemented on a single die.
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Mote Node Weather Module
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Mote
Operates un-tethered, wireless
Microprocessor
Limited memory
Local data storage/repository
On-board transducer, MEMS
sensor
CMOS radio, wireless modem
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Future Sensor-Computer network
Applications
Smart paint
Smart homes and ubiquitous computing
Wearable computing
Ingestible device networks
Computationally-augmented environments
Common vision: Massively distributed
networks of tiny processing elements
Subra Ganesan 73
Important Projects
MIT Oxygen, Amorphous computing
Berkeley Smart Dust
UCLA, Xerox Sensor Networks
AT&T, Smart environments
Subra Ganesan 74
Smart Dust
Berkely
Current technology: 5mm motes
Goal: 1mm
Subra Ganesan 75
WSN Applications
Digital Skin
Dirt-cheap sensors may be sprayed onto roads,
walls, or machines
Senses physical phenomenon, monitor
pedestrian or vehicular traffic
Human aware environments and intelligent
transportation grids
Report wildlife habitat conditions for
environmental conservation
Detect and track forest fires for rapid response
Track job flows and supply chains in smart
factories
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WSN References
Yogi Schulz; Computing Canada Oct 31,
2003 v29 i21 p22
Michael R. Moore, Stephen F. Smith;
Sensors Magazine Sept 2001 v18 i9 p35.
(Industry Overview) Sensor Business
Digest May 2001 v10 i4.
www.crossbow.com
www.zwavealliance.org
www.smarthome.com
www.zigbee.org
www.bluetooth.com
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Low Power Microcontrollers
There are many ultra low power micro
available in the market.
e.g. TI MSP 430
ARM-9
PIC
Hitachi
Subra Ganesan 78
MSP 430 Architecture
A 16-bit RISC CPU, peripherals and flexible clock system are
combined by using a von-Neumann common memory address bus
(MAB) and memory data bus (MDB). Partnering a modern CPU
with modular memory-mapped analog and digital peripherals, the
MSP430 offers solutions for todays and tomorrows mixed-signal
applications.
Subra Ganesan 79
Key Features
Ultra-low-power architecture extends battery life:
0.1-A RAM retention
0.8-A real-time clock mode
250-A/MIPS active
Wide range of integrated intelligent peripherals offloads
the CPU
Modern 16-bit RISC CPU enables new applications at a
fraction of the code size
Complete eZ430-F2013 development tool for only $20
Devices starting at $0.49
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What is MSP430
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Final Integration
Integrate
RFID
GPS
Low Power Micro
Sensors
Network
Track