1

A PROJECT ON
TELECOMMUNICATION
(CONDUCTED AT BSNL, DIBRUGARH)













SUBMITTED BY:

ANTARIPA BHUYAN




2



CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Miss Antaripa Bhuyan a student of Btech 5
th
semester/ from
Nagaland University has done her winter training at BSNL, Dibrugarh starting from
6/01/2014 to 18/01/2014.
The project was carried out under my guide and supervision. Her project work
was satisfactory.













Date:
Place: Signature of guide
ACKNOWLEDGE

3


I hereby take this opportunity to express my sincere regard and gratitude to the
Training Cell of BSNL, Dibrugarh for enabling students like me to pursue training in their
organizations. I sincerely express my acknowledge to all the staff members of the organization
who ware very cooperative during my entire training period. It would have been merely impossible
without your guidance.
The project helped me a lot in getting an overview of how the theoretical work in
telecommunication which is a part of our curriculum, are being practically applied in an industry. I
was able to imagine the amount of hard work as well as the amount of expertise and coordination
required among the various departments for preparation of any form of work. The work would not
have being possible without your guidance and supervision.









Thanking You
Antaripa Bhuyan






4

CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5
CHAPTER 2 LANDLINE 6
Introduction to Electronics Exchange
Basic Principles and Structure of Exchange
Control Stations of OCB-283
Setting up of a Call in Exchange
Main Stages in a Call
CHAPTER 3 WLL 18
Evolution of CDMA Networks.
CDMA 2000 1x Network Architecture
Key Features of CDMA Network
1x EV-DO
Chapter 4 broadband 26
Broadband and its Evolution
Advantage
Wired Broadband Technology
Broadband Vs Cable Modem
Access Technology
Chapter 5 GSM 33
GSM-Introduction
GSM Services
Architecture
Technical Specifications
Applications
2G
3G
Conclusion 45

INTRODUCTION
5

ABOUT BSNL
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (known as BSNL, India Communications Corporation Limited) is a public
sector communications company in India. It is the Indias largest telecommunication company.
HISTORY
BSNL, then known as the Department of Telecommunications, had been a near monopoly during the
socialist period of the Indian economy. During this period, BSNL was the only telecom service provider
in the country. MTNL was present only in Mumbai and New Delhi. The foundation of Telecom Network in
India was laid by the British sometime in 19th century. The history of BSNL is linked with the beginning
of Telecom in India. In 19th century and for almost entire 20th century, the Telecom in India was
operated as a Government of India wing. Earlier it was part of erstwhile Post & Telegraph Department
(P&T). In 1975 the Department of Telecom (DoT) was separated from P&T. DoT was responsible for
running of Telecom services in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
(MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. It is a well known fact
that BSNL was carved out of Department of Telecom to provide level playing field to private telecoms.
Subsequently in 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for Private Investment,
therefore it became necessary to separate the Governments policy wing from Operations wing. The
Government of India corporatized the operations wing of DoT on October 01, 2000 and named it as
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL).BSNL operates as a public sector.

MAIN SERVICES BEING PROVIDED BY BSNL
BSNL provides almost every telecom service, however following are the main Telecom Services being
provided by BSNL in India:-
1. Universal Telecom Services: Fixed wireline services & Wireless in Local loop (WLL) using CDMA
Technology called bfone and Tarang respectively. BSNL is dominant operator in fixed line. As on
December 31, 2007, BSNL had 81% market share of fixed lines.
2. Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major provider of Cellular Mobile Telephone
services using GSM platform under brandname Cellone. Pre-paid Cellular services of BSNL are known
as Excel. As on March 31, 2007 BSNL had 17% share of mobile telephony in the country.
3. I nternet: BSNL is providing internet as dial-up connection (Sancharnet) and ADSL-Broadband
Dataone. BSNL has around 50% market share in broadband in India. BSNL has planned aggressive
rollout in broadband for current financial year.
4. I ntelligent Network (IN): BSNL is providing IN services like tele-voting, toll free calling,
premium calling etc.

6





1. LANDLINE
















7

OUTLINE
Introduction to Electronics Exchange
Basic Principles and Structure of Exchange
Control Stations of OCB-283
Setting up of a Call in Exchange
Main Stages in a Call













INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS EXCHANGE

8

To overcome the limitations of manual switching, automatic exchanges having electromechanical
components were developed. Stronger exchange the first automatic exchange having direct control
features was invented. Though it improved over the performance of manual exchange, it still had a
number of disadvantages, i.e. a large number of mechanical parts, limited availability, inflexibility, bulky
size, etc. As a result of further research and development, cross bar exchanges having indirect control
features appeared later on. Cross bar exchanges improved upon many shortcomings of the stronger
exchanges. However much more improvement was expected and revolutionary change in the field of
electronics provided it. A large no. of moving parts in registers, markers, translators, etc. was replaced
en-blocked by single computer. This made the exchange smaller in size, volume and weight; faster and
reliable; highly flexible; noise free; easily manageable with no preventive maintenance etc.
The first electronic exchange employing space division switching (analog switching) was commissioned.
This exchange use one physical path for one call and hence full availability could still not be achieved.
Further research resulted in development of time division switching (digital switching) which enables
sharing a single path by several calls, thus providing full availability.


The prime purpose of an exchange is to provide a temporary path for simultaneous bi-directional
transmission of speech between

Subscriber lines connected to same exchange (local switching)
Subscriber lines and trunks to other exchange (outgoing or trunk call)
Subscriber lines and trunks from other exchanges (incoming / trunk calls)
Pairs of trunks towards different exchanges (transit switching)

An exchange which can setup just the first three types of connections is called a Subscriber or
Local Exchange.
If an exchange can setup only the fourth type of connections, it is called a Transit or Tandem
Exchange




ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE OVER
ELECTROMECHANICALLY EXCHANGE

9

In electromechanical exchanges category analysis, routing, translation, etc., is done by relays while
in electronic exchanges translation, speech path, subscriber facilities, etc., are managed by map and
other data.

In electromechanical exchanges any change in facilities require addition of hardware
changes whereas in electronic exchanges changes can be carried out by simple commands.

Electromechanical exchanges have limited flexibility while electronic exchanges are
highly flexible.

Testing is done manually externally and time consuming process in electromechanical
exchanges whereas in electronic exchanges testing is carried out automatically analysis is printed out.

In electromechanical exchanges, there is partially full-availability hence blocking
problem is there. Electronic exchanges are fully available hence no blocking.

Limited facilities are available to subscriber in electromechanical exchanges than
electronic exchanges.

Electromechanical exchanges are slow in speed as compared to electronic exchanges.

Switch room occupies large volume in electromechanical exchanges.

There is lot of switching noise in electromechanical exchanges as compared to electronic
exchanges.

Longer installation time is required in electromechanical exchanges.
BASIC PRINCIPLES AND ARCHITECTURE


The system is based on the following features
10

Stored program control (SPC)
TDM digital switching
PCM principles &techniques
Segregation of switching & management functions
Distributed control using dedicated micro processors (e.g. intel8085) or mini computers (e.g.
ELS-48)
Centralized management for a group of E-10B exchanges.


















STRUCTURE OF THE EXCHANGE

It consists of:
11

I.OMC ROOM
Ii.SWITCH ROOM
Iii.EXPLOITATION ROOM
Iv.MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME















Fig: Structure of Exchange


1. OMC ROOM

OMC
Room
Switch
Room
M.D.F.
(Main Distribution Frame)
ETMM.D.F.
(Main
Distribution
Frame)
M.D.F.
(Main
Distribution
Frame)

(TranslatorEXCH
ANGE
rpreter)
Exploitation Room

12

In the OMC Room there are: -
(a) HARD DISK
All the details are stored in it like
(i) Meter readings
(ii) Subscriber details

(b) TAPE DRIVES

On the Tape Drives we have all the data such as: -
(i) The details of the subscribers
(ii) Their Meter Readings etc.


(c) ETM
This is the Interpreter or the translator which converts the
Source Code into the Binary Code which the Electronic
Circuits deal in.

The Temperature control of the OMC Room is a must as the ETM upon heating may
function improperly

But in the OCB-283 there is no OMC as all the things which are in OMC are inside the
suites only

The HARDDISK in OCB-283 is of 4GB capacity
2. SWITCH ROOM

In the Switch room there are all the Electronic Circuits which are inside the Suites
The Temperature control of the switch room is a must as the Processor gets heated and
may lead to improper functioning.
13

3. EXPLOITATION ROOM

This is the Room from where all the changes are made.
In this room we have Teletypewriters(TTY) on which we receive all the alarms
Teletypewriters consist of: -
(i) VDU (Visual Display Unit)
(ii) Keyboard
(iii) CPU (Central Processing Unit)
We make the modifications from these TTYs
To the teletypewriters printers are attached and all the commands that executed are printed side
by side.
The Routine Testing of Circuits and Connectivity is done from these teletypewriters
4. MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME

This is the Interface between Subscriber and the Exchange
The wires from the Exchange reach the MDF and from the MDF they are sent to the
Subscriber with the help of the
Underground Jumper Cables
The excess Voltage (if any) in the Line is removed with the help of the GAS DISCHARGE
TUBES
Cables from all the Exchanges reach the MDF

From the MDF Underground Jumper Cables go to the Cabinets
* The Capacity of the Cabinets is large around 2000 pairs
* If the number of subscribers is small then there is no need for the Cabinets

From the Cabinets the cables go to the Pillars
*the position of the pillars is chosen such that the length of the wires going to the DPs is equal in all
directions

From the Pillars the wires go to the DPs
14

* the capacity of each of the Pillars is about 10 or 15

From the DPs the wires go to the subscribers homes

When a fault like Phone dead is reported then first check is made at the MDF
(i) a Phone Set is inserted on the Line Side, some number is dialed and it is checked if the
conversation takes place properly
(ii) if the conversation takes place properly then the fault is said to be on the Line Side
(Outdoors)
(iii) But if there is no Dial Tone then the fault is said to be on the Exchange side (Indoors)

The fault in the Outdoors is checked first of all at the DP
If there is dial tone at the Pillar but not in the subscribers home then the fault is in between the DP and
the subscribers phone set.
Otherwise at the Pillar If there is dial tone at the Pillar but not at the DP then the fault is
in between the DP and the Pillar
Otherwise the phone is checked at the Cabinet If there is dial tone at the Cabinet but not
at the Pillar then the fault is in between the Cabinet and the Pillar
Otherwise the only option left is that the fault is in between the MDF and the Cabinet.
CONNECTI NG SYSTEM



SETTING UP A LOCAL CALL IN AN OCB EXCHANGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

EXCHANGE MDF CABINETS PILLARS

DISTRIBUTION
POLES

SUBSCRIBER
S

Exchange Side
Line Side
15

In an OCB exchange a number of calls processing functions are to be performed by different units of the
exchange for the establishment of a call. These functions are performed by the execution of programs
stored in the program memories of the ELS-48 processors of the various control units and connection
units.

2.0 UNITS INVOLVED:

The units of OCB exchange involved in the establishment of a local call are:

Switching Network (CX)
Marker (MQ)
Multiregisters (MR)
Translator (TR)
Charging Unit (TX)
Frequency sender/receiver (ETA)
There are four major Parts of the Switch: -

1. MARKER (MQ)

These are Two in number
It activates the other three parts i.e. it maintains the co-ordinations between the different
parts of the Switch
The moment we lift the receiver it activates the TRANSLATOR (TR)
If the TR grants permission then the CHARGING UNIT (TX) is activated


2. MULTIREGISTER (MR)
There are 2 to 6 Multiregisters
It has 256 registers
Each register is a 32 bit register
16

When a number is called this stores the number of the calling party
TR checks whether the content of this register is having this facility or not

3. TRANSLATOR (TR)
It carries the record of the of the Exchange
The Exchange facility files are stored in this
Whether a subscriber can use a facility or not is decided by it

4. CHARGING UNIT (TX)
This is the most Important part of a Switch
There are two TXs in OCB-283
Time is noted in it and according to the time the subscriber whose no. is in the MR is
charged
After sometime the contents of the TXs are updated i.e. both the TXs are synchronized so
that no Data is lost due to problems in one of the TXs
if none of the TXs is working then the Exchange shuts down
At 00:00 Hrs the latest Data is also copied on to the Hard Disk
In there are four counters of Eight Digits each





MAIN STAGES IN A LOCAL CALL


There are three main stages in the setting up of a local call:
17

A.Pre-selection
b.Selection
C.Call connection and charging





















18






2. WLL (CDMA)










19


OUTLINE



Evolution of CDMA Networks.
CDMA 2000 1x Network Architecture
Key Features of CDMA Network
1x EV-DO











EVOLUTION OF CDMA

CDMA technology was late entrant into 2G landscape.
20





BTS




Earlier CDMA technology was used in defense establishments as a more secure form of
communication.
First deployment of CDMA in commercial cellular systems was in 1994-95 only with IS-95 A as
air-interface standard and IS-41 in core network; the complete network known as cdmaOne.
Next evolutionary step was use of IS-95B air interface standard which supported maximum data
rate up-to 64 kbps to a user.
Further in CDMA 2000 1x version many of the limitations of earlier IS-95 standard were
overcome and new features were added.
As a result CDMA 2000 1x has a higher voice capacity and better handling of packet data
services.







BSC PDSN
I WF

MSC


I P Backbone
PSTN
WWW Enterprise Network
CDMA 2000 1x?


VPN
New Software
New Software
Channel card
upgrade
Software
Upgrade

New packet data router
Software
Upgrade

New
Terminal
21


CDMA2000 1x is the first IMT-2000 standard that offers high-speed
wireless data
Capable up of to 307 kbps peak data rate on a1x (1.25 MHz bandwidth)
carrier (Release B)
Doubles capacity for voice communications
Offers 50% longer stand-by time on handset
Backward compatible with IS-95A/B.
















22

CDMA 2000 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
PS-CN COMPONENTS: PDSN


Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) provides the function of routing data Radio Access
Network (RAN) and internet.
In light of internet usage in todays world it can be compared to Internet Service
Providers (ISPs).
PDSN provides and maintains a packet data session to a mobile user in order to provide
connectivity to internet.
If mobile IP services are supported bycdma2000 PDSN also supports Home Agent /
Foreign Agent functionality of mobile IP protocol.


PS-CN Components : AAA Server
In order to authenticate, authorize and account for the cdma 2000 subscribers wishing
to obtain packet data services, PDSN requires support of AAA server.
Authenticate: verifying that the user is valid & allowed to use packet data services.
Authorization: subscription to the service being offered is valid.
Accounting: Accounting for the service used.

PS-CN Components : Private IP Network


PDSNs, AAA servers and RANs are interconnected through private IP network.
This network is managed by private wireless service provider.
A key requirement for the operator of private of private IP network is to maintain
Quality of Service ( QoS) for the data sessions on its network.


PS-CN Components : Radio Access Network
Radio Access Network (RAN) is composed of a BSC and number of BTSs.
Compared to IS-95 system cdma 2000 RAN has
Key characteristic requirement for support of packet data services are
Better spectral efficiency.
Support for packet data services.
Efficient utilization of radio resources given bursty nature of packet data.
Support for higher data rates relative to maximum of 14.4 kbps in IS-95.
23

This is achieved by software up-gradation at BTS and BSC and addition of a new
hardware unit called Packet Control Function ( PCF) at BSC.
PDSNs are typically connected to RAN through private IP network.
The connection between PDSN and BSC is a logical connection.
cdma 2000 network allows single BSC to use multiple PDSNs





Fig: CDMA Architecture


















24


KEY FEATURES CDMA 2000







CDMA 2000 1x radio option means one radio channel of 1.25 MHz bandwidth.
The air interface of CDMA 2000 is defined in Telecommunication Industry Association
(TIA) IS-2000 standard.
While commonly referred to a CDMA 2000, other names for CDMA 2000 are 1x, 1x RTT
or IS 2000
CDMA 2000 has fundamental requirement to maintain compatibility with IS-95 air
interface.
This means that IS-95 handsets will continue to work in CDMA 2000 network as well as
CDMA 2000 mobiles will work in IS-95 network.
This is the key aspect of providing a cost effective solution for 2Goperators to gracefully
upgrade to 3G network - a completely new network and new mobiles are not required
Enhanced capacity 38 users / Sector /FA.
Enhanced data rates up-to 153 kbps in Release A. It can go up-to 307 kbps in Release B.
Still higher data rates up-to 2.4 Mbps with 1x EV-DO.










25

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

1xEV-DO is a high-performance and cost effective Internet access solution
Capable of up to 2.4 Mbps peak data rate on a 1x (1.25 MHz bandwidth) carrier
Separate 1xEV carrier optimized for Packet Data.
1x/IS-95 RF compatibility lowers deployment costs.
Same coverage area as 1x/IS-95 cells sites.
No changes required to existing network plans.
Same cell sites, towers, and antennas can be used.
1xEV-DO sites can selectively be deployed into 1x/IS-95 networks














1xEVDO and
1x/IS-95
1x/
26











3. BROADBAND




























27





OUTLINE

Broadband and its Evolution
Advantage
Wired Broadband Technology
Broadband Vs Cable Modem
Access Technology


















28


WHAT IS BROADBAND?

TRAI has defined Broadband as an always on data connection that is able to support interactive
services including internet access and has the capability of minimum download speed of 256
kbps to an individual subscriber from the point of presence (POP) of the service provider
intending to provide broadband service where multiple such individual broadband connection
are aggregated and the subscriber is able to access these interactive services including the
internet through this POP. The interactive services will Exclude any service for which separate
license is specifically required, for example, real-time voice transmission, except to the extent
that it is presently permitted under ISP license with Internet telephony.


Evolution of Broad-Band

The confluence of 2 forces Globalization of business and the networking of information
technology has created the internet economy
The new economy is defining how people do business, communicate, shop, have fun,
learn and live on a global basisCONNECTING ANYONE, ANYWHERE, ANYTIME
As the internet market continues to explode, the demand for greater bandwidth and faster
connection speeds has led to the need to provide broadband access to the end users.
One of the latest trends in enhancing communication systems involves broadband
technology
Broadband refers to greater bandwidth-or transmission capacity of a medium
Broadband technology will allow for high-speed transmission of voice, video, and data
over networks like the Internet.




29

ADVANTAGES

Always on (Not a Shared Media)
Fast (speed ranging from 256 kbps to 2 Mbps)
No disconnection
No additional access charge
Telephone and Data simultaneously
Fat Pipe has to be continuously supplemented with value added applications
to enjoy the advantage.








Fig: Broadband Structure





30

WIRED BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES

There are many different types of broadband access technologies. Each of these
Technologies can compete to provide similar services to consumers and businesses.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL, given over copper loop of Telecom operators)
Cable Modem (CM, Given over cable TV operators coaxial cable network)
Power Line Broadband (BPL, Over Power lines)
Fiber technology

DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL)

Digital Subscriber line (DSL) is a wire line transmission technology that brings data
and information faster over copper telephone lines already installed in homes and
business.
DSL exploits "extra capacity" to carry information on the wire without disturbing the
line's ability to carry conversations.
Types of DSL :
HDSL - High data rate Digital Sub: Line
High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line
Provides fixed symmetrical high-speed access at T1 rate (1.5 Mbps).
Designed for business purposes
SDSL - Symmetrical Digital Sub: Line
Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
Used typically for business applications such as video conferencing.
The data rate in both directions is equal.
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Sub: Line
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
Used primarily by residential users who receive a lot of data but do not send
much such as Internet surfers.
ADSL provides faster speed in a downstream direction (from the telephone
central office to the customers premises) than upstream (from customers
premise to the telephone central office).
IDSL - ISDN Digital Sub: Line
ISDN Digital Subscriber Line Provides symmetrical connection with
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).
Designed to extend DSL to locations with a long distance to a telephone
central office
VDSL - Very-high-data-rate Digital Sub: Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber
Line Provides both symmetrical and asymmetrical access.
31

CABEL MODEM
A cable modem is a type of network bridge and modem that provides bi-directional data
communication via radio frequency channels on a hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) and RFoG
infrastructure. Cable modems are primarily used to deliver broadband Internet access in the
form of cable Internet, taking advantage of the high bandwidth of a HFC and RFoG network.
They are commonly deployed in Australia, Europe, Asia and the Americas.



POWER LINE BROADBAND

Broadband over power lines (BPL) is a method of power line communication that allows
relatively high-speed digital data transmission over the public electric power distribution wiring.
BPL uses higher frequencies, a wider frequency range and different technologies from other
forms of power-line communications to provide high-rate communication over longer distances.
BPL uses frequencies which are part of the radio spectrum allocated to over-the-air
communication services therefore the prevention of interference to, and from, these services is a
very important factor in designing BPL systems.



32

BSNL BROADBAND VS CABLE MODEM SERVICE
Cable Modem (internet service given by Cable TV operators) offers shared bandwidth.
Speed is asymmetric and will vary depending on the number of people on the network.
With high-speed Internet access that uses DSL service, one gets a dedicated connection to
the home.
The performance of DSL based service depends on the distance between end user and phone
company central office.

BSNLS BROADBAND ACCESS TECHNOLOGY
BSNL has a world class, multi-gigabit, multiprotocol, convergent IP infrastructure The
NIB.
BSNL Broadband service provides convergent services through this backbone network.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Technology is used for giving the Broadband
connection where greater download is required in comparison to upload.





























33











4. MOBILE (GSM, 2G, 3G)

















34

OUTLINE

GSM-Introduction
GSM Services
Architecture
Technical Specifications
Applications
2G
3G















35

INTRODUCTION
What is GSM?

Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater
voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.

History
Developed by Group Special Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative of CEPT (
Conference of European Post and Telecommunication )
Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special mobile group
under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Institute )
Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
Under ETSI, GSM is named as Global System for Mobile communication
Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135 countries in Asia,
Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscribers in India.








Fig: GSM in India

Figures: March 2005
Bharti
27%
BSNL
22%
Spice
4%
IDEA
13%
Hutch
19%
BPL
6%
Aircel
4%
Reliance
3%
MTNL
2%
Bharti
BSNL
Hutch
IDEA
BPL
Aircel
Spice
Reliance
MTNL
36

GSM SERVICES
Tele-services
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
Offered services
Mobile telephony
Emergency calling

Bearer or Data Services
Include various data services for information transfer between GSM and other networks
like PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600 bps
Short Message Service (SMS)
o up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal
Unified Messaging Services(UMS)
Group 3 fax
Voice mailbox
Electronic mail

Supplementary Services

Call related services:
Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset
Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call
Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user
Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together
CLIP Caller line identification presentation
CLIR Caller line identification restriction
CUG Closed user group

37

GSM ARCHIETECTURE

MOBILE
STATION(MS)
BASE STATION
SUBSYSTEM(BSS)
NETWORK SWITCHING
SUBSYSTEM
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR







Fig: GSM Architecture

38

MOBILE STATION
The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device
Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
Voice and data transmission
Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for optimum handover
Power level : 0.8W 20 W
160 character long SMS.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed services
Encoded network identification details
Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms
Protected by a password or PIN
Can be moved from phone to phone contains key information to activate the phone

BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)
Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that communicate across the standardized ABIS
interface allowing operation between components made by different suppliers
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna.
Frequency hopping
Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Manages Radio resources for BTS
Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MSs in its area
Handles call set up
Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality
Handover for each MS
Radio Power control
It communicates with MSC and BTS



39

NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM(NSS
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Heart of the network
Manages communication between GSM and other networks
Call setup function and basic switching
Call routing
Billing information and collection
Mobility management
Registration
Location Updating
Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other network by using HLR/VLR.
Home Location Registers (HLR)
permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service area(generally one per GSM
network operator)
Database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid, roaming restrictions, supplementary
services.
Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area, by HLR database
Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
Reduces number of queries to HLR
Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location Area,authentication key.
Authentication Center (AUC)
Protects against intruders in air interface
Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and provides security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)
Generally associated with HLR
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the Gray List




40

GSM SPECIFICATION

RF Spectrum
GSM 900
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 MHz
BTS to Mobile (downlink):935-960 MHz
Bandwidth: 2* 25 MHz
GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 MHz
BTS to Mobile (downlink) 1805-1880 MHz
Bandwidth: 2* 75 MHz
Carrier Separation : 200 KHz
Duplex Distance : 45 MHz
No. of RF carriers : 124
Access Method : TDMA/FDMA
Modulation Method : GMSK
Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps



Fig: GSM operation
41

GSM APPLICATIONS

Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services











42

Second Generation 2G


Digital systems
Leverage technology to increase capacity
Speech compression; digital signal processing
Utilize/extend Intelligent Network concepts
Improve fraud prevention
Add new services
There are a wide diversity of 2G system
IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan)
iDEN
DECT and PHS
IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
GSM
2G TECHNOLOGIES
2G technologies can be divided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based and Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA)-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G
standards are:
GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on all six inhabited
continents. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world. Over 60 GSM
operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band (CDMA450).
[2]

IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US), used in the
Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of all subscribers globally. Over a
dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM including operators in Mexico, India, Australia
and South Korea.
PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and TELUS
Mobility in Canada
IS-136 a.k.a. D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in the US), was once
prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.
2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, or PCS, in the United States.




43

THIRD GENERATION -3G

3G, short for third Generation, is the third generation of mobile telecommunications
technology
3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of atleast 200
Kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of
several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access,
video calls and mobile TV.
This is a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunication use services and
networks that comply with the I nternational Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (I MT-2000)
specifications by the International Telecommunication Union 3G finds application in wireless voice
telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.
Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that
the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services advertised as 3G are required to
meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates).
To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s
(about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum
technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide
mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
The following standards are typically branded 3G:
the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan,
China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G
system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio
interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:
o The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.
o The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and is only offered in
China.
o The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the
downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.
the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North
America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones
are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of
14.7 Mbit/s downstream.


44




Fig: 3G vs 2G














45

CONCLUSION


I have undergone a project on telecommunication at BSNL for a time
period of two weeks where I got to learn about the various technologies
used by BSNL for different processes. I t was a great learning experience
for me as an Engg Student and I would like to thank BSNL for their
dedication over the last two weeks.