Phase2 StressVerification

Phase
2
2D finite element program for calculating stresses and estimating support
around excavations in soil and rock

Stress Analysis Verification Manual
Version 6.0

1989 - 2007 Rocscience Inc.

Table of Contents
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... i

PHASE
2
VERIFICATION PROBLEMS

1 Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Elastic Medium

1.1 Problem Description .............................................................................................. 1 - 1
1.2 Closed Form Solution............................................................................................. 1 - 1
1.3 Phase
2
Model.......................................................................................................... 1 - 2
1.4 Results and Discussion........................................................................................... 1 - 3
1.5 References............................................................................................................... 1 - 6
1.6 Data Files................................................................................................................ 1 - 6
1.7 C Code for Closed-Form Solution.......................................................................... 1 - 7

2 Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Medium

2.1 Problem Description............................................................................................... 2 - 1
2.3 Phase
2
Model.......................................................................................................... 2 - 3
2.5 References............................................................................................................... 2 - 9
2.6 Data Files................................................................................................................ 2 - 9

3 Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Hoek-Brown Medium

3.3 Phase
2
Model.......................................................................................................... 3 - 3
3.5 References............................................................................................................... 3 - 7
3.6 Data Files................................................................................................................ 3 - 7

4 Strip Loading on an Elastic Semi-Infinite Mass

4.3 Phase
2
Model.......................................................................................................... 4 - 2
4.5 References............................................................................................................... 4 - 6
4.6 Data Files................................................................................................................ 4 - 6

5 Strip Footing on a Surface of Plastic Flow Soil

5.3 Phase
2
Model.......................................................................................................... 5 - 2
5.5 References............................................................................................................... 5 - 7
5.6 Data Files................................................................................................................ 5 - 7

6 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Jointed Rock

6.3 Phase
2
Model.......................................................................................................... 6 - 3
6.5 References............................................................................................................... 6 - 5
6.6 Data Files................................................................................................................ 6 - 5

7 Lined Circular Tunnel Support in an Elastic Medium

7.3 Phase
2
Model.......................................................................................................... 7 - 3
7.5 References............................................................................................................... 7 - 4
7.6 Data Files................................................................................................................ 7 - 4

8 Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Transversely-Isotropic Elastic Medium

8.3 Phase
2
Model.......................................................................................................... 8 - 4
8.5 References............................................................................................................... 8 - 8
8.6 Data Files................................................................................................................ 8 - 8
8.7 C++ Code for Closed-Form Solution..................................................................... 8 - 8

9 Spherical Cavity in an Infinite Elastic Medium

9.3 Phase
2
Model.......................................................................................................... 9 - 2
9.5 References............................................................................................................... 9 - 6
9.6 Data Files................................................................................................................ 9 - 6

10 Axi-symmetric Bending of Spherical Dome

10.1 Problem Description........................................................................................... 10 - 1
10.2 Approximate Solution......................................................................................... 10 - 1
10.3 Phase
2
Model...................................................................................................... 10 - 3
10.4 Results and Discussion....................................................................................... 10 - 4
10.5 References........................................................................................................... 10 - 4
10.6 Data Files............................................................................................................ 10 - 4
10.7 C Code for a Approximate Solution...................................................................... 10 - 6

11 Lined Circular Tunnel in a Plastic Medium

11.2 Phase
2
Model...................................................................................................... 11 - 2
11.4 Data Files............................................................................................................ 11 - 8

12 Pull-Out Tests for Swellex / Split Sets

12.2 Bolt formulation.................................................................................................. 12 - 1
12.3 Phase
2
Model...................................................................................................... 12 - 4
12.5 References........................................................................................................... 12 - 7
12.6 Data Files............................................................................................................ 12 - 7

13 Drained Triaxial Compressive Test of Modified Cam Clay Material

13.2 Closed Form Solution......................................................................................... 13 - 4
13.3 Phase
2
Model...................................................................................................... 13 - 5
13.5 References.......................................................................................................... 13-14
13.6 Data Files............................................................................................................ 13-14
14 Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Strip Footing in Sand

14.3 Phase
2
Model...................................................................................................... 14 - 2
14.5 References.......................................................................................................... 14 - 4
14.6 Data Files............................................................................................................ 14 - 4

15 Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Circular Footing on Saturated,
Undrained clay

15.3 Phase
2
Model...................................................................................................... 15 - 2
15.5 References........................................................................................................... 15 - 4
15.6 Data Files............................................................................................................ 15 - 4

i
Introduction
This manual contains a series of example problems which have been solved using Phase
2
. The
verification problems are compared to the corresponding analytical solutions. For all examples, a
short statement of the problem is given first, followed by the presentation of the analytical
solution and a description of the Phase
2
model. Some typical output plots to demonstrate the
field values are presented along with a discussion of the results. Finally, contour plots of stresses
and displacements are included. For user convenience, the listing of C or C++source code used
to generate the analytical solution of the problems has been included at the end of each problem.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgment is given to the FLAC verification manual (references are included with the
examples). For purposes of comparison, most of the examples in this manual can also be found
in the FLAC verification manual.
1-1
1 Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Elastic Medium
1.1 Problem description
This problem verifies stresses and displacements for the case of a cylindrical hole in an infinite
elastic medium subjected to a constant in-situ (compression +) stress field of:

0
30 P MPa =
The material is isotropic and elastic, with the following properties:
Youngs modulus =6777.93 MPa
Poissons ratio =0.2103448
The radius of the hole is 1 (m) and is assumed to be small compared to the length of the cylinder,
therefore 2D plane strain conditions are in effect.
1.2 Closed Form Solution
The classical Kirsch solution can be used to find the radial and tangential displacement fields
and stress distributions, for a cylindrical hole in an infinite isotropic elastic medium under plane
strain conditions (e.g. see J aeger and Cook, 1976).
The stresses
r
,

and
r
for a point at polar coordinate (r,) near the cylindrical opening of
radius a (Figure 1.1) are given by:

rr
P
a
r
=
0
3
3
1

=
+
+

+
p p a
r
p p a
r
1 2
2
2
1 2
4
4
2
1
2
1
3
2 ( ) ( )cos

r
p p a
r
a
r
=

+
1 2
2
2
4
4
2
1
2 3
2 ( )sin
The radial (outward) and tangential displacements (see Figure 1.1), assuming conditions of plane
strain, are given by:
u
p p
G
a
r
p p
G
a
r
a
r
r
=
+
+

1 2
2
1 2
2 2
2
4 4
41 2 [ ( ) ]cos
1-2
u
p p
G
a
r
a
r
=

+
1 2
2 2
2
4
21 2 2 [ ( ) ]sin
where G is the shear modulus and is the Poisson ratio.

Fig 1.1 Cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium
1.3 Phase
2
Model
The Phase
2
model for this problem is shown in Figure 1.2. It uses:
a radial mesh
40 segments (discretizations) around the circular opening
8-noded quadrilateral finite elements (840 elements)
fixed external boundary, located 21 m from the hole center (10 diameters from the
hole boundary)

1-3

Fig.1.2 Model for Phase
2
analysis of a cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium
1.4 Results and Discussion
Figures 1.3 and 1.4 show the radial and tangential stress, and the radial displacement along a line
(either the X- or Y-axis) through the center of the model. The Phase
2
results are in very close
agreement with the analytical solutions. A summary of the error analysis is given in Table 1.1.
Contours of the principal stresses
1
and
3
are presented in Fig. 1.5 and 1.6, and the radial
displacement distribution is illustrated in Fig. 1.7.
Table 1.1 Error (%) analyses for the hole in elastic medium
Average Maximum Hole Boundary
u
r
2.32 5.39 1.10
r

0.62 2.50 ----

0.41 1.42 0.43
1-4
Radial distance from center (m)
1 2 3 4
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
p
a
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Exact Sigma1
Phase2 Sigma1
Exact Sigma3
Phase2 Sigma3

Fig.1.3 Comparison of
r
and
for the cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium

0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0 1 2 3 4
R
a
d
i
a
l

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
)
Phase2
Exact solution

Fig.1.4 Comparison of u
r
for the cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium
1-5

Fig.1.5 Major principal stress
1
distribution

Fig.1.6 Minor principal stress
3
distribution
1-6

Fig.1.7 Total displacement distribution
1.5 References
1. J aeger, J .C. and N.G.W. Cook. (1976) Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, 3rd Ed. London,
Chapman and Hall.
1.6 Data Files
The input data file for the Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Elastic Medium is:
FEA001.FEZ

1-7
1.7 C Code for Closed Form Solution
The following C source code was used to generate the closed form solution of stresses and
displacements around a cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium.
/* Closed-form solution for " A cylindrical hole in an infinite, isotropic, elastic medium
subjected to field stresses Px and Py at infinity "
Output: A file, "fea001.dat" containing the stresses and displacements.
The following data should be input by user
a = Radius of the hole
E = Young's modulus
vp = Poisson's ratio
P1 = Far field stress in X direction
P2 = Far field stress in Y direction
rx0= X coordinate of initial grid point
ry0= Y coordinate of initial grid point
rx = Length of stress grid in X Direction from initial point
ry = Length of stress grid in Y Direction from initial point
nx = Number of segments in X direction where the values should be calculated
ny = Number of segments in Y direction where the values should be calculated
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define pi (3.14159265359)
#define smalld (0.1e-7)

FILE * file_open(char name[], char access_mode[]);

main()
{
int nx,ny,i,j,nx1,ny1;
double a,E,vp,P1,P2,rx0,ry0,rx,ry,G,d4,d5,x,y;
double r,beta,sin0,cos0,sin2,cos2,a1,sigmar,sigmao,sigmaro,ur,uo;
FILE *outC;
outC = file_open("fea001.dat", "w");
/*
printf("Radius of the hole:\n");
scanf("%lf",&a);
printf("Young's modulus:\n");
scanf("%lf",&E);
printf("Poisson's ratio:\n");
scanf("%lf",&vp);
printf("Far field stress in X direction:\n");
scanf("%lf",&P1);
printf("Far field stress in Y direction:\n");
scanf("%lf",&P2);
printf("X coordinate of initial grid point:\n");
scanf("%lf",&rx0);
printf("Y coordinate of initial grid point:\n");
scanf("%lf",&ry0);
printf("Length of stress grid in X Direction from initial point:\n");
scanf("%lf",&rx);
printf("Length of stress grid in Y Direction from initial point:\n");
scanf("%lf",&ry);
printf("Number of segments in X direction:\n");
scanf("%d",&nx);
printf("Number of segments in Y direction:\n");
scanf("%d",&ny);
*/
a =1.0;
E =6777.93;
vp =0.2103448;
P1 =30.0;
P2 =30.0;
rx0=1.0;
ry0=0.0;
rx =4.0;
ry =0.0;
nx =40;
ny =0;

fprintf(outC," Radius of the hole : %14.7e\n",a);
fprintf(outC," Young's modulus : %14.7e\n",E);
1-8
fprintf(outC," Poisson's ratio : %14.7e\n",vp);
fprintf(outC," Far field stress in X direction : %14.7e\n",P1);
fprintf(outC," Far field stress in Y direction : %14.7e\n",P2);
fprintf(outC," X coordinate of initial grid point: %14.7e\n",rx0);
fprintf(outC," Y coordinate of initial grid point: %14.7e\n\n",ry0);
fprintf(outC,"Ni Nj x y sigmao sigmar");
fprintf(outC," sigmaro ur uo\n\n");

G=E/(2.*(1.0+vp));
d4=0.0;
d5=0.0;
if(nx>1) d4=rx/nx;
if(ny>1) d5=ry/ny;
nx1=nx+1;
ny1=ny+1;

for(i=0; i<nx1; i++)
{ x=rx0+d4*(i);
for(j=0; j<ny1; j++)
{ y=ry0+d5*(j);
r=sqrt(x*x+y*y);
beta = atan2(y,x);
sin0 = sin(beta);
cos0 = cos(beta);
sin2 = 2.0*sin0*cos0;
cos2 = cos0*cos0-sin0*sin0;
a1=a*a/r/r;
sigmar =0.5*(P1+P2)*(1.0-a1)+0.5*(P1-P2)*(1.0-4.0*a1+3.0*a1*a1)*cos2;
sigmao =0.5*(P1+P2)*(1.0+a1)-0.5*(P1-P2)*(1.0 +3.0*a1*a1)*cos2;
sigmaro= -0.5*(P1-P2)*(1.0+2.0*a1-3.0*a1*a1)*sin2;
ur= 0.25*(P1+P2)*a*a/r/G+0.25*(P1-P2)*a*a*(4.0*(1.-vp)-a1)*cos2/r/G;
uo=-0.25*(P1-P2)*a*a*(2.0*(1.-2.0*vp)+a1)*sin2/r/G;
fprintf(outC,"%3d%3d %10.3e%10.3e %10.3e%10.3e%10.3e %10.3e%10.3e\n",
(i+1),(j+1),x,y,sigmao,sigmar,sigmaro,ur,uo) ;
}
}
fclose(outC);
}

FILE * file_open (char name[], char access_mode[])
{
FILE * f;
f = fopen (name, access_mode);
if (f == NULL) { /* error? */
perror ("Cannot open file");
exit (1);
}
return f;
}

2-1
2 Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Medium
elastic-plastic medium subjected to a constant in-situ (compression +) stress field of:

0
30 P MPa =
The material is assumed to be linearly elastic and perfectly plastic with a failure surface defined
by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. Both the associated (dilatancy =friction angle) and non-
associated (dilatancy =0) flow rules are used. The following material properties are assumed:
Cohesion =3.45 MPa
Friction angle =30
o

Dilation angle =0
o
and 30
o

The radius of the hole is 1 (m) and is assumed to be small compared to the length of the cylinder,
therefore 2D plane strain conditions are in effect.
The yield zone radius, R
0
, is given analytically by a theoretical model based on the solution of
Salencon (1969):
R a
K
P
P
p
q
K
i
q
K
K
p
p
p
0
0 1
1
1 1
2
1
=
+
+
+
/( )

Where
P
0=Radius of hole

r
e Cohesion

re
Friction angle

2-2
K
p
=
+
1
1
sin
sin

q c = + 2 45 2 tan( / )
P
0
= initial in-situ stress
P
i
= internal pressure
The radial stress at the elastic-plastic interface is

re c
P M =
0

The stresses and radial displacement in the elastic zone are

M
m mP
s
m
c
=

+ +

1
2 4 8
2
0
1
2
= +

P P
R
r
re 0 0
0
2
( )
u
R
G
P
P q
K r
r
p
=

+
0
2
0
0
2
2
1
1

where r is the distance from the field point (x,y) to the center of the hole. The stresses and radial
displacement in the plastic zone are

r
p
i
p
K
q
K
P
q
K
r
a
p
=
+ +

1 1
1 ( )

+ +

q
K
K P
q
K
r
a
p
p i
p
K
p
1 1
1 ( )

u
r
G
P
q
K
K
K K
P
q
K
R
a
R
r
K K
K K
P
q
K
r
a
r
p
p
p ps
i
p
K K
p ps
p ps
i
p
K
p ps p
= +
+

+
+
+
+
+

+
2
2 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
0
2
0
1
0
1 1
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )

where
K
ps
=
+
1
1
sin
sin

2-3
= Dilation angle
= Poissons Ratio
G = Shear modulus
2.3 Phase
2
Model
The Phase
2
a radial mesh
hole boundary)
the in-situ hydrostatic stress state (30Mpa) is applied as an initial stress to each
element

2
analysis of a cylindrical hole in
an infinite Mohr-Coulomb medium
For non-associated plastic flow (Dilation angle = 0
0
), Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 show a direct
comparison between Phase
2
results and analytical solution along a radial line. Stresses
r
(
3
)
2-4
and
(
1
) are plotted versus radius r in Fig. 2.2, while radial displacement u
r
is plotted versus
radius in Fig. 2.3. The comparable results of stresses and displacement for associated flow with
dilation angle = 30
0
are shown in Figs. 2.4 and 2.5. These plots indicate the agreement along
a line in the radial direction.
The error analyses in stresses and displacements are shown in table 2.1. The error of
displacement on the hole boundary is less than (2.37)%, but is relatively high when radial
distance is far away from the hole and in close proximity to the fixed boundary. For example,
error in radial displacement is (5.46)% for non-associated flow and (6.10)% for associated flow
at r=4a (a=radius).
1
,
3
and the radial displacement are presented in Figs. 2.6,
2.7 and 2.8, and the yield region is shown in Fig. 2.9.
Table 2.1 Error (%) analyses for the hole in Mohr-Coulomb medium

Non-Associated Flow
= 0
0

Associated Flow
= 30
0

Average Maximum Hole
boundary
Average Maximum Hole
boundary
u
r
3.34 5.46 1.22 4.20 6.10 2.37
r

1.39 9.19 --- 2.01 9.23 ---

1.22 4.58 --- 1.61 6.77 ---
2-5
1 2 3 4
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
p
a
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Analytical Sol. Sigma1
Phase2 Sigma1
Phase2 Sigma3
Y
i
e
l
d

z
o
n
e

r
a
d
i
u
s

Fig. 2.2 Comparison of
r
and
for Non-Associated flow ( = 0

0
)
1 2 3 4
R
a
d
i
a
l

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
Analytical Sol.
Phase2

Fig. 2.3 Comparison of u
r
for Non-Associated flow ( = 0
0
)
2-6
1 2 3 4
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
p
a
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Phase2 Sigma1
Phase2 Sigma3
Y
i
e
l
d

z
o
n
e

r
a
d
i
u
s

M
and
3
for Associated flow ( = 30
0
)
1 2 3 4
R
a
d
i
a
l

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
Analytical Sol.
Phase2

r
for Associated flow ( = 30
0
)
2-7

Fig. 2.6 Major principal stress
1
distribution ( = 0
0
)

Fig. 2.7 Minor principal stress
3
distribution ( = 0
0
)
2-8

Fig. 2.8 Total displacement distribution ( = 0
0
)

Fig. 2.9 Plastic region ( = 0
0
)
2-9
2.5 References
1. Salencon, J . (1969), Contraction Quasi-Statique Dune Cavite a Symetrie Spherique Ou
Cylindrique Dans Un Milieu Elasto-Plastique, Annales Des Ports Et Chaussees, Vol. 4, pp.
231-236.
2. Itasca Consulting Group, INC (1993), Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb
Medium, Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (Version 3.2), Verification Manual.
2.6 Data Files
The input data files for the Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Mohr-Coulomb Medium are:
FEA002.FEZ (Non-Associated flow)
FEA0021.FEZ (Associated flow)
These files can be found in the your Phase
2
installation folder.
The following C source code is used to generate the closed form solution of stresses and
displacements around a cylindrical hole in an infinite Mohr-Coulomb medium.
/* Closed-form solution for " A cylindrical hole in an infinite Mohr-Coulomb
medium"



E = Young's modulus
cohe = Cohesion
phi = Friction angle
kphi = Dilation angle
p0 = Initial in-situ stress magnitude
pi = Internal pressure
reg = Length of stress grid in r Direction from center point
nx1 = Number of segments in plastic region
nx2 = Number of segments in elastic region
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define pii (3.14159265359)

main()
{
int nx1,nx2,i;
double vp,E,cohe,p0,pi,phi,kphi,delta,pai,G,a,kp,q,cr00,cr0,sre,kps;
double c10,c11,c12,c13,c14,c15,esxx,esyy,eur,psxx,psyy,pur;
double r00,r01,r0,r,reg;
FILE *outC;
/*
scanf("%lf",&a);
2-10
scanf("%lf",&E);
scanf("%lf",&vp);
printf("Cohesion:\n");
scanf("%lf",&cohe);
printf("Friction angle:\n");
scanf("%lf",&phi);
printf("Dilation angle :\n");
scanf("%lf",&kphi);
printf("Initial in-situ stress magnitude:\n");
scanf("%lf",&p0);
printf("Internal pressure:\n");
scanf("%lf",&pi);
printf("Length of grid in r Dir. from center point:\n");
scanf("%lf",&reg);
printf("Number of segments in plastic region:\n");
scanf("%d",&nx1);
printf("Number of segments in elastic region:\n");
scanf("%d",&nx2);
*/
a=1.0;
E=6777.9312;
vp=0.2103448;
cohe=3.45;
phi=30.0;
kphi=0.0;
p0=30.0;
pi=0.0;
reg=5.0;
nx1=100;
nx2=100;

fprintf(outC," Radius of circle : %14.7e\n",a);
fprintf(outC," Young's Modulus : %14.7e\n",E);
fprintf(outC," Poisson Ratio : %14.7e\n",vp);
fprintf(outC," Cohesion : %14.7e\n",cohe);
fprintf(outC," Friction angle : %14.7e\n",phi);
fprintf(outC," Dilation angle : %14.7e\n",kphi);
fprintf(outC," Initial stress : %14.7e\n",p0);
fprintf(outC," Internal pressure: %14.7e\n",pi);

pai=pii/180.0;
G=E/2./(1.+vp);
kp=(1.+sin(phi*pai))/(1.-sin(phi*pai));
q=2.*cohe*tan((45.+0.5*phi)*pai);
r00=1./(kp-1.);
r01= q/(kp-1.);
r0 =(2./(kp+1.))*(p0+r01)/(pi+r01);
r0 =a*pow(r0,r00); /*elastic-plastic interface*/
sre=(2.*p0-q)/(kp+1.); /*the radial stress at elastic-plastic interface*/

/* for radial displacement */
kps=(1.+sin(pai*kphi))/(1.-sin(pai*kphi));
c10=pow((r0/a),(kp-1.));
c13= (1.-vp)*(kp*kp -1.)*(pi+r01)/(kp+kps);
c14=((1.-vp)*(kp*kps+1.)/(kp+kps)-vp)*(pi+r01);
c15=(2.*vp-1.)*(p0+r01);
delta=(r0-a)/nx1;

fprintf(outC,"\n Yield zone radius : %14.7e\n",r0);
fprintf(outC," Radial stress at the elastic/plastic interface: %14.7e\n\n",sre);
fprintf(outC," Ni r plastic(u) plastic(Sr) plastic(So) \n\n");

{ r=a+delta*i;
c11=pow((r0/r),(kps+1.));
c12=pow((r/a) ,(kp-1.));
pur=(r/2./G)*(c15+c13*c10*c11+c14*c12); /* plastic solution */
psxx=-r01+ (pi+r01)*c12; /* plastic solution */
psyy=-r01+kp*(pi+r01)*c12; /* plastic solution */
fprintf(outC,"%4d %11.4e %11.4e %11.4e %11.4e \n",
(i+1),r,pur,psxx,psyy);
}

fprintf(outC,"\n Ni r elastic(u)");
fprintf(outC," elastic(Sr) elastic(So) \n\n");
delta=(reg-r0)/nx2;
{ r=r0+delta*i;
eur =(p0-(2*p0-q)/(kp+1))*(r0/2./G)*(r0/r); /* elastic solution */
esxx=p0-(p0-sre)*pow((r0/r),2); /* elastic solution */
2-11
esyy=p0+(p0-sre)*pow((r0/r),2); /* elastic solution */
fprintf(outC,"%4d %11.4e %11.4e %11.4e %11.4e \n",
(i+1),r,eur,esxx,esyy);
}
fclose(outC);
}

{
FILE * f;
exit (1);
}
return f;
}

3-1
3 Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Hoek-Brown Medium
elastic-plastic medium subjected to a constant in-situ (compression +) stress field of:

MPa P 30
0
=

The material is assumed to be linearly elastic and perfectly plastic with a failure surface defined
by the Hoek-Brown criterion, which has non-linear, stress-dependent strength properties. The
following properties are assumed:
Uniaxial compressive strength of the intact rock =100.00 MPa
The Hoek-Brown parameters for the initial rock are:
m =2.515
s =0.003865
The residual Hoek-Brown parameters for the yielded rock are:
m
r
=0.5
s
r
=0.00001
The radius of the hole is 1 (m) and is assumed to be small compared to the length of
the cylinder, therefore 2D plane strain conditions are in effect.

3-2
The closed form solution of the radial and tangential stress distribution to this problem can be
found in Hoek and Brown (1982) and also the FLAC verification manual (1993).
In the elastic region:

r re
e
P P
r
r
=

0 0
2
( )

= +

P P
r
r
re
e
0 0
2
( )
Where P
0
=Magnitude of in-situ isotropic stress
r
e
=radius of plasticity

re
=radial stress at r r
e
=
In the broken region:
( )

r
r c
r c i r c i
m r
a
r
a
m P s P =

+ +
4
2
2
1
2
ln ln
( )
= + +
r r c r r c
m s
2
1
2

where P
i
is the radial pressure applied at the wall of the hole, a is the radius of the hole and
c

is the uniaxial compressive strength of the intact rock. The values
re
and r
e
are defined by:

re c
P M =
0

where M
m mP
s
m
c
=

+ +

1
2 4 8
2
0
1
2

( )

+
=
2
1
2
2
c r i c r
c r
s P m
m
N
e
ae r

where ( ) N
m
m P s m M
r c
r c r c r c
= +
2
0
2 2
1
2

3-3
3.3 Phase
2
Model
The Phase
2
a radial mesh
to reduce the mesh size and computer memory storage, infinite elements are used on
the external boundary, which is located 5 m from the hole center (2 diameters from
the hole boundary).
the in-situ hydrostatic stress state (30Mpa) is applied as an initial stress to each
element

2
analysis of a cylindrical hole in
an infinite Hoek-Brown medium
Figure 3.2 shows the radial
r
and tangential
stresses calculated by Phase

2
compared to the
analytical solution along a radial line.
The error analyses in the stress are indicated in table 3.1. The errors in the principal stress
1

(
) at the limit of the broken zone are (1.49)% and (4.23)% respectively in the elastic region
and the plastic region.
3-4
1
,
3
are presented in Figs. 3.3 and 3.4.
1 2 3 4 5
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
p
a
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Phase2 Sigma1
Analytical Sigma3
Phase2 Sigma3
Yield zone radius

M
and
3
for the cylindrical hole in an
infinite Hoek-Brown medium

Table 3.1 Error (%) analyses for the hole in Hoek-Brown medium

Elastic Region Plastic
Region
Average Maximum At the limit of
the broken zone
At the limit of
the broken zone

2.11 2.60 1.49 4.23
r

6.01 13.7 13.7 6.74
3-5

1
distribution

3
distribution

3-6
3.5 References
1. Hoek, E. and Brown, E. T., (1982) Underground Excavations in Rock, London: IMM, PP.
249-253.
2. Itasca Consulting Group, INC (1993), Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Hoek-Brown Medium,
Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (Version 3.2), Verification Manual.
3.6 Data Files
The input data file for the Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Hoek-Brown Medium is:
FEA003.FEZ
This can be found in the Phase
2
displacements around a cylindrical hole in an infinite Hoek-Brown medium.

/* Closed-form solution for " A cylindrical hole in an infinite Hoek-Brown
medium"

Output: A file, "fea003.dat" containing the stresses.


E = Young's modulus
ucs = Uniaxial compressive strength
m = Parameter
s = Parameter
mr = Residual prameter
sr = Residual prameter
p0 = Initial in-situ stress magnitude
pi = Internal pressure
reg = Length of stress grid in r Direction from center point
nx1 = Number of segments in plastic region
nx2 = Number of segments in elastic region
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define pii (3.14159265359)

main()
{
int nx1,nx2,i;
double vp,E,m,s,mr,sr,mm,nn,p0,pi,delta,a,sre,reg;
double esxx,esyy,eur,psxx,psyy,r0,r,aln,ucs;
FILE *outC;
/*
scanf("%lf",&a);
3-7
scanf("%lf",&E);
scanf("%lf",&vp);
printf("Uniaxial compressive strength:\n");
scanf("%lf",&ucs);
printf("Parameter (m):\n");
scanf("%lf",&m);
printf("Parameter (s):\n");
scanf("%lf",&s);
printf("Residual parameter (mr):\n");
scanf("%lf",&mr);
printf("Residual parameter (sr):\n");
scanf("%lf",&sr);
printf("Initial in-situ stress magnitude:\n");
scanf("%lf",&p0);
printf("Internal pressure:\n");
scanf("%lf",&pi);
printf("Length of grid in r Dir. from center point:\n");
scanf("%lf",&reg);
printf("Number of segments in plastic region:\n");
scanf("%d",&nx1);
printf("Number of segments in elastic region:\n");
scanf("%d",&nx2);
*/
a=1.0 ;
E=10000.0 ;
vp=0.25 ;
ucs=100.0 ;
m=2.515 ;
s=0.003865;
mr=0.5 ;
sr=0.00001;
p0=30.0 ;
pi=0.0 ;
reg=5.0 ;
nx1=100 ;
nx2=300 ;

fprintf(outC," Young's Modulus : %14.7e\n",E);
fprintf(outC," Poisson Ratio : %14.7e\n",vp);
fprintf(outC," ucs : %14.7e\n",ucs);
fprintf(outC," m : %14.7e\n",m );
fprintf(outC," s : %14.7e\n",s );
fprintf(outC," mr : %14.7e\n",mr );
fprintf(outC," sr : %14.7e\n",sr );
fprintf(outC," Initial stress : %14.7e\n",p0);
fprintf(outC," Internal pressure: %14.7e\n",pi);

mm=0.5*sqrt(m*m/16.+m*p0/ucs+s)-m/8.0;
nn=sqrt(mr*ucs*p0+sr*ucs*ucs-mr*ucs*ucs*mm)*2./(mr*ucs);
r0=nn-(sqrt(mr*ucs*pi+sr*ucs*ucs))*2./(mr*ucs);
r0=a*exp(r0);
sre=p0-mm*ucs;
delta=(r0-a)/nx1;
fprintf(outC,"\n Yield zone radius : %14.7e\n",r0);
fprintf(outC," Radial stress at the elastic/plastic interface: %14.7e\n\n",sre);

fprintf(outC," Ni r plastic(Sr) plastic(So) \n\n");

{ r=a+delta*i;
aln=log(r/a);
psxx=aln*aln*mr*ucs/4.+aln*sqrt(mr*ucs*pi+sr*ucs*ucs)+pi;
psyy=psxx+sqrt(mr*ucs*psxx+sr*ucs*ucs);
fprintf(outC,"%4d %11.4e %11.4e %11.4e\n",
(i+1),r,psxx,psyy);
}

fprintf(outC,"\n Ni r elastic(Sr) elastic(So) \n\n");
delta=(reg-r0)/nx2;
{ r=r0+delta*i;
esxx=p0-(p0-sre)*r0*r0/r/r;
esyy=p0+(p0-sre)*r0*r0/r/r;
(i+1),r,esxx,esyy);
}
fclose(outC);
}

3-8
{
FILE * f;
exit (1);
}
return f;
}

4-1
4 Strip Loading on an Elastic Semi-Infinite Mass
This problem concerns the analysis of a strip loading on an elastic semi-infinite mass, as shown
in Fig. 4.1. The strip footing has a width of 2b (2m), and the field stress is set to zero for this
model. Considering the isotropic elastic material model and the plane strain condition, the
following material properties are assumed:
Youngs modulus =20000 MPa
Poissons ratio =0.2

Fig 4.1 Vertical strip loading on a semi-infinite mass

4-2
The closed-form solution for this problem can be found in the book Elastic Solutions for Soil
and Rock Mechanics by H.G. Poulos and E.H. Davis (1974). The stress tensor at Cartesian
coordinates (x,y) (Fig. 4.1) under the surface is given by:

x
y
xy
P
P
P
= +
= + +
= +
[ sin cos( )]
[ sin cos( )]
sin sin( )
2
2
2

and the principal stresses are

1
3
= +
=
=
P
P
P
( sin )
( sin )
sin
max

4.3 Phase
2
Model
For this analysis, boundary conditions are applied as shown in Fig. 4.2. Custom discretization
was used to discretize the external boundary. The graded mesh is composed of 2176 triangular
elements (3-noded triangles). The strip loading on the surface is 1 MPa/area.
Fig. 4.3 shows the principal stresses
1
and
3
under the strip surface at x=0. The stresses
1

and
3
calculated by Phase
2
are compared to the analytical solution along these lines. The error
analyses in the stress are presented in table 4.1.
1
,
3
and the total displacement for a strip loading on a
semi-infinite mass are presented in Figs. 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6, respectively.

4-3

Fig. 4.2 Model for Phase
2
analysis of strip loading on a semi-infinite mass

Table 4.1 Error (%) analyses for a strip load on a semi-infinite mass

1

Average Maximum
x=0.0
in Fig 4.3
3.34 6.41

4-4
Distance from (0,0) to (0,5)
0 1 2 3 4 5
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
p
a
)

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Anal. Sol. Sigma1
Phase2 Sigma1
Anal. Sol. Sigma3
Phase2 Sigma3

Fig. 4.3 Comparison of stresses
1
and
3
along x=0 under the strip loading

1
for a strip load on a semi-infinite mass
4-5

3
for a strip load on a semi-infinite mass

Fig.4.6 Total displacement distribution for a strip load on a semi-infinite mass
4-6
4.5 References
1. H.G. Poulos and E.H. Davis, (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics, J ohn
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.London.Toronto.
4.6 Data Files
The input data file for Strip Loading on the Surface of an Elastic Semi-Infinite Mass is:
FEA004.FEZ
This can be found in Phase
2
The following C source code is used to generate the closed form solution of stresses for a strip
loading on a surface of a semi-infinite mass.

/* Closed-form solution for " A strip loading on a surface of an elastic
semi-infinite mass"

Output: A file, "fea004.dat" containing the stresses


p = Value of uniform strip load (MPa/unit area)
b = Half length of the strip footing
rx0= X coordinate of Initial point
ry0= Y coordinate of Initial point
rx = Length of stress grid in X Direction from initial point
ry = Length of stress grid in Y Direction from initial point
nx = Number of points in X direction where the values should be calculated
ny = Number of points in Y direction where the values should be calculated
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#define pi (3.14159265359)


main()
{
int nx,ny,i,j;
double b,p,ppi,rx,ry,d1,d2,d3,d4,d5,rx0,ry0,x,y,x1,x2,thta1;
double alpha,delta,sigmax,sigmay,tauxy,sigma3,sigma1,sigma2,tau;
FILE *outC;
/*
printf("Value of uniform strip load (MPa/unit area):\n");
scanf("%lf",&p);
printf("Half length of the strip footing:\n");
scanf("%lf",&b);
printf("X coordinate of Initial point:\n");
scanf("%lf",&rx0);
printf("Y coordinate of Initial point:\n");
scanf("%lf",&ry0);
printf("Length of stress grid in X Direction:\n");
scanf("%lf",&rx);
printf("Length of stress grid in Y Direction:\n");
scanf("%lf",&ry);
printf("Number of points in X direction:\n");
4-7
scanf("%d",&nx);
printf("Number of points in Y direction:\n");
scanf("%d",&ny);
*/
p = 1.0;
b = 1.0;
rx0= 0.0;
ry0= 0.0;
rx = 0.0;
ry = 5.0;
nx = 1;
ny = 100;

fprintf(outC," Uniform strip load : %14.7e\n",p);
fprintf(outC," Half length of the strip : %14.7e\n",b);
fprintf(outC," X coordinate of Initial point : %14.7e\n",rx0);
fprintf(outC," Y coordinate of Initial point : %14.7e\n",ry0);
fprintf(outC," Length of stress grid in X Dir: %14.7e\n",rx);
fprintf(outC," Length of stress grid in Y Dir: %14.7e\n",ry);
fprintf(outC," Number of points in X Dir : %5d\n",nx);
fprintf(outC," Number of points in Y Dir : %5d\n\n",ny);
fprintf(outC," Ni Nj x y sigma1");
fprintf(outC," sigma3 taumax\n\n");

d4=0.0;
d5=0.0;
ppi=-p/pi;
if(nx>1)d4=rx/nx;
if(ny>1)d5=ry/ny;

for(i=0; i<nx; i++)
{ x=rx0+d4*(i+1);
for(j=0; j<ny; j++)
{ y=ry0+d5*(j+1);
x1=x+b;
x2=x-b;
thta1=atan2(y,x1);
delta=atan2(y,x2);
alpha=thta1-delta;
d1=sin(alpha);
d2=cos(alpha+2.*delta);
d3=sin(alpha+2.*delta);
sigmax=ppi*(alpha-d1*d2);
sigmay=ppi*(alpha+d1*d2);
tauxy=ppi*d1*d3;
sigma1=ppi*(alpha+d1);
sigma3=ppi*(alpha-d1);
tau=ppi*d1;
fprintf(outC,"%4d%4d %11.4e %11.4e %11.4e %11.4e %11.4e\n",
(i+1),(j+1),x,y,sigma1,sigma3,tau);
}
}
fclose(outC);
}

{
FILE * f;
exit (1);
}
return f;
}

5-1
5 Strip Footing on Surface of Mohr-Coulomb Material
The prediction of collapse loads under steady plastic flow conditions can be a significant
numerical challenge to simulate accurately (Sloan and Randolph 1982). A classic problem
involving steady flow is the determination of the bearing capacity of a strip footing on a rigid-
plastic half space. The bearing capacity is dependent on the steady plastic flow beneath the
footing, and is obviously practically significant for footing type problems in foundation
engineering. The classic solution for the collapse load derived by Prandtl is a worthy problem for
comparison purposes.
The strip footing with a half-width 3(m) is located on an elasto-plastic Mohr-Coulomb material
with the following properties:
Cohesion (c ) =0.1 MPa
Friction angle ( ) =0
The collapse load from Prandtls Wedge solution can be found in Terzaghi and Peck (1967):

q c
c
= +
( )
.
2
514

where c is the cohesion of the material, and q is the collapse load. The plastic flow region is
shown in Figure 5.1.

Fig 5.1 Prandtls wedge problem of a strip loading on a frictionless soil
5-2
5.3 Phase
2
Model
For this analysis, half-symmetry is used and the boundary conditions are shown in Fig. 5.2. The
problem is solved using both 6-noded triangles and 8-noded quadrilaterals, and the mesh
densities are shown in Figures 5.3 and 5.4.

Fig. 5.2 Model for Phase
2
analysis

Fig. 5.3 Triangular mesh for Phase
2
analysis

5-3

Fig. 5.4 Quadrilateral mesh for Phase
2
analysis
Fig. 5.5 shows a history of the bearing capacity versus applied footing load. The pressure-
displacement curve demonstrates that 6-noded triangular and the 8-noded quadrilateral elements
accurately predict the limit load.
Maximum Displacement
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
S
t
r
i
p

l
o
a
d

(
M
p
a
/
a
r
e
a
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Quadratic quadriateral
Quadratic triangle
Limit load

Fig. 5.5 Pressure-deflection history of the bearing capacity
1
,
3
and total displacement distributions are presented in
Figures 5.6 through 5.10, respectively. The plastic region shown in figure 5.11 is reasonable
compared to the solution in Figure 5.1, as the analysis of the Prandtls wedge problem was
obtained from incompressible materials.
5-4

1
for strip footing on a plastic Mohr-Coulomb material

3
for strip footing on a plastic Mohr-Coulomb material
5-5

Fig.5.8 Total displacement distribution for strip footing on a plastic Mohr-Coulomb material
5.5 References
1. S. W. Sloan and M. F. Randolph (1982), Numerical Prediction of Collapse Loads Using
Finite Element Methods, Int. J. Num. & Anal. Methods in Geomech., Vol. 6, 47-76.
2. K. Terzaghi and R. B. Peck (1967), Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 2
nd
Ed. New
York, J ohn Wiley and sons.
5.6 Data Files
The input data files for Strip Loading on Surface of a Mohr-Coulomb Material are:
FEA005.FEZ (triangular elements)
FEA0051.FEZ (quadrilateral elements)
These can be found in the Phase
2

6-1
6 Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Jointed Rock
In two dimensions, suppose that the material has a plane of weakness that makes an angle with
the major principal stress
1
in Figure 6.1. The uniaxial compressive strength of the jointed
rockmass is a function of the angle and the joint strength. The behavior of the plane of
weakness can be modeled by using a joint boundary in Phase
2
.

Fig 6.1 Geometry of uniaxial compressive strength of a jointed rock

Both the rock medium and the joint are assumed to be linearly elastic and perfectly plastic with a
failure surface defined by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. The rock sample has a height / width
ratio of 2, and plane strain conditions are assumed, so the sample is infinitely long in the out-of-
plane direction. The following material properties are assumed for the rock mass:
Cohesion (c ) =0.002 MPa
Friction angle ( ) =40
o

Dilation angle ( ) =
o
0
The joint properties are:
6-2
Normal stiffness (k
n
) =1000 MPa/m
Shear stiffness (k
s
) =1000 MPa/m
Cohesion (c
joint
) =0.001 MPa
Friction angle (
joint
) =30
o

The nature of the plane of weakness model (Jaeger and Cook 1979) predicts that sliding will
occur in a two-dimensional loading (figure 6.2) when

Fig 6.2 Compressive test of a jointed rock

1 3
3
2
1 2

+
( tan )
( tan tan )sin
int int
int
c
jo jo
jo

where is the angle formed by
1
and the joint. According to the Mohr-Coulomb failure
criterion, the failure of the rock matrix will occur for:

1 3 1 3
2 2
= +
+
c cos sin
where
c =Cohesion of the rock matrix
=Friction angle of the rock matrix
In a uniaxial compressive test,
3
0 = , so we have
6-3

1
2
1 2
c
jo
jo
int
int
( tan tan )sin

for slip of joint
and

1
2
1
=
c cos
sin

for failure surface of rock mass. So, the maximum load (
c
) for a uniaxial compressive test
should be

c
jo
jo
jo
jo
c
c
if
c
if
=

>
<
min
cos
sin
,
( tan tan )sin
( tan tan )
cos
sin
( tan tan )
int
int
int
int
2
1
2
1 2
1 0
2
1
1 0

6.3 Phase
2
Model
For this analysis, boundary conditions were applied as shown in Fig. 6.1, and 3-noded triangular
elements were used to model the rock mass. The effect of the variation of was studied every
5
0
from 30
0
to 90
0
. Figure 6.3 shows one of the meshes for angle = 30
0
.

Fig. 6.3 Mesh for Phase
2
analysis of jointed rock
6-4
Table 6.1 presents the results obtained using Phase
2
and the analytical solution. The results from
Phase
2
and the exact solution are almost identical. The reason is that in an elastic analysis the
displacement distribution of this model is linear and the stresses are constant so that the linear
triangular finite element can simulate them accurately. Two different modes of failure are
observed.
(i) Slip at range of from 30
0
to 50
0

The compressive strength can be predicted by only around 0.003% higher than the value
of the exact solution. No failure of the rock mass is involved in this model.
(ii) No slip at range of from 55
0
to 90
0

Plastic failure of the rock mass is at the critical load 8.5780276 kPa/m. The results of Phase
2

show that the compressive stress
1
is 8.57800 kPa/m and 8.57805 kPa/m respectively
before and after failure of the rock mass. The match is excellent. J oint slip is not involved at
these angles of .
Figure 6.4 shows the contours of displacement in the Y-direction for angle = 30
0
.
Table 6.1 Results for Uniaxial Compressive Strength (kp)

Analytical
Solution
Phase
2

Critical Load J oint Slip Rock Failure
no yes no yes
30 3.464101 3.4640 3.4642
35 3.572655 3.5726 3.5727
40 3.939231 3.9392 3.9393
45 4.732051 4.7320 4.7321
50 6.510383 6.5102 6.5105
55 8.578028 8.57800 8.57805
60 8.578028 8.57800 8.57805
65 8.578028 8.57800 8.57805
70 8.578028 8.57800 8.57805
75 8.578028 8.57800 8.57805
80 8.578028 8.57800 8.57805
85 8.578028 8.57800 8.57805
90 8.578028 8.57800 8.57805
6-5

Fig.6.4 Displacement distribution in Y ( = 30
0
)
6.5 References
1. J . C. J aeger and N. G. Cook, (1979), Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, 3
rd
Ed., London,
Chapman and Hall.
6.6 Data Files
The input data files for Uniaxial Compressive Strength of a J ointed Rock Sample are:
FEA00630.FEZ ( = 30
0
)
FEA00635.FEZ ( = 35
0
)
FEA00640.FEZ ( = 40
0
)
FEA00645.FEZ ( = 45
0
)
FEA00650.FEZ ( = 50
0
)
FEA00655.FEZ ( = 55
0
)
FEA00660.FEZ ( = 60
0
)
FEA00665.FEZ ( = 65
0
)
FEA00670.FEZ ( = 70
0
)
FEA00675.FEZ ( = 75
0
)
FEA00680.FEZ ( = 80
0
)
6-6
FEA00685.FEZ ( = 85
0
)
FEA00690.FEZ ( = 90
0
)
These files can be found in the Phase
2

7-1
7 Lined Circular Tunnel Support in an Elastic Medium
This problem concerns the analysis of a lined circular tunnel in an elastic medium. The tunnel
support is treated as an elastic thick-walled shell in which both flexural and circumferential
deformation are considered. The medium is subjected to an anisotropic biaxial compressive
stress field at infinity (Figure 7.1):

MPa
xx
30
0
=

MPa
yy
15
0
=

The following material properties are assumed for the medium:
Youngs modulus ( E ) =6000.00 MPa
Poissons ratio ( ) =0.2
and the properties for the lined support are:
Youngs modulus ( E
b
) =20000.00 MPa
Poissons ratio (
s
) =0.2
Thickness of the liner (h ) =0.5m
Radius of the liner (a ) =2.5m

Fig.7.1 Lined circular tunnel in an elastic medium
7-2
The closed form solution for a tunnel support in an elastic mass without slip at the interface was
given by Einstein and Schwartz (1979), and can be found in the FLAC verification manual
(1993). The axial force N and the bending moment M in the circumferential direction are given
by the following expressions:

[ ]
N
a
K a K a
yy
= + + +
0
0 2
2
1 1 1 1 2 2 ( )( ) ( )( )cos
* *

M
a
K a b
yy
= +
2 0
2 2
4
1 1 2 2 2
( )( )cos
* *

where a
C F
C F C F
0
1
1
*
* *
* * * *
( )
( )
=

+ +

a b
2 2
* *
=
b
C
C C
2
1
2 1 4 6 3 1
*
*
* *
( )
[ ( ) ( )]
=

+
=
+ +
+ +
C F F
C F C F
* * *
* * * *
( )( )
( )
6 1 2
3 3 2 1

C
Ea
E A
s
s
*
( )
( )
=

1
1
2
2

F
Ea
E I
s
s
*
( )
( )
=

3 2
2
1
1

and
yy
0
=Vertical field stress component at infinity
K =Ratio of horizontal to vertical stress (
xx yy
0 0
/ )
E =Youngs modulus of the medium
=Poissons ratio of the medium
E
s
=Youngs modulus of the liner

s
=Poissons ratio of the liner
A=Cross-sectional area of the liner for a unit long section
I =Liner moment of inertia
=Angular location from the horizontal
a =Radius of the tunnel
7-3
7.3 Phase
2
Model
The Phase
2
a radial mesh
80 liner elements (Euler-Bernoulli beam elements)
to reduce the mesh size and computer memory storage, infinite elements are used on
the external boundary, which is located 12.5 m from the hole center (2 diameters
from the hole boundary).
the in-situ stress state is applied as an initial stress to each element

2
analysis of a lined circular tunnel in an elastic medium

7-4
Figures 7.3 and 7.4 show the comparison between Phase
2
results and the analytical solution
around the circumference of the lined tunnel. Axial force N of the liner is plotted versus in
Figure 7.3, while the bending moment M is plotted in Fig. 7.4. The angle is measured
counter-clockwise from the horizontal axis. The error analyses are shown in table 7.1. The error
in the axial force is less than (0.48)%. The moments do not agree as closely, showing a
consistent error of (12.3)% which is similar to the results in the FLAC verification manual
(1993).
1
,
3
and the total displacement distribution are presented in
Figures 7.5, 7.6 and 7.7.
Table 7.1 Error (%) analyses for the lined circular tunnel

7.5 References
1. H. H. Einstein and C. W. Schwartz (1979), Simplified Analysis for Tunnel Supports, J.
Geotech. Engineering Division, 105, GT4, 499-518.
2. Itasca Consulting Group, INC (1993), Lined Circular Tunnel in an Elastic Medium Subjected
to Non-Hydrostatic Stresses, Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (Version 3.2),
Verification Manual.
7.6 Data Files
The input data file for the Lined Circular Tunnel Support in an Elastic Medium is:
FEA007.FEZ
2
installation directory.

Average Maximum
Axial force
N
0.31 0.48
Bending
moment M
12.3 12.3
7-5
Angle (degree)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
A
x
i
a
l

f
o
r
c
e

(
M
p
a
)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Anal. Sol.
Phase2

Fig. 7.3 Comparison of axial force N for the lined circular tunnel in an elastic medium
Angle (degree)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
M
o
m
e
n
t

(
M
p
a
.
m
)
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Anal. Sol.
Phase2

Fig. 7.4 Comparison of moment M for the lined circular tunnel in an elastic medium
7-6

1
distribution in the medium

3
distribution in the medium
7-7

Fig. 7.7 Total displacement distribution in the medium

7-8
The following C source code is used to generate the closed form solution of axial force and
bending moment for a lined circular tunnel in an elastic medium.

/* Closed-form solution for " A Lined Circular Tunnel in an Elastic Medium
Subjected to Non-Hydrostatic Stresses P1 and P2 at infinity"

Output: A file, "fea007.dat" containing the uniaxial forces in the beam


a = Radius of the tunnel
t = Thickness of the tunnel
e = Young's modulus of the rock
vp = Poisson's ratio of the rock
ec = Young's modulus of the tunnel
vpc = Poisson's ratio of the tunnel
px = Initial in-situ stress magnitude in X
py = Initial in-situ stress magnitude in Y
nx1 = Number of segments in a quarter of the tunnel
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define pii (3.14159265359)

main()
{
int nx1,i;
double vp,vpc,e,ec,px,py,delta,t,k,a,d,c,f,a0,a2,b2,beta;
double n,m,theta0,theta;
FILE *outC;
/*
printf("Radius of the tunnel:\n");
scanf("%lf",&a);
printf("Thickness of the tunnel:\n");
scanf("%lf",&t);
printf("Young's modulus of the rock:\n");
scanf("%lf",&e);
printf("Poisson's ratio of the rock:\n");
scanf("%lf",&vp);
printf("Young's modulus of the tunnel:\n");
scanf("%lf",&ec);
printf("Poisson's ratio of the tunnel:\n");
scanf("%lf",&vpc);
printf("Initial in-situ stress magnitude in X :\n");
scanf("%lf",&px);
printf("Initial in-situ stress magnitude in Y (>0) :\n");
scanf("%lf",&py);
printf("Number of segments in a quarter of the tunnel:\n");
scanf("%d",&nx1);
*/
a=2.5 ;
t=0.5 ;
e=6000 ;
vp=0.2 ;
ec=20000 ;
vpc=0.2 ;
px=30. ;
py=15. ;
nx1=50 ;

fprintf(outC," Radius of the tunnel : %14.7e\n",a);
fprintf(outC," Thickness of the tunnel : %14.7e\n",t);
fprintf(outC," Young's Modulus of the rock : %14.7e\n",e);
fprintf(outC," Poisson Ratio of the rock : %14.7e\n",vp);
fprintf(outC," Young's Modulus of the tunnel : %14.7e\n",ec);
fprintf(outC," Poisson Ratio of the tunnel : %14.7e\n",vpc);
fprintf(outC," Initial in-situ stress magnitude in X: %14.7e\n",px);
fprintf(outC," Initial in-situ stress magnitude in Y: %14.7e\n",py);

theta0=0.;
k=px/py ;
d=pow(t,3)/12.;
7-9
c=e*a*(1-vpc*vpc)/(ec*t*(1.-vp*vp));
f=e*pow(a,3)*(1.-vpc*vpc)/(ec*d*(1.-vp*vp));
beta=((6.+f)*c*(1.-vp)+2.*f*vp)/(3.*f+3.*c+2.*c*f*(1.-vp));
b2=c*(1.-vp)/2./(c*(1.-vp)+4.*vp-6.*beta-3.*beta*c*(1.-vp));
a0=c*f*(1-vp)/(c+f+c*f*(1.-vp));
a2=b2*beta;
delta=0.5*pii/nx1;
fprintf(outC,
"\n Num Theta(degree) N (Force) M (Moment) \n\n");
for(i=0; i<nx1+1; i++)
{ theta=theta0+delta*i;
n=a*py*0.5*((1.+k)*(1.-a0)+(1.-k)*(1.+2.*a2)*cos(2.*theta));
m=a*a*py*0.25*(1.-k)*(1.-2.*a2+2.*b2)*cos(2.*theta);
theta=theta0+i*90.0/nx1;
(i+1),theta,n,m);
}
fclose(outC);
}

{
FILE * f;
exit (1);
}
return f;
}

8-1
8 Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Transversely-Isotropic
Elastic Medium
This problem tests the solution of a circular hole in an elastic transversely-isotropic or
stratified medium. Such a material possesses five independent elastic constants. The y axis is
taken to be perpendicular to the strata in Figure 8.1. Both plane stress and plane strain conditions
are examined.

Fig. 8.1 A stratified (transversely-isotropic) material
The in-situ hydrostatic stress state (Figure 8.2) is given by:

0
P 10MPa =
The following material properties are assumed:
Youngs modulus parallel to the strata ( E
x
) =40000 MPa
Youngs modulus perpendicular to the strata ( E
y
) =20000 MPa
Poissons ratio associated with the planexoy (
xy
) =0.2
8-2
Poissons ratio in the plane of the strata (
xz
) =0.25
Shear modulus associated with the planexoy (G
xy
) =4000.00 MPa
Angle of the strata (Counter-clockwise from x-axis ) =0
Radius of the circular tunnel (a ) =1m

Fig. 8.2 Cylindrical hole in an infinite transversely-isotropic medium
The closed form solution of displacements and stresses to this problem can be found in Amadei
(1983). Amadei considered the elastic equilibrium of an anisotropic, homogeneous body
bounded internally by a cylindrical surface of circular cross section. The solution is based on a
plane stress formulation and is defined by the following expressions:

x x
= + +
0 1
2
1 2
2
2
2Re( )
' '

y y
= + +
0 1 2
2Re( )
' '

xy xy
= +
0 1 1 2 2
2Re( )
' '

u p p
x
= + 2
1 1 2 2
Re( )
u q q
y
= + 2
1 1 2 2
Re( )
The complex values
k
are given by:

8-3

1
12 66 12 66
2
11 22
11
2 2 4
2
=
+ +
i
a a a a a a
a
( ) ( )

2
12 66 12 66
2
11 22
11
2 2 4
2
=
+ + +
i
a a a a a a
a
( ) ( )

where a
E
x
11
1
= , a a
E E
yx
y
xy
x
12 21
= = =

, a
E
y
22
1
= , a
G
xy
66
1
=
the complex functions
k
and
k
'
are

1 1 2 1 1 1
( ) ( ) / z a b =

2 2 1 1 1 2
( ) ( ) / z a b =

( )

1 1
2 1 1
1
2
1
2 1
1
'
( )
( )
z
a b
a
Z
a
=

( )

2 2
1 1 1
2
2
2
2 2
1
'
( )
( )
z
a b
a
Z
a
=

and =
2 1

k
k
k k
k
i
z
a
z
a
=
1
1
1
2
2

z x y
k k
= +
a
a
i
y xy 1 0 0
2
= ( )
b
a
i
xy x 1 0 0
2
= ( )
p a a
k k
= +
11
2
12

q a
a
k k
k
= +
12
22

xx0
,
yy0
and
xy0
=Initial in-situ stress components.

8-4
8.3 Phase
2
Model
The Phase
2
a radial mesh
hole boundary)
the in-situ hydrostatic stress state (10 MPa) is applied as an initial stress to each
element

2
analysis of a cylindrical hole in an infinite
Transversely-Isotropic Elastic Medium

Figures 8.4 through 8.6 show the displacements and tangential stresses
around the hole

calculated by Phase
2
and compared to the analytical solution. Under plane stress conditions, the
displacement distribution gives an excellent match, as shown in Figures 8.4 and 8.5. Contours of
the principal stresses
1
,
3
and the total displacement are presented in Figures 8.7, 8.8 and 8.9.
8-5
Angle (Degree)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
)

i
n

X
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
Anal. Sol. plane stress
Phase2 plane stress
Phase2 plane strain

Fig. 8.4 Comparison of Displacements in X around the hole
Angle (Degree)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
)

i
n

Y
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
Anal. Sol. plane stress
Phase2 plane stress
Phase2 plane strain

Fig. 8.5 Comparison of Displacements in Y around the hole
8-6
Angle (Degree)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
T
a
n
g
e
n
t
i
a
l

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
10
15
20
25
30
35
Ana. Sol. plane stress
Phase2 plane stress
Phase2 plane strain

Fig. 8.6 Comparison of tangential stresses
around the hole

1
distribution and plot of
1
(tangential stress) on boundary
8-7

3
distribution

Fig. 8.9 Total displacement distribution
8-8
8.5 References
1. Amadei, B. (1983), Rock Anisotropy and the Theory of Stress Measurements, Eds. C.A.
Brebbia and S.A. Orszag, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo.
8.6 Data Files
The input data file for the Cylindrical Hole in an Infinite Transversely-Isotropic Elastic Medium
is:
FEA008.FEZ
2
8.7 C++ Code for Closed Form Solution
The following C++ source code is used to generate the closed form solution of stresses and
displacements for a cylindrical hole in an infinite transversely-isotropic elastic medium.

/* Closed-form solution for " Cylindrical hole in an infinite transversely-
isotropic elastic medium "

Output: A file, "fea008.dat" containing the stresses and displacements


iuser = 0; print stress tensor, =1; print principal stresses
E1 = Young's modulus parallel to the strata (Ex)
E2 = Young's modulus perpendicular to the strata (Ey)
v21 = Poisson's ratio associated with the plane (xoy)
G12 = Shear modulus associated with the plane (xoy)
sigx0 = Initial in-situ stress magnitude sigma xx
sigy0 = Initial in-situ stress magnitude sigma yy
sigxy0 = Initial in-situ stress magnitude tau xy
reg = Length of stress grid in r Direction from radius of the hole
nx = Number of segments in r direction
ny = Number of segments in theta direction (0-90 degree)
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <complex.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#define pii (3.14159265359)
main()
{
int nx,ny,ix,iy,iuser;
complex root1,root2,p1,p2,q1,q2,a1bar,b1bar,delta,i,z1,z2;
complex apslo1,apslo2,gama1,gama2,delta1,delta2;
complex fa1,fa2,fa1d,fa2d;
double direc[3][3], dire[2][2], sigx, sigy, sigxy, ux, uy;
double a, E1, E2, v21, G12, sigx0, sigy0, sigxy0;
double a1, a2, a3, radius, angle1, x, y, a11, a12, a21, a22, a66, reg;
double avg, range, maxs, ssigx, ssigy;
FILE *outC;
/*
printf("=0; print stress tensor, =1; print principal stresses:\n");
scanf("%d",&iuser);
scanf("%lf",&a);
8-9
printf("Young's modulus parallel to the strata (Ex):\n");
scanf("%lf",&E1);
printf("Young's modulus perpendicular to the strata (Ey):\n");
scanf("%lf",&E2);
printf("Poisson's ratio associated with the plane (xoy):\n");
scanf("%lf",&v21);
printf("Shear modulus associated with the plane (xoy):\n");
scanf("%lf",&G12);
printf("Initial in-situ stress magnitude sigma xx:\n");
scanf("%lf",&sigx0);
printf("Initial in-situ stress magnitude sigma yy:\n");
scanf("%lf",&sigy0);
printf("Initial in-situ stress magnitude tau xy:\n");
scanf("%lf",&sigxy0);
printf("Length of stress grid in r Direction from (a):\n");
scanf("%lf",&reg);
printf("Number of segments in r direction :\n");
scanf("%d",&nx);
printf("Number of segments in theta direction (0-90 degree):\n");
scanf("%d",&ny);
*/
iuser=1 ;
a=1.0 ;
E1=40000.0;
E2=20000.0;
v21=0.2 ;
G12=4000.0;
sigx0=10.0;
sigy0=10.0;
sigxy0=0.0;
reg=5.0 ;
nx=1 ;
ny=100 ;
i=complex(0.0,1.0);
a11=1./E1;
a12=a21=-v21/E2;
a22=1./E2;
a66=1./G12;
a1=2.0*a12+a66;
a2=sqrt(a1*a1-4.0*a11*a22);
a3=sqrt((a1-a2)/(2.0*a11));
root1=complex(0,a3);
a3=sqrt((a1+a2)/(2.0*a11));
root2=complex(0,a3);
delta=root2-root1;
p1=a11*root1*root1+a12;
p2=a11*root2*root2+a12;
q1=a12*root1+a22/root1;
q2=a12*root2+a22/root2;
a1bar=-0.5*a*complex(sigy0, -sigxy0);
b1bar= 0.5*a*complex(sigxy0, -sigx0);
fprintf(outC," Print flag indicator : %4d\n",iuser);
fprintf(outC," Young's Modulus E1 : %14.7e\n",E1);
fprintf(outC," Young's Modulus E2 : %14.7e\n",E2);
fprintf(outC," Poisson Ratio v21 : %14.7e\n",v21);
fprintf(outC," Shear Modulus G12 : %14.7e\n",G12);
fprintf(outC," Initial stress sigx0 : %14.7e\n",sigx0);
fprintf(outC," Initial stress sigy0 : %14.7e\n",sigy0);
fprintf(outC," Initial stress sigxy0 : %14.7e\n",sigxy0);
a1=a2=0.0;
if(nx<1) nx=0;
if(ny<1) ny=0;
if(nx>1) a1=reg/nx;
if(ny>1) a2=0.5*pii/ny;
if(iuser==0){
fprintf(outC,"\n\n Nx Ny Radius Angle Sigx");
fprintf(outC," Sigy Sigxy Ux Uy\n\n");
} else {
fprintf(outC,"\n\n Nx Ny Radius Angle Sigma1");
fprintf(outC," Sigma3 Ux Uy\n\n");
}
for(ix=0; ix<nx; ix++)
{radius=a+a1*ix;
for(iy=0; iy<(ny+1); iy++)
{angle1=a2*iy;
if(iy==ny)angle1=angle1-smalld;
x=radius*cos(angle1);
y=radius*sin(angle1);
angle1=angle1*180.0/pii;
z1=x+root1*y;
8-10
z2=x+root2*y;
apslo1=((z1/a)+sqrt(pow(z1/a,2)-1.-root1*root1))/(1.0-i*root1);
apslo2=((z2/a)+sqrt(pow(z2/a,2)-1.-root2*root2))/(1.0-i*root2);
gama1=-1.0/(delta*apslo1*sqrt(pow(z1/a,2)-1.-root1*root1));
gama2=-1.0/(delta*apslo2*sqrt(pow(z2/a,2)-1.-root2*root2));
delta1=1.0/(delta*apslo1);
delta2=1.0/(delta*apslo2);
fa1=(root2*a1bar-b1bar)/(delta*apslo1);
fa2=-(root1*a1bar-b1bar)/(delta*apslo2);
fa1d=-(root2*a1bar-b1bar)/(a*delta*apslo1*sqrt(pow(z1/a,2)-1.-root1*root1));
fa2d= (root1*a1bar-b1bar)/(a*delta*apslo2*sqrt(pow(z2/a,2)-1.-root2*root2));
sigx=sigx0+2.0*real(root1*root1*fa1d+root2*root2*fa2d);
sigy=sigy0+2.0*real(fa1d+fa2d);
sigxy=sigxy0-2.0*real(root1*fa1d+root2*fa2d);
ux=-2.0*real(p1*fa1+p2*fa2);
uy=-2.0*real(q1*fa1+q2*fa2);
avg=(sigx+sigy)/2.0;
range=(sigx-sigy)/2.0;
maxs=sqrt(range*range+sigxy*sigxy);
ssigx=avg+maxs;
ssigy=avg-maxs;
if(iuser==0){
fprintf(outC,"%3d%3d% 10.3e% 10.3e %10.3e %10.3e %10.3e %10.3e %10.3e\n",
(ix+1),(iy+1),radius,angle1,sigx,sigy,sigxy,ux,uy);
}else{
fprintf(outC,"%3d%3d% 10.3e% 10.3e %10.3e %10.3e %10.3e %10.3e\n",
(ix+1),(iy+1),radius,angle1,ssigx,ssigy,ux,uy);
}
}
}
fclose(outC);
}

{
FILE * f;
exit (1);
}
return f;
}

9-1
9 Spherical Cavity in an Infinite Elastic Medium
This problem verifies the stresses and displacements for a spherical cavity in an infinite elastic
medium subjected to hydrostatic in-situ stresses. This three-dimensional model can be solved
using the Phase
2
axisymmetric option. The compressive initial stress and material properties are
as follows:

0
P 10MPa =
Youngs modulus =20000 MPa
Poissons ratio =0.2
The cavity has a radius of 1 m (Figure 9.1).

Fig 9.1 Spherical cavity in an infinite elastic medium

9-2
The closed form solution of radial displacement and stress components for a spherical cavity in
an infinite elastic medium subjected to hydrostatic in-situ stress is given by Timoshenko and
Goodier (1970, p395) and Goodman (1980, p220).
u
Pa
Gr
r
=
0
3
2
4

rr
P
a
r
=
0
3
3
1

= = +
P
a
r
0
3
3
1
2

Where P
0
is the external pressure, u
r
is radial displacement and
rr
,
are the stress

components in spherical polar coordinates (r, , ).
9.3 Phase
2
Model
The Phase
2
a graded mesh
3-noded triangular finite elements (2028 elements)
custom discretization around the external boundary (80 segments (discretizations)
were used around the half circle)
the in-situ hydrostatic stress state (10 MPa) is applied as an initial stress to each
element
The external boundary defines the entire axisymmetric problem (the hole is implicitly defined by
the shape of the external boundary). The boundary is fixed on all sides, except for the axis of
symmetry, which is free.
Figure 9.3 shows the radial and tangential stresses calculated by Phase
2
compared to the
analytical solution for
r
and
, and Figure 9.4 shows the comparison for radial displacement.

These two plots indicate an excellent agreement along a radial line. The error analyses in
stresses and displacements are shown in Table 9.1.
1
and
3
are presented in Figures 9.5 and 9.6, and the radial
displacement distribution is illustrated in Figure 9.7.
9-3

2
analysis of a spherical cavity in an infinite elastic medium

Table 1.1 Error (%) analyses for the spherical cavity in an elastic medium
Average Maximum Cavity Boundary
u
r
1.07 2.46 0.553

0.273 0.616 0.466
r

0.800 2.78 ---
9-4
1 2 3 4
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
p
a
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Anal. Sol. Sigma1
Phase2 Sigma1
Anal. Sol. Sigma3
Phase2 Sigma3

r
and
for the spherical cavity in an infinite elastic medium

1 2 3 4
R
a
d
i
a
l

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
)
0.00000
0.00005
0.00010
0.00015
0.00020
0.00025
0.00030
Anal. Sol.
Phase2

r
for the spherical cavity in an infinite elastic medium
9-5

1
distribution

3
distribution
9-6

Fig. 9.7 Total displacement distribution
9.5 References
1. S. P., Timoshenko, and J . N. Goodier (1970), Theory of Elasticity, New York, McGraw Hill.
2. R. E., Goodman (1980), Introduction to Rock Mechanics, New York, J ohn Wiley and Sons.
9.6 Data Files
The input data file for the Spherical Cavity in an Infinite Elastic Medium is:
FEA009.FEZ
2
9-7
displacements for the spherical cavity in an infinite elastic medium
/* Closed-form solution for " A spherical cavity in an elastic medium
subjected to hydrostatic in-situ stress "



a = Radius of the sphere
E = Young's modulus
P0 = Far field hydrostatic stress
reg= Length of stress grid in r direction from radius of sphere
nr = Number of segments in r direction
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
main()
{
int i, nr, nr1;
double a,E,vp,P0,reg,G,d4,r,sigmar,sigmao,ur;
FILE *outC;
/*
printf("Radius of the sphere:\n");
scanf("%lf",&a);
scanf("%lf",&E);
scanf("%lf",&vp);
printf("Far field hydrostatic stress:\n");
scanf("%lf",&P0);
printf("Length of stress grid in r direction from radius of sphere:\n");
scanf("%lf",&reg);
printf("Number of segments in r direction:\n");
scanf("%d",&nr);
*/
a =1.0;
E =20000.0;
vp =0.2;
P0 =10.0;
reg=5.0;
nr =50;

fprintf(outC," Radius of the sphere : %14.7e\n",a);
fprintf(outC," Young's modulus : %14.7e\n",E);
fprintf(outC," Poisson's ratio : %14.7e\n",vp);
fprintf(outC," Far field hydrostatic stress : %14.7e\n",P0);
fprintf(outC," Length of stress grid in r direction: %14.7e\n",reg);
fprintf(outC," Number of segments in r direction : %4d\n\n",nr);
fprintf(outC," Nr r ur sigmar sigmao\n\n");
G=E/(2.*(1.0+vp));
d4=0.0;
if(nr>1) d4=reg/nr;
nr1=nr+1;
for(i=0; i<nr1; i++)
{r=a+d4*(i);
ur= P0*pow(a,3)/(4.0*r*r*G);
sigmar= P0*( pow(r,3)-pow(a,3))/pow(r,3);
sigmao=0.5*P0*(2.0*pow(r,3)+pow(a,3))/pow(r,3);
fprintf(outC,"%4d %11.4e %11.4e %11.4e %11.4e\n",
(i+1),r,ur,sigmar,sigmao);
}
fclose(outC);
}

{
FILE * f;
9-8
exit (1);
}
return f;
}

10-1
10 Axi-symmetric Bending of Spherical Dome
This problem concerns the analysis of a spherical shell with a built-in edge and submitted to a
uniform normal pressure p (Fig. 10.1). The geometry and properties for the shell are:
m a 90 = ; m t 3 = ; Mpa p 1 = ; 6 / 1 = ; Mpa E 30000 =

Fig10.1 Spherical dome with rigidly fixed edges and under uniform pressure

10.2 Approximate Solution
Approximate methods of analyzing stresses in the spherical shell are given by S. Timoshenko
and S. Woinowsky-Krieger (1959) and Alphose Zingoni (1997). The stress components in both
meridional and hoop directions shown in Figure 10.2 are expressed by:

10-2

Fig10.2 Axisymmetric shell

2
) tan sin( ) (sin
) 1 (
) sin( sin
2
) cot(
1
1 2 / 3
1
2
1
1
ap
H K
K
K
M
aK
A N
o
+
+
=

[ ]
[ ]
2
) tan sin( ) ( ) tan cos( 2 ) (sin
2
) 1 (
) sin( ) ( ) cos( 2
sin
1
1
2 1 1
1
2
1
2 1
1
ap
H K k k K
K
M k k
a
K
A
N
o
+
+
+
+
=

[ ]
[ ]

+
+
+
=

H K K k
K a
M k
K
A
M
o
) tan sin( ) tan cos( ) (sin
2
1 (
) sin( ) cos(
sin
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1

[ ]
+
+ + +
+ + +
=
H
K
K k k k
K
K
M k k k
aK
aA
M
o
) tan sin( 2
) tan cos( ) 2 ) )( 1 ((
) (sin
1 (
) sin( 2 ) cos( ) 2 ) )( 1 (( sin
2
4
1
1 2
1
1
2 2 1
2
2 / 3
1
2
1
2
2 2 1
2
1

where
) sin(
=

e
A
10-3
) cot(
2
2 1
1
1

= k ; ) cot(
2
2 1
1
2

+
= k
) cot(
2
2 1
1
1

= K ; ) cot(
2
2 1
1
2

+
= K

2
2
2
4
) 1 (
K
pa
M
o

= ;
2
) sin( 2
) 1 (
K
pa
H

=
10.3 Phase
2
Model
The Phase
2
axisymmetric model for this problem is shown in Figure 10.3. It uses the
Timoshenko beam formulation for the liner with the properties specified in the problem
description. A uniform load is applied to each segment. A liner Rotation Restraint was added to
the right-hand side of the model to represent the clamped end condition of the dome.

2
analysis of a spherical dome
Figures 10.4 and 10.5 show the comparison between Phase
2
results and the approximate solution
in the meridional direction. Meridional bending moment
M of the shell is plotted versus in

Figure 10.4, while the hoop force
N
is plotted in Fig. 10.5. The Phase
2
solution appears to be
more accurate than the approximate results, especially near region 5 0 < < .
10-4
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Angle ()
M
e
r
i
d
i
o
n
a
l

M
o
m
e
n
t

(
M
N
m
)
Approximate solution
Phase 2

Fig. 10.4 Comparison of meridional bending moment
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Angle ()
A
x
i
a
l

h
o
o
p

f
o
r
c
e

(
M
N
/
m
)
Approximate solution
Phase 2

Fig. 10.5 Comparison of hoop force
N
10-5
10.5 References
1. S. Timoshenko and S. Woinowsky-Krieger (1959), Theory of Plates and Shells, McGRAW-
HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.
2. Alphose Zingoni (1997), Shell Structures in Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of
Zimbabwe, Harare, Thomas Telford.
10.6 Data File
The input data file for the spherical dome is Fea010.fez. This file can be found in the Phase
2

10.7 C Code for a Approximate Solution
The following C source code is used to generate the approximate solution of forces and bending
moments for a spherical shell with built-in edges and uniform pressure load.
/*
Approximate solution for spherical shell with built-in edges and
uniform pressure load

Output: A file, "fea010.dat" containing the result of stresses and bending moments

The following data should be set by user

a = Radius of the sphere
h = Thickness of the shell
vp = Poisson Ratio of the shell
p = Pressure load
alpha = Half span angle of the shell in meridional direction
nx1 = Number of points in meridional direction where the values should
be calculated
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

main()
{
#define pii (3.14159265359)
int i, nx1;
double vp, a, h, p, alpha, k10, k20;
double fai, lamda, delta, k1, k2, k3, H, Mo, Moo, Hoo, cot;
double Nfai, Mfai, Ntheta, Mtheta;
FILE *outC;

a=90;
h=3.;
vp=1./6.;
p = 1.;
alpha = 35.;
nx1 = 100;
fprintf(outC," Radius of the sphere : %14.7e\n",a);
fprintf(outC," Thickness of shell : %14.7e\n",h);
fprintf(outC," Poisson Ratio of the shell : %14.7e\n",vp);
fprintf(outC," Pressure load : %14.7e\n",p);
fprintf(outC,"\n Num Fai Nfai Mfai");
fprintf(outC, " Ntheta Mtheta\n\n");

alpha *= pii/180.;
delta = alpha/nx1;
10-6
lamda = 3.*(1.-vp*vp)*(a/h)*(a/h);
lamda = sqrt(lamda);
lamda = sqrt(lamda);
Moo = p*a*a*(1.-vp)/(4.*lamda*lamda);
Hoo = p*a*(1.-vp)/(2.*lamda*sin(alpha));
k10 = 1.-(1.-2.*vp)*cos(alpha)/sin(alpha)/2./lamda;
k20 = 1.-(1.+2.*vp)*cos(alpha)/sin(alpha)/2./lamda;
Mo = Moo/k20;
H = Hoo/k20;

{
fai= delta*i;
cot = cos(alpha - fai)/sin(alpha - fai);
/*
k4 = exp(-lamda*fai);
Nfai = -cot*k4*(2.*lamda*sin(lamda*fai)*Moo/a
- sin(alpha)*(sin(lamda*fai)-cos(lamda*fai))*Hoo)+p*a/2.;
Ntheta = -k4*(2.*lamda*lamda*(sin(lamda*fai)-cos(lamda*fai))*Moo/a
+ 2.*lamda*sin(alpha)*cos(lamda*fai)*Hoo)+p*a/2.;
Mfai = k4*((sin(lamda*fai)+cos(lamda*fai))*Moo
- a*sin(alpha)*sin(lamda*fai)*Hoo/lamda);
Mtheta = vp*Mfai;
*/
k1 = 1. - (1.-2.*vp)*cot/(2.*lamda);
k2 = 1. - (1.+2.*vp)*cot/(2.*lamda);
k3 = exp(-lamda*fai)/sqrt(sin(alpha - fai));
Nfai = -cot*k3*(2.*lamda*sqrt(sin(alpha))*sin(lamda*fai)*Mo/a/k10
-(sqrt(1.+k10*k10)/k10)*sin(alpha)
*sqrt(sin(alpha))*sin(lamda*fai-atan(k10))*H)+p*a/2.;
Ntheta = (lamda*sqrt(sin(alpha))*k3/k10)
* ((2.*cos(lamda*fai)-(k1+k2)*sin(lamda*fai))*lamda*Mo/a
- (sqrt(1.+k10*k10)/2.)*sin(alpha)*(2.*cos(lamda*fai-atan(k10))
- (k1+k2)*sin(lamda*fai-atan(k10)))*H)+p*a/2.;
Mfai = (sqrt(sin(alpha))*k3/k10)
* ((k1*cos(lamda*fai)+sin(lamda*fai))*Mo
- (a/lamda)*(sqrt(1.+k10*k10)/2.)*sin(alpha)
* (k1*cos(lamda*fai-atan(k10))+sin(lamda*fai-atan(k10)))*H);
Mtheta = (a*k3/4./vp/lamda)*((2.*lamda*sqrt(sin(alpha))/a/k10)
* (((1.+vp*vp)*(k1+k2)-2*k2)*cos(lamda*fai)
+ 2.*vp*vp*sin(lamda*fai))*Mo
- sin(alpha)*sqrt(sin(alpha))*(sqrt(1.+k10*k10)/k10)
* (((1.+vp*vp)*(k1+k2)-2.*k2)*cos(lamda*fai-atan(k10))
+ 2.*vp*vp*sin(lamda*fai-atan(k10)))*H);
fai = alpha - fai;
fai *= 180./pii;
fprintf(outC,"%3d %10.3e %10.3e %10.3e %10.3e %10.3e\n",
(i+1),fai,Nfai,Mfai,Ntheta,Mtheta);
}
fclose(outC);
}

{
FILE * f;
exit (1);
}
r et ur n f ;
11-1
11 Lined Circular Tunnel in a Plastic Medium
This problem concerns the analysis of a lined circular tunnel in an plastic medium. The tunnel
supports are treated as elastic and plastic beam elements in which both flexural and
circumferential deformation are considered. The problem is illustrated in Figure 11.1, and the
medium is subjected to an anisotropic biaxial stress field at infinity:

xx
MPa
0
30 =

yy
MPa
0
60 =
MPa
zz
30
0
=
The material for the medium is assumed to be linearly elastic and perfectly plastic with a failure
surface defined by the Drucker-Prager criterion.
f J q
I
k
s
= +
2
1
3

The plastic potential flow surface is
g J q
I
k
s
= +
2
1
3

in which
I
1 1 2 3
= + +

[ ]
J
x y y z x z xy yz zx 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
6
= + + + + + ( ) ( ) ( )
Associated (q
= q
) flow rule is used. The following material properties are assumed:

Youngs modulus (E
m
) =6000 MPa
Poissons ratio =0.2
k
= 2.9878 MPa
q
= q
= 0.50012
The properties and geometry for the lined support using beam element are:
Youngs modulus ( E
b
)
Poissons ratio (
s
) =0.2
Yield stress =60 MPa (Perfectly plastic)
Thickness of the liner (h )
Radius of the liner (a ) =1.0m
11-2

Fig11.1 Lined circular tunnel in a medium

11.2 Phase
2
Model
The Phase
2
a radial mesh
40 beam elements (tunnel is completely lined)
fixed external boundary, located 7 m from the hole center (3 diameters from the hole
boundary)
the in-situ stress state is applied as an initial stress to each element
We provide verification of two models:
Elastic lined support in plastic medium
Plastic lined support in elastic medium

11-3

2
analysis of a lined circular tunnel in a medium
The analyses are compared with the ABAQUS response. Both ABAQUS and Phase
2
use
Drucker-Prager plastic model for the medium and Euler-Bernoulli beam for the lined support.
Figures 11.3 through 11.6 show the comparison between Phase
2
and ABAQUS solutions around
the circumference of the lined tunnel. It assumes the elastic lined support in a plastic medium.
While figures 11.7 through 11.10 show the comparison for the plastic lined support in the elastic
medium. Axial force N and the bending moment M of the liner is plotted versus in the
figures. The results plotted on those figures are obtained by varying ratio of E E
b m
/ and beam
thickness h . E
b
and E
m
are Youngs moduli of the beam and the medium respectively. The two
solutions are reasonably consistent both for the elastic lined support in a plastic medium and for
the plastic lined support in an elastic medium.
11-4
Angle (Degee)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
A
x
i
a
l

f
o
r
c
e

(
M
P
a
)
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
ABAQUS E
b
/E
m
=1.5
E
b
/E
m
=2
E
b
/E
m
=2.5
Phase2 E
b
/E
m
=1.5
E
b
/E
m
=2
E
b
/E
m
=2.5

Fig. 11.3 Axial force for the lined circular tunnel (h=0.1m) in a plastic medium
Angle (Degree)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
M
o
m
e
n
t

(
M
P
a
.
m
)
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
ABAQUS E
b
/E
m
=1.5
E
b
/E
m
=2
E
b
/E
m
=2.5
Phase2 E
b
/E
m
=1.5
E
b
/E
m
=2
E
b
/E
m
=2.5

Fig. 11.4 Moment for the lined circular tunnel (h=0.1m) in a plastic medium
11-5
Angle (Degee)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
A
x
i
a
l

f
o
r
c
e

(
M
P
a
)
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
ABAQUS E
b
/E
m
=1.5
E
b
/E
m
=2
E
b
/E
m
=2.5
Phase2 E
b
/E
m
=1.5
E
b
/E
m
=2
E
b
/E
m
=2.5

Fig. 11.5 Axial force for the lined circular tunnel (h=0.2m) in a plastic medium
Angle (Degree)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
M
o
m
e
n
t

(
M
P
a
.
m
)
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
ABAQUS E
b
/E
m
=1.5
E
b
/E
m
=2
E
b
/E
m
=2.5
Phase2 E
b
/E
m
=1.5
E
b
/E
m
=2
E
b
/E
m
=2.5

Fig. 11.6 Moment for the lined circular tunnel (h=0.2m) in a plastic medium
11-6
Angle (Degee)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
A
x
i
a
l

f
o
r
c
e

(
M
P
a
)
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
ABAQUS E
b
/E
m
=1
E
b
/E
m
=2
Phase2 E
b
/E
m
=1
E
b
/E
m
=2

Fig. 11.7 Axial force for the plastic lined circular tunnel (h=0.05m) in a elastic medium
Angle (Degree)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
M
o
m
e
n
t

(
M
P
a
.
m
)
-0.0004
-0.0002
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
ABAQUS E
b
/E
m
=1
E
b
/E
m
=2
Phase2 E
b
/E
m
=1
E
b
/E
m
=2

Fig. 11.8 Moment for the plastic lined circular tunnel (h=0.05m) in an elastic medium
11-7
Angle (Degee)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
A
x
i
a
l

f
o
r
c
e

(
M
P
a
)
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
ABAQUS E
b
/E
m
=1
E
b
/E
m
=2
Phase2 E
b
/E
m
=1
E
b
/E
m
=2

Fig. 11.9 Axial force for the plastic lined circular tunnel (h=0.2m) in an elastic medium
Angle (Degree)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
M
o
m
e
n
t

(
M
P
a
.
m
)
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
ABAQUS E
b
/E
m
=1
E
b
/E
m
=2
Phase2 E
b
/E
m
=1
E
b
/E
m
=2

Fig. 11.10 Moment for the plastic lined circular tunnel (h=0.2m) in an elastic medium
11-8

11.4 Data Files
The input data file for the lined circular tunnel support in a plastic medium are

File name h
m b
E E /
FEA01101 0.1 1.5
FEA01102 0.1 2.0
FEA01103 0.1 2.5
FEA01104 0.2 1.5
FEA01105 0.2 2.0
FEA01106 0.2 2.5

The input data file for the plastic lined circular tunnel support in an elastic medium are

File name h
m b
E E /
FEA01111 0.05 1.0
FEA01112 0.05 2.0
FEA01113 0.2 1.0
FEA01114 0.2 2.0

They can be found in the Phase
2

12-1
12 Pull-Out Tests for Swellex / Split Sets
In this problem, Phase
2
is used to model pull-out test of shear bolts (ie. Swellex / Split Set bolts).
Pull-out tests are the most common method for determination of shear bolt properties.
12.2 Bolt formulation
The equilibrium equation of a fully grouted rock bolt, Figure 12.1, may be written as (Farmer,
1975 and Hyett et al., 1996)

Fig 12.1 Shear bolt model
0
2
2
= +
s
x
b
F
dx
u d
AE (12.1)
where
s
F is the shear force per unit length and A is the cross-sectional area of the bolt and
b
E is
the modulus of elasticity for the bolt. The shear force is assumed to be a linear function of the
relative movement between the rock,
r
u and the bolt,
x
u and is presented as:
( )
x r s
u u k F = (12.2)
Usually, k is the shear stiffness of the bolt-grout interface measured directly in laboratory pull-
out tests . Substitute equation (12.1) in (12.2), then the weak form can be expressed as:
+ = dx u ku ku
dx
u d
AE
r x
x
b
) (
2
2
(12.3)
x
F
AEb
y

12-2
( )

+ =
=
dx u ku dx u ku
dx
u d
dx
du
AE
dx
du
u AE
dx u ku ku
dx
u d
dx
du
u
dx
du
dx
d
AE
r x
x
b
L
x
b
r x
x x
b

0
) ( ) (
(12.4)

Fig 12.2 Linear displacement variation
The displacement field u, is assumed to be linear in the axial coordinate, s (Cook, 1981), see
Figure 12.2. This displacement field linearly varies from u
1
at one end to u
2
at the other end.
Then, the displacement at any point along the element can be given as:
2 1
u
L
s
u
L
s L
u +
= or

{ } d N u = (12.5)
where

=
L
s
L
s L
N and { }
=
2
1
u
u
d
for the two displacement fields, equation 12.5 can be written as
=
2
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
0 0
0 0
r
r
x
x
r
x
u
u
u
u
N N
N N
u
u
u (12.6)
Equation (12.2) can be written as
( ) [ ]
= +
+

2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
0
0
r
r
x
x
r
b
r r x x r x
x
b
u
u
u
u
K
K
u u u u dx u ku dx u ku
dx
u d
dx
du
AE
(12.7)
By introducing the notation

x
N B
,
= the strain can be expressed as
u1

u2

L

s

12-3

{ }
= = =
2
1
,
1 1
u
u
L L
d B
dx
du
u
x
(12.8)
Hence,
[ ] dx
N N N N
N N N N
k
N N N N
N N N N
AE K
L
x x x x
x x x x
b b

=
0
2 2 1 2
2 1 1 1
, 2 , 2 , 1 , 2
, 2 , 1 , 1 , 1
(12.9)
[ ]

=
L
b
b
dx
L
x
L
x
L
x
L
x
L
x
L
x
k
L
AE
K
0
2
2
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
(12.10)
[ ]

=
1 5 . 0
5 . 0 1
3 1 1
1 1
kL
L
AE
K
b
b
(12.11)
and
[ ]

=
1 5 . 0
5 . 0 1
3
2 2 1 2
2 1 1 1
kL
N N N N
N N N N
k K
r
(12.12)

Equations (12.11) and (12.12) are used to assemble the stiffness for the shear bolts.
12-4

12.3 Phase
2
Model
Phase
2
uses bolts that are not necessarily connected to the element vertices. This is achieved by a
mapping procedure to transfer the effect of the bolt to the adjacent solid elements.

The Phase
2
model for a pull-out test is shown in Figure 12.3. The model uses:
Elastic material for the host rock
The bolt is modeled to allow plastic deformation.
The model uses 50cm bolt length
Three different pull-out forces are used (53.76, 84 and 87.41 kN).
No initial element loads were used.

2
analysis of shear bolt pull-out test
12-5
The maximum and minimum principal stresses in rock for the pull-out force of 53.76 kN are
presented in Figures 12.4 and 12.5, respectively. These figures closely matched the results
obtained from FLAC.

Fig 12.4 Maximum principal stress

Fig 12.5 Minimum principal stress
12-6
Figure 12.6 shows the axial force distribution on the bolt for displacements of 10mm, 15.8mm
and 16.7mm. The first pull-out force of 53.76 kN deforms the bolt at 10mm and the bolt has not
failed. In Figures 12.6(b) and 12.6(c) the light color of blue shown on the bolt represents the
portion of the bolt that has failed. At the second pull-out force of 84 kN, the bolt has a limited
failure zone. The bolt failed completely at the peak force of 87.41 kN. Increasing the load after
the peak load will basically pull the bolt from the rock mass.

(a) at 10mm deformation (b) at 15.8mm deformation (c) at 16.9mm deformation
Fig 12.6 Bolt axial force distribution along bolt length
A plot of pull force versus bolt displacement for a single bolt is shown in Figure 12.7. This
figure illustrates the elastic-perfectly plastic behaviour of the bolt model used in Phase
2
. This
behaviour is similar to the general force-displacement behaviour recorded from field tests.
12-7

Fig 12.7 Bolt pull force versus displacement
12.5 References
1. Farmer, I.W. (1975), Stress distribution along a resin grouted rock anchor, Int. J. of Rock
Mech. And Mining Sci & Geomech. Abst., 12, 347-351.
2. Hyett A.J ., Moosavi M. and Bawden W.F. (1996), Load distribution along fully grouted
bolts, with emphasis on cable bolt reinforcement, Int. J. Numer and Analytical meth. In
Geomech., 20, 517-544
3. Cook R.D., Malkus D.S., Plesha M.E (1981), Concepts and applications of finite element
analysis, 3
rd
Edition, Wiley
12.6 Data Files
The input data file for this example is:
FEA012.FEZ
2

0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25
Bolt displacement (mm)
B
o
l
t

p
u
l
l

f
o
r
c
e

(
k
N
)

13-1
13 Drained Triaxial Compressive Test of Modified Cam
Clay Material
The Modified Cam Clay (MCC) constitutive relationship is one of the earliest critical state
models for realistically describing the behaviour of soft soils. As a result it is one of the most
widely applied stress-strain relationship in the non-linear finite element modeling of practical
geotechnical problems. The state at a point in an MCC soil is characterized by three parameters:
effective mean stress ' p , deviatoric (shear stress)q , and specific volumev .
Due to the complexity of the MCC model, very few MCC problems have closed-form solutions,
which can be used to verify the accuracy, stability and convergence of MCC finite element
algorithms. One of the problems with an analytic solution involves the drained triaxial testing of
cylindrical Modified Cam Clay sample. In this test, the sample is compressed axially under a
constant total radial stress, and no build up of excess pore water pressures (i.e. excess pore
pressures are allowed to fully dissipate).
Fig 13.1: Triaxial compressive test of cylindrical soil sample
In Phase
2
, the MCC constitutive model is integrated implicitly over a finite strain increment
through the closest point projection algorithm described in [1]. A major advantage of the
approach is its robustness and efficiency. The performance of this algorithm in Phase
2
will be
tested on two examples of drained triaxial testing. The first test involves post-yield (plastic)
loading only, while the second considers initial elastic behaviour that transitions into plastic
loading. The two load paths considered are shown on Figures 13.1 and 13.2.

Confining
pressure
Axial
pressure
13-2
Fig 13.2: Triaxial compressive test load path for Example 1.

Fig 13.3: Triaxial compressive test load path for Example 2.
For each triaxial test, two plots will be generated to compare the performance of the MCC
implementation in Phase
2
in relation to the drained triaxial test benchmark solution. The first
plot examines the relationship between deviatoric (shear stress), q , and axial strain,
a
, of the
test sample, while the second compares volumetric strains,
v
, to axial strains.
Five material parameters are required to specify the behaviour of the MCC sample. These are:
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
p (kPa)
q

(
k
P
a
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 50 100 150 200 250
p (kPa)
q

(
k
P
a
)
CSL
Load Path
Yield Envelope
CSL
Load Path
Yield Envelope
( ' , )
cs cs
p q
( ' , )
i i
p q
( ' , )
i i
p q
( ' , )
cs cs
p q
( ' , )
y y
p q
13-3
1. the slope of the normal compression (virgin consolidation) line and critical state line
(CSL) in ln ' v p space
2. the slope of a swelling (loading-unloading) line in ln ' v p space
3. M the slope of the CSL in ' q p space
N the specific volume of the normal compression line at unit pressure
4. or
the specific volume of the CSL at unit pressure

Poissons ratio
5. or
G shear modulus.
As can be seen from the description of input parameters, the MCC formulation requires
specification of either a constant shear modulus G or constant Poissons ratio , but not both.
Analysis based on the former assumption is known as constant elasticity analysis, and that
based on the latter is termed variable elasticity. The verification example will examine the
performance of Phase
2
on both forms of analysis.
The initial state of consolidation of the MCC soil is specified in terms of a preconsolidation
pressure,
o
p . (Phase
2
also allows users to specify the initial state of consolidation through the
overconsolidation ratio.)
For the test, the following material properties and conditions are assumed:
Parameter Value
N 1.788
M 1.2
0.077
0.0066
G (for the case of constant elasticity) 20000 kPa
(for the case of variable
elasticity)
0.3
Initial State of Consolidation
Preconsolidation pressure,
o
p 200 kPa
Initial Loading Conditions
Initial mean volumetric stress, ' p 200 kPa
Initial shear stress, q 0 kPa

13-4
13.2 Closed-Form Solution

Under triaxial stress conditions, the effective mean stress
'
p and shear stress q are related to the
axial stress
a
and radial stress
r
through the equations
2
3
a r
p
+
=
a r
q = .

States of the Sample during the Drained Triaxial Test
The load path for the drained triaxial compression test in ' p q space is shown on Fig. 13.2. The
initial stresses applied to the MCC soil sample are labeled '
i
p and
i
q . Given the slope of the load
path, the mean effective stress '
h
p when 0 q = can be calculated from the relationship
1
' '
3
h i i
p p q = .
The equation of the load path can then be written as
( ) 3 ' '
h
q p p = .
The mean and deviatoric stresses when the sample is loaded to critical state are
3 '
'
3
h
CS
p
p
M
=
and
3 '
3
h
CS
Mp
q
M
=
.
For the general case when testing starts in the elastic region, the stresses at which yielding first
occurs can be determined as
( )
( )
2 2 2
2
' 18 ' ' 36 ' ' '
'
2 9
o h o o h h
y
M p p M M p p p p
p
M
+ + +
=
+
and
( )
3 ' '
y y h
q p p = .
In the elastic region, the specific volume of the sample corresponding to the current stress state
can be calculated from the equation
( )
'
ln ' ln
'
o
o
p
v N p
p

=

.
The above equation can be used to determine specific volumes corresponding to stress states that
exceed a current preconsolidation pressure '
o
p , with the exception that a new preconsolidation
pressure
,
'
o new
p calculated as
2
, 2 2
' ' 1
'
o new
q
p p
M p

= +

must be used.
Calculation of Elastic Strains
The elastic volumetric strain corresponding to a current stress state ( ) ' ,
c c
p q for the MCC soil
sample under drained triaxial testing can be calculated as
13-5
'
ln ln 1
' 3 '
e c c i
v
i i
p q q
v p v p

= = +

For the case of constant elasticity (when the shear modulus G is assumed constant), elastic
deviatoric strains are computed from the equation
3 3
c
i
q
e c i
s
q
q q dq
G G

= =
.
For variable elasticity, which assumes Poissons ratio to be constant, elastic deviatoric
strains are determined from
( )
( )
2 1 3 '
ln
3 1 2 3 '
e h c
s
h
p q
p qi

+ +
=
+
.
Calculation of Plastic Strains
Plastic straining, which begins only after the load path crosses the initial yield curve, is also
computed in terms of volumetric and shear components. Plastic strain components can be
calculated as
2 2
2 2
ln 3 2 ' ' ln 3 '
3 3 3 3
c
y
q
p
v h h h
q
M q q q
M p M p p
v

= + + + +

while plastic shear strains are computed from the equation
( ) ( )
2
1
9
2
tan
9 ' 3
3 3
ln ( 3) 3 ' ln ( 3) 3 '
( 3) ( 3)
c
y
q
h p
s
h h
q
q M
M
Mv p M
q M Mp q M Mp
v M M M M

+

=

+ + + + +

+

Axial and Radial Strains
The volumetric and shear strains calculated in a triaxial test can be related to the axial and radial
strains,
a
and
r
, respectively, of the test sample. The relationships are as follow:
1
3
a v s
= +
1 1
3 2
r v s
= .
All the above-described calculations have been implemented in an Excel spreadsheet included
with this document.
13.3 Phase
2
Model
The drained compressive triaxial tests of the MCC sample were modelled in Phase
2
using a
single 8-noded quadrilateral element, axisymmetric analysis, and staging of the applied axial
13-6
loads. The mesh, boundary conditions, and an example of the applied axial and radial loads used
are shown on Fig. 13.4.
For each of the two examples, the stage factors for the axial loads were calculated (from the
attached spreadsheet) such that the resulting effective mean and deviatoric stresses conformed to
the selected triaxial loading path. In the first test, which starts with stresses on the initial yield
envelope, the load path (shown on Fig. 13.2) was applied in 32 stages. In Example 2 (Fig. 13.3),
the load path was applied in 36 stages.

Fig. 13.4 Mesh, boundary conditions and loads for axisymmetric Phase
2
analysis
Tables 13.1 and 13.2 present the shear stresses, and axial and volumetric strains calculated from
the analytical solution and from Phase
2
for the first triaxial test example (Example 1). For this
case both the constant and variable elasticity assumptions produce the same analytical results.
Figures 13.5 and 13.6 show the
a
q and
a v
plots.
The results for the second test example (Example 2) are summarized in Tables 13.3 and 13.4.
The former table holds the results for the constant elasticity case, while the latter has the shear
stresses and strains for the case of variable elasticity. Figures 13.3 and 13.4 present the
respective
a
q and
a v
plots.
The
a
q results from Phase
2
for both Example 1 and Example 2 compare very well to the
analytical solution. For the volumetric strain axial strain plot, the error between Phase
2
results
and the values predicted by the closed-form solution at 0.02 axial strain for the different
examples range from 18% to 20%. The magnitude of these errors is very similar to that estimated
from the plots in Reference [2].
13-7
Table 13.1 Example 1: Results for Case of Constant Elasticity
Phase2 Results Analytical Solution
No. q Axial strain, a Volumetric
strain, v
q Axial strain, a Volumetric
strain, v
1 0.00 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.00 0.0000000 0.0000000
2 12.90 0.0001024 0.0006125 12.90 0.0003698 0.0009756
3 25.80 0.0002609 0.0012397 25.81 0.0009118 0.0021405
4 38.70 0.0004404 0.0021824 38.71 0.0016414 0.0034673
5 51.58 0.0006936 0.0033724 51.61 0.0025692 0.0049303
6 64.47 0.0010612 0.0047866 64.52 0.0037022 0.0065055
7 77.34 0.0015795 0.0063981 77.42 0.0050450 0.0081714
8 90.21 0.0022813 0.0081805 90.32 0.0066006 0.0099089
9 103.08 0.0031985 0.0101149 103.23 0.0083718 0.0117009
10 115.93 0.0043620 0.0121806 116.13 0.0103614 0.0135328
11 128.79 0.0057954 0.0143486 129.03 0.0125732 0.0153922
12 141.63 0.0075195 0.0165925 141.94 0.0150122 0.0172683
13 154.49 0.0095583 0.0188957 154.84 0.0176856 0.0191522
14 167.32 0.0119370 0.0212430 167.74 0.0206026 0.0210364
15 180.19 0.0146880 0.0236260 180.65 0.0237761 0.0229146
16 193.02 0.0178330 0.0260250 193.55 0.0272224 0.0247818
17 205.88 0.0214260 0.0284460 206.45 0.0309626 0.0266339
18 218.71 0.0254920 0.0308640 219.35 0.0350240 0.0284674
19 231.55 0.0300950 0.0332810 232.26 0.0394413 0.0302799
20 244.40 0.0353010 0.0356910 245.16 0.0442590 0.0320691
21 257.22 0.0411800 0.0380860 258.06 0.0495351 0.0338336
22 270.05 0.0478520 0.0404660 270.97 0.0553453 0.0355722
23 282.89 0.0554580 0.0428300 283.87 0.0617909 0.0372840
24 295.72 0.0641560 0.0451660 296.77 0.0690105 0.0389685
25 308.53 0.0742060 0.0474760 309.68 0.0771999 0.0406253
26 321.33 0.0859420 0.0497540 322.58 0.0866470 0.0422543
27 334.12 0.0999250 0.0520070 335.48 0.0977996 0.0438555
28 346.90 0.1169400 0.0542200 348.39 0.1114094 0.0454291
29 359.66 0.1384200 0.0564040 361.29 0.1288864 0.0469753
30 372.39 0.1671300 0.0585500 374.19 0.1533962 0.0484944
31 385.05 0.2095400 0.0606200 387.10 0.1950371 0.0499869

13-8
Table 13.2 Example 1 Results for Case of Variable Elasticity
strain, v
strain, v
1 0.00 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.00 0.0000000 0.0000000
2 12.90 0.0001370 0.0006135 12.90 0.0003698 0.0009756
3 25.80 0.0003252 0.0012429 25.81 0.0009118 0.0021405
4 38.70 0.0005304 0.0021886 38.71 0.0016414 0.0034673
5 51.59 0.0008051 0.0033798 51.61 0.0025692 0.0049303
6 64.47 0.0011902 0.0047958 64.52 0.0037022 0.0065055
7 77.35 0.0017212 0.0064038 77.42 0.0050450 0.0081714
8 90.22 0.0024310 0.0081828 90.32 0.0066006 0.0099089
9 103.08 0.0033518 0.0101140 103.23 0.0083718 0.0117009
10 115.94 0.0045155 0.0121797 116.13 0.0103614 0.0135328
11 128.79 0.0059457 0.0143483 129.03 0.0125732 0.0153922
12 141.63 0.0076600 0.0165880 141.94 0.0150122 0.0172683
13 154.47 0.0096863 0.0188917 154.84 0.0176856 0.0191522
14 167.31 0.0120480 0.0212380 167.74 0.0206026 0.0210364
15 180.16 0.0147780 0.0236180 180.65 0.0237761 0.0229146
16 193.00 0.0179030 0.0260190 193.55 0.0272224 0.0247818
17 205.84 0.0214650 0.0284350 206.45 0.0309626 0.0266339
18 218.66 0.0254910 0.0308470 219.35 0.0350240 0.0284674
19 231.50 0.0300540 0.0332620 232.26 0.0394413 0.0302799
20 244.33 0.0352130 0.0356690 245.16 0.0442590 0.0320691
21 257.14 0.0410330 0.0380570 258.06 0.0495351 0.0338336
22 269.97 0.0476460 0.0404340 270.97 0.0553453 0.0355722
23 282.77 0.0551450 0.0427830 283.87 0.0617909 0.0372840
24 295.58 0.0637480 0.0451120 296.77 0.0690105 0.0389685
25 308.37 0.0736590 0.0474110 309.68 0.0771999 0.0406253
26 321.14 0.0852140 0.0496740 322.58 0.0866470 0.0422543
27 333.90 0.0989280 0.0519080 335.48 0.0977996 0.0438555
28 346.65 0.1155900 0.0541080 348.39 0.1114094 0.0454291
29 359.35 0.1364500 0.0562580 361.29 0.1288864 0.0469753
30 372.02 0.1640400 0.0583800 374.19 0.1533962 0.0484944
31 384.60 0.2039400 0.0604200 387.10 0.1950371 0.0499869

13-9
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Axial Strain
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r
i
c

S
t
r
e
s
s
,

q

(
k
P
a
)
Phase2
Analytical

Fig. 13.5 Variation of deviatoric stress with axial strain for Example 1
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Axial Strain
V
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c

S
t
r
a
i
n
Phase2
Analytical

Fig. 13.6 Variation of volumetric strain with axial strain for Example 1
13-10
Table 13.3 Example 2: Results for Case of Constant Elasticity
strain, v
strain, v
1 0.00 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.00 0.0000000 0.0000000
2 27.85 0.0006293 -0.0004952 27.85 0.0006222 0.0004738
3 55.71 0.0012447 -0.0009486 55.71 0.0012316 0.0009093
4 83.56 0.0018483 -0.0013667 83.56 0.0018302 0.0013123
5 111.42 0.0024418 -0.0017545 111.42 0.0024194 0.0016874
6 114.25 0.0038285 -0.0010543 114.27 0.0042830 0.0024418
7 117.04 0.0058975 -0.0000279 117.13 0.0062200 0.0031920
8 119.87 0.0081056 0.0010084 119.99 0.0082344 0.0039379
9 122.70 0.0104380 0.0020420 122.85 0.0103309 0.0046793
10 125.53 0.0129000 0.0030716 125.70 0.0125149 0.0054160
11 128.36 0.0155000 0.0040966 128.56 0.0147922 0.0061480
12 131.19 0.0182450 0.0051170 131.42 0.0171695 0.0068753
13 134.02 0.0211420 0.0061280 134.28 0.0196543 0.0075976
14 136.84 0.0242080 0.0071380 137.13 0.0222555 0.0083150
15 139.67 0.0274560 0.0081400 139.99 0.0249828 0.0090274
16 142.50 0.0308950 0.0091350 142.85 0.0278476 0.0097347
17 145.33 0.0345440 0.0101240 145.71 0.0308632 0.0104369
18 148.16 0.0384250 0.0111050 148.56 0.0340450 0.0111341
19 150.98 0.0425520 0.0120780 151.42 0.0374111 0.0118260
20 153.81 0.0469540 0.0130440 154.28 0.0409829 0.0125129
21 156.62 0.0516540 0.0140020 157.14 0.0447859 0.0131946
22 159.44 0.0566990 0.0149510 159.99 0.0488513 0.0138711
23 162.26 0.0621250 0.0158930 162.85 0.0532169 0.0145425
24 165.08 0.0679790 0.0168250 165.71 0.0579297 0.0152087
25 167.89 0.0743190 0.0177470 168.57 0.0630492 0.0158698
26 170.71 0.0812210 0.0186590 171.42 0.0686519 0.0165258
27 173.51 0.0887810 0.0195590 174.28 0.0748384 0.0171767
28 176.31 0.0971220 0.0204500 177.14 0.0817453 0.0178225
29 179.11 0.1064000 0.0213340 180.00 0.0895639 0.0184632
30 181.89 0.1168100 0.0221920 182.85 0.0985744 0.0190990
31 184.68 0.1286600 0.0230520 185.71 0.1092111 0.0197297
32 187.46 0.1423400 0.0238860 188.57 0.1222017 0.0203555
33 190.22 0.1585100 0.0247060 191.43 0.1389098 0.0209763
34 192.97 0.1781500 0.0254900 194.28 0.1623962 0.0215923
35 195.69 0.2031000 0.0262800 197.14 0.2024245 0.0222034

13-11
Table 13.4 Example 2 Results for Case of Variable Elasticity
strain, v
strain, v
1 0.00 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.00 0.0000000 0.0000000
2 27.85 0.0012381 -0.0004953 27.85 0.0011845 0.0004738
3 55.71 0.0023715 -0.0009486 55.71 0.0022733 0.0009093
4 83.56 0.0034166 -0.0013666 83.56 0.0032808 0.0013123
5 111.42 0.0043862 -0.0017544 111.42 0.0042184 0.0016874
6 114.24 0.0057961 -0.0010599 114.27 0.0060820 0.0024418
7 117.05 0.0079118 -0.0000264 117.13 0.0080190 0.0031920
8 119.88 0.0101640 0.0010152 119.99 0.0100334 0.0039379
9 122.72 0.0125440 0.0020546 122.85 0.0121299 0.0046793
10 125.56 0.0150520 0.0030892 125.70 0.0143139 0.0054160
11 128.39 0.0177030 0.0041210 128.56 0.0165912 0.0061480
12 131.23 0.0205010 0.0051470 131.42 0.0189685 0.0068753
13 134.08 0.0234610 0.0061690 134.28 0.0214533 0.0075976
14 136.91 0.0265950 0.0071870 137.13 0.0240545 0.0083150
15 139.75 0.0299070 0.0081970 139.99 0.0267818 0.0090274
16 142.58 0.0334270 0.0092030 142.85 0.0296466 0.0097347
17 145.42 0.0371620 0.0102040 145.71 0.0326622 0.0104369
18 148.25 0.0411310 0.0111950 148.56 0.0358440 0.0111341
19 151.09 0.0453630 0.0121830 151.42 0.0392101 0.0118260
20 153.92 0.0498790 0.0131610 154.28 0.0427819 0.0125129
21 156.75 0.0547130 0.0141330 157.14 0.0465849 0.0131946
22 159.58 0.0599050 0.0150970 159.99 0.0506503 0.0138711
23 162.41 0.0654990 0.0160550 162.85 0.0550159 0.0145425
24 165.23 0.0715490 0.0170030 165.71 0.0597287 0.0152087
25 168.05 0.0781180 0.0179440 168.57 0.0648482 0.0158698
26 170.88 0.0853110 0.0188750 171.42 0.0704509 0.0165258
27 173.70 0.0931910 0.0197970 174.28 0.0766374 0.0171767
28 176.51 0.1019300 0.0207140 177.14 0.0835443 0.0178225
29 179.32 0.1117000 0.0216160 180.00 0.0913629 0.0184632
30 182.13 0.1227400 0.0224960 182.85 0.1003734 0.0190990
31 184.92 0.1354200 0.0233760 185.71 0.1110101 0.0197297
32 187.71 0.1502000 0.0242380 188.57 0.1240007 0.0203555
33 190.49 0.1679500 0.0250900 191.43 0.1407088 0.0209763
34 193.25 0.1899900 0.0259100 194.28 0.1641952 0.0215923
35 196.00 0.2189800 0.0604200 197.14 0.2042235 0.0222034

13-12
0.00E+00
5.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.50E+02
2.00E+02
2.50E+02
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Axial Strain
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r
i
c

S
t
r
e
s
s
,

q

(
k
P
a
)
Phase2
Analytical

Fig. 13.7 Constant elasticity analysis: variation of deviatoric stress with axial strain for
Example2
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Axial Strain
V
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c

S
t
r
a
i
n
Phase2
Analytical

Fig. 13.8 Constant elasticity analysis: variation of volumetric strain with axial strain for
Example 2
13-13
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.00E+00 5.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.50E-01 2.00E-01 2.50E-01
Axial Strain
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r
i
c

S
t
r
e
s
s
,

q

(
k
P
a
)
Phase2
Analytical

Fig. 13.7 Variable elasticity analysis: variation of deviatoric stress with axial strain for
Example 2
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Axial Strain
V
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c

S
t
r
a
i
n
Phase2
Analytical

Fig. 13.8 Variable elasticity analysis: variation of volumetric strain with axial strain for
Example 2
13-14
13.5 References
1. R.I. Borja and S.R. Lee, (1990), Cam-Clay plasticity, part I: implicit integration of elasto-
plastic constitutive relations, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 78,
49-72.
2. D.M. Potts and D. Ganendra, (1994), An evaluation of substepping and implicit stress point
algorithms, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 119, 341-354.
3. D.M. Potts and L. Zdravkovic, (1999), Finite Element Analysis in Geotechnical
Engineering: Volume I- Theory, 1
st
Ed., Thomas Telford, London.
13.6 Data Files
The input data files for the drained triaxial compressive testing of Modified Cam Clay samples
are:
File name Example
No.
Assumption
FEA01301 1 Constant
elasticity
FEA01302 1 Variable
elasticity
FEA01303 2 Constant
elasticity
FEA01304 2 Variable
elasticity

These files can be found in the Phase
2
installation folder. Also included in the installation folder
are two Microsoft Excel spreadsheet files Drained triaxial test for modified cam model
(constant Poisson's ratio).xls and Drained triaxial test for modified cam model (constant
Poisson's ratio).xls that implement the closed-form solutions for drained triaxial compressive
testing for Modified Cam Clay soils.

14-1
14 Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Strip Footing in
Sand
This problem verifies foundation settlements for the case of a strip footing in sand subjected to
incremental loads. This example uses Duncan and Chang hyperbolic model to capture the non-
linear stress-strain relationship. The material properties are as follows:
Modulus Number (K
E
) =300
Modulus exp (n) =0.55
Failure Ratio (
f
R ) =0.83
Cohesion (c ) =0
Friction angle () =35.5
0

Unit Weight () =91 lb/ft
3

Poissons Ratio () =0.35
The model geometry is shown in Figure 14.1. The footing width is 2.44 inch (Tomlinson, 2001).
Due to symmetry, only half of problem geometry is modeled.

Fig. 14.1: Model for non-linear finite element analysis of strip footing in sand
14-2
The Duncan-Chang Hyperbolic constitutive model is widely used for the modeling of soils with
more generalized stress-strain behavior, and is capable of modeling the stress-dependent strength
and stiffness of soils. The Duncan-Chang Hyperbolic can only be used in conjunction with the
Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion in Phase
2
. The following equations are derived, based on a
hyperbolic stress-strain curve and stress-dependent material properties for the Duncan-Chang
Hyperbolic model.
The tangential modulus, (E
t
), is given by
( )( )
2
3
3 1
3
E
sin 2 cos 2
sin 1
1 K
c
R
p
p E
f
n
atm
atm t

Where

E
K =modulus number (dimensionless)

atm
p =atmospheric pressure

3
=minor principal stress

1
=major principal stress

f
R

=failure ratio
=friction angle
c =cohesion

14.3 Phase
2
Model
The Phase
2
a graded mesh
custom discretization of boundaries at the bottom half (23 discretization segments)
The side boundaries are restrained from lateral movement. The top boundary is unrestrained
(free), while the bottom boundary is fixed.

14-3

Fig. 14.2 Finite Element representation of the strip footing in Phase
2

Figure 14.3 shows relationship between settlement and average footing pressure predicted by
Phase
2
compared to the experiment and finite element analysis conducted by Tomlinson (2001).
The plot shows a good agreement between Phase
2
and the experimental and analytical solution
provided by Tomlinson (2001).
14-4
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Average footing Pressure-lb/in2
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
-
i
n
c
h
e
s
Phase2
Experimental [Tomlinson]
Finite Element Analysis [Tomlinson]

Fig. 14.3 Comparison of Phase
2
results for the strip footing in sand to results provided by
Tomlinson (2001)
14.5 References
1. J . M. Duncan and C. Y. Chang (1970), Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain in soils, J . of
Soil Mech. and Foundation Division, ASCE, 96 (SM5), pp. 1629-1653.
2. M. J . Tomlinson (2001), Foundation Design and Construction, 7
th
Ed., Upper Saddle River,
NJ : Prentice Hall.
14.6 Data Files
The input data file for the Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Strip Footing in Sand is:
FEA014.fez
2

15-1
15 Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Circular Footing
on Saturated, Undrained Clay
This problem verifies foundation settlements for the case of a circular footing on saturated,
undrained clay subjected to incremental loads. This example uses Duncan and Chang hyperbolic
model to capture the non-linear stress-strain relationship. The material properties are as follows:
Modulus Number (K
E
) =47
Modulus exp (n) =0
Failure Ratio (
f
R ) =0.90
Cohesion (c ) =0.5 t/ft
2
=1120 lb/ft
2

Friction angle () =0
Unit Weight () =110 lb/ft
3

Poissons Ratio () =0.48
The model geometry is shown in Figure 15.1. The footing diameter is 8 feet (Tomlinson, 2001).
Due to symmetry, only half of problem geometry is modeled.

Fig. 15.1: Model for non-linear finite element analysis of circular footing on saturated,
undrained clay
15-2
The Duncan-Chang Hyperbolic constitutive model is widely used for the modeling of soils with
more generalized stress-strain behavior, and is capable of modeling the stress-dependent strength
and stiffness of soils. The Duncan-Chang Hyperbolic can only be used in conjunction with the
Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion in Phase
2
. The following equations are derived, based on a
hyperbolic stress-strain curve and stress-dependent material properties for the Duncan-Chang
Hyperbolic model.
The tangential modulus, (E
t
), is given by
( )( )
2
3
3 1
3
E
sin 2 cos 2
sin 1
1 K
c
R
p
p E
f
n
atm
atm t

Where

E
K =modulus number (dimensionless)

atm
p =atmospheric pressure

3
=minor principal stress

1
=major principal stress

f
R

=failure ratio`
=friction angle
c =cohesion

15.3 Phase
2
Model
The Phase
2
axisymmetric analysis
a graded mesh
4-noded quadrilaterals finite elements (200 elements)
custom discretization of boundaries around the concrete footing
The outer boundary is restrained from lateral movement. The top boundary is unrestrained (free),
while the bottom boundary is fixed.
15-3

Fig. 15.2 Finite Element representation of the strip footing in Phase
2

Figure 15.3 shows relationship between settlement and footing pressure predicted by Phase
2

compared to that of the theory of elasticity and plasticity and also to that generated from the
finite element analysis results conducted by Tomlinson (2001). The plot shows a good agreement
between Phase
2
and the experimental and analytical solution provided by Tomlinson (2001).
15-4
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 5
Footing Pressure-t/ft2
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
-
f
e
e
t
Phase2
Theory of Elasticity-Plasticity
Finite Element Analysis [Tomlinson]
Theory of Elasticity
Theory of Plasticity

Fig. 15.3 Comparison of Phase
2
results for the circular footing on saturated, undrained clay to
results provided by Tomlinson (2001)
15.5 References
1. J . M. Duncan and C. Y. Chang (1970), Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain in soils, J . of
Soil Mech. and Foundation Division, ASCE, 96 (SM5), pp. 1629-1653.
2. M. J . Tomlinson (2001), Foundation Design and Construction, 7
th
Ed., Upper Saddle River,
NJ : Prentice Hall.
15.6 Data Files
The input data file for the Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Circular Footing on Saturated,
Undrained Clay is:
FEA015.fez
2

Phase2 StressVerification

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Phase

for the cylindrical hole in an infinite elastic medium

for Non-Associated flow ( = 0

stresses calculated by Phase

around the hole

around the hole

are the stress

, and Figure 9.4 shows the comparison for radial displacement.

for the spherical cavity in an infinite elastic medium

M of the shell is plotted versus in

) flow rule is used. The following material properties are assumed:

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