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Mole concept a mole is 6.02 x 10 23 - avogadro number - units of an item. Molar mass is equivalent to the mass of 1 mole of that compound expressed in grams. Volume of a gas expressed in grams is referred to as the gram - molecular volume (gmv) or molar volume.
Mole concept a mole is 6.02 x 10 23 - avogadro number - units of an item. Molar mass is equivalent to the mass of 1 mole of that compound expressed in grams. Volume of a gas expressed in grams is referred to as the gram - molecular volume (gmv) or molar volume.
Mole concept a mole is 6.02 x 10 23 - avogadro number - units of an item. Molar mass is equivalent to the mass of 1 mole of that compound expressed in grams. Volume of a gas expressed in grams is referred to as the gram - molecular volume (gmv) or molar volume.
The mole concept A mole is 6.02 x 10 23 avogadro number - units of an item. Avogadros Law: Equal volumes of different gases contain equal numbers of molecules at the same pressure and temperature. Molar mass and moles When the formula mass of an ionic compound is determined by the addition of its component relative atomic masses and expressed in grams, it is called the molar mass. The molar mass is equivalent to the mass of 1 mole of that compound expressed in grams. Mole relationships When dealing with elements Moles of the element x molar mass = mass of the element When dealing with compounds Moles of a compound x molar mass = mass of the compound When dealing with molecules of a compound Moles of molecules x 6.02 x 10 23 = number of molecules When dealing with atoms of elements Moles of atoms x 6.02 x 10 23 = number of atoms Gas volumes and molar mass The standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP) are 273 K and 760 mm of mercury pressure. The molecular mass of a gas expressed in grams and under standard conditions occupies 22.4 liters. The 22.4 liters is referred to as the gram molecular volume (gmv) or molar volume. Gay Lussacs Law states that, when only gases are involved in a reation, the volumes of the reacting gases and the volumes of the gaseous products are in a small-whole-number ratio to each other. Density and molar mass Since the density of a gas is usually given in gram/liter of gas at STP, we can use the molar volume to molar mass relationship. Mass volume relationships Mass mass problems Volume volume problems Problems with an excess of one reactant or a limiting reactant Percent yield of a product
Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes LIQUIDS Importance of Intermolecular Interaction A liquid can be describe as a form of matter that has a definite volume and takes the shape of its container. In a liquid, the volume of the molecules and the intermolecular forces between them are much more important than in a gas. Kinetics of Liquids An increase in temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the molecules and the rapidity of their movement. If a particular molecule gains enough kinetic energy when it is near the surface of a liquid, it can overcome the attractive forces of the liquid phase and escape into gaseous phase. This is called a change of phase. When fast moving molecules with high kinetic energy escape, the average energy of the remaining molecules is lower; hence the temperature is lowered. Viscosity Viscosity is the friction or resistance to motion that exists between the molecules of a liquid when they move past each other. The viscosity of a liquid depends on its intermolecular forces. Ex: H2O vs alcohol and gasoline. Surface Tension Molecules at the surface of a liquid experience attractive forces downward and sideways along the surface of the liquid. This imbalance force results in a property called surface tension. Capillary Action Capillary action, the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid, is a property closely related to surface tension ( a liquid will rise quite high in a very narrow tube if a strong attraction exists between the liquid molecules and the molecules that make up the surface of the tube). Ex: paper chromatography; meniscus; plant PHASE EQUIBRIUM Phase equibrium is when the rates of evaporation and condensation equalize. In a close system, when opposing changes are taking place at equal rates, the system is said to have dynamic equilibrium. Chteliers Principle states that when a system at equilibrium is disturbed by the application of a stress, it reacts so as to minimize the stress and attain a new equilibrium position. The molecules in the vapor that are in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature exert a constant pressure. This is called the equilibrium vapor pressure at that temperature. BOILING POINT When a liquid is heated in an open container, the liquid and vapor are not in equilibrium and the vapor pressure increases until it becomes equal to the pressure above the liquid. At this point, the average kinetic energy of the molecules is such that they are rapidly converted from the liquid to the vapor phase within the liquid as well as at the surface. The temperature at which this occurs is known as the boiling point. Boiling point is defined as the point at which the liquids vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure. CRITICAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE The temperature above which the liquid phase of a substance cannot exist is called its critical temperature. Above its critical temperature, no gas can be liquefied regardless of the pressure applied. The minimum pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature is called its critical pressure.