Spanish Tutorial Basic Phrases, Vocabulary and

Grammar
Note: Before heading to the tutorial I would recommend to download any online
dictionary which could easily translate the words coming in your mind in
Spanish which will help learning the new words which are not proided in
this tutorial, if you hae one so that!s good if not then I!ll personally prefer
Babel"ish dictionary which is free so you don!t need to buy it# The
download lin$ is proided below:
%ownload Babel"ish Translator
1. Basic Phrases
&Buenos d'as(
bway-nohs dee-ahs
Hello! / Good morning!
&Buenas tardes(
bway-nahs tard-ays
Good afternoon!
&Buenas noches(
bway-nahs noh-chays
Good evening! / Good night!
&)ola( * &+hao(
oh-lah / chow
Hi! / Bye!
,di-s#
ah-dee-ohs
Good bye.
Por faor#
por fah-bor
Please.
)asta la ista * )asta
luego#
ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-
stah loo-ay-go
See you / See you later.
)asta pronto#
ah-stah prohn-toh
See you soon.
)asta ma.ana#
ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah
See you tomorrow.
/0uchas1 Gracias#
(moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs
Than you !very much".
%e nada#
day nah-dah
#ou$re welcome.
Bienenidos
byen-veh-nee-dohs
%elcome
2o siento
loh see-ehn-toh
&$m sorry
+on permiso * Perd-n *
%isculpe
kohn pehr-mee-soh / pehr-
dohn / dees-kool-peh
'(cuse me / Pardon me
&Vamos(
bah-mohs
)et$s go!
3+-mo est4 usted5
koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted
How are you* !formal"
3+-mo est4s5
koh-moh ay-stahs
How are you* !informal"
36u7 tal5
kay tahl
How$s it going*
Bien * 0uy bien
bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn
Good / +ery good
0al * 0uy mal * 04s o
menos
mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh
may-nohs
Bad / +ery bad / ,-
S' * No
see / noh
#es / .o
3+-mo se llama usted5
koh-moh say yah-mah oo-
sted
%hat is your name* !formal"
3+-mo te llamas5
koh-moh tay yah-mahs
%hat is your name*
!informal"
0e llamo### * 0i nombre
es###
may yah-moh / mee nohm-
breh ess
/y name is...
0ucho gusto# * 8ncantado#
moo-choh goo-stoh / en-
cahn-tah-doh
.ice to meet you.
Igualmente#
ee-guahl-mehn-tay
Same here. / Same to you.
Se.or * Se.ora * Se.orita
sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah /
sayn-yor-ee-tah
/ister / /rs. / /iss
3%e d-nde es usted5
day dohn-day ehs oo-sted
%here are you from*
!formal"
3%e d-nde eres5
day dohn-day eh-rehs
%here are you from*
!informal"
9o soy de###
yoh soy day
&$m from...
3+u4ntos a.os tiene usted5
quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ay-
nay oo-sted
How old are you* !formal"
3+u4ntos a.os tienes5
quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-
ayn-ays
How old are you* !informal"
9o tengo ::::: a.os#
yoh tayn-goh _____ ahn-
yohs
& am 00000 years old.
3)abla usted espa.ol5
ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn-yol
1o you s2ea S2anish*
!formal"
3)ablas ingl7s5
ah-blahs een-glehs
1o you s2ea 'nglish*
!informal"
/No1 )ablo###
noh ah-bloh
& !don$t" s2ea...
38ntiende usted5 *
38ntiendes5
ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehn-
tyen-dehs
1o you understand* !formal /
informal"
/No1 8ntiendo#
noh ehn-tyen-doh
& !don$t" understand.
9o /no lo1 se#
yoh noh loh seh
& !don$t" now.
3Puede ayudarme5
pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh
3an you hel2 me* !formal"
+laro * +laro ;ue s'
klah-roh / klah-roh keh see
Sure / ,f course
3+-mo5
koh-moh
%hat* Pardon me*
3%-nde est4 * %-nde
est4n### 5
dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh
,;u' * ,h'
ah-kee / ah-ee
Here / There
)ay * )ab'a###
eye / ah-bee-ah
There is / are... / There was /
eh-stahn
%here is ... / %here are ... *
were...
3+-mo se dice :::: en
espa.ol5
koh-moh seh dee-seh ___ en
eh-spahn-yol
How do you say 0000 in
S2anish*
36u7 es esto5
keh ehs ehs-toh
%hat is that*
36u7 te pasa5
keh teh pah-sah
%hat$s the matter !with
you"*
No importa#
noh eem-por-tah
&t doesn$t matter.
36u7 pasa5
keh pah-sah
%hat$s ha22ening*
Sin noedad#
seen noh-veh-dahd
.othing much.
No tengo ninguna idea#
noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah
ee-deh-ah
& have no idea.
&Buena idea(
bweh-nah ee-deh-ah
Good idea!
&Pase(
pah-seh
Go ahead!
8stoy cansado * enfermo#
eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehn-
fehr-moh
&$m tired / sic.
Tengo hambre * sed#
tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed
&$m hungry / thirsty.
Tengo calor * fr'o#
tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-oh
&$m hot / cold.
8stoy aburrido#
eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh
&$m bored.
No me importa#
noh meh eem-por-tah
& don$t care.
No se preocupe#
noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh
1on$t worry
8st4 bien#
ehs-tah bee-ehn
That$s alright. / &t$s o.
0e olid7#
meh ohl-vee-deh
& forgot.
Tengo ;ue ir ahora#
tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rah
& must go now.
32isto5
lees-toh
4eady*
6ui<4s * %epende#
kee-sahs / deh-pehn-deh
/aybe / &t de2ends.
Toda'a no#
toh-dah-vee-ah noh
.ot yet.
&6u7 chistoso(
keh chees-toh-soh
How funny!
&6ue le aya bien(
keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn
Have a nice day!
&Nos emos(
nohs veh-mos
%e$ll see you!
&Salud(
sah-lood
Bless you!
&"elicitaciones(
feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-nehs
3ongratulations!
&Buena suerte(
bweh-nah swehr-teh
Good luc!
Te toca a ti#
teh toh-kah ah tee
&t$s your turn. !informal"
&+allate(
kah-yah-teh
Shut u2!
Te amo#
tay ah-moh
& love you. !informal and
singular"
.otice that S2anish has informal and formal ways of s2eaing. This is because there is
more than one meaning to 5you5 in S2anish !as well as in many other languages." The
informal you is used when taling to close friends6 relatives6 animals or children. The
formal you is used when taling to someone you 7ust met6 do not now well6 or someone
for whom you would lie to show res2ect !a 2rofessor6 for e(am2le."
8ncantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. &f
the words refer to a woman or are s2oen by a woman6 then the final o changes to a8
encantada, cansada, enferma, and aburrida
&n S2ain6 as well as 9rgentina6 Bolivia6 3hile6 Paraguay6 Peru6 :ruguay and +ene;uela6
the S2anish language is called castellano instead of es2a<ol.
=. Pronunciation
Spanish 2etter 8nglish Sound
a ah
e ay
i ee
o oh
u oo
ll y
v b at beginning of word6 real soft b between = vowels
< ny !as in canyon"
r almost lie a d when in between = vowels
rr r with a roll of the tongue
d almost lie a th when in between = vowels
7 hard h
g g6 sometimes a h
>u
ai / all / ay eye
; s
;6 ce6 ci th !in northern S2ain only"
The five vowels in S2anish are all 2ure vowels8 ?a@6 ?e@6 ?i@6 ?o@6 ?u@ Be sure that you do
not 2ronounce a di2hthong as we do in 'nglish !the e(tra yuh or wuh sound at the end".
Stress: Aust as in 'nglish6 S2anish stresses a certain syllable in a word. &f a word ends in
a consonant6 e(ce2t s or n6 the stress is on the last syllable. &f a word ends in a vowel6 or s
or n6 the stress is on the secondBtoBlast syllable. Cor words that do no follow these rules6
an accent is written over the vowel so that you will now to stress that syllable6 as in el
p4=aro !bird".
Please ee2 in mind that because S2anish is s2oen in many countries6 there are several
regional dialects and accents so 2ronunciation rules may not a22ly to all countries. This
tutorial is mostly concerned with thelanguage that is s2oen in /e(ico and S2ain.
D. 9l2habet
a ah = hohBtah r airBay
b bay $ ah rr airrBay
c say l ayBlay s ayBsay
ch chay ll ayByay t tay
d day m ayBmay u oo
e ay n ayBnay bay cheeBah
f ayBfay . aynByay w vay dohBblay
g hey o oh > ahBees
h ahBchay p 2ay y eeBgreeBayBgah
i ee ; oo < sayBtah
The S2anish language academy no longer considers the ch6 ll or rr to be se2arate letters in
dictionaries6 but they are still se2arate letters in the al2habet. &n S2ain6 you can say ooB
bay for v6 but in )atin 9merica most dialects 7ust use bay and an ad7ective6 such as chica
!/e(ico and Peru" or corta !9rgentina and 3hile".
E. 9rticles F 1emonstratives
/asc.
Singular
Cem.
Singular
/asc. Plural Cem. Plural
the el !ail" la !lah" the los !lohs" las !lahs"
a6 an un !oon"
una !oon-
ah"
some
unos !oon-
ohs"
unas !oon-
ahs"
this este esta these estos estas
that ese esa those esos esas
that a;uel a;uella those a;uellos a;uellas
8l is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first
syllable. %ords that end in Bo and Bor are generally masculine6 with a few e(ce2tions8 la
mano !hand"6 la foto !2hoto". %ords that end in Ba are generally feminine6 with a few
e(ce2tions8 el mapa !ma2"6 el problema !2roblem". ,ther feminine words end in ?ci-n6
?tad6 ?dad6 or ?tud.
:se the ese forms to mean that when what you are taling about is near the 2erson you
are addressing. :se the a;uel forms when what you are taling about is far from both
you and the 2erson you are addressing. 8sto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that.
They can be used in general and abstract ways. 1emonstrative ad7ectives !listed above"
are used before a nounG if you want to use the demonstrative 2ronouns6 which are used
before a verb6 add an accent on all of the first e$s8 7ste, 7sta, 7stos, 7stas, 7se, 7sa, 7sos,
7sas, a;u7l, a;u7lla, a;u7llos, a;u7llas#
H. Sub7ect Pronouns
yo yoh &
nosotros *
nosotras
noh-soh-
trohs / noh-
soh-trahs
we
t@ too you !informal"
osotros *
osotras
boh-soh-
trohs / boh-
soh-trahs
you all
7l / ella /
usted
ail / ay-
yah / oo-
sted
he / she / it /
you !formal"
ellos / ellas /
ustedes
ay-yohs / ay-
yahs / oo-
sted-ays
they / they /
you !2lural"
Vosotros is used only in S2ain when s2eaing to more than one 2erson with whom you
now well. Nosotras and osotras refer to a grou2 of all females6 as well as ellas.
Astedes is almost always used for saying 5you all5 in all S2anish s2eaing countries.
Asted can be abbreviated to Ad. Astedes can also be abbreviated to Ads# Please note that
the sub7ect 2ronouns are rarely used before verbs.
I. To Be F to Have
ser ? to be
present past future
soy & am fu' & was ser7 & will be
eres you are fuiste you were ser4s you will be
es he/she/it is fu7 he/she/it was ser4 he/she/it will be
somos we are fuimos we were seremos we will be
sois you are fuisteis you were ser7is you will be
son they are fueron they were ser4n they will be
estar ? to be
present past future
estoy & am estue & was estar7 & will be
est4s you are estuiste you were estar4s you will be
est4 he/she/it is estuo he/she/it was estar4 he/she/it will be
estamos we are estuimos we were estaremos we will be
est4is you are estuisteis you were estar7is you will be
est4n they are estuieron they were estar4n they will be
tener ? to hae
present past future
tengo & have tue & had tendr7 & will have
tienes you have tuiste you had tendr4s you will have
tiene he/she/it has tuo he/she/it had tendr4 he/she/it will have
tenemos we have tuimos we had tendremos we will have
ten7is you have tuisteis you had tendr7is you will have
tienen they have tuieron they had tendr4n they will have
Highlighted forms are only used in Spain
Ser is used to identify or describe. &t tells what something is6 its basic characteristics6 or
its origin. 8star is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels.
Ases of Ser
&dentify 2erson/ob7ect
&nherent characteristics
or >ualities
.ationality/,ccu2ation
Telling time
'(2ress ownershi2
&m2ersonal e(2ressions
Passive voice
8l edificio es un templo#
2a casa es grande#
+arlos es pobre#
8s carpintero#
Son las tres#
2os libros son de Buan#
8s necesario#
8l tel7fono fue inentado por
Bell#
The building is a tem2le.
The house is large.
3harles is 2oor.
He is a car2enter.
&t$s three o$cloc.
The boos are Aohn$s.
&t is necessary.
The tele2hone was invented by
Bell.
Ases of 8star
)ocation/2osition
Tem2orary condition/state
8l libro est4 en la mesa#
2a entana est4 abierta#
The boo is on the table.
The window is o2en.
State of health
Corm 2rogressive tense
Buan est4 enfermo#
0iguel est4 estudiando#
Aohn is sic.
/ichael is studying.
Sometimes changing the verb can com2letely change the meaning8 ser aburrido means
to be boring6 while estar aburrido means to be bored. ,thers include8 ser bueno B to be
nice6 estar bueno B to be in good healthG ser callado B to be discrete6 estar callado B to be
silentG ser moreno B to have brown hair6 estar moreno B to be tan.
/any common e(2ressions using the verb 5be5 in 'nglish use the verb 5tener5 in S2anish
!but not all"8
to be afraid tener miedo to be in a hurry tener prisa, estar de prisa
to be against estar en contra to be 7ealous tener celos
to be at fault tener la culpa to be lucy tener suerte
to be careful tener cuidado to be 2atient tener paciencia
to be cold tener fr'o to be slee2y tener sue.o
to be curious ser curioso*a to be successful tener 7>ito
to be ha22y estar contento*a to be thirsty tener sed
to be hot tener calor to be tired estar cansado*a
to be hungry tener hambre to be 000 years old tener ::: a.os
J. Kuestion %ords
what ;u7 which cu4l/es1
who ;ui7n/es1 how much cu4nto /?a1
how c-mo how many cu4ntos /?as1
when cu4ndo whom a ;ui7n/es1
where d-nde whose de ;ui7n/es1
why por ;u7
L. cardinal F ordinal .umbers
M cero say-roh
1 uno oo-noh first primero
= dos dohs second segundo
D tres trays third tercero
E cuatro kuah-troh fourth cuarto
H cinco seen-koh fifth ;uinto
I seis says si(th se>to
J siete see-ay-tay seventh s7ptimo
L ocho oh-choh eighth octao
N nuee new-ay-vay ninth noeno
1M die< dee-ays tenth d7cimo
11 once ohn-say eleventh und7cimo
1= doce doh-say twelfth duod7cimo
1D trece tray-say thirteenth d7cimo tercero
1E catorce kah-tor-say fourteenth d7cimo cuarto
1H ;uince keen-say fifteenth d7cimo ;uinto
1I die< y seis dee-ays ee says si(teenth d7cimo se>to
1J die< y siete dee-ays ee see-ay-tay seventeenth d7cimo s7ptimo
1L die< y ocho dee-ays ee oh-choh eighteenth d7cimo octao
1N die< y nuee dee-ays ee new-ay-vay nineteenth d7cimo noeno
=M einte bayn-tay twentieth ig7simo
=1 einte y uno bayn-tay ee oo-noh twentyBfirst ig7simo primero
== einte y dos bayn-tay ee dohs twentyBsecond ig7simo segundo
DM treinta trayn-tah thirtieth trig7simo
EM cuarenta kuar-ain-tah fortieth cuadrag7simo
HM cincuenta seen-kuain-tah fiftieth ;uincuag7simo
IM sesenta say-sain-tah si(tieth se>ag7simo
JM setenta say-tain-tah seventieth septuag7simo
LM ochenta oh-chain-tah eightieth octog7simo
NM noenta noh-bain-tah ninetieth nonag7simo
1MM cien/to1 see-ain-(toh) hundredth cent7simo
1MMM mil meel thousandth mil7simo
&f you are 7ust saying 1MM6 you use cien. &f it$s over 1MM6 you use ciento. So 1M1 is ciento
uno and 1HI would be ciento cincuenta y seis. 9lso you can use diecis7is6 diecisiete6
dieciocho6 and diecinuee for 1I6 1J6 1L6 and 1N6 res2ectively. They are 2ronounced the
same but are combined into one word. 9dditionally6 =1B=N can be written as one word
!eintiuno, eintid-s, eintitr7s, etc."6 but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers.
Primero and tercero dro2 the final Bo when used directly before a noun.
N. 1ays of the %ee
/onday lunes loo-nays
Tuesday martes mar-tays
%ednesday mi7rcoles mee-air-coh-lays
Thursday =uees hway-bays
Criday iernes bee-air-nays
Saturday s4bado sah-bah-doh
Sunday domingo doh-ming-oh
day el d'a dee-ah
wee la semana say-mahn-ah
weeend el fin de semana feen day say-mahn-ah
today hoy oy
tonight esta noche es-tah noh-chay
last night anoche ah-noh-chay
yesterday ayer eye-yair
tomorrow ma.ana mahn-yahn-ah
my birthday mi cumplea.os mee coom-play-ahn-yohs
ne(t pr->imo * pr->ima prok-see-moh / mah
last pasado * pasada pah-sah-doh / dah
day before yesterday anteayer ahn-teh-eye-yair
day after tomorrow pasado ma.ana pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah
the following day el d'a siguiente dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh
the day before la 'spera vees-peh-rah
1ays of the wee are all masculine in gender and they are not ca2itali;ed in writing. The
definite article is not used after the verb ser6 but at all other times it is re>uired and there
is slight change in meaning if it is singular or 2lural8 el lunes O on /onday but los lunes
O on /ondays
1M. /onths of the #ear
Aanuary enero ay-nair-oh
Cebruary febrero fay-bray-roh
/arch mar<o mar-soh
92ril abril ah-breel
/ay mayo mi-oh
Aune =unio hoo-nee-oh
Auly =ulio hoo-lee-oh
9ugust agosto ah-gohs-toh
Se2tember septiembre sayp-tee-aim-bray
,ctober octubre ohk-too-bray
.ovember noiembre noh-bee-aim-bray
1ecember diciembre dee-see-aim-bray
month el mes mais
first of ?a month@ el primero de CmonthD pree-mair-oh day _____
year el a.o ahn-yoh
decade la d7cada deh-kah-dah
century el siglo see-gloh
millennium el milenio mee-leh-nee-oh
The 2re2osition en is used with months8 en abril O in 92ril. 9lso notice that 2rimero is
used for the first of the month6 but the rest of the days are referred to using the regular
cardinal numbers8 el primero de =unio but el dos de =ulio. /onths of the year are also all
masculine and not ca2itali;ed in writing.
3+ual es la fecha de hoy5 %hat is today$s date*
)oy es el primero de agosto# Today is 9ugust 1st.
11. Seasons
s2ring la primaera in s2ring en primaera
summer el erano in summer en erano
winter el inierno in winter en inierno
autumn el oto.o in autumn en oto.o
1=. 1irections
to the right a la derecha
to the left a la i<;uierda
straight ahead todo derecho
north el norte northeast el noreste
south el sur northwest el noroeste
east el este southeast el sureste
west el oeste southwest el suroeste
1D. 3olors F sha2es
red ro=o * ro=a circle el c'rculo
2in rosado * rosada s>uare el cuadrado
orange
anaran=ado *
anaran=ada
rectangle el rect4ngulo
yellow amarillo * amarilla triangle el tri4ngulo
green erde oval el -alo
blue a<ul cube el cubo
light blue celeste s2here la esfera
2ur2le morado * morada cylinder el cilindro
violet ioleta cone el cono
brown marr-n octagon el oct4gono
blac negro * negra bo( la ca=a
gray gris 2yramid la pir4mide
white blanco * blanca
golden dorado * dorada dar oscuro * oscura
silver plateado * plateada light claro * clara
9ll ad7ectives in S2anish are 2laced after the noun that they describe and they agree in
gender !masculine or feminine" and number !singular or 2lural" with the noun. .otice
that some colors do not change for gender !marrPn" or number !gris". To change an
ad7ective to the feminine form6 you usually 7ust change the final Bo to Ba. To mae an
ad7ective 2lural6 sim2ly add an Bs.
a red house O una casa ro=a
1E. Time
36u7 hora es5 %hat time is it*
8s la una# &t$s one.
Son las dos*tres*cuatro### &t$s two/three/four...
8s mediod'a# &t$s noon.
8s medianoche# &t$s midnight.
Son las cinco y cinco# &t$s H8MH
Son las ocho y cuarto# &t$s L81H
Son las die< menos cuarto# &t$s N8EH
Son cuarto para las die< &t$s N8EH !common in /e(ico"
Son las nuee menos die<# &t$s L8HM
Son die< para las nuee &t$s L8HM !common in /e(ico"
Son las tres y media * treinta# &t$s D8DM
de la ma.ana in the morning / 9/
de la tarde in the afternoon / P/
de la noche in the evening / P/
en punto e(actly / shar2
3, ;u7 hora5 9t what time*
1H. %eather
36u7 tiempo hace5 %hat$s the weather lie*
)ace buen tiempo# The weather$s nice.
)ace mal tiempo# The weather$s bad.
)ace fr'o# &t$s cold.
)ace calor# &t$s hot.
)ace sol# &t$s sunny.
)ace iento# &t$s windy.
)ace fresco# &t$s chilly.
8st4 nublado# &t$s cloudy.
)ay niebla# &t$s foggy.
)ay neblina# &t$s misty.
)ay humedad# &t$s humid.
)ay grani<o# &t$s hailing.
2luee# &t$s raining.
Niea# &t$s snowing.
Truena# &t$s thundering.
2loi<na# &t$s s2rinling.
1I. Pre2ositions
a at6 to al lado de beside6 alongside of
con with alrededor de around
contra against cerca de near6 close to
de of6 from le=os de far from
en in6 on delante de in front of
entre between6 among deba=o de below6 under
hacia towards6 about en frente de o22osite
para for6 in order6 by detr4s de behind
por for6 through6 along6 via encima de above6 on to2 of
sobre on6 over hasta till6 until
sin without desde from6 since
There are two 2re2ositional contractions with definite articles. , and el combine to form
al6 and de and el combine to form del.
1J. Camily F 9nimals
family la familia grandfather el abuelo baby el beb7
2arents los padres grandmother la abuela teenager
el
adolescente
husband
el marido * el
esposo
grand2arents los abuelos boy el ni.o
wife
la mu=er * la
esposa
grandson el nieto girl la ni.a
father / dad
el padre *
pap4
granddaughter la nieta
boys F
girls
los ni.os
mother /
mom
la madre *
mam4
grandchildren los nietos man el hombre
son el hi=o uncle el t'o woman la mu=er
daughter la hi=a aunt la t'a adult el adulto
children los hi=os aunts F uncles los tios twins !m" los gemelos
brother el hermano ne2hew el sobrino twins !f" las gemelas
sister la hermana niece la sobrina dog el perro
brothers F
sisters
los hermanos
nieces F
ne2hews
los sobrinos cat el gato
only child
!m"
el hi=o @nico cousin !m" el primo bird el p4=aro
only child
!f"
la hi=a @nica cousin !f" la prima fish el pe<
id / boy el muchacho cousins los primos gold fish
la carpa
dorada
id / girl la muchacha relatives los parientes horse el caballo
halfBbrother
el medio
hermano
ste2father el padastro goat la cabra
halfBsister
la media
hermana
ste2mother la madrastra 2ig el cerdo
fatherBinB
law
el suegro ste2brother
el
hermanastro
cow la aca
motherBinB
law
la suegra ste2sister
la
hermanastra
rabbit el cone=o
brotherBinB
law
el cu.ado ste2son el hi=astro turtle la tortuga
sisterBinBlaw la cu.ada ste2daughter la hi=astra mouse el rat-n
sonBinBlaw el yerno godfather el padrino deer el ciero
daughterBinB
law
la nuera godmother la madrina duc el pato

1L. To -now Peo2le F Cacts
conocer - to know people saber - to know facts
cono<co conocemos s7 sabemos
conoces conoc7is sabes sab7is
conoce conocen sabe saben
1N. Cormation of Plural .ouns
1. &f a singular noun ends in a vowel6 7ust add Bs to mae it 2lural8 la casa E las
casas
=. &f a singular noun ends in a consonant6 a vowel with an accent6 or y6 add Bes to
mae it 2lural8 el papel E los papeles
D. Singular nouns that end in B; change the ; to c and add Bes to form the 2lural8 la
lu< E las luces
E. 9 few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the 2lural8 el l4pi<
E los l4pices
=M. Possessive 9d7ectives
&nitial Corms Terminal Corms
singular 2lural singular 2lural
my mi mis m'o * m'a m'os * m'as
your tu tus tuyo * tuya tuyos * tuyas
your/his/her/its su sus suyo * suya suyos * suyas
our
nuestro *
nuestra
nuestros *
nuestras
nuestro *
nuestra
nuestros *
nuestras
your
uestro *
uestra
uestros *
uestras
uestro *
uestra
uestros *
uestras
your/their su sus suyo * suya suyos * suyas

4emember that uestro forms are only used in S2ain !7ust as the vosotros sub7ect
2ronoun F verb con7ugations are only used in S2ain".
Because su and sus can have so many meanings6 the definite article may be used instead
of su with these e(2ressions following the noun8 de !d" de #l" de ella" de !ds" de ellos
and de ellas.
los libros de ellos their boos
The terminal forms are 2laced after the noun6 and the noun must be 2receded by the
definite article6 e(ce2t in direct address. %hen used with the indefinite article6 it
corres2onds to the 'nglish 5of mine6 of yours65 etc.
el libro m'o my boo
6u7 haces, hi=o m'o5 %hat are you doing6 my son*
un amigo m'o a friend of mine