INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

COMPANY NAME:
ABC SDN. BHD.
LOT 123 KAWASAN PERINDUSTRIAN GEBENG
26080 KUANTAN, PAHANG.







SYED MOHD SAUFI
KA10001
BACHELOR OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING








FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA DAN SUMBER ASLI
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG




29 JUNE 2014 5 SEPTEMBER 2014






II

INDUSTRIAL SUPERVISORS DECLARATION

I hereby acknowledge that this Industrial Training Report has been verified and it does
not contain any CONFIDENTIAL information to be released to the public.




Signature :
Name of supervisor :
Date :
Official stamp :








III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to express my sincere appreciation to the Industrial Training
Supervisor, Mr. Ali bin Ahmad for their guidance and encouragement throughout the
duration of the training industry. Collaboration with the Techno Spark Pvt. Limited. Is
greatly appreciated. Appreciation is also extended to all those involved either directly or
indirectly during the training industry.

IV
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

V
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INDUSTRIAL SUPERVISORS DECLARATION ................................................. II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... III
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... V
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. VI
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. VII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................. VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... IX
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the company .................................................................. 1
1.2 Background of the projects .................................................................... 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 2
2.1 Subtopic 1 .............................................................................................. 2
2.2 Subtopic 2 .............................................................................................. 2
2.3 Subtopic 3 .............................................................................................. 2
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................................... 3
3.1 Materials ................................................................................................ 3
3.2 Process description ................................................................................ 3
3.3 Process flow diagram of YYY ................................................................. 3
3.4 Measurement of XXX ............................................................................. 3
3.5 Operation of YYY ................................................................................... 3
3.6 Maintenance of ZZZ ............................................................................... 4
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................................................................... 5
4.1 Result 1 and discussion ......................................................................... 5
4.2 Effects of xxxxx ...................................................................................... 5
4.3 Factor affecting bioactive compounds extraction ................................... 5
6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 7
6.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 7
6.2 Suggestions ........................................................................................... 7
REFRENCES ....................................................................................................... 8
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 9


VI
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: Illustration of the trailing vortex behind the impeller blade by Vant Riet
and Smith (1975) .................................................................................................. 2
Figure 3-1: Illustration of the trailing vortex behind the impeller blade by Vant Riet
and Smith (1975) .................................................................................................. 3
Figure 4-1: Illustration of the trailing vortex behind the impeller blade by Vant Riet
and Smith (1975) .................................................................................................. 6



VII
LIST OF TABLES

Table 3-1: Prediction of power number of a Rushton turbine ..................................... 4
Table 4-1: Prediction of power number of a Rushton turbine ..................................... 5


VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A
0
constant of eq.(3.6)
A
s
constant of eq.(3.6)
a interfacial area per unit volume
( )
i
L a breakage kernel
( )
i
L k b , daughter bubble distribution function
B nucleation kernel
C impeller off-bottom clearance
*
o
C oxygen solubility in water
C
D
drag coefficient
v
g
superficial gas velocity
VVM volume per unit volume
w weight for QMOM
W impeller blade width
Y
v
turbulent destruction term for Spalart-Almaras model


Greek
v
l
kinematic viscosity
ie
u collision rate of bubbles with turbulent eddies
i
k break-up efficiency
( )
j i
L L , A bubble collision eficiency


Subscripts
b bubble
g gas
l liquid
eff effective



IX
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CARPT Computer-automated radioactive particle tracking
CFD Computational fluid dynamics
CSP Capillary suction probe
CT Computer tomography
DAE Differential algebraic equation
DES Detached eddy simulation
DI Digital imaging
EIT Electric impedance tomography
ERT Electric resistance tomography
FFT Fast Fourier transform
GRT Gamma ray tomography
IZ Ishii-Zuber drag model
LDA Laser doppler anemometry
LES Large eddy simulation
LIF Laser image fluorescence
PBE Population balance equation
PBM Population balance modelling
PDA Phase doppler anemometer
PIV Particle image velocimetry
PLIF Planar laser induced fluorescence
MOC Method of classes
MOCh Method of characteristic
MOM Method of moment
MRF Multiple reference frame
PD Product difference
QMOM Quadrature method of moment
RDT Rushron turbine
RANS Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes
RNG Renormalised k-
RSM Reynolds stress model
SA Spalart-Allmaras model
SGS sub-grid scale
SMM Sliding mesh method
SN Schiller-Naumann drag model
SST Shear stress transport model



1
1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the company
1.2 Background of the projects
The following are the scope of this research:
i) Background of Project Involved by stating the problem occurs.
ii) Project Objectives
iii) Project Scope
iv) Project Planning
2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Subtopic 1
Literature research contains information relevant and directly related to
research/project/task. The subtopic is depends on your creativity.
2.2 Subtopic 2
This paper presents a numerical study of bubbly flow in a 200 mm diameter vertical
pipe using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Multiphase
2.3 Subtopic 3
Include TFC, TPC and Antioxidant content analysis

Figure 2-1: Illustration of the trailing vortex behind the impeller blade by Vant Riet
and Smith (1975)
3
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Materials
Materials and methodology are complete and adequately detailed. Logical and easily
followed. Description of procedure is complete, ensuring that it can be replicated.
3.2 Process description
This paper presents a numerical study of bubbly flow in a 200 mm diameter vertical
pipe using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Multiphase
3.3 Process flow diagram of YYY
This paper presents a numerical study of bubbly flow in a 200 mm diameter vertical
pipe using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Multiphase
3.4 Measurement of XXX
This paper presents a numerical study of bubbly flow in a 200 mm diameter vertical
pipe using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Multiphase
3.5 Operation of YYY
Include TFC, TPC and Antioxidant content analysis

Figure 3-1: Illustration of the trailing vortex behind the impeller blade by Vant Riet
and Smith (1975)
The turbulent diffusivity transport term is modelled using a simplified form of the
generalised gradient diffusion hypothesis as:
4
( )
(
(

c
' ' c
c
c
=
k
j i
k
t
k
ij T
x
u u
x
D
o

,
(3.12)


Table 3-1: Prediction of power number of a Rushton turbine
Moment acting on
impeller & shaft
Moment acting on
wall & baffle
integration
k- 4.72 4.73 3.99
Rk- 4.76 4.74 3.85
RNG 4.96 4.96 3.05
RSM 4.81 5.04 3.13
DES 5.00 5.56
LES 5.42 5.32
Bujalski et al. (1987)* 4.94
Rutherford et al. (1996)* 5.25
Rutherford et al. (1996) 4.99
Yianneskis et al. (1987) 4.87
*Calculated from eq.(2.3) and eq.(2.4) described in chapter 2 using Derksen et al.s
(1999) dimensions
3.6 Maintenance of ZZZ
This paper presents a numerical study of bubbly flow in a 200 mm diameter vertical
pipe using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Multiphase
5
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Result 1 and discussion
This paper presents a numerical study of bubbly flow in a 200 mm diameter vertical
pipe using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Multiphase simulations were
performed using an Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model and the drag coefficient of
spherical and distorted bubbles was modelled using the models proposed by Schiller
and Naumann (1935), Ishii-Zuber (1979) and Tomiyama et al. (1995). The effect of the
void fractions on the drag coefficient was modelled using the correlation by Behzadi et
al. (2004). The CFD predictions showed good agreement to the experimental
measurement adopted from literature. Comparison between the simulated and the
experimental data suggests that the effects of bubble shape and shear flow on drag force
acting on bubbles should be taken into account for accurate predictions of bubbly pipe
flows.
4.2 Effects of xxxxx
This paper presents a numerical study of bubbly flow in a 200 mm diameter vertical
pipe using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Multiphase
Table 4-1: Prediction of power number of a Rushton turbine
Moment acting on
impeller & shaft
Moment acting on
wall & baffle
integration
k- 4.72 4.73 3.99
Rk- 4.76 4.74 3.85
RNG 4.96 4.96 3.05
RSM 4.81 5.04 3.13
DES 5.00 5.56
LES 5.42 5.32
Bujalski et al. (1987)* 4.94
Rutherford et al. (1996)* 5.25
Rutherford et al. (1996) 4.99
Yianneskis et al. (1987) 4.87
*Calculated from eq.(2.3) and eq.(2.4) described in chapter 2 using Derksen et al.s
(1999) dimensions
4.3 Factor affecting bioactive compounds extraction
Include TFC, TPC and Antioxidant content analysis
6

Figure 4-1: Illustration of the trailing vortex behind the impeller blade by Vant Riet
and Smith (1975)

7
6 CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusion
This project focuses on both the CFD and experimental study of gas-liquid bioreactors,
i.e. bubble column and stirred tank. Scaling-up method of stirred tank bioreactor
depending on the knowledge of mass transfer, mixing and gas-liquid hydrodynamics
which was
6.2 Suggestions
The research carried in this project (gas-liquid mixing) is currently being expanded for
solid-liquid application by Mr. Muhd Hairynizam Muhd Taib (a MSc student). The
solid-liquid mixing system has more industrial application around the East Coast region
such as the CMC production plant in Gebeng Industrial Park which we had a regular
contact. Focus for this new work will be on mixing performance as they affected the
mass transfer and hence the reaction in solid-liquid tank.
8
REFRENCES







9
APPENDICES