9.

Problem: Solve the following linear dierential equations with con-

stant coecients
(i)(D
3
+ 6D
2
+ 11D + 6)y = 0; D
d
dx
(ii)(D
4
D
3
9D
2
11D 4)y = 0; D
d
dx
(iii)(D
4
4D
3
+ 8D
2
8D + 4)y = 0; D
d
dx
(iv)(D
4
+ 2D
3
+ 3D
2
+ 2D + 1)y = 0; D
d
dx
Solution:
(i) The auxiliary equation (A.E.) is m
3
+ 6m
2
+ 11m + 6 = 0
(m + 1)(m + 2)(m + 3) = 0
m = 1, 2, 3
Hence the required general solution is
y = C
1
e
x
+ C
2
e
2x
+ C
3
e
3x
, where C
1
, C
2
, C
3
being constants.
(ii) The auxiliary equation (A.E.) is m
4
m
3
9m
2
11m4 = 0
(m + 1)
3
(m4) = 0
m = 1, 1, 1, 4.
Hence the required general solution is
y = (C
1
+ C
2
x + C
3
x
2
)e
x
+ C
4
e
4x
.
(iii) Here A.E. is m
4
4m
3
+ 8m
2
8m + 4 = 0
_
m
2
+
4
m
2
_
4
_
m +
2
m
_
+ 8 = 0 (1)
Let m +
2
m
= t, so that m
2
+
4
m
2
= t
2
4 (2)
17
Using (2), (1) becomes
(t
2
4) 4t + 8 = 0
t
2
4t + 4 = 0
(t 2)
2
= 0
_
m +
2
m
2
_
2
= 0
(m
2
+ 2 2m)
2
= 0
m = 1 i, (twice)
Hence the required general solution is
y = e
x
[(C
1
+ C
2
x) cos x + (C
3
+ C
4
x) sin x] .
(iv) The A.E. is m
4
+ 2m
3
+ 3m
2
+ 2m + 1 = 0
(m
4
+ 2m
3
+ m
2
) + (2m
2
+ 2m) + 1 = 0
(m
2
+ m)
2
+ 2(m
2
+ m) + 1 = 0
t
2
+ 2t + 1 = 0; (t = m
2
+ m)
(t + 1)
2
= 0
(m
2
+ m + 1)
2
= 0
m =
1 i

3
2
(twice)
Hence the required general solution is
y = e

x
2
_
(C
1
+ C
2
x) cos
_

3
2
x
_
+ (C
3
+ C
4
x) sin
_

3
2
x
__
.
10. Problem: Solve
(D
2
+ a
2
)y = cot ax; D
d
dx
.
Solution: Here A.E. is m
2
+ a
2
= 0 = m = ia
C.F. = C
1
cos ax + C
2
sin ax
Now P.I. =
1
D
2
+ a
2
cot ax =
1
(D + ia)(D ia)
cot ax
=
1
2ia
_
1
D ia

1
D + ia
_
cot ax (1)
18
Here
1
D ia
cot ax = e
iax
_
e
iax
cot ax dx
= e
iax
_
(cos ax i sin ax).
cos ax
sin ax
dx
= e
iax
_ _
cos
2
ax
sin ax
i cos ax
_
dx
= e
iax
_ _
(1 sin
2
ax)
sin ax
i cos ax
_
dx
= e
iax
_
(csc ax sin ax i cos ax) dx
= e
iax
_
1
a
log tan
_
ax
2
_
+
1
a
cos ax
i
a
sin ax
_
= e
iax
_
1
a
log tan
_
ax
2
_
+
e
iax
a
_

1
D ia
cot ax =
1
a
e
iax
log tan
_
ax
2
_
+
1
a
(2)
Replacing i by i in (2), we have
1
D + ia
cot ax =
1
a
e
iax
log tan
_
ax
2
_
+
1
a
(3)
Using (2) and (3),(1) becomes
P.I. =
1
2ia
_
1
a
_
e
iax
log tan
_
ax
2
_
+ 1
_

1
a
_
e
iax
log tan
_
ax
2
_
+ 1
_
_
=
1
a
2
e
iax
e
iax
2i
log tan
_
ax
2
_
=
1
a
2
sin ax. log tan
_
ax
2
_
.
Hence the required general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
y = C
1
cos ax + C
2
sin ax +
1
a
2
sin ax. log tan
_
ax
2
_
.
11. Problem: Solve the following dierential equation:
(i)(D
2
3D + 2)y = e
3x
; D
d
dx
19
(ii)(D
2
2D + 1)y = 2e
5x
2
; D
d
dx
Solution: (i) (D
2
3D + 2)y = e
3x
A.E. is m
2
3m + 2 = 0
(m1)(m2) = 0
m = 1, 2
C.F. = C
1
e
x
+ C
2
e
2x
P.I. =
1
D
2
3D + 2
e
3x
=
e
3x
3
2
3.3 + 2
=
e
3x
2
Hence the required general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
y = C
1
e
x
+ C
2
e
2x
+
e
3x
2
.
(i) (D
2
2D + 1)y = 2e
5x
2
A.E. is m
2
2m + 1 = 0
(m1)
2
= 0
m = 1, 1
C.F. = (C
1
+ C
2
x)e
x
P.I. =
2
(D 1)
2
e
5x
2
=
2
(
5
2
1)
2
e
5x
2
=
2e
5x
2
9
4
=
8
9
e
5x
2
.
Hence the required general solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
y = (C
1
+ C
2
x)e
x
+
8
9
e
5x
2
.
20