Maleckar

Chem 960
Fall 2013
Chapter 3: Quantum Theory and the
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Part 1

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
1. gold foil test
2. proved the existence of a nucleus in atoms
3. proposed that atoms contain protons and electrons
4. Rutherford Model of the atoms, 1911

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858-1947)
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

The Photoelectric Effect
1905: Einstein used Plancks quantum theory to explain the photoelectric
effect
Its a phenomenon in which





Application: the detector beam for a garage door opener
How does it work?




Neils Bohr (1885-1962)
Bohr Model of the Atom(1913)






A Line Spectrum
When an atom is heated and its electrons are excited, the extra energy ___________
__________________________________________________________________.
When those electrons fall back down to their original ground state, ______________
_____________________________________________________________.
The wavelength of the photon is determined by _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
All of the various electrons and their energies create a line spectrum that can be used to
identify a particular atom.


Calculate the wavelength, in nm, of the photon emitted when an electron
transtions from the n=4 state to the n=2 state in a hydrogen atom.











Erwin Schrdinger (1887-1961)




Light has a dual nature: ______________ or _______________.
Whats the big deal about the Schrdinger Wave Equation?



Q: What do we know from the Wave Equation?
1.

2.

3.

Q: What happens when you solve the Schrdinger Wave Equation????
1.

2.

3.
Each orbital has a specific shape and energy

There are 4 types of orbitals:

An orbital is:


The s orbital









p orbitals







d orbitals











f orbitals










Which Orbitals Exist? In what order do they fill?

1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p




Orbitals fill in order of _______________________________


Electron Configurations

#e 1s 2s 2p

H 1 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

He 2 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Li 3 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Be 4 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

B 5 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

C 6 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1s
1
1s
2
2s
1
2s
2
2p
1
2p
2
2p
3
2p
4
2p
5
2p
6
3s
1
3s
2
3p
1
3p
2
3p
3
3p
4
3p
5
3p
6
4s
1
4s
2
3d
1
3d
2
3d
3
3d
4
3d
5
3d
6
3d
7
3d
8
3d
9
3d
10
4p
1
4p
2
4p
3
4p
4
4p
5
4p
6
5s
1
5s
2
4d
1
4d
2
4d
3
4d
4
4d
5
4d
6
4d
7
4d
8
4d
9
4d
10
5p
1
5p
2
5p
3
5p
4
5p
5
5p
6
6s
1
6s
2
5d
1
5d
2
5d
3
5d
4
5d
5
5d
6
5d
7
5d
8
5d
9
5d
10
6p
1
6p
2
6p
3
6p
4
6p
5
6p
6
7s
1
7s
2
6d
1
6d
2
6d
3
6d
4
6d
5
6d
6
6d
7
6d
8
6d
9
6d
10
7p
1
7p
2
7p
3
7p
4
7p
5
7p
6
4f
1
4f
2
4f
3
4f
4
4f
5
4f
6
4f
7
4f
8
4f
9
4f
10
4f
11
4f
12
4f
13
4f
14
5f
1
5f
2
5f
3
5f
4
5f
5
5f
6
5f
7
5f
8
5f
9
5f
10
5f
11
5f
12
5f
13
5f
14
N 7 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

O 8 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

F 9 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Ne 10 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___


Hunds Rule: For degenerate orbitals (multiple orbitals in the same subshell), the lowest energy
is attained when the # of electrons with the same spin is maximized.

Translation:




So..if you have 4 electrons in the d orbitals.they will fill like this.


___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
d orbitals d orbitals

What is the ground state electron configuration of _____?


Al 13e



V? 23e




Pt? 78e


How Should You Write It?

V 23 e
-






All atoms in a group have the same outer shell configuration:

Group 2A:

Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Ra

Exceptions to the Filling Order

23 24
V Cr
Expect:
Actually:


Why?



28 29 30
Ni Cu Zn
Expect:
Actually:






Expect:
5s
2
4d
1
s
2
d
2
s
2
d
3
s
2
d
4
s
2
d
5
s
2
d
6
s
2
d
7
s
2
d
8
s
2
d
9
s
2
d
10


Actually:


Why???




The list of exceptions:

Row 4 Cr Cu
Row 5 Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag
Row 6 Pt Au

Plus LOTS of exceptions in the Lanthanides and Actinides

Where do you NOT see exceptions?

Why???



Quantum Numbers
- they are coefficients from the Schroedinger Wave Equation

- its a set of 4 numbers FOR EACH ELECTRON
-the first three define the distribution of electron density in an
atomthey define the orbital
-the fourth describes the electron that occupies the orbital



Principle Quantum Number (n)












(n, l, m
l
, m
s
)


Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)









Magnetic Quantum Number (m
l
)











Spin Quantum Number (m
s
)













Write the quantum numbers for the electrons of C.

C: 6 electrons 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2


1s
1

1s
2

2s
1

2s
2

2p
1

2p
2


Give the quantum numbers for the d electrons and valence electrons of Rh.
Rh: [Kr]5s
2
4d
7


5s
1

5s
2

4d
1

4d
2

4d
3

4d
4

4d
5

4d
6

4d
7



Give the quantum numbers for the electron lost when Na becomes a cation.

Na: [Ne]3s
1









Give the quantum numbers for the electrons lost when Ti becomes a +2
cation.






How many electrons have l = 3?



How many electrons have l = 2 and m
l
= 1?




Are these possible sets of quantum numbers?

(3, 3, -1, +1/2)

(4, 1, 2, -1/2)