LIST OF IMPORTANT MATH FORMULAS AND

RESULTS
Algebra:
Laws of Indies:
(i) a
m
a
n
= a
m + n

(ii) a
m
/a
n

(iii) (a
m
)
n
= a
mn

(iv) a
0
= 1 (a 0).
(v) a
- n
= 1/a
n

(vi)
n
a
m
= a
m/n

(vii) (ab)
m
= a
m
b
n
.
(viii) (a/b)
m
= a
m
/b
n

(ix) If a
m
= b
m
(m 0), then a = b.
(x) If a
m
= a
n
then m = n.
S!rds:
(i) The surd !n"u#ate !f a + b (!r a + b) is a - b (!r a - b) and !nverse$%.
(ii) If a is rati!na$, b is a surd and a + b (!r, a - b) = 0 then a = 0 and b = 0.
(iii) If a and x are rati!na$, b and % are surds and a + b = x + % then a = x and b = %.
"o#$le% N!#bers:
(i) The s%mb!$ & = (x, %) = x + i% 'here x, y are rea$ and i = -1, is a$$ed a !m($ex (!r,
ima#inar%) )uantit%*x is a$$ed the rea$ (art and y, the ima#inar% (art !f the !m($ex number
& = x + i%.
(ii) If & = x + i% then & = x - i% and !nverse$%* here, & is the !m($ex !n"u#ate !f z.
(iii) If & = x+ i% then
(a) m!d. & (!r, + & + !r, + x + i% + ) = + (x
,
+ %
,
) and
(b) am(. & (!r, ar#. &) = - = tan
-1
%/x (-. / - 0 .).
(iv) The m!du$us - am($itude f!rm !f a !m($ex )uantit% z is
& = r (!s1 + i sin1)* here, r = + & + and 1 = ar#. & (-. / - /= .).
(v) + & + = + -& + = & & = (x
,
+ %
,
).
(vi) If x + i%= 0 then x = 0 and % = 0(x,y are rea$).
(vii) If x + i% = ( + i) then x = ( and % = )(x, y, p and q a$$ are rea$).
(viii) i = -1, i
,
= -1, i
2
= -i, and i
3
= 1.
(ix) + &
1
+ &
,
+ 0 + &
1
+ + + &
,
+.
(x) + &
1
&
,
+ = + &
1
+ + &
,
+.
(xi) + &
1
/&
,
+ = + &
1
+/+ &
,
+.
(xii) (a) ar#. (&
1
&
,
) = ar#. &
1
+ ar#. &
,
+ m
(b) ar#. (&
1
/&
,
) = ar#. &
1
- ar#. &
,
+ m 'here m = 0 !r, ,. !r, (- ,.).
(xiii) If 4 be the ima#inar% ube r!!t !f unit% then 4 = 5 (- 1 + 2i) !r, 4 = 5 (-1 - 2i)
(xiv) 4
2
= 1 and 1 + 4 + 4
,
= 0
&aria'ion:
(i) If x varies diret$% as %, 'e 'rite x % !r, x = k% 'here k is a !nstant !f variati!n.
(ii) If x varies inverse$% as %, 'e 'rite x 1/% !r, x = m (1/%) 'here m is a !nstant !f
variati!n.
(iii) If x % 'hen z is !nstant and x & 'hen y is !nstant then x y& 'hen b!th y and z
var%.
Ari'(#e'ial Progression )A*P*+:
(i) The #enera$ f!rm !f an 6. 7. is a, a + d, a + ,d, a+2d,.....
'here a is the first term and d, the !mm!n differene !f the 6.7.
(ii) The nth term !f the ab!ve 6.7. is t
n
= a + (n - 1)d.
(iii) The sum !f first n terns !f the ab!ve 6.7. is s = n/, (a + $) = (8!. !f terms/,)91st term +
$ast term: !r, ; =
n
/
,
9,a + (n - 1) d:
(iv) The arithmeti mean bet'een t'! #iven numbers a and b is (a + b)/,.
(v) 1 + , + 2 + ...... + n = 9n(n + 1):/,.
(vi) 1
,
+ ,
,
+ 2
,
+<<<<<. + n
,
= 9n(n+ 1)(,n+ 1):/=.
(vii) 1
2
+ ,
2
+ 2
2
+ . . . . + n
2
= 9>n(n + 1)?/, :
,
.
,eo#e'rial Progression ),*P*+ :
(i) The #enera$ f!rm !f a @.7. is a, ar, ar
,
, ar
2
, . . . . . 'here a is the first term and r, the
!mm!n rati! !f the @.7.
(ii) The n th term !f the ab!ve @.7. is t
n
= a.r
n - 1
.
(iii) The sum !f first n terms !f the ab!ve @.7. is ; = a 9(1 - r
n
)/(1 A r): 'hen -1 / r / 1
!r, ; = a 9(r
n
A 1)/(r A 1) :'hen r B 1 !r r / -1.
(iv) The #e!metri mean !f t'! (!sitive numbers a and b is (ab) !r, -(ab).
(v) a + ar + ar
,
+ <<<<<. C = a/(1 A r) 'here (-1 / r / 1).
T(eor- of .!adra'i E/!a'ion :
ax
,
+ bx + = 0 ... (1)
(i) D!!ts !f the e)uati!n (1) are x = >-b E (b
,
A 3a)?/,a.
(ii) If F and G be the r!!ts !f the e)uati!n (1) then,
sum !f its r!!ts = F + G = - b/a = - (!effiient !f x)/(!effiient !f x
,
)*
and (r!dut !f its r!!ts = FG = /a = (H!nstant term /(H!effiient !f x
,
).
(iii) The )uadrati e)uati!n 'h!se r!!ts are F and G is
x
,
- (F + G)x + FG = 0
i.e. , x
,
- (sum !f the r!!ts) x + (r!dut !f the r!!ts = 0.
(iv) The ex(ressi!n (b
,
- 3a) is a$$ed the disriminant !f e)uati!n (1).
(v) If a, b, are rea$ and rati!na$ then the r!!ts !f e)uati!n (1) are
(a) rea$ and distint 'hen b
,
- 3a B 0*
(b) rea$ and e)ua$ 'hen b
,
- 3a = 0*
() ima#inar% 'hen b
,
- 3a / 0*
(d) rati!na$ 'hen b
,
- 3a is a (erfet s)uare and
(e) irrati!na$ 'hen b
,
- 3a is n!t a (erfet s)uare.
(vi) If F + iG be !ne r!!t !f e)uati!n (1) then its !ther r!!t 'i$$ be !n"u#ate !m($ex
)uantit% F - iG and !nverse$% (a, b, are rea$).
(vii) If F + G be !ne r!!t !f e)uati!n (1) then its !ther r!!t 'i$$ be !n"u#ate irrati!na$
)uantit% F - G (a, b, are rati!na$).
Per#!'a'ion:
(i) n (!r, nI) = n (n A 1) (n A ,) 2,1.
(ii) 0I = 1.
(iii) 8umber !f (ermutati!ns !f n different thin#s taJen r ( 0 n) at a time
n
7
r
= nI/(n - 1)I = n
(n A 1)(n - ,) (n - r + 1).
(iv) 8umber !f (ermutati!ns !f n different thin#s taJen a$$ at a time =
n
7
n
= nI.
(v) 8umber !f (ermutati!ns !f n thin#s taJen a$$ at a time in 'hih ( thin#s are a$iJe !f a first
Jind, ) thin#s are a$iJe !f a se!nd Jind, r thin#s are a$iJe !f a third Jind and the rest are a$$
different, is
nI
/
((I)IrI)
(vi) 8umber !f (ermutati!ns !f n different thin#s taJen r at a time 'hen eah thin# ma% be
re(eated u(t! r times in an% (ermutati!n, is n
r
.
"o#bina'ion:
(i) 8umber !f !mbinati!ns !f n different thin#s taJen r at a time =
n
H
r
=
nI
/
(rI(n A r)I)
.
(ii)
n
7
r
= rI
n
H
r
.
(iii)
n
H
0
=
n
H
n
= 1.
(iv)
n
H
r
=
n
H
n - r
.
(v)
n
H
r
+
n
H
n - 1
=
n + 1
H
r
(vi) If ( ) and
n
H
(
=
n
H
(
then ( + ) = n.
(vii)
n
H
r
/
n
H
r - 1
= (n - r + 1)/r.
(viii) The t!ta$ number !f !mbinati!ns !f n different thin#s taJen an% number at a time =
n
H
1
+
n
H
,
+
n
H
2
+ <<<<. +
n
H
n
= ,
n
A 1.
(ix) The t!ta$ number !f !mbinati!ns !f (( + ) + r + . . . .) thin#s !f 'hih ( thin#s are a$iJe
!f a first Jind, ) thin#s are a$iJe !f a se!nd Jind r thin#s are a$iJe !f a third Jind and s! !n,
taJen an% number at a time is 9(( + 1) () + 1) (r + 1) . . . . : - 1.
0ino#ial T(eore#:
(i) ;tatement !f Kin!mia$ The!rem L If n is a (!sitive inte#er then
(a + x)
n
= a
n
+
n
H
1
a
n - 1
x +
n
H
,
a
n - ,
x
,
+ <<<<<.. +
n
H
r
a
n - r
x
r
+ <<<<.. + x
n
<<..
(1)
(ii) If n is n!t a (!sitive inte#er then
(1 + x)
n
= 1 + nx + 9n(n - 1)/,I: x
,
+ 9n(n - 1)(n - ,)/2I: x
2
+ <<<< + 9>n(n-1)(n-,)
<<<..(n-r+1)?/rI: x
r
+ <<<<<. C (-1 / x / 1) <<<<.(,)
(iii) The #enera$ term !f the ex(ansi!n (1) is (r+ 1)th term
= t
r + 1
=
n
H
r
a
n - r
x
r

(iv) The #enera$ term !f the ex(ansi!n (,) is (r + 1) th term
= t
r + 1
= 9>n(n - 1)(n - ,)....(n - r + $)?/rI: x
r
.
(v) There is !ne midd$e term is the ex(ansi!n ( 1 ) 'hen n is even and it is (n/, + 1)th term *
the ex(ansi!n ( I ) 'i$$ have t'! midd$e terms 'hen n is !dd and the% are the >(n - 1)/, + 1?
th and >(n - 1)/, + 1? th terms.
(vi) (1 - x)
-1
= 1 + x + x
,
+ x
2
+ <<<<<<<.C.
(vii) (1 + x)
-1
= I - x + x
,
- x
2
+ <<<<<C.
(viii) (1 - x)
-,
= 1 + ,x + 2x
,
+ 3x
2
+ . . . . C .
(ix) (1 + x)
-,
= 1 - ,x + 2x
,
- 3x
2
+ . . . . C .
Logari'(#:
(i) If a
x
= M then $!#
a
M = x and !nverse$%.
(ii) $!#
a
1 = 0.
(iii) $!#
a
a = 1.
(iv) a
$!#

a
m
= M.
(v) $!#
a
M8 = $!#
a
M + $!#
a
8.
(vi) $!#
a
(M/8) = $!#
a
M - $!#
a
8.
(vii) $!#
a
M
n
= n $!#
a
M.
(viii) $!#
a
M = $!#
b
M x $!#
a
b.
(ix) $!#
b
a x 1!#
a
b = 1.
(x) $!#
b
a = 1/$!#
b
a.
(xi) $!#
b
M = $!#
b
M/$!#
a
b.
E%$onen'ial Series:
(i) N!r a$$ x, e
x
= 1 + x/1I + x
,
/,I + x
2
/2I + <<<<< + x
r
/rI + <<<<.. C.
(ii) e = 1 + 1/1I + 1/,I + 1/2I + <<<<<<<.. C.
(iii) , / e / 2* e = ,.O1P,P, (!rret t! six deima$ ($aes).
(iv) a
x
= 1 + ($!#
e
a) x + 9($!#
e
a)
,
/,I: x
,
+ 9($!#
e
a)
2
/2I: x
2
+ <<<<<.. C.