CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
In recent years, yam is becoming expensive and respectively unaffordable by
many Nigerians production has not kept pace with population growth and demand
exceeds supply.
Consumers are turning more and more less expensive cassava, even though
they prefer yam to cassava, there are indication that yam have great prospect of
contributing to the alleviation of projected food deficit in Africa in the !
st
Century
effort was made to identify and overcome the constraints of production out of
many species of yam grown in "est Africa six species are recogni#ed for
commercial purpose they are$ % &ioscorca 'otunda (white yam), &iscorea (yellow
yam), &ioscorea Alata ("ater yam), &iscorea *sculenta (Chinese yam &iscorea
+ulbinfern (Aerial yam).
,aximum yield of yam to obtain number of farming operation have to
embarked upon which can be classified as pre%planting operations among all the
pre%planting operation listed above, tillage is considered to be very important for
maximum yield of yam. -illage is the act or process of cultivating land. It is
generally done with simple form tools like hoes, cutlass, axe etc. or by
mechanically using tractors driving mound, board disc plough.
1
-illage operation whether mechani#ed or non%mechani#ed proper
development and growth of crops in order to obtain expected yield this work seek
to reemphasi#ed the essence of tillage operation and the potential yield of yam to
redirect and oriented the pope development and of crop resulting to the high yield
to support the populace.
Types of Tillage
1. Non tillage or zero tillage:
-his is a procedure whereby a planting is made directly unto an unprepared
seeds bed.
. Priary Tillage$
-his operation is performed to open and cultivate land with the point of
view to prepared a seed bed for primary tillage are called primary tillage
implement drawn with either animals or tractors. +ullock drown
implement mostly involve indigenous plough or mould board plough, sub
soil plough so on.
.. !e"on#ary Tillage$
/ighter and final operation performed on the soil are called secondary
tillage this consist conditioning the soil to meet savanna soil tillage has the
much wider objectives these is in addition to weed cannot include the
modification of the physical state of then still within the rooting depth of
the crops and under system of continuous cropping of high production,
tillage is an integrated part of the soil management to control the safe
disposal of the surplus run%off water and protection of land against
2
excessive soil erosion power cultivation using drop animals or tractors in
an yet informally but its strongly encourage by the "est Africa government
as an effective means for the improving and the tilling standard and the
food production.
Aiyegboyo (00!), sand that, plough is a means of filling the soil by using the
hoe, in modern agriculture either disc plough or the mould board plough is an
implement attached to be pulled by the tractor. 1loughing generally helps to the
control of weed as also to burry resides, sloughing the surface is turned into deeper
portion of soil called sub%soil weed too are turn into unable to grow sloughing help
to break up soil. -he mould this is improves the creation of the soil. -he mould
board plough deeper than a disc plough which is best on the rocky soil during
sloughing the surface is the leveled and this helps to minimi#e soil erosion. 2lough
help the plant to tend the land for harvest operation which is to be carried out after
cropping harrow. -his is the implement help to the complete the work of the
plough by the baking up and any large or the duds still remaining.
'idging are usually made across the farming some of rain water to prevent it
from farming a stream which can wash away the opt soil is scope pump to ridge a
greater depth wound be available for seed or plant it they were planted on the level
ground, this gives them a larger area for their root system and conse3uently, a more
3
abundant supply of the plant foods. 'idging is used in a high rainfall area where
erosion is their problem, and it is also used where stem tuber are to be planted.
Akinsanmi (!456), explain that is a crops as living plant cannot survive
without air the extent to which air incorporated in the soil depend on the nature of
fre3uency of tillage. -he soil for good, such beds and easily aeration for air
penetration into the soil to enable microbial, macro and micro activities. -he
different tillage objectives of the farm the implement used for this purpose are
came secondary tillage implements. -hey include harrows, cultivators, valleys and
clod crashed etc. secondary tillage done on the farm does not cause much inverse
and shifting of soil from one place to another.
$ini% tillage:
-his refers to minimum manipulation necessary for crop production or formatting
tillage reground under existing soil condition.
Iportan"e of Tillage
"hen tillage operation is done, it add humus and fertility to the soil because the
vegetation and the manure are covered, the vegetation decays to release nutrient to
the soil which assist the crop in growing. -illage plays a big role in decaying and
preventing weed growth, because they are or covered been suppressed or covered
by the soil. 7btaining a seed bed of a good tilt is another function of tillage
operation. -illage help in leaving in soil condition there air micro organisms get
into the soil activities one encore aged. &igging the spoil as a tillage operation
4
destroys insect eggs8 larva and the breeding places that could have serve as pest, so
tillage operation is also a method of pest control. -illage operation assists the soil
to remain moisture as well as preventing wind erosion. -illage operation also helps
in procession.
1.& History of '%(ari )o"al *o+ernent
"ukari local government that is of the sixteen /ocal 9overnment are in -araba
state was created in !45: from the former pleated state. -he local government is
one of the biggest and largest /ocal 9overnment in the state. "ukari lo cal
government is located in the southern part of the state at latitude 50, ;0%<0N and
40,!0%!0, *. it is abounded to the north by Ibbi /ocal 9overnment area, to the
west +enue state east and south by +ali, &onga and -akum.
"ukari /ocal 9overnment cover a total area of about :600 s3uare kilometers
and population of about <;0,000 people (sources of !44! census). -he local
government consist severe districts namely8 'afin =ada, 9inding &orowa,
-sokundi, 9idan Idi, Chinkai and 9idin waya. -here are two main season, the wet
and dry season which start from April to 7ctober and November to march
respectively.
-he climate of the area has the following features of the middle bad of
Nigeria with a rainy of 0 day per annum. -he rainfall vary from about !0 to !: >
!50mm. the temperature ranges from 50 > <0m the area within the local
5
government is north 9uinea 1avannah which is marked by thick grasses and the
tall trees. ,ajority of the local government earn their living through farming, they
grow cash crops as well as food crops like yam, and clearing of land for irrigation
and other operation in the frame tillage operation encourage effective use of
chemical to facilitate mix down of the fertili#er with the soil.
1., O-.e"ti+es of t/e !t%#y
-he main objective of the study is to know the effect of tillage on the
potential yield of yam and specific advantages are8
!. -o examine the personal socio%economy and the cultural factors that
stands as the obstacle to the tillage operation.
. -o give useful suggestion and recommendation on problems
identified.
1.0 !ignifi"an"e of t/e !t%#y
Among other significance, this research work tends to expose the effects of
tillage on the potential yields of yam in "ukari /ocal 9overnment Area. ?arious
tillage practices were highlighted and further recommendations were reviewed.
,ore so, farmers will be educated on the need for tillage practices to increase yam
production.
6
-his research is also significant and will be of important to the students of
Crop production technology and the agriculturalist at large
1.1 !"ope an# )iitation of t/e !t%#y
-he research work covers only "ukari /ocal 9overnment Area of -araba
1tate and was centered on the effects of tillage on the potential yields of yam. -he
research is limited to time, lack of finance, transportation, and inability of the
respondents to give accurate information pertaining the research 3uestionnaires.
7
CHAPTER T'O
&.0 )ITERATURE RE2IE'
Anyawu et al (!4<0), pointed out that, the effective yam cultivation locally
holes a dog of interval or elevation of the soil or heaps or mounts in the erosi<on or
flooding is anticipated, the mounds are made bigger and build above flood levels.
Also to check erosion, heaps are tied by small neck less or bound are put in
between the heaps. -he bound also help in retaining mister when areas are dry. -he
standard practice is however the making of the ridges with the hoes or tractors.
*rosion bars are made at the intervals to prevent erosion on slopingland8 ridges are
to minimi#e soil erosion.
Coursey (!4:5), stated that yam belongs to the genus &isscorea, which
contain about :00 species of which only five species are namely$ &iscorea >
rotunda, &iscorea > alata, &iscorea cayanensis, &iscorea > buifera, &iscorea >
esculenta. -hat is the most cultivated yam in "est Africa.
Clouseen (!446), wrote that, the goal for tillage is to promote a suitable
environment for seed germination and root growth and to control weeds. 'esearch
on the topic soil has shown that tillage is only useful to control weeds.
8
@erguson (00.), report that for this reason, planting of yam is invariable
preceded by tillage operation whose aim is to loosen the soil, this true even in
traditional yam production.
+ur hill (!446), said on the basis of type of tillage, four general method of
yam planting exist > planting on mounds in holes, on ridges, or on flat. -he former
two methods are peculiar to traditional peasant farm production, while the two are
characteristic of improved, partially mechani#ed agricultures.
/al and Aahn (!444), wrote that the planting of yam on flat is preceded by
plough and harrowing. After that the yam are planted in rows on the unridge land.
A hoe is used to open up the soil the seed is then inserted, and then it is covered
over with soil. In this regard, it resembles planting in holes, except that the soil was
first ploughed and harrowed.
/yonga (!44<), said that the main yield per plant being lower than for
mould or ridge plantings and because the loose layer is only a few centimeters
deep heaving is often a problems and 3uite often the tail of the tuber becomes
misshapen and irregular as it attempts to penetrate the unpolished soil layer below.
1ammy (!44:), pointed that the mounts particularly the high ones provide
the ultimate in a loose seed bed for tuber penetration. As such, the largest yield of
9
tuber per plant, and the mot uniformly shaped tubers, are obtainable from planting
> since the soil is loose, the tuber is able to penetrate without any hindrance.
7yolu (00!), too has emphasi#ed that it is critical to avoid conditions of
drought in the field between the fourteen and twentieth weeks, a period during
which vigorous tuber bulking is occurring. Needless to say, the yam farmer is
interested in yield, and not just the survival of his plant till the seasonBs and it is
therefore imperative that drought condition be avoided in the field throughout the
season.
"aitt (!444), however, within the limits set by its genetic make%up, tuber
shape can be influence by certain external factors. 1oil structure is a major
determinant of tuber shape, if the tuber encounter a hard%pan during its own ward
penetration, its tail portion tends to becomes broader and more amorphous.
7koli (00:), emphasi#ed that planting of yam on mound is by the most
common practice in traditional agriculture. *ssentially, the top soil is gathered into
more or less conical heaps at various parts in the field. African hoes with wide
blades are used for this purpose. -he si#e of each mound (heap) the mean distance
between mounds, and numbers of yam stands planted on each mound very from
place to place, but in general, the bigger the mounds, the greater the distance
10
between mound, and the greater the number of setts that may be planted on the
mound.
7nwueme (!444), a factor which may contribute to high yield of mound
grown plants in that the process of mound making collects the rich top soil of the
entire field into heaps on which the yam is planted. As such, the entire depth of the
mound consists of fertile soil, rich in organic matter, and most of the yam root are
in this #one. In the normal unmolded soil, only the top few centimeters, of the
rooting #one would have such facility.
=inman (!44<), stated that generally in growing of crops the soil must be
tilled. -hese involve making good bed or ridges which are made. -illing should not
be carried out when the soil is very dry tilling in a very dry soil loosen soil
particles making the oil very liable and prone to erosion. -illing is daily done when
the soil is most but not water damp and further stated that tillage have some effect
as follows$ %
!. It is been generally accepted that planting root crops like yam on the
ridges improve it yield.
. It mixed the surface and sub%soil together, thereby distributing minerals
and nutrient.
.. -he concentration plant nutrient for plant growth, depend on the
formation of mounds, ridges or bartend.
11
;. It loosens the soil structure and allows income of air and the water for the
use of plant roots.
6. -illing check weed growth by cutting the rhi#ome of weed like impetrate,
cylindrical spear grass into smaller pieces, also many seed of weed are
been burned in the soil.
12
CHAPTER THREE
,.0 RE!EARCH $ETHODO)O*3
,.1 Intro#%"tion
2urpose of data collection on the topic, several methods were employed to
gather the point of views to respondents8 the uses included personal contact with
grassroots farmers, home visits both large and small scale farmers, also bulletin
from recogni#ed institution were consulted to know the scope at which some of
those tillage operations could be utili#ed and how they were utili#ed to achieve
greater objectives.
-he presentation has been arranged under the following headings$%
"here and when the data was collected, method of data collection, the sample
procedure, problems encountered during the data collection and the methods of
data analysis.
,.& '/ere an# 4/en t/e #ata 4as "olle"te#
-he data collected for this report was carried out in -araba 1tate from !6
th
,ay to 6
th
1eptember 0!..
13
,., $et/o# of Data Colle"tion
i. Personal Conta"t52isit$ 1ince this tend to enable the researcher to seek for
the experience of the both large and small scale farmers on tillage operation.
2ersonal contact or visit was made to get information from farmers who
cannot read and write and some farmers who felt that, they have no time to
fill the 3uestionnaires.
ii. T/e Use of E6tension 'or(ers as Anot/er $et/o# for Colle"tion of t/e
Re7%ire# Data$ -he extension workers serve as the change agent to the
farmers because they educate farmers on the modern methods of farming.
Contacts were made with the extension workers to in3uire relevant
information about farmers. In the area in respect of the tillage effects on the
potential yield of the yam.
iii. 8%estionnaires$ -he design and administration of 3uestionnaires was
another method used. -his enables researchers sample opinions of the
various categories of the farmers and to make general analysis to the actual
finding researcher.
,.0 !apling Pro"e#%re
7ut of the seven (5) districts in the study area is only four (;) were chosen
for the study, due to limited time and find available the four (;) districts chosen for
their data collection were as follows$ 'afin%kada, one hundred (!00) farmers were
14
read%only selected and served with copies of the 3uestionnaire for their respond on
how tillage affects yam yield. -wenty five (6) copies of the 3uestionnaire were
distributed to each district out of one honored (!00) 3uestionnaire eighty (<0) were
dully completed and returned, for analysis the result of the respondents of each
district was follows$ %
'afin%kada returned twenty one (!) twenty four (;) Chinkai, sixteen (!:)
9idan &orowa, nineteen (!4).
!ele"te#
Distri"t
No of 7%estionnaires
iss%e#
No of 7%estionnaires
ret%rne#
Per"entage9
'afin%=ada 6 ! :.6C
"ukari 6 ; .0C
Chinkai 6 !: 0C
9indin%&orowa 6 !4 ., 56C
Total 100 :0 1009
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-he table above revealed:.6C, 0C and ..56C of the completed
returned of the 3uestionnaire where from 'afin =ada, "ukari, Chikai and 9indin
&orowa respectively.
-he table further show that is out of the e3ual 3uestionnaires distributed to
each district. "ukari district returned the highest number of 3uestionnaires
followed by 'afin =ada, 9indin &orowa, and Chinkai respectively.
,.1 Pro-les En"o%ntere# D%ring Data Colle"tion
15
A lot of problems were encountered during the process of the study. ,ust of
the farmers kept no records during the process hence some of the information
given was based on assumption while some figures were eliminated. -here was
limited time and lack of money to pay for materials production administered
3uestionnaires and for materials produced. Administered 3uestionnaires and
gathering information from various sources.
,.= Data Analysis
-he data collected for this study were analy#ed and presented using
percentage and the fre3uency table
"here DE Number in group
FE Number of respondents
CHAPTER ;OUR
0.0 RE!U)T AND DI!CU!!ION
0.1 Distri-%tion of respon#ents on age
Age years No. of respon#ents Per"entage
0%.0 < .6
16
.9!%60 ;6 6:%6
7ver 60 5 <%56
Total :0 100
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able one shows that .6C of the respondents are between the age of
0%.0years :.6C are between .! %60 years of age and about <.56C are
over 60 years of age. -his shows that .6C of the farmers are youth while
6:Care adult who are engage in the farming.
0.& Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing to age an# a#option of t/e tillage
Option No. of respon#ents Per"entage >9?
0%.0 < .6
.!%60 ;6 6:%6
7?*' 60 5 <.56
Total :0 100
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able reveal that out of the eighty (<0) respondents representing 5<.56C
tilled their land or carried out tillage practice during yam production this show
that .!.56of the farmers are while :<.6Cbelong to the age group of over 60
years.
Also from the table above it could be seen that the age of a farmers was in
way related with the adoption of the tillage in yam cultivation of production.
0., Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing to se6 an# a#option of t/e tillage.
Ages A#option No A#option Respon#ent 9
17
,ale ;!.:6,0< ;:
@emale .; 4 ! 50 64
Total 0= ,0
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able . indicate that :6.<0C and .; .4C of the male and the female
farmers adopt tillage practice in the yam cultivation while 50.64 female and
4.;!C male do not adopt tillage practice in the yam production it can be
concluded crow the table that there is a signification relationship between sex
and the adoption of tillage.
0.0 E#%"ation attainent #istri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing a#option to
e#%"ation an# a#option of tillage
)e+el of e#%"ation A#option No >9? No4 a#opters No Total
No school ; :..6 < ;5.0: !C
2rimary !; . . !5:6 !56
1econdary .5 6< 5. ; ..6. ;!C
7ther cert < ! 50 !! 5: !0C
Total =, 100 1@ 100 :09
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-he percentage of respondents having *ducational /evel no school primary
secondary and other certificate one university etc. who here having positive
attitude towards tillage yam cultivation was :..6C .C 6<.5.C and !. 5C
respectively. In the case of non%adopter ;5.0:C had no formal education while
!5.:6C ..6. and !!.5:C were primary secondary and other respectively.
18
0.1 Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing to t/e et/o# of t/e tillage a#opte#
$et/o# %se# No of respon#ents Per"entage
-ractor !: 6.;0
,anual .6 66.66
7x%drown ! !4.06
Total =, 100
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able 6 shows that out of the sixty three (:.) dependents that adopter tillage
6.;0C and !4.06C father reveals that more than half of the tillage is done
manually waste a lot of time only ;.;0C make use of the tractors which saves
time while !4.06C used ox%drown method of tillage. -his shows that tractors
tillage operation. 9ive more vigor process of crop with high yield than the
manually and ox%drown methods..
0.= Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing to lan# ten%re syste
an# tillage
)an# ten%re syste A#option No >9? Non a#opters No Total
7wned by farmer ;<,5:.!4 ! 50. 64 :0C
-enure !6 ..<! 6 4.;! 0C
Total =, 100 @@ 100 :09
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able : reveals that 5:.!4C the farmer that adopt tillage practice
owned their land while the remaining ..<! are tenures. -he table land
showed that 50.64 of the non%adoption of the tillage owned there from land
while 4.;! are tenants
19
0.@ Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing to far size an# a#option of tillage
;ar A#option No 9 Non a#option Total
Aectares 0 .!.56 !. !6 ;5 ..C
!% !6 . <! ; . 6. !4C
.%; !. 0 :. 0 0 !.
6%: !0 !6 <5 0 0 !0C
5 Above 6 5.4; 0. 0 6 C
Total =, 100 1@ 100 :09
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able 5 shows that .!.56C of the farmers who adopt tillage had less than I
hectare of land while ..<!C 0.:.C 4;C had !%%.%6% and 5 above hectares of
land respectively.
-he table shows that most of the farmers have small area of land
raging from %; hectares under cultivation while only !0 are able to
cultivation 6%: hectare while farmers only culture less than ! hectare.
0.: Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing to t/e p%rpose of ya pro#%"tion
P%rpose A#option no >9? NonAa#option
no >9?
Per"entage
Consumption .6 65 !; !! :; 5! ;5C
1ale < !. 50 !!. 5< !0C
+oth !4 .0 !: ; . 6. .C
Total =, 100 1@ 100 :09
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
20
-able < shows that out of the respondents the adoption tillage
operation 65.!;C produced yams for the purpose of consumption !.50C
of the yam produced are sale while .0 !:C produce are sale and
consumption. -he adopter had :;.5!C and !!.5:C and ..6.C for the
purpose of consumption sale and both.
-he table further shows that more half of the respondents forty seven
(;5) out of sixty three (:.) produced yams for consumption while ten (!0)
farmers produced yams for both sale and consumption
0.B Distri-%tion of Respon#ents A""or#ing to $et/o# of 3a !torage
$et/o# of storage A#option Non a#option Total
-raditional ;4 55.5< !00 !00 ::C
,odern !; 0 0 !;C
-otal :. !00 !00 !00 <0C
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able 4 reveal that 55.5 <C used traditional method of storage while only
.C used the modern method for the non%adopter of tillage !00C of the them
used traditional method of storage. -he table further reveals that farmers are yet to
adopt the new method of stage which stores yam good condition more than
traditional method.
0.10 Distri-%tion of Respon#ents A""or#ing to $arital !tat%s
!tate A#option No Non A#opter No Total
,arred 6 <.6; !. 5:.;5 :6C
Non%married !!!5.;: ; ..6; !6C
Total =, 100 100 :09
21
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able !0 shows that < ; of the farmer adopt tillage are married and !5
;:C are not married in case of non%adopter 5:.;: and ..6. are married and non%
married respectively.
-he table further reveals that out of the eight (<0) respondents <! 6C are
married while !<.56C are not married so involved in the yam production are
married.
0.11 Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing to far reason 4/y soe farers
#oes not till t/eir lan#
Reasons No Per"entage 9
/acks of money !!.6<.<
Aigh cost of machine 5 ;!,!<C
Non >availability of machine 4 0
Total 1@ 100
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able ! reveal that all the farmers that adopt tillage operation do no
adoption tillage because they no money while ;!. !<C do so because of the
cost of the machine.
0.1&Distri-%tion of Respon#ents a""or#ing to %se of t/e ;ertilizer
Options A#option NonAa#opter Total
Gses fertili#er :. !00 < ;5.0: 5!C
Not use fertili#er 0 0 4604; 4C
Total =, 100 1@ 100 :09
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
22
-able ! reveal that all the farmers that adopt tillage uses fertili#er while for
the non%tillage adopter ;5.00C use fertili#er and 6. 4;C doesnBt use fertili#er
0.1, Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing it /o4 4ee# is -een "ontrolle#
$et/o# A#option NonAa#opter Total
,anual !5 : !< !0 4; ! ..
Aerbicides ;: 5..0 ! 6.<< ;5C
Total =, 100 1@ 100 :09
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able !. shows that and of eight (<0) respondents .. (;!.6) use manual
method of the weed control ;5. (64,56C) use herbicides to control the weeds.
0.10 $et/o# %se# in /er-i"i#es appli"ation
Reasons A#opters No. NonAa#opter No 9 Total
No money for herbicides < ;5.0: : .5.60 !;C
&o not know how to
apply
6 4.;! ! :.6 :C
2refer ,anual method ; ..6. 4 64.6 !.C
Total 1@ 100 1= 100 ,,9
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey &010
-able !; indicates that out of the seventeen (!5) adopters that use manual
method of the weed control, ;5.0:C do that because they have no money, 4.;!C
because they do not know how to apply in while ..6.C prefer manual method.
In the case of the non%adopter out of sixteen (!:) respondent many do not
know how to apply it and prefer manual method respectively.
0.11Distri-%tion of respon#ent a""or#ing to /o4 ya are sol#
Reasons A#option NonAa#opter Total
23
-ake it to the market 60 54..5 !! :; 5! :!C
2eople come to buy !. 0.:. : .6.4 !4C
Total =, 100 1@ 100 :09
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &010.
-able !6 reveal that out of the eighty (<0) respondent :! (5:.66) take
their yam to the market while !4(..5.) sell in their farm the table further
reveals that apart from the labour cost in the production to their yam 5:.6C
have spent in other to transport their yam to the market before selling it.
0.1= Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing to /o4 t/e farers /or#e to
pro#%"e ya for f%t%re
Reasons A#option NonAa#opter Total
-o produce 60 54..5 . !5..5 ..C
Not to produce !. 0.:. !; <..6 5C
Total =, 100 1@ 100 :09
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &01,.
-able !: show that 54 .5 of the adopter tillage are willing to continue yam
production while 0 :. are not willing to continue to the production the non%
adopter had !5. :6 and < . .6 for the farmers willing to continue and not willing
to continue respectively.
-he table further shows that the non%adopter of tillage is the majority of the
farmers hoping to 3uit yam production due to poor yield or other reason.
24
0.1@ Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing to if t/ey 4is/ to e6pan# t/eir
fars
Option A#option NonAa#opter Total
"illing expand 64 4. :6 !!.5: :!C
Non willing to expand ; :..6 !6 <<.; !4C
Total =, 100 1@ 100 :09
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &01,.
-able !5 indicate that among the eight (<0) respondent are eager to expand
their yam farm if given a loan while !4 (..5:C) are not willing to expand to
expand their yam farm even if they a loan to so or not the table further reveals that
if the 5:.6C of the farmers are been provided with loan they would expand their
farm and that would lead to high level of yam production in the area.
0. 1: Distri-%tion of respon#ents a""or#ing to s%ggestion a#e to t/e
go+ernent -y t/e farers
!%ggestions A#option NonAa#opter Total
*nlighten people o tillage 0 0 4 6 4; 4C
1upply tractor free 0 0 ; ..6. ;C
1ent many tractor .. .:.H6! 0 0 .C
'educe rise coast ;0 :. ;4 ; .. 6. ;;C
Total =, 100 1@ 100 :09
!o%r"e: ;iel# !%r+ey< &01,.
-able !< shows that among the sixty >three (:.) respondents that adopt
utili#e .:.6! are suggesting to the government that more tractor re3uires for tillage
operation in the while :.(:..;4C) are urging government to tillage the rise cost
25
tractor so that they can continue practice tillage in the case of the non%adopted of
the tillage operation 6.4;C are of the views that effectors made by the
government to enlighten them about the significant of tillage is not yet to reduce
..6. are asking the government to reduce the rise price of tractors so that they too
can afford to till their form land while the remaining ..6. are pleasing on the
government to assist them with tractors free for tillage operation in their form.
26
C/apter ;i+e
1.0 !%ary< Con"l%sion an# Re"oen#ation
1.1 !%ary
-his study focused on the effect of tillage on the potential yield of
yam in -araba state. A case study of "ukari local government area with the
aims of examine the personal socio%economic and cultural factor t that
stands as obstacle to the tillage practice and to give possible suggestion
with the view of increasing yam yield in the area also examine the method
of the tillage used by the farmers o achieve better yield
-he study was conducted using structural 3uestionnaires as the main
instruction for data collection. 7ne hundred (!00) farmersB data collection
one were randomly selected and served with 3uestionnaires eight (<0) were
filled and returned.
+ased on result obtained 5<.56C of the respondents practice tillage
operation the study also reveals that tillage is necessary in order to obtained
maximum yield because of the improve germination encourage weeds
control it helps in the restraining moisture in the soil tillage prevent erosion
etc.
1.& Con"l%sion
-illage is necessary in yam production hut some farmers could not adopted
because of lack of money lack of good road tractors to some area some farmers
27
still believe in tradition method of tillage while some farmer are yet to be aware
of the benefit of the tillage.
1., Re"oen#ation
*xtension services should be made efficient to tell the farmer with the
importance of tillage mass literacy campaign should be encourage with the point
view of educating the farmers so as to make extension work cashier farmers should
be used the importance of collecting and filling 3uestionnaires accurately by the
government. ,odern methods of storage should be encourage by the government
credit facilities through bank and co%operation should be made available to the
farmers entire benefit
28
Referen"es
Akinsanmi 7. (!45<) Certificate in Agricultural 1cience, Ibadan Gniversity 2ress,
@irst *dition
Anyawu A.C. Anyawu +. 7. Anyawu ?. A (!4<0) -extbook of Agricultural for
school certificate, affricate education publisher.
Aiyebayo I. -(!4<0) an introduction to tropical Agriculture science, Ibadan
university press second edition
+urhill l. A (!4:0) organography and evaluation of discoreac, the family of yams.
Clausessen 1. C (!446) I.-.A guide no !0
Country &.9. (!4:5) account of the nature origin, cultivation and utili#ation of the
useful member for the discorea /ongman G.=
@erguson -.G (!45.) tuber development in yam physiological and agronomic
implication tropical root Ibadan Nigeria.
=inman C.@ (!4!) Fam culture in 2uertoruic Agric exp
/al '. and Aahn 1.= !45.) effect of method of seed bed preparation mulching and
times of planting on yam (&. roturndata) in western Nigeria trop rootv
crops Ibadan Nigeria.
/yonga 1.N, fayemi A.A. and Agboda A.A (!45.) agronomic studies on edible
yam (discorea ssp) in the grass land 2lateau region of the united republic of
Cameroon trop. 'oot. Crop > Ibadan.
29
7koli 7.7 (!456) yam production from seed prospect and problems Nigeria
7nwueme. I. C (!45.) the 2oultry process in yam (discorea spp) tuber pierces I,
Agricultural science in pueto rico agric exp
7yolu C. (!4:!) in Nigeria a true agricultural country trop root crop Ibadan
Nigeria.
1ammy 9. N (!45.) the status of root crop research at the Gniversity of west India
1t Augustine. -rop root Ibadan Nigeria.
"aitt. A. " (!4:!) yams rep dept Agric 'esearch Nigeria
30
APPENDIC I
&epartment of crop science,
College of agriculture,
2.,.+ !06,
-araba 1tate.
&earest 'espondents,
I am a final year student of the above named institution department,
undertaking research on the topic J*ffect of tillage on the potential yields of yam
in "ukari /ocal 9overnment AreaK of -araba state.
I solicit your cooperation to supply me with the necessary information
needed by the 3uestionnaire. All the information supplied shall be treated
confidentially towards achieving the goal of the project.
-hanks,
Fours faithfully
,artha /uka ,amman
'eg.No$ 0!H0!.H!!;<
31
8%estionnaires
Personal Data
!. Age of farmer
. 1ex ,ale L M @emale L M
.. ,arital 1tatus singleL M married L M &ivorced
;. 7ccupation
6. &istrict
:. Nualification Illiterate L M /iterate L M
5. "hat method of tillage did you adoptO
(a) -ractor L M (b) ,anual L M (c) 7x down L M
<. "hat type of land tenure system and tillage did you adoptO (a) 7wned by
farmer L M tenure L M
4. "hat type of farm si#e and adoption of tillage did you adoptO (a) ! > L M
(b) . > ; L M (c)6 > : L M (d) 5 and above
!0."hat is your purpose of farming or yam productionO (a)Consumption L M
(b)sell L M (c)both L M
!!. "hat method of storage did you adoptO -raditional L M modern L M
!."hat reason stooped you from tilling your landO (a) /ack of money L M (b)
Aigh cost of machinery L M (c)Non availability of the machine L M
!..&o you use fertili#erO Fes L M No L M
!;."hat method of weed control do you useO ,anual L M Aerbicide L M
!6."hat is the reason you use manual method of controlling weeds to replace
the use of herbicideO (a) No money for herbicide L M (b) &o not know how
to apply L M (c) 2refer manual method L M
!:."hat method do you adopt to sell your farm produceO -aking it to the
market L M people come to buy L M
!5.&o you wish to produce yam in the futureO Fes L M No L M
32
!<.&o you wish to expand your farmO "illing to expand L M Not willing to
expand L M
!4."hat suggestion do you make to the governmentO (a) enlighten people on
tillage L M (b) supply tractor free L M (c) 'educe rising cost L M
33