Instruction Encoding

How to encode instructions as binary values?

Instructions consist of:
operation (opcode) e.g. MOV
operands (number depends on operation)
operands specified using addressing modes
addressing mode may include addressing
information
e.g. registers, constant values
Encoding of instruction must include opcode,
operands addressing information.
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %
Encoding:
represent entire instruction as a binary value
number of bytes needed depends on &ow
muc& information must be encoded
instructions are encoded by assembler:
.OBJ file ' (lin(, t&en loaded by loader)
instructions are decoded by processor during
e)ecution cycle
*e will consider a subset of interesting cases
Instructions with No Operands (easy)
encode operation only in a single byte
e)amples+
,E- C H .O/ !" H
0re consistent 1 never c&ange
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 2
Instructions with One Operand
operand is a register (reg3$%4) or a memory
operand (mem3$%4)
always 2 bytes for opcode and addressing info
may &ave up to 2 more bytes of immediate data
opcode bits+ some in bot& bytes' #" bits total
w 5 widt& of operand
# 5 36bit
% 5 %46bit
mod r$m encode addressing info
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 7
opcode w
8 % #
mod opcode r$m
8 4 9 : 7 2 % #
$O% & '&$ ()B*E
mod
"" "# #" ##
r/m w = 0 w =
1
""" ;<= > ?!@ ;<= > ?! > d@ ;<= > ?! > n@ 0A 0=
""# ;<= > B!@ ;<= > B! > d@ ;<= > B! > n@ CA C=
"#" ;</ > ?!@ ;</ > ?! > d@ ;</ > ?! > n@ BA B=
"##;</ > B!@ ;</ > B! > d@ ;</ > B! > n@ <A <=
#"" ;?!@ ;?! > d@ ;?! > n@ 0H ?/
#"# ;B!@ ;B! > d@ ;B! > n@ CH </
##" direct ad ;</ > d@ ;</ > n@ BH ?!
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% :
d is +,bit
signed value
n is #-,bit
unsigned value
register
direct address
mod 5 #% is not
used by t&e
assembler'
### ;<=@ ;<= > d@ ;<= > n@ <H B!
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 9
E)ample+
INC %.
opcode+ %
st
byte+ %%%%%%% 2
nd
byte+ ###
w / " (36bit operand)
operand 5 BH register+ mod 5 %% r&m 5 %%#
opcode w
#
st
byte: ####### " / 0E .
mod opcode r$m
1
nd
byte: ## """ ##" / C- .
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 4
from table'
2hat does following encoding represent3
######## ##"""### 5 00 C4 H
opcode 5 !.C %
st
byte+ %%%%%%% 2
nd
byte+ ###
w 5 % %46bit operand
mod 5 %% register operand
r&m 5 %%% B! register
encoding for INC %I '''
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 8
0not&er E)ample+ INC B5(E 6(' 78I 9 :;
inde)ed addressing to an 36bit memory operand
will need e)tra byte(s) to encode t&e immediate
value (: / 000C .)
opcode 1 same as last e)ample+ %%%%%% ###
w / " 36bit destination (memory) operand
r&m / #"" (from table)
mod could be #% or %# depends on constant
can use w&ic&ever mod value wor(s
can s&orten encodings'
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 3
t&e assembler will use mod / #"
%46bit constant ("""CH) encoded into instruction
little endian
resulting instruction encoding+
byte % byte 2 byte 7 byte :
####### " #" """ #"" ######"" ########
0E +: 0C 00 .
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% D
Could also encode same instruction+
mod / "# constant encoded as signed 36bit value
t&erefore instruction encoding includes only
one byte for t&e encoding of 1 :
resulting instruction encoding+
byte % byte 2 byte 7
####### " "# """ #"" ######""
0E :: 0C H
..<. t&e 36bit value (1 : 5 "C H) is sign e<tended
to %46bits ("""C H) before adding ?! value
w&y?
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %#
value of most signif. bit of byte is
copied to all bits in e)tension byte
0not&er E)ample+
INC B5(E 6(' 78I = #1+;
inde)ed addressing to an 36bit memory operand
everyt&ing t&e same as last e)ample, e)cept+
canEt encode >%23 as 36bit signed value'
need %46bits to encode %23
t&en must &ave mod / #" ''
instruction encoding would include
two e<tra bytes encoding %23 5 ## 3# H
resulting instruction encoding+
byte % byte 2 byte 7 byte :
####### " #" """ #""
0E +: "" +" .
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %%
little endian
mod '
Instructions with (wo Operands >1 0orms?
at most, can &ave only one memory operand
can &ave # or % memory operands, but not 2
limits ma). instruction siFe to 4 bytes
e.g. $O@ 2O'% 6(' 7BA= B"";C "0"0".
2 bytes opcode > addressing info
2 bytes destination addressing constant B""
2 bytes source constant 0"0" .
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %2
0O'$ #: (wo Operands )nd 8ource Dses
Immediate $ode
destination eit&er register or memory
encode dest using mod r$m 1 as before
w (as before) 5 siFe of operand (36 or %46bit)
if w / # (%46bit) t&en s is significant
s indicates siFe of immediate value
5 " all %46bits encoded in instruction
assembler always used s / "
5 # 36bits encoded 1 sign e)tend to %46bits'
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %7
opcode s w
8 2 % #
mod opcode r$m
8 4 9 : 7 2 % #
E)ample+ 8DB $yE@arC #.
MyGVar is a word (B*) stored at address #2##H
opcode bits+ %
st
byte+ #""""" 2
nd
byte+ #"#
w / # (%46bit memory operand)
s / # 1 can encode 7%H in one byte
sign e)tend to ##7%H
mod / ""
r&m / ##"
resulting encoding+
opcode
#""""" # # "" #"# ##"26bytes dest %6byte
address
imm
s w mod r$m
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %:
destination+ direct addressing
assembler uses
s / "
%46bit immediate value
5 # "" (little
endian)
+ 1E "1 "" #
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %9
stored little
endian
0O'$ 1: (wo Operands )nd 8ource %oes Not
Dse Immediate $ode
at least one of destination or source is register'
encode register operand
encode ot&er using mod r$m 1 as before
d 5 destination
5 " source is encoded in ,EH
5 # destination is encoded in ,EH
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %4
opcode d w
8 2 % #
mod 'EF r$m
8 4 9 : 7 2 % #
E)ample+ 8DB $yE@ar C 8I
opcode+ ""#" #"
suppose $yE@ar is G address ""1".
d / " 1 source is a register 1 encoded in ,EH
w / # 1 %46bit operand
mod / "" destination is memory 1 direct mode
r&m / ##"
'EF / ##" (?!)
encoding+
##%#%# # % ## %%# %%# addrs const
1! - 1" ""
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %8
d w
mod
register encoding
as in mod 5 %%
column in table
r$m
NO(E+ different first6byte opcode bits for ?I<
w&en source is immediate (%#####) vs. w&en
source is not immediate (##%#%#)
-&e opcode bits for "O,M % vs. "O,M 2
instructions are different'
MOV ;<=@, 2##
MOV ;<=@ , 0=
w&at if bot& source and destination are registers?
s&ould ,EH encode source or destination?
E)ample+ 8DB BAC CA
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %3
different
opcode bits'
Case #: 8ource (C=) is encoded in 'EF
opcode+ ""#" #"
d / " 1 source is encoded in ,EH
w / # 1 %46bit operand
mod / ## destination is register
r&m / "## <= register is destination register
'EF / ""# C= register is source register
encoding+
##%#%# # % %% ##% #%%
1! CB
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% %D
d w
mod r$m
Case 1: %estination (<=) is encoded in 'EF
opcode+ ""#" #"
d / # 1 destination is encoded in ,EH
w / # 1 %46bit operand
mod / ## source is register
r&m / ""# C= register (source)
'EF / "## <= register (destination)
encoding+
##%#%# # % %% #%% ##%
1! %!
cases # H 1: two encodings for same instructionI
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 2#
d w
mod r$m
,EH
8ome 8pecial,Case Encodings:
single6operand instructions operand is %46bit
register 1 can encode in one byte
instructions involving t&e accumulator+
)* or )A
s&orter encoded forms 1 often one byte
2.53 2hat use are these special cases3
Instruction Encoding >human perspective?
%. given instruction 1 &ow to encode ?
2. given binary 1 &ow to decode ?
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 2%
*&y mig&t t&is be important? EA)$ IIII
Fiven instruction 9 how to encode 3
decide on form number of bytes
find opcode bits from table
decide on remaining bits
individual bit values
loo( up mod H r&m values if needed
loo( up register encoding if needed
fill opcode byte(s)
add immediate operand data byte(s)
words little endian
dest precedes source
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 22
Fiven binary 9 how to decode 3
use first 4 bits of first byte to decide on form
number of bytes
use opcode bits to find operation from table
identify operands from remaining bits
individual bits
loo( up mod H r&m values if present
loo( up register encoding if present
add immediate operand data byte(s) if present
words little endian
dest precedes source
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 27
Could you &and6assemble a simple program now?
5E8I recall previous control flow
encoding discussions II
*&at about an operation $ opcode loo(6up table?
many forms 1 some give+
opcode bits only
entire first instruction byte 1 including
operand info encoded in first byte'
list of info for eac& instruction will be posted'
opcode bits
forms
!nstruction Encoding "all ##$#% 2: