(Nanyang NTU) : A Sustainable Tower

Building Science 1(ARC2413) | Case Study : Identifying
Innovative Passive Design Strategies

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[nanyang NTU]
a sustainable tower
Architect :
CPG Consultants Pte Ltd
Project :
Nanyang University, School
of Arts, Design & Media
Location :
81 Nanyang Drive, Level 3
Singapore 637458
Client :
Nanyang Technological
University
Property Type :
University
Date Completed:
June 2006
Introduction
Nanyang University School of Art, Design and Media is located at 81 Nanyang Drive, Level
3 Singapore 637458. This 19,000
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campus is constructed by CPG Consultant Sdn Bhd. It
costs 38 million Singapore dollars and completed at June 2006. It is functioned as a school
that only provide undergraduate and post-graduate studies for courses such as
Architectural Design, Civil & Structural Engineering, Mechanical & Electrical Engineering,
and Quantity Surveying Services. It is awarded by USA School Construction News Awards
on 2007 and recognized as platinum class sustainable building by BCA green mark on
2010. The recognition of green mark will be examined again every three years to maintain
building sustainability.
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Site Plan
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Singapore is located in the equatorial region and experience tropical climate. Hence, the
weather is hot and humid for the entire years. Singapore does not have summer and winter
season but rainy season and dry season. According to the macroclimate graphs, the mean
highest maximum temperature is 31 degree Celsius and mean average lowest maximum
temperature is 24.15 degree Celsius. The mean average temperature of Singapore is 27.58
Celsius degree. The mean average rain precipitation for whole years are around 177.15mm
and reach the highest on December, while the mean average humidity level is around
83.90%.
The climate at a particular site can be quite difference from the climate data that are
published as being representative of an entire region. For example, Nanyang campus are
located at sub-urban place which are far away from the city. The surrounding conditions are
differ from the cities hence the data for microclimate has less accuracy to predict the local
climate data.
Temperature & Climate Data
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Average Temperature (C) - Singapore
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Temperature (1929-2013)
Outdoor Mean Max Outdoor Mean Min
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
Relative Humidity (%)
Mean Daily Max Mean Daily Min 24 hours Mean
Average Humidity (%) - Singapore
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Average Rainfall (mm) - Singapore
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
Yearly Rainfall (1869-2013)
Mean Monthly Total (mm)
Wind Direction Analysis
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(December -March)
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(June -September)
Wind analysis included general wind analysis and local wind analysis. The wind pattern can be
affected by reasons such as plant and the building at the surrounding. The wind distrubution is
mainly from north-east and southwest direction. The wind direction is affected by the monsoon
seasons in singapore. Acorrding to the graphs shown above, the winds are originate from north-
east direction from December to March while the winds are from south-west direction from
June to September.
Windbreaks are commanly used to protect outdoor areas, it can be fences or plants. In this
case, the windbreaks for Nanyang university school of art, design and media is the plants
and the building itself. There are approximately 40 plants has been planted and arranged in
two rows. The gap between the plants are arranged around 3.5m to avoid the roots of plants
intersecting and interupt the growth of plants. Besides, the distance between the plants will
also affect the windbreak pattern. According to Heusch (1988), if the wind velocity has been
cut too much by very close planting, it will affect the surrounding temperature rises. It would
be better to regenerate a stand of approximately 40 adult trees to cut the wind-speed more
frequently. This strategies has been applied by the project. The effect of windbreaker
influences by height of the plants, distances of plants to the centre of Faade and windbreak
lengths.
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Wind Analysis
A
B
C
D
Point A Before the wind reaches the plants, it slows down and builds pressure, and
turns upwards and sideways.
Point B It passes the obstacle (plants), it increases its speed, and reduced pressure
results at the sides of and behind obstacles.
Point C The wind experiences increased pressure again and slow downs.
Point D The air pressure is lower hence the air velocity is higher.
In conclusion, wind ultimately returns to its original flow pattern after encountering an
obstacle such as a plants and buildings. These pressure diffrences, flow patterns, and the
size and shape of the wind-protected areas behind the plants are important to control the
air motion, inside and outside of the building.
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The Nanyang University School of Art, Design and Medias facades are mostly glazed glass
which may be a large disadvantage because of the large exposed surface to the sunlight.
Although the building will have sufficient natural lighting for the internal spaces, the heat
trapped indoor is also higher compared to buildings that are shaded. The Venturi effect
can help in introducing wind movement into the building for natural ventilation and
passive cooling.
The Venturi effect is used along with convection current to create air movement in the
building itself and decrease room temperature. Convection means the transfer of heat by
the movement of air. Thus, the warm air at the lower area will replace the cold air at a
higher area continuously and eventually creates an air movement in the building. This
process normally is usually slow and minimal therefore the Venturi effect can help in
accelerating the process.
The high pressure zone and low pressure zone can create an increased air flow over the
surfaces of the building which are the green roof and the glass faade. Cooling down the
surfaces reduces heat energy transmitted to the envelope which the heat will be
conducted to the air indoor. The flowing air that passes the envelope of the building will
also carry the warm air, which is ventilated from the interior of the building, away to the
atmosphere.
Venturi Effect on Nanyang NTU
Sun Path Diagram
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9am
12pm
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4pm
6pm
Sun Path Diagram
Passive Design
Passive design included the consideration of thermal transfer in terms of convection,
conduction, evaporation, absorption and radiation in design to achieve thermal comfort
by manipulating natural surrounding. There are two important passive design have been
selected to be analyzed.
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Approximately 7-8mm grass
15mm Growing Medium
EVALON waterproofing membrane
Concrete deck
Drainage/ Moisture Retention Layer
ZoysiaMatrella
OphiopogonJaponicus
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Layercc Function
Zoysia matrella -Also known as manila grass
-Dark green colour with fine leaves
-Low moving requirement
-Good wearing ability
-Able to grow in low light density surrounding
-Suitable to grow in both acidic and salt affected soils.
-Able to stablelize soils in erosion prone areas
-Low maintenance requirement hence saving cost.
Ophiopogon japonicus -Also known as mondo grass
-Dark green colour with fine leaves
-Able to grow in low light density surrounding
-Moderate growth rate
-Less maintance required
-Suitable in tropical climate
-Required sandy soil
-Able to reduces the growth of weeds
Volcanic rock -Has highest density compare to other rock such as
arkalyte
-Has porosity due to the properties of volcanic rock
-Has high water holding capacity
-Decrease the total dead load of roof system
EVALON waterproofing
membrane
-Resistant to damaging radiation without protective
coating
-Fire and radiant heat resistant The fire load is five
times lower than that of built-up felt roof
-Good thernal and mechanical properties
-Low vapour diffusion resistance to remove moisutre
from the roof build-up all over the whole membrane
surface
-Resistant to root or rhizome penetration according to
FLL testing, thus can be applied on green roofs without
extra root protection layer
-Recyable
Benefits of using Green Roof in NanyangNTU
During heavy or continuous rain, runoff can possibly damage waterways and rain
harvesting system.
The growing media of the green roof which are the volcanic rocks and sand together with
the turf grass can hold water and this water will go into the rainwater harvesting system
to be reuse. Some of the water is returned to the atmosphere through evaporation and
transpiration (evapotranspiration).
Storm water that runoff the roof is much more delayed and reduced in volume. The green
roof will filter the storm water and makes the water cleaner than the water that runoff a
conventional roof.
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Site Plan
Roof
Drained Water
Plant Medium
Roof
Drained Water
Green roof reduces water runoff from heavy rain
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With Green Roof
Without Green Roof
The green roof can lessen the rate of heat energy transfer through the roof, and lesser
amount of energy for cooling means greater cost savings. External shading of the building
envelope is proven to be more energy efficient than internal insulation.
During the day, the green roof protects the building from direct solar heat increasing the
heat energy transfer to the interior spaces.
During the night, the green roof reduces the loss of heat energy due to the thick layers.
Thus, green roof is great in maintaining the temperature of the interior and balancing the
heat energy transfer
Less usage of energy in the building itself produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions.
Green roof is energy efficient
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The turfgrass trap and hold dust particles in the air to reduce air pollution that is bad for
human health, and evapotranspiration of plant helps to cool down the surrounding
temperature.
Green roof reduces impurities in the air and heat that will produce smog. Reduced Urban
Heat Island profile which is increasing every year. There is lesser need for health care
services due to good air quality in the surroundings.
Green roof improve air quality
Green roof provide extra space
The green roof fully utilises the roof and turn the rooftop into a place for socialising and
relaxing purposes as there are a lot of unused spaces in the developing city.
The roof creates convenient and comfortable space for day care, meetings, and
recreation.
Creates a better panoramic view for the adjacent buildings
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Benefits of using Rain Harvesting System in NanyangNTU
Rainwater Harvesting System is fitted on the green roof for irrigation
To reducing solar gain and slowing runoff during Singapores frequent downpours, it is
irrigated using rainwater collected in storage tanks; a moisture retention mat installed
beneath the lightweight soil also helps keep the grass consistently damp under the sun.
The rainwater harvesting system helps to reduce the impact on the environment by
reducing the use of fuel based machines. It is suitable for irrigation and watering garden
because the rainwater is free from many chemicals found in ground water and also free
from pollutants as well as salts, minerals, and other natural and man-made contaminants,
so, it is good for irrigation and plant thrive.
The automatic irrigation system tends to use a lot of water very quickly, so it can only be
used as part of very large rainwater harvesting systems that feature large storage tanks.
There systems are typically designed and installed by professionals.
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The rainwater harvesting system not only reduces dependence on ground water and the amount
of money spent on water, but also reduces off-site flooding and erosion by holding rainwater on
the green roof. During the rainy season, rainwater is collected in a large storage tanks which also
helps in reducing floods in some low lying areas. Besides, it helps in reducing contamination of
surface water with pesticides and fertilizers from rainwater run-off.
Rainwater harvesting also can reduce salt accumulation in the soil which can be harmful to root
growth. When collected, rainwater filters into the soil, forcing the salt down and away from the
root zone area. This allows for greater root growth and water uptake, which increases the
drought tolerance of the grass.
Rainwater Harvesting Helps Reduce Floods & Soil Erosion
Water Sprinklers
"Advantages and Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting -
Conserve Energy Future." ConserveEnergyFuture. N.p., n.d. Web.
8 May 2014. <http://www.conserve-energy-
future.com/Advantages_Disadvantages_Rainwa
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The system uses simple technologies that are inexpensive and easy to maintain. The maintenance
of the system requires little time and energy. The result is the collection of water that can be used
in substantial ways even without purification. The operation and maintenance of rainwater
harvesting system is controlled by the individual without having to rely upon the maintenance
practices of a municipally controlled water system.
Rainwater Harvesting System Is Easy To Maintain
The rainwater harvesting system provides an independent water supply during regional
water restrictions and in developed countries is often used to supplement the main supply.
It provides water when there is a drought, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and
reduces demand on wells which may enable ground water levels to be sustained. In
addition, it also helps in the availability of potable water as rainwater is substantially free of
salinity and other salts.
Rainwater Harvesting System Can Be Used As A Backup Source To
Municipal Water
"Rainwater Harvesting and its Benefits."epaonet NewsRSS. N.p., n.d.
Web.8May2014.<http://epao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=educati
on.Science_and Technology.Rain
Advantages and Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting - Conserve Energy
Future." ConserveEnergyFuture. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014. <http://www.conserve-energy-
future.com/Advantages_Disadvantages_Rainwa
"Rooftop rainwater harvesting." - Akvopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014.
<http://akvopedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_rainwa
"Rainwater Harvesting." Renewable Technologies : Information : Carbon Saving Technology :.
N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 20"14. <http://www.renewabletech.co.uk/information/carbon-saving-
technology/rainwater-harvesting/>.
"Rain Water Harvesting System: Its Advantages." Guide on real estate home dcor property
buying house buying in India Commonfloor RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 May 2014.
<http://www.commonfloor.com/guide/rain-water-harvesting-system-its-advantages-
4226.html>.
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Building Science 1(ARC2413) | Case Study : Identifying

Innovative Passive Design Strategies

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