Carbon electrode

Silver sulphate
solution
Anode Cathode
+ -
Ag
+
, H
+
OH
-
, SO
4
2-
Electrolysis of SilverArgentu! Sulphate solution, Ag
2
SO
4
"ons present in the electrolyte# Cation# Ag
+
, H
+
$ Anion# OH
-
,
SO
4
2-

"ons !ove to anode# OH
-
, SO
4
2-
"on choose to be discharged at anode# OH
-
%position of ions&
Half e'uation# 4OH
-
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e
Observation# (ubbles of colourless gas released$
"ons !ove to cathode# Ag
+
, H
+
$
"ons choose to be discharged at cathode# Ag
+
%position of ions&
Half e'uation# Ag
+
+ e Ag
Observation# Silver !etal deposited at the electrode$
Carbon electrode
)$* + potassiu!
bro!ide
Anode Cathode
+ -
OH
-
, (r
-
,
+
, H
+
Electrolysis of )$* + %concentrated& -otassiu! (ro!ide solution,
,(r
"ons present in the electrolyte# Cation# ,
+
, H
+
$ Anion# OH
-
, (r
-

"ons !ove to anode# OH
-
, (r
-
"on choose to be discharged at anode# (r
-
%concentrated ion&
Half e'uation# 2(r
-
(r
2
+ 2e
Observation# (ubbles of bro.nish gas released$
"ons !ove to cathode# ,
+
, H
+
$
"ons choose to be discharged at cathode# H
+
%position of ions&
Half e'uation# 2H
+
+ 2e H
2
Observation# (ubbles of colourless gas released
Silver electrode
Silver /itrate
solution
Anode Cathode
+ -
OH
-
, /O
)
-
Ag
+
, H
+
Electrolysis of Silver nitrate solution, Ag/O
)
.ith silver plate$
"ons present in the electrolyte# Cation# Ag
+
, H
+
Anion# OH
-
, /O
)
-

"ons !ove to anode# OH
-
, /O
)
-

"on choose to be discharged at anode# /o ion discharged$ Anode
is silver !etal, .hich is an active anode$ "t .ill dissolve in the
electrolyte$
Half e'uation# Ag Ag
+
+ e
Observation# 0he silver electrode beco!es thinner
"ons !ove to cathode# Ag
+
, H
+
$
"ons choose to be discharged at cathode# Ag
+
%position of ions&
Half e'uation# Ag
+
+ e Ag
Observation# Silver !etal deposited at the electrode$ Carbon
electrode beco!es thic1er$
0he colour of the solution re!ains unchanged$
-ure0ulenAsli
copper
Copper %""& sulphate
solution
Cu
2+
, H
+
, SO
4
2-
, OH
-
Anode Cathode
+ -
"!pure
copper
"!purities
0he i!pure copper plate dissolves to for! Cu
2+
ions$
Cu Cu
2+
2e
0he i!purities fall to the botto! of the bea1er$
0he Cu
2+
ions are discharged to for! copper at the pure copper plate$
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
2. Purification of metals
+ Anode
- Cathode
Carbon electrodes
+olten alu!iniu! o2ide, Al
2
O
)
Al
)+
, O
2-
+olten alu!iniu!
Alu!iniu! ions in the electrolyte .ill be
discharged at the carbon electrodes and
beco!e alu!iniu! ato!$ +olten
alu!iniu! .ill be collected at the botto!$
Al
)+
+ )e Al
O2ide ions, O
2-
in the electrolyte .ill be
discharged at the carbon lining and beco!e
o2ygen gas$
2O
2-
O
2
+ 2e
Carbon
lining
Extraction of metals
Application Of electrolysis in "ndustries
"ron spoon %sudu besi&
Copper %""& sulphate
solution
Cu
2+
, H
+
, SO
4
2-
, OH
-
Anode Cathode
+ -
Copper
electrode
0he copper anode dissolves to for! Cu
2+
ions$
Half e'uation# Cu Cu
2+
2e
At the cathode, Cu
2+
ions are discharged and deposited on the surface of
the iron spoon$
Half e'uation# Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
Condition for good 'uality of plating#
Concentration of Cu
2+
ions !ust be lo.
0he electric current !ust be s!all
0he iron spoon !ust be turned steadily
0he surface of iron spoon !ust be clean$
3. Electroplating of metals
Penyaduran logam
CA0"O/ Half reaction
,
+
%-otassiu!& ,
+
+ e ,
/a
+
%Sodiu!& /a
+
+ e /a
Ca
2+
%Calciu!& Ca
2+
+ 2e Ca
+g
2+
%+agnesiu!& +g
2+
+2e +g
Al
)+
%Alu!iniu!& Al
)+
+ )e Al
3n
2+
%3inc& 3n
2+
+ 2e 3n
4e
2+
%"ron& 4e
2+
+ 2e 4e
Sn
2+
%Stanu!& Sn
2+
+ 2e Sn
-b
2+
%5ead& -b
2+
+ 2e -b
H
+
%Hydrogen& 2H
+
+ 2e H
2
Cu
2+
%Copper& Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
Ag
+
%Silver& Ag
+
+ e Ag
A/"O/ Half 6eaction
4
-
%4luoride& 2 4
-
4
2
+ 2e
SO
4
2-
%Sulphate& SO
4
2-
SO
2
+ O
2
+ 2e
/O
)
-
%/itrate& 2/O
)
-
2/O
2
+ O
2
+ 2e
Cl
-
%Chloride& 2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
(r
-
%(ro!ide& 2(r
-
(r
2
+ 2e
"
-
%"odide& 2"
-
"
2
+ 2e
OH
-
%hydro2ide& 4OH
-
O
2
+ H
2
O + 4e