1. What do you know about electrical plugs and sockets used in different countries?

In
pairs, describe some spesific designs.
The types of plugs and sockets are divided into three categories. Each are used in
many country and set by national standards. But some of them are listed in the IEC
(International Electrotechnical Commission).
a. Kind of plugs and sockets classification based on the voltage and frequency used:
110-220 volt at frequency 60 hz
220-240 volt at frequency 50 hz
b. Kind of plugs and sockets classification based on the safety :
Ungrounded. Usually used for 2 pins plug. Classified as Class-II based on IEC
standard.
Grounded. Usually used for 3 pins plug. Classified as Class-I based on IEC
standard.
Grounded and fuse. Usually used for 3 pins plug.
c. Then based on the voltage and frequency used and safety, plugs and sockets in different
countries commonly used some spesific design:
Australian Standard AS/NZS 3112 (Australian 10 A/240 V) (Type I)
This kind of plug is used in Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga, Argentina,
Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea and China. It has an earthing pin and two flat
current-carrying pins forming an upside down V-shape

BS 546
It has round pins arranged in a triangle, with an earthing pin. These plugs are
polarized and unfuse. This plugs preventing a 30 ampere appliance from overloading
a circuit with only a 2 amp socket. Introduced in 1934, the BS 546 type has mostly
been displaced in the UK by plugs and sockets to the BS 1363 standard.


BS 1363 (Type G)
Used in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Hong Kong, Cyprus,
and other countries. Compatible standards are IS 401 and IS 411 (Ireland), MS 589
(Malaysia), SS 145 (Singapore), and SASO 2203 (Saudi Arabia).


CEE 7/4 German Schuko 16 A/250 V earthed Type F
This kind of plug is used in Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Bulgaria, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia,
Republic of Moldova, the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, and
Uruguay.It has a recessed round shape with two symmetrical round sockets and two
earthing clips on the sides of the socket. The Schuko connection system is
symmetrical and unpolarised in its design, allowing live and neutral to be reversed. Its
dimensions are compatible with CEE 7/5 (French plug/socket) except that the female
earth contact is omitted.

CEE 7/5 French Type E
This standard is also used in Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia
and some other countries. The Czech standard recommends the live wire to be on the
left side when facing the socket. CEE 7/4 plugs are not compatible with the CEE 7/5
socket because earthing in the CEE 7/5 socket is via a round male pin permanently
mounted in the socket.

CEE 7/7 Plug
To bridge the differences between German and French standards, the CEE 7/7
plug was developed. It is polarised to prevent the live and neutral connections from
being reversed when used with a French CEE 7/5 socket, but allows polarity reversal
when inserted into a German CEE 7/4 socket

CEE 7/16 Europlug (Type C)
The Europlug itself is used in the Middle East (Iran), most African nations,
South America (Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia), Asia (India, Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Pakistan, and South Korea) as well as Russia and the former
Soviet republics, such as Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, and many developing nations.

Danish Ection 107 2 D1 (10/13/16 A/250 V earthed) Type K
Sockets for the Schuko were not permitted until 15 November 2011. It could
also result in a bad connection of the pins, with resultant risk of overheating and fire.
Many international travel adapter sets sold outside Denmark match CEE 7/16
(Europlug) and CEE 7/7 (Schuko-French hybrid) plugs which can readily be used in
Denmark.

Thai 3 pin plug TIS 166-2549 (2006)
Thai Industrial Standard (TIS) 166-2547 and its subsequent update TIS 166-
2549 stipulated a modification of the IEC 60906-1 plug, replacing prior standards
which were based on NEMA 1-15 and 5-15, as Thailand uses 220 V electricity. All of
which have been variably used in Thailand.

JIS 8303, Class II (Japanese 15 A/100 V unearthed)
In Japan the voltage is 100V, and the frequency is 50 Hz (East Japan) or
60 Hz (West Japan). Therefore, some North American devices which can be
physically plugged into Japanese sockets may not function properly.

Israel
This plug, defined in SI 32 (IS16A-R), is unique to Israel. It has three flat
pins to form a Y-shape. Live and neutral are spaced 19 mm (0.75 in) apart. The plug
is rated at 16 A.



2. b. In pairs, discuss what is meant by profile of the pins and standard configuration.
The profile of the pins means the shape of the individual pins, for example a
rectangular cross-section or a circular cross-section.
A standard configuration means a uniform arrangement, for example in a given
country all plugs have a standard layout they all exactly the same.

d. Complete the following phrases from the descriptions using adjectives based on
the words in brackets.
1. ... there are circular pins for live and neutral. (circle)
2. ... the earth slots got a flat base with one side rounded over to form a semi-
circle. (round)
3. This one has rectangular blades for live, neutral, and earth ... (rectangle)
4. ... it has a cylindrical slot to receive the earth pin. (cylinder)
5. ... the pins are arranged in linear configuration. (line)
6. ... theyre laid out in triangular configuration. (triangle)


5. In pairs, think of some example of machining operations that are often used in
manufacturing involving metalworking.
Example: Aluminum Extrusion
The aluminum extrusion process starts with the die being loaded into the press
machine. The die will create the profile of aluminum when the aluminum is pushed
through. The aluminum alloy is bought to the press in the form of a billet (cylindrical).
The billet is then placed in to the heating varnish and heated to 900
o
F. This temperature
allows the billet to become soft yet still maintain its shape in a solid form.
The heated-billet is then loaded into the press machine. As pressure pushed applied
the billet is crushed against the die, then as the pressure increases the soft but still solid
aluminum has no place else to go and begins to squeeze out in to the die.

The fully formed profile aluminum is produced on the other side of the press
machine. Then the formed aluminum is cooled by using air or water. A stretcher is used
after the profile has been cooled to strengthen the aluminum and incorrect any twisting
that may have occured after the extrusion. A finish-cut saw is used to cut the profile to the
specify length. And the last process is ageing by using a aging oven.

The machining metalworking process used are:
- Heat threathment
- Forming: a. Extrusion
b. Cutting