Waste Water Treatment

for Industrial Operations

DIAN WIDYA NINGTYAS, STP.MP.
2013
INTRODUCTION
TOPICS
Terms and meanings
Waste treatment technologies
Typical process
Typical procedure
Wastewater and Its Source
Wastewater is used water that contains dissolved or
suspended matter
Kinds of wastewater:
Spent water is water that has been used and can no longer
serve the purpose for which it was used because of
contamination
Domestic wastewater is the wastewater produced by
humans in their daily lives (gray water is the water produced
by bathing, cooking, and washing dishes and clothes, gray
water may be high in detergent pollutants)
Sewage is the wastewater produced by residential and
commercial sources, it is the water that is discharged into
sanitary sewers or treated in septic systems (sanitary sewers
are systems of pipes or conduits that carry off sewage)
Sources of Wastewater
Homes and business
Manufacturing wastewater
Food plants
Paper mills
Steel mills
Electric power plants
Farm wastewater
Stormwater (storm sewer is a system of pipes
that carries run off from street, buildings, and
other surface areas)

Composition
Air (>95%)
Patogen (bakteri, virus, parasit)
Non-patogenic bacteria
Partikel organik (feses, rambut, makanan, dll)
Soluble organik material
Partikel anorganik (pasir, metal, keramik)
Soluble inorganik material
Hewan (protozoa, serangga, ikan kecil, dll)
Gas (H2S, CO2, metana)
Emulsi (cat, cat rambut, mayonaise, dll)
Racun (pestisida, herbisida, dll)
Effect of Waste Water
media pembawa bakteri patogen penyebab
berbagai penyakit (virus, vibrio cholera, Salmonella
spp., Shigella, Brucella)

bahan-bahan beracun, penyebab iritasi, dan bau (Teluk
Minamata 1953ikan yg mgd. air raksa
penyempitan ruang pandang, kelumpuhan, kulit terasa
menebal dan bahkan dapat menyebabkan kematian)

Gangguan kehidupan biotik:
dengan banyaknya zat pencemar yang ada di dalam air limbah
kadar oksigen terlarut menurun.



Consequence
Tujuan
mengurangi BOD,
partikel tercampur,
membunuh mikroorganisme patogen
menghilangkan bahan nutrisi, komponen beracun ,serta
bahan yang tidak dapat didegradasikan (menurunkan
konsentrasi)
What is wastewater treatment ?

Waste water contains of :
Organic matter, sludge, oil, bacteria (pathogenic), virus, salt,
pesticide, metal, plastic, etc.
This waste come from waste of household, industrial,
hospital etc
Purpose :
To limit the danger substances in the wastewater that polute
the environment
To obtain the clean water so it use for dailylife

physical treatment & chemical treatment
WHAT ?
HOW?
Parameters
pH
Suhu O2 terlarut (min 6 ppm), kec rx kimia.
Warna, bau dan rasa
Jumlah padatan
Nilai BOD / COD
Pencemaran m.o patogen
Kand. minyak
Kand. Logam berat
Kand. Bahan radioaktif
3 steps of waste water treatment
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY
PURPOSE:
To Filter the
solid waste

PURPOSE :
To Eliminate
BOD
PURPOSE :
To get the clean
water
Methods:
-Oxidation
-Using activated
sludge process
Methods :
- discard the
poisonous organic
compounds, hard
metal, bacterias
Methods:
-Filtration
-Sedimentation
Major Stages of Treatment
Primary Treatment
(Reduce Solids 50-60%, BOD 30-50%)
Bar screens, Comminutor, Grit chamber (Settling tank)
Secondary Treatment
(Solids 85-95%, BOD 80-95%)
Trickling filter, Activated sludge, Water treatment ponds
Advanced Treatment
(Solids ~100%, BOD ~99%)
Land Application, Coagulation-sedimentation, Adsorption,
Electrodialysis

Primary Treatment
The primary treatment involves removing the
large suspended matter. Primary treatment can
remove 60% of the suspended matter. Removal
happens because of, mainly, one process; settling
tanks.
The water is put into a tank, either cylindrical
or rectangular at such a slow rate some particles
settle down at the bottom. These particles are
removed while the water at the top is being sent
to secondary treatment.

Primary
The water pump to the process
tank
There are barscreens In the process
tank to filter the disposal
Sedimentation
tank
Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment removes the biological
oxygen demand (BOD), which is an indirect
measurement of the amount of organic matter in
the water. Up to 85% of the BOD is removed in
secondary treatment. Microorganisms do the
main part of the BOD removal. After this there
is only one process left, the tertiary treatment.

Secondary
Addition aerob bacteria use
activated sludge

Aeration by pump
Blower will blow the air to help the
microbe flocculate the mass to a big
flocc
Flocculant mass will precipitate in the
bottom of the tank, discard a part and the
other will circulate to aeration tank
Activated sludge flow to
the aeration tank
The sludge
disposal
Tertiary Treatment
The water that goes to tertiary treatment may look clean
but there are still minor pollutants such as: phosphorus,
nitrogen, and heavy metals. These are removed by various
chemical processes or specialized filters.

Tertiary
Disinfectans with :
- UV
- Chlorine
- Ozone
The last step to discard the hard
metal, organic compounds,
poisonous disposal
HIGH
COST
Natural,
difficult handling
need UV lamp
Discard
ammonia,
phosphate, hard
metal
The water produced
Criteria:

- Clean water
- BOD <<, DO > 5 ppm
- pH neutral
- low TSS
- Low ammonia
- does not contain hard metal
- does not contain poisonous disposal
- does not contain bacteria (E.Coli)
- Low temperature
Laboratory test
FLOW CHART
Teknik Pengolahan Limbah Cair
1. pengolahan secara fisik
2. pengolahan secara kimia
3. pengolahan secara biologi

Combination or individually applied
Physical Treatment
Principle : remove substances by use of naturally occuring
forces such as gravity, electrical attraction, physical barriers,
and van der Waalls forces.


Physical Treatment
pengadukan,
penyortiran,
pemisahan bahan padat dari limbah cair

Penyaringan (screening) merupakan cara yang efisien dan murah
untuk menyisihkan bahan tersuspensi yang berukuran besar.

Pengendapan Bahan tersuspensi yang mudah mengendap

FLOTATION ?????


Oils, greases skimmers

Flotasi juga dapat digunakan sebagai cara penyisihan bahan-
bahan tersuspensi (clarification) atau pemekatan lumpur
endapan (sludge thickening) dengan memberikan aliran udara ke
atas (air flotation).
COAGULATION:


Formation of chemical flocs that adsorb, entrap, or bring
suspended matter together
Results from opposite charge
Particles are destabilized and form visible pin floc

FLOCCULATION:


Enlargement of pinfloc to speed separation
Occurs via addition of long chain polymer
Polymer actually grabs onto several pinflocs and pulls material
together
CLARIFICATION:


Removal of insoluble particles from a suspension
For metal removal: Typically by sinking
For BOD removal: Typically by floating
ADSORBTION

Adsorbtion karbon aktif,
untuk menyisihkan seny. aromatik (misalnya: fenol) & seny.
organik terlarut lainnya

Komponen organik akan teradsorbsi pada karbon aktif,
kemudian dapat dipisahkan dengan menggumpalkan
menggunakan bahan kimia tertentu.

Preliminary Treatment: Screens
Bar Screens
Bar Racks
Preliminary Treatment: grit removal
BIOLOGICAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT
DEFINITION:
a method of contact between microbes and substrate.
Suitable temperature, pH, nutrients etc. are required for
microbial growth. Such a growth results into the removal
of substrate.
Biological Treatment
A process whereby organic substances are used as
food by bacteria and other microorganisms
bacteria, fungi, cilliates, rotifers, etc.
O
2
is required bentuk yg larut ataupun anion
spt sulfat dan nitrat
Produk akhir : penurunan jumlah polutan organik,
meningkatnya jumlah m.o, CO
2
, H
2
O, by-products
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Organic
Matter
M.O O
2
CO
2
M.O H
2
O
Oxidized
Organic
Material
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Semua air buangan yang biodegradable dapat diolah
secara biologi.
Dalam bagian ini terjadi proses degradasi, penguraian,
dan dekomposisi
Sebagai pengolahan sekunder, pengolahan secara
biologi dipandang sebagai pengolahan yang paling
murah dan efisien.
Pengolahan secara Biologi
Proses biologi dapat berlangsung secara aerobik
(membutuhkan oksigen) maupun dengan cara anaerobik
(tanpa membutuhkan oksigen).

Pada sistem aerobik diperlukan aerator sebagai penyuplai
udara/oksigen kedalam limbah cair.
Jika bakteri berasal dari limbah maka yang tumbuh
bermacam-macam jenis bakteri dari mulai yang
bersifat patogen maupun probiotik.

Dalam kondisi semacam ini maka proses hanya dapat
berlangsung secara aerobik karena diperlukan
hembusan oksigen untuk melipatgandakan jumlah
bakteri yang ada.
OBJECTIVE OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT :
Coagulate and remove the non-settle able colloidal solids .
Stabilize the organic matter.
Reduce the organic matter.
Remove the nutrients.
In short, stabilize organic matter: convert organic matter to
nonbiodegradable form so that it does not exert oxygen
demand.

Activated Sludge - definition
a continuous or semicontinuous(fill and draw) aerobic
method incld carbonaceous oxidation and nitrification
based on : aeration, with flocculating biological growth
followed by separation of treated wastewater from this
growth
Separation settling, flotation, etc
Lumpur Aktif
Memasukkan udara dan lumpur yg mengandung bakteri
kedalam tangki

Untuk meningkatkan kecepatan aktivitas bakteri

Air limbah, udara, dan lumpur mengalami kontak selama
beberapa jam dalam tangki aerasi bahan organik
dipecah menjadi senyawa yang lebih sederhana
The Process
Screening and Grit
Units : to remove large
objects and to reduce
particle size
Primary Settling Tanks :
to remove particles from
water sedimentation
Particulates suspended size :
10
-1
to 10
-7
mm
( > 10
-4
: turbidity ; < 10
-4
:
color & taste)
70% of the solids and 30% of
the BOD can be removed

Aeration Tanks : provides 6 to 24
hours retention

The contents mixed liquor, and
the solids are called mixed liquor
suspended solids (MLSS), living and
dead microbial cells
microorganisms kept in suspension
4 to 8 hr (by mechanical mixers
and/or diffused air),
M.o concentration maintained
by the continuous return of the
settled biological floc from a
secondary settling tank to the
aeration tank.

Final Settling Tanks : provide longer
detention (2h) and lower overflow rates (30 to
50 m
3
/m
2
.day)

the sludge settles to the bottom of the tank
still active and able to remove more BOD
from the waste water maintains and
increases the microorganism concentration in
the aeration chamber
key factor to increase BOD removal from the waste water
<< 24 hr in the aerobic process BOD
concentration should not exceed about 2,000
mg/l on the effluent
Microorganisms
The microorganisms are mixed with the incoming organic as
food
M.o grow and mixed with air clump together (flocculate) settle in the
secondary clarifier.
The activated sludge is constantly growing
a sludge handling system for treatment and disposal.
The volume of sludge returned to the aeration basins is
normally 40 to 60 percent of the wastewater flow; the rest is
wasted.
A fixed growth of microorganisms develops on synthetic media
similar to trickling filters. By means of sludge recalculation, a
population of suspended growth microbes is developed in
addition to the fixed growth on the media.

Role of microbes
-
SINGLE
BACTERIUM
2.0m
ORGANIC
POLLUTANT
AND NUTRIENTS
(C,P,N,O,Fe,S)
GROWTH - CELL DIVISION
INCREASE IN BIOMASS
(assimilation)
CO
2
evolved
(dissimilation)
O
2

consumption
Controlled release of energy
Slow Burning!
Types of microbes
Depending on the energy and carbon source
AUTOTROPHS: microbes requiring inorganic carbonaceous
compounds.
HETEROTROPHS: microbes requiring organic
compounds .
PHOTOTROPHS: microbes consuming light as energy source .
CHEMOTROPHS: microbes obtaining energy from oxidation of
org. or inorg. Compounds.
ORGANOTROPHS: organic compounds as source of electron.
LITHOTROPHS: inorganic compounds as source of electron.
E.g. nitrifying bacteria is an example of chemolitho-autotrophs.

CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS

PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC
CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC
AUTOTROPHIC
HETEROTROPIC
CHEMOHETEROTROPHIC
PHOTOHETEROTROPHIC
CO2
Organic carbon
INORGANIC
ORGANIC
OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION
Important organisms in w/w treatment
Bacteria
Fungi
Nemotodes
Important organisms in w/w treatment
Algae
Important organisms in w/w treatment
Protozoa

Rotifers, ciliates,
crustaceans
Stentor
Celops
Paramecium
Environmental conditions that affect microbial growth.


1. pH
2. Temp
3. Nutrients
4. Subs conc. & composition
5. D.O.
6. Contact / extent of mixing

Reaktor pengolahan secara biologi dapat dibedakan atas dua
jenis, yaitu:
1. Reaktor pertumbuhan tersuspensi (suspended growth
reactor);
2. Reaktor pertumbuhan lekat (attached growth reactor).
Suspended Growth
Diverse populations of microbes
Mikroba tersuspensi dalam limbah
Jumlah mikroba dapat terkontrol dengan baik mudah
diuji di lab
Activated sludge, UASB


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Attached Growth
All microbes attached to the medium batu, plastik, dll
The microbes able to access the organis matter in the
waste water
Trickling filter, RBC, Fluidized bed
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Activated Sludge Process is the suspended-growth
biological treatment process, based on providing intimate
contact between the sewage and activated sludge.
The Activated Sludge is the sludge obtained by settling
sewage in presence of abundant O2 so as to enrich with
aerobic micro organisms.
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
screens
Grit
chamber
Primary
Settling
tank
aeration chlorination
Raw water




Secondary
Settling
tank
Effluent
to disposal
Reareation
Activated Sludge
Pump
Activated
Sludge return
Sludge
Thickener
Sludge
Digestion
To Sludge Drying
Flow Diagram of ASP
Sulfur, phosphate dan nitrogen dalam limbah cair
merupakan nutrisi bagi bakteri/mikroba.

Ketiga bahan ini hanya dimakan secukupnya oleh
bakteri. Pada proses biologi maka ketiga bahan
tersebut akan tersisa dalam limbah cair yang pada
akhirnya menjadi lumpur (sludge).

Jika proses ini terus berlangsung lama maka pada bak
pengolahan limbah akan terjadi pendangkalan yang
disebabkan oleh lumpur tersebut.
Sludge granule
an aggregate of
microorganisms forming
during wastewater treatment
in an environment with a
constant upflow hydraulic
regime
1 g of granular sludge organic
matter (dry weight) can
catalyze the conversion of
0.5 to 1 g of COD per day
to methane
Granulation Process
filamentous microorganisms become entangled in one
another
methanogens known as Methanosaete, filamentous
microorganisms

Inside the granule
Type of Activated Sludge Processes
Plug Flow : wastewater is routed through a series of
channels constructed in the aeration basin
Complete Mix - wastewater may be immediately mixed
throughout the entire contents of the aeration basin (mixed
with oxygen and bacteria).
Contact Stabilization
Extended Aeration

Advantages
Diverse; can be used for one household up a huge plant
Removes organics
Oxidation and Nitrification achieved
Biological nitrification without adding chemicals
Biological Phosphorus removal
Solids/ Liquids separation
Stabilization of sludge
Capable of removing ~ 97% of suspended solids
The most widely used wastewater treatment process

Disadvantages
Does not remove color from industrial wastes and may
increase the color through formation of highly colored
intermediates through oxidation
Does not remove nutrients, tertiary treatment is necessary
Problem of getting well settled sludge
Recycle biomass keeps high biomass concentration in aeration
tanks allowing it to be performed in technologically acceptable
detention times

Di dalam reaktor pertumbuhan lekat, mikroorganisme
tumbuh di atas media pendukung dengan membentuk
lapisan film untuk melekatkan dirinya. Berbagai modifikasi
telah banyak dikembangkan selama ini, antara lain:
1. trickling filter dapat menghilangkan padatan
tersuspensi dan BOD sampai 80-85%
2. cakram biologi
3. filter terendam
4. reaktor fludisasi

Seluruh modifikasi ini dapat menghasilkan efisiensi
penurunan BOD sekitar 80%-90%.
Penyaring Trikel
Terdiri dr lapisan batu dan kerikil dgn tinggi 90 cm-3 m
Air limbah dialirkan secara perlahan melalui lapisan ini.
Bakteri akan terkumpul & berkembang biak pd batu dan
kerikil mengkonsumsi bahan organik yg terdapat
dlm air limbah
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is widely used to treat
wastewater sludges and organic wastes because it
provides volume and mass reduction of the input
material.
Anaerobic digestion is a renewable energy source
because the process produces a methane and carbon
dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production
helping replace fossil fuels. Also, the nutrient-rich
solids left after digestion can be used as fertiliser.
The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis
of the input materials in order to break down
insoluble organic polymers such as carbohydrates and
make them available for other bacteria.
Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and
amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia,
and organic acids.
Acetogenic bacteria then convert these resulting
organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional
ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
Methanogens, finally are able to convert these
products to methane and carbon dioxide.
The key process stages of anaerobic digestion


There are four key biological and chemical stages of anaerobic digestion
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis

A simplified generic chemical equation for the overall processes outlined
above is as follows:
C6H12O6 3CO2 + 3CH4
Ditinjau dari segi lingkungan dimana berlangsung proses
penguraian secara biologi, proses ini dapat dibedakan
menjadi dua jenis:

1. Proses aerob, yang berlangsung dengan hadirnya oksigen;
2. Proses anaerob, yang berlangsung tanpa adanya oksigen.

Apabila BOD air buangan tidak melebihi 400 mg/l, proses
aerob masih dapat dianggap lebih ekonomis dari
anaerob. Pada BOD lebih tinggi dari 4000 mg/l, proses
anaerob menjadi lebih ekonomis.
Anaerobic systems
Slow rate process required long times retention
For waste of high organic strength --? COD > 2000 ppm
Capable treating some substances cellulosic materials,
aromatic compounds, chlorinated solvents
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Conversion of Organic Pollutants to Biogas
by Anaerobic Microorganisms
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Kapan kita harus menggunakan
proses aerobik atau anaerobik ?
Proses aerobik hanya akan efektif diterapkan jika kadar COD
(Chemical Oxygen Demand) inlet maksimal 2000 ppm (part
per million)

Sedangkan pada COD yang tinggi (diatas 2000 ppm) maka
proses yang paling efektif dengan anaerobik.

Pada umumnya COD dari hotel, apartemen dan gedung
perkantoran sangat tinggi, bisa mencapai 20.000 ppm. Dalam
kondisi seperti ini proses biologi tidak mungkin berlangsung
satu tahap, mungkin dua atau tiga tahap atau lebih tergantung
kemampuan bakteri yang ada dalam sistem.
Comparison of the COD balance during
anaerobic and aerobic treatment
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Apa akibat dari proses biologi yang tidak
tepat pada pengolahan limbah cair ?
Pengolahan secara biologi yang tidak tepat akan menyebabkan
timbulnya bau busuk dan penggumpalan bahan berlemak. Jika
tidak diatasi segera maka akan sangat mengganggu.

Untuk menghindari proses pengolahan limbah yang tidak efektif
dilakukan terlebih dahulu pre-treatment dengan tujuan agar
tidak terjadi over load COD, diusahakan agar COD maksimal
2000 ppm.

Tujuan pre-treatment adalah agar beban COD lebih rendah dan
limbah lebih homogen.
Properties :
Chemical characteristics of the pollutants
(react, or interact with,treatment chem.)
Chemical characteristics of the products of reaction between
pollutants and treatment chemicals
(solubilities, volatilities, inability of product remain in water)
Chemical Treatment
Six chemical processes :
1. Reaction to produce an insoluble solid
2. Reaction to produce an insoluble gas
3. Reduction of surface charge to produce coagulation of a
colloidal suspension
4. Reaction to produce a biologically degradable substance
from a nonbiodegradable subs.
5. Reaction to destroy or deactivate a chelating agent
6. Oxidation or reduction to produce a non objectionable subs.
1. Reaction to produce an insoluble solid
Removing metals alkaline precipitations,
precipitation of the metal as the sulfide, precipitation
as the phosphate, precipitation as the carbonate, or
co-precipitation with another metal hydroxide, sulfide,
phosphate, or carbonate.

Solubilities, inexpensive sources, pH
Example :
Compound : Pb
Solubility in Water (mg/L):
Pb(OH)
2
: 2,1
Pb(CO
3
: 7,0 x 10
-3

Pb
3
(PO
4
)
2
: 20 x 10
-3
PbS : 3,8 x 10
-9



5/30/2013
Chemical substances
Chemical Application
Lime Heavy metals, fluoride, phosporus
Soda Ash Heavy metals
Sodium sulfide Heavy metals
Hydrogen sulfide Heavy metals
Phosporic acid Heavy metals
Fertilizer grade phosphate Heavy metals
Ferric sulfate Arsenic, sulfide
Ferric chloride Arsenic, sulfide
Alum Arsenic, fluoride
Sodium sulfate Barium
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Raw
Waste
pH
adjust
Oxidation
or
chelating
agent
destruct
pH adjust
or
Chem
addition
Floc Sed Filt
Sludge
Dewater,
Dry
Conditioning
Steps
Return
For Seed
Schematic for Removal by forming
an insoluble substances
2. Reactions to Produce an Insoluble Gas
If produce insoluble gas it will remove itself from
solution as it is formed
Ex :
2 NO
2
-
+ Cl
2
+ 8 H
+
N
2
+ 4H
2
O + 2 Cl
-

Chlorine added in the form of chlorine gas or
hypochlorite, or another chloride compound that
dissolves in water
5/30/2013
Chemical substances
CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCE
TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGY
Chlorine gas or other
chlorine compound
(hypochlorite, or chlorine
dioxide)
(1). Breakpoint chlorination to
remove ammonia

(2). Alkaline chlorination of
cyanide
Sulfuric or hydrochloric
acids (technical grade or
waste acids)
Removal of sulfide as hydrogen
sulfide gas
5/30/2013
TERMS AND MEANINGS
Industrial Waste Water
Before Treatment After Treatment
TUGAS :
Jelaskan tentang Metode Pengolahan Limbah Cair
secara BIOLOGI dengan ketentuan :
1. NIM GENAP : Lagoons dan UASB (disertai dengan
contoh aplikasinya)
2. NIM GANJIL : Trickling Filter dan RBC (disertai dengan
contoh aplikasinya)
UASB : Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
RBC : Rotating Biological Contactors
TUGAS :
Jelaskan tentang Metode Pengolahan Limbah Cair
secara KIMIA dengan ketentuan :
1. NIM GENAP : Metode 3 dan 4 (disertai dengan contoh
aplikasinya)
2. NIM GANJIL : Metode 5 dan 6 (disertai dengan contoh
aplikasinya)
Six chemical processes :
1. Reaction to produce an insoluble solid
2. Reaction to produce an insoluble gas
3. Reduction of surface charge to produce coagulation of a
colloidal suspension
4. Reaction to produce a biologically degradable substance
from a nonbiodegradable subs.
5. Reaction to destroy or deactivate a chelating agent
6. Oxidation or reduction to produce a non objectionable subs.