M. Sc.

in ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

COURSE STRUCTURE

Course
Code

Course Title
Marks
Internal
Assessment
Theory
1
st
semester
EM 101 Basics of environment and its management 15 60
EM 102 Environmental biology 15 60
EM 103 Environmental chemistry and pollution 15 60
EM 104 Environmental earth science and natural
hazards management
15 60
EM 105 Practical I 100
2
nd
semester
EM 201 Environmental sampling and data analysis 15 60
EM 202 Analytical methods for environmental monitoring 15 60
EM 203 Management process and Organizational
behaviour
15 60
EM 204 Environmental law and management 15 60
EM 205 Practical II and Fieldwork
(a) Practical
(b) Fieldwork

---
---

75
25
3
rd
semester
EM 301 Remote sensing and GIS - Application in
environmental management
15 60
EM 302 Energy and environment 15 60
EM 303 Environmental modeling 15 60
EM 304 Basics of water supply and treatment 15 60
EM 305 Practical III and Fieldwork
(a) Practical
(b) Fieldwork

---
---

75
25
4
th
semester
EM 401 Environmental impact assessment & risk
analysis
15 60
EM 402 Air pollution management 15 60
EM 403 Wastewater management 15 60
EM 404 Solid waste management and disposal 15 60
EM 405 (a) M. Sc Dissertation
(b) Viva-Voce
75
25
Total marks (all semester) 1600

- ii -
Detailed Syllabus of M. Sc. in Environment Management

First Semester

EM - 101 BASICS OF ENVIRONMENT AND ITS MANAGEMENT
1. Introduction: Meaning & scope; Environmental factors; The Global environment and its
segments - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere; Weather and climate -
Weather Elements and their variations; Heat balance of the earth- atmosphere system
Major climatic zones of the world, Climates of India, Climate and vegetation, Climatic extremes -
environmental implications, Global climate change and its impact on environment
2. Environmental Management: Concept and scope, Systems and approaches, Standards -
international and national; Ecomark; Environmental accounts and auditing, Green funding and
taxes, Trade and environmental management
3. Man and Environment: Environment, human culture and livelihood; Human impact on
ecosystems, General relationship between landscape, biomes and climate. Concept of
sustainable development, Environmental ethics
Population growth - laws of population growth, biological growth curves and carrying
capacity; Population regulation biotic potential and environmental resistances; Factors of
population regulation density dependent and density independent; Population crash and
carrying capacity; Human population growth and environmental constrains
4. Fundamentals of Ecology: Meaning and scope; Ecosystems - types, structural and functional
aspects; Energy flow in ecosystems, food chain, food web, trophic levels, ecological pyramids;
Ecotone; Ecological niche
Hydrologic cycle, Biogeochemical cycles carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
5. Natural Resources : Air, Water, Soil, Minerals, Forests and Energy resources; Concept of
reserve and resources; Problems with the exploitation of resources
6. Environmental Risk and Hazards: Risk and hazards; Chemical hazards, Physical hazards,
Biological hazards, Basics of hazard management and mitigation
7. Environmental Issues: Green House effect, Ozone layer depletion, Acid rain, Desertification,
Deforestation and loss of bio-diversity
Recommended Books
1. Environmental Science The natural environment and human impact (1998): A. R. W.
Jackson and J. M. Jackson, Longman
2. Environmental Science (2001) : S. C. Santra, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd
3. Introduction to Environmental Science and Engineering (2
nd
Ed.) (2004): G. M. Masters,
Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd.
4. Environmental Science (6
th
ed) (1997): Jr. G. T. Miller, Wadsworth Pub. Co.
5. Fundamentals of Environmental Science: G. S. Dhaliwal, G. S. Sangha and P. K. Raina,
Kalyani Publication
6. General Climatology: Critichfield H. J.
7. Introduction to Weather and Climate : Trewartha
8. Dimensions of Environmental and Ecological Economics (2005): N. C. Sahu & A. K.
Choudhury (Ed), Universities Press


- iii -
EM 102: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
1. Introduction: Concept of Environmental Biology, Concept of Ecosphere and Biosphere,
Ecological factors and variables
Biomes and Habitat - Classification of biomes; Grassland, Evergreen and deciduous forests,
Tropical rain forests and their characteristics; Classification of Aquatic Habitats Fresh water
pond, Wetlands, Rivers - their characteristics, flora and fauna; Marine Habitats Pelagic,
Benthic, Inter-tidal Estuarine
2. Community Ecology: Definition and concept of community, community diversity, structure,
dominance, stratification and periodicity; Community interdependence, Ecotone, Edge effect and
Ecological Niche
Ecological succession characteristics, types of succession, concept of climax, significance
of succession
3. Introduction to Taxonomy: Taxonomic Principles; Procedure of classification; Linean
classification of plants and animals
4. Environmental Microbiology: Concept and definitions; Diversity of microorganisms; Microbial
growth and metabolism.
Soil Microbiology - Microbial habitat in soil; General characteristics & activities of microorganisms
in surface soil; Microbial plant interaction in the soil; Microorganisms and biogeochemical cycles; Bio-
fertilizers; Food Microbiology - micro-organisms of food, microbes in food production, Food spoilage
fish and meat, Food poisoning and its prevention
5. Microbes in air and water: Important airborne pathogens; Airborne toxins; Bio-aerosols; Nature
of bio-aerosols; Bio-aerosol control; Bio-safety in the laboratory; Role of microorganisms in air
pollution control (bio-scrubbers and bio-filters)
Microbial habitat in the aquatic environment Planktonic; Benthic; Microbial mats; Bio-films;
Role of Microorganisms in Wastewater and Water Treatment; Bioassay tests for toxicity evaluation;
Pathogens and Indicator microorganisms; Eutrophication of water bodies.
6. Environmental Biotechnology and Biophysics: Introduction, Concept of Genetic Engineering
and its applications, Concept of Gene-Bank, Vermi-culture, Tissue culture, Fermentation,
Enzyme technology
Introduction, Bio-energetics Principle of thermodynamics, First and Second law of
thermodynamics, Living system and entropy changes; ATP Bioenergetics - ATP formation and
breakdown in living system
7. Environmental Biochemistry: Proteins Biological important proteins, biological functions of
proteins; Nucleic acids DNA, RNA, and their types, biological functions of nucleic acids
Biochemical degradation of pollutants, Bioconversion of pollutants
Recommended Books
1. Fundamentals of Ecology : E. P. Odum
2. Aquatic Ecosystems : Kumar, A P H Pubh
3. Microbiology 6th ed: Purohit, Agrobios
4. Global environmental Biotechnology : D. L. Wise
5. Methods in Biotechnology : Hans Peter Schmauder
6. Salvia David M., Principles & Applications of Soil Microbiology.
7. Mark Coyne, Soil Microbiology: An Explorations.
8. Alcano, Fundamentals of Microbiology.
9. Odum and Eugene P., Ecology and our Endangered Life Support System

- iv -
EM - 103 - Environmental Chemistry and Pollution
1. Environmental Chemistry: Concept and scope of Environmental Chemistry; acid base
reactions, pH and pOH, ionic product of water, common ion effect, buffer solutions, solubility
and solubility product, hydrolysis, chemical equilibrium, oxidation and reduction, chemical
speciation, Chemistry of Environmental Trace Elements: Pb, As, Hg and Cd, concept of green
chemistry
2. Chemical Kinetics: Simple reaction mechanisms; Order and molecularity of chemical
reactions; First, second and zero order reactions; Catalysis; Adsorption
3. Chemistry of Air and Air Pollutants: Chemical composition of the atmosphere; Chemical
and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere; Concept of atmospheric aerosol chemistry,
Green house gases
Types and sources of air pollutants; Atmospheric diffusion and stack performance;
Transport of pollutants; Effects of air pollutants on flora and fauna; Sinks of atmospheric gases
4. Chemistry of Water and Water Pollutants: Physical and chemical properties of terrestrial
and marine water and their environmental significance; Water quality parameters physical,
chemical and biological; Distribution of chemical species in water; Gases, organic matter and
humic matter in water.
Sources of water and their contamination; Types of pollutants, various industrial effluents,
domestic wastes, agricultural wastes; Eutrophication causes and effects and control
measures
5. Soil Chemistry and Soil Pollution: Chemical & mineralogical composition of soil, Physical
properties of soil texture, bulk density, permeability; Chemical properties cation exchange
capacity, pH, macro and micro nutrients
Causes of soil pollution; Effects of Fungicides and weedicides on soil components, residual
toxicity and pollution; Different kinds of synthetic fertilizer (N, P, K), and their interactions with
different components of soil, their toxicity and pollution Industrial effluents and their interactions
with soil components,
6. Non-material Pollution: Noise Pollution - Basic properties of sound waves, sound pressure,
loudness and intensity levels, decibel; Sources of Noise Pollution; Measurement, analysis and
management of noise pollution
Thermal pollution - Definition and sources, Chemical and biological effects of thermal
pollution, Thermal pollution from power plants and its management
Radiation Pollution - Radioactive decay; Biological impact and health hazards associated with
radiation, Units of radioactivity and radiation dose; Radioactive waste disposal
7. Chemistry of Cleaning Agents and Organic compounds: Soap, detergents and bleaching
agents; Hydrocarbons, pesticides, chemical fertilizers
Recommended Books
1. Environmental Chemistry : A. K. De
2. Environmental Chemistry : B.K. Sharma, and H. Kaur
3. Environmental Chemistry : S. E. Manahan
4. Environmental Chemistry : J. W. Moore and E. A. Moore
5. Environmental Chemistry - A global perspective: G. W. Vantoon and S. J. Duffy
6. Handbook of Environmental Health and Safety principle and practices (Vol. II): H. Koren;
Lewis Publishers


- v -
EM 104: ENVIRONMENTAL EARTH SCIENCE AND NATURAL HAZARDS MANAGEMENT

1. Introduction: Meaning and scope; Rocks, Soil and Minerals - Rock types, Soil formation,
composition, and classification; Soil profile, Formation and classification of mineral deposits;
Environmental problems associated with extraction of mineral deposits
2. Earths Processes: Weathering of rocks; Mass-wasting; Erosion, Transportation and
deposition of earths materials by running water, wind and glaciers; Development of landforms;
Soil erosion
Earths Geodynamic Processes - Concept of stress and strain; Mechanics and
classification of folds and faults; Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tsunamis - Environmental changes
3. Atmospheric Processes: General circulation and wind systems; Cyclones and anticyclones;
Air masses - source, modification and classification; Fronts and weather systems; Monsoons,
El-Nino, La-Nina, ENSO; Western disturbances
4. Introduction to Natural hazards: Hazard, vulnerability and risk; Natural and man-made
hazards, Hazard Mitigation - identification of hazard prone belts, Hazard zonation and Risk
assessment, Developing warning system, Risk assessment and reduction in vulnerable areas,
Emergency Preparedness, Education and Training Activities, planning for Rescue and Relief
works
5. Earthquake and Volcanic Hazards: Origin and severity of earthquakes, effects of
earthquakes, risk evaluation, seismic hazards and its zonation in India with special reference
to North East India, Coping with seismic hazards; Origin and types of volcanic activities;
Volcanic belts; Nature of volcanic hazards, mitigation of volcanic hazard vulnerability.
6. (a) Flood hazard: Floods, Floodplains and Flood-prone Areas; Causes, nature and frequency
of flooding; Urbanization and flooding; Flood hazard assessment, flood hazard mitigation and
management with special reference to Northeast India
(b) Man-made Hazards: Hazards due to dams and reservoirs, Nuclear power plant, Industrial
hazards, Occupational hazards - Management and mitigation measures
7. (a) Slope instability and Landslide hazard: Causes, destabilizing forces, mass movement
types; Human activities and landslides; Identification of landslide zones and their control;
Strength of materials and instability of slopes; Subsidence and swelling of ground
(b) Cyclones and Tsunami: Cyclones their nature and genesis; Norwesters; Weather
associated with cyclones; Tsunami their origin, nature and impact on coastal areas,
preparedness and management plan
Recommended Books
1. Environmental Geology (1987): K. S. Valdiya; Tata McGraw-Hill
2. Atmospheric Science An introductory survey (1977): J. M. Wallace and P. V. Hobbs;
Academic Press
3. Himalayan Snow and Glaciers: Bahadur; Concept Pub
4. Earths Dynamic Systems (8th ed): Hamblin: Prentice Hall
5. Environmental Geology: Barbar W. Murk et. al., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.

EM 105: Practical I
(a) Environmental Biology: The experiments will be related to -
1. Study of Grassland and Pond productivity by quadrate and plankton study
2. Estimation of Grassland and Forest animal population (seen) by quadrate method
- vi -
3. Visit to aquatic ecosystem and collection of water and plankton samples for quality and
productivity studies
4. Vegetation studies by line and belt transact method and their analysis
5. Preparation of Agar-Agar media for microbial culture from soil, water and air and their
identification
6. Study of wetland flora and fauna and the status study
7. Plant tissue culture in laboratory
(b) Environmental Chemistry and Pollution: The experiments will be related to -
1. Analysis of water and effluent - Physical parameters, Chemical parameters, Nutrient
parameters and Bacterial parameters.
2. Volumetric analysis of water and soil samples by EDTA titration.
3. Turbidimetric experiment - Estimation of sulphates
4. Potentiometric experiments - Estimation of halides in water samples
5. Colorimetric experiments - Estimation of Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
and Ni
2+

6. Estimation of alkali metals in various samples by flame-photometry
7. Analysis of soils for NPK, Na, Ca.
(c) Environmental Earth Science: The experiments will be related to -
1. Familiarization with meteorological instruments and their use
2. Studies related to upper air and surface weather including coding and decoding of
meteorological parameters
3. Presentation and interpretation of wind data (wind rose)
4. Studies of thin sections of selective igneous, metamorphic and igneous rocks
5. Study of geological maps and drawing of sections across geological structures
6. Determination of Soil Texture
7. Use of survey instruments - theodolite, dumpy level and plane table

Second Semester

EM 201: ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING AND DATA ANALYSIS
1. Introduction: An overview of environmental systems; Environmental Variables; Random and
Stochastic processes in the environment; Generation of environmental data - primary and
secondary data; Presentation of data - spatial and non-spatial data; Basic Statistics - frequency
distribution, Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
2. Probability Rules and Theoretical Distributions: Basic probability rules, expectation,
conditional probability; Probability distributions Binomial, Poisson, Normal and Log-normal
distributions; Fitting of probability distributions to environmental data.
3. Sample survey: Need and Purpose of sampling, Sampling with and without replacement,
Population and sample, Population parameters; Environmental sampling design - Methods for
selecting sampling locations and times; Different techniques of sampling simple random
sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, two stage sampling, compositing
and three-stage sampling; Relative advantages and disadvantages of different techniques
Sampling distribution and Test of Significance: Parameter and statistics; Sampling
distribution, Standard error and its uses; Concept of t- distribution, F-distributions, Chi Square
distribution without derivation and their applications; Null hypothesis and uses of t- test, F-test,

2
-tests; Test of significance of large samples
- vii -
4. Correlation and Regression: Bi-variate data and scatter diagram; Simple (linear) correlation
and regression; Coefficient of correlation and regression and their properties; Fitting of
regression line; Multiple and partial correlations and regressions
Analysis of Variance: Different types of models used in AOV; Basic assumptions and its
violation; One and two way classified data; Application of AOV to environmental data
5. Hypotheses Testing: Hypotheses testing procedure; Type I and Type II Errors; Level of
significance; Parametric tests (Concerning Means, Difference of means, Proportion, Variances)
Tests of significance for large samples, Special tests of significance for small samples;
Goodness-of-fit tests Chi-Squared test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; Nonparametric tests Sign
test, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Runs test;
6. Measurement of Uncertainty: Bias, precision and accuracy; Variability and Errors in
environmental data; Outlier detection Different tests for outlier detection; Quality assurance
and quality control (Internal and External); Control Charts: Description and Theory, Application
and Limitations; Analysis of trend in the environmental data: Detecting and estimating trend,
Trends and seasonality.
7. Time series analysis: Components of time series, measurement of trend, seasonal
movements, cyclical movements
Recommended Books
1. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics: S. C. Gupta and V. K. Kapoor; S. Chand & Co.
2. Statistical Methods in Geographical Studies: Aslam Mahmood; Rajesh Publications, New Delhi
3. Statistical Methods : An Introductory Text : J.Medhi: New Age International Ltd. Publishers
4. Practical Statistics (vol 1&2): Singh; Atlantic Publishers
1. Joseph, A.J. (1997). Health, Safety and Environmental Data Analysis, Lewis Publishers : New
York.
2. Pentecost, A. (1999). Analysing Environmental Data. Longman : London.
3. Gilbert, R.O. (1987). Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring, New York, Van
Nostrand Reinhold.
4. McBeen, E.A. (1999). Statistical Procedures for Analysis of Environmental Monitoring Data.
5. Keith, L.H. (Ed.) (1988). Principles of Environmental Sampling ACS Professional References,
American Chemical Society.
6. Berthouex, P.M. and Brown, L.C. (1994). Statistical for Environmental Engineers. Lewis
Publishers, CRC Press.
7. Johnson, R.A. (1999). Miller & Freunds Probability and Statistical for Engineers (5
th
edn).
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi.
8. Walpole, R.E. and Myers, R.H. (1985). Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists (3
rd

edn). Macmillan Publishing Company: New York.

EM 202: ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
1. Physicochemical methods for water and soil analysis: Physiochemical parameters
Definition and determination of Conductivity, pH, DO, BOD,COD, Measuring instruments
2. Sampling and Sample preparation: Sampling of Air, Water and Soil; Sampling equipments;
Preparation of sample for trace metal analysis in water air and soil: Dissolution techniques and
microwave digestion
3. Measurement and analysis of Weather elements: Weather elements; Measuring equipments,
Data analysis, presentation and interpretation
- viii -
4. Analysis of Metal Ions: Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry theory and instrumentation;
Theory, instrumentation and application of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Flame Emission
Spectrometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Emission Spectrometry
5. Separation Techniques: Principle and process of solvent extraction, Extraction reagents and
Practical applications; Chromatography principle and application of thin layer and ion
exchange chromatography
6. Chromatography: Gas-Liquid and Ion chromatography - Principle, instrumentation and
applications, GC-MS, Anode Stripping Voltametry and Neutron activation analysis
7. Nephelometry and Turbidimetry: General discussion, Instruments for nephelometry and
turbidimetry and their applications
Recommended Books
1. Standard Methods for Examination of water and waste water : A. E. Greenberg, A. D. Eaton;
APHA, AWWA,WEF
2. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science : C. N. Sawyer, P. L. McCarty and G. F.
Parkin
3. Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Water, Waste water and soil : H. H. Rupa and H.
Krist; V C H Publication
EM 203: MANAGEMENT PROCESS & ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
1. Introduction to Management: Meaning and nature of management; Managerial functions,
roles and skills; Evolution of management thoughts; Social and ethical responsibilities of
management
2. Management Planning and Organizing: Planning process - objectives and strategies; Policies
and planning premises; Managerial decision-making Fundamentals of organizing; Strategic
organization design; Line and staff authority and decentralization; Effective organizing and
organizational culture
3. Staffing, Leading and Controlling: Human resource management and staffing; Performance
appraisal and career strategy; Organizational change and organization development; Managing
and the human factor, Motivating employees for job performance; Leadership; Managing
communications
The control function, Control techniques, Productivity and operations management, Direct
control versus preventive control, Management information systems
4. Fundamentals of Organizational Behavior: Understanding organizational behavior,
Foundations of human relations and organizational behavior, Understanding people and
organizations, Diversity and ethics, Interpersonal and organisational communication; Managing
communication; Individual behavior in organizations - Personality and attitudes, Motivation,
Perception, Learning
5. Dynamics of Organizational Behavior: Leadership, empowerment and participation; Conflict,
negotiations and inter-group behavior; Management of conflict; Foundations of group behavior;
Understanding work teams; Informal organizations
6. The Organization System: Foundations of organization structure; Decision making; Power and
politics; Organizational culture
7. Organizational Change and Organization Development: Organizational change,
Fundamentals of organization development, Organization development interventions, Future of
organizational development
Recommended Books
1. Ancona et. al., Organisations Behaviour Processes: South-Western College Publishing, Boston,
USA, 1999.
- ix -
2. Jit S. Chandan, Organisation Behaviour, 2
nd
Ed., Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, 1994.
3. Paul Hersey et. al., Management of Organisation Behaviour, Utilizing Human Resource, Prentice
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1998
4. Management: problem solving and decision making; Organisation structure and design; Control
processes.

EM 204: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND MANAGEMENT
1. Environmental Laws: Evolution and development of International Environmental laws with
reference to Stockholm Conference, Nairobi Declaration, Rio Conference, Rio+5 and the
Rio+10; Global environmental issues and International laws to control Global warming, Ozone
depletion, Acid rains, hazardous waste; Role of UN authorities in protection of Global
Environment
2. Environmental laws in India: Legal, administrative and constitutional provisions for
environmental protection in India; Statutory protection of the Human Environment - Factories
Act, Motor Vehicle Act, Hazardous Waste legislation for pollution abatement; Anti Pollution Acts
- Water Act. 1974 & 1977 (CESS), Air Act 1981, Environment Protection Act, 1986, Wild life
protection act 1972 as amended 1991; forest conservation act, 1980; Indian forest act (revised)
1982
3. Environmental Policies and Strategies: Evolution of environmental policy and major policy
parameters; role of regulatory agencies; role of NGOs; public participation for environmental
management role of court and appellate authorities in environmental protection, national and
international conventions.
4. Sustainable development: Concept and growth of the idea of sustainable development,
indicators of sustainability, models of sustainable development
Environmental resources renewable and non-renewable; Economic development and
resource use - natural resource accounting; integrating economic and environmental accounts,
depletion of natural resources, defensive expenditure; Evolution of life cycle analysis (LCA); life
cycle inventory and methodology with case study.
5. Ecosystem Management: Ecosystem analysis, modeling, monitoring and planning; Ecotourism
and heritage management; Eco-restoration
Environmental management of water, forest and biological resources; Wild life population
pattern, Range and habitat, Endangered and rare species
6. Environmental management of industrial pollution: Management of pollution due to
chemical, mining and manufacturing industries (petroleum, coal, cement, paper, fertilizer).
7. Pollution Prevention and Total Environmental Quality Management : Environmental
indicators; Pollution prevention methodology; Methods for waste minimization; Types of
recycling; Recycling of waste material; Recovery effort index; ISOTC-207 standards;
Environmental audit; ISO 14000 series and environmental labeling.
Recommended Books
1. Sustainable development (Vol. I & II): N. L. Gupta and K. K. Gurjar (ed); Rawat Publications
2. Environmental management: G. N. Pandey; Vikash Publishing House
3. Environmental management: H. M. Saxena; Rawat Publications
4. Environmental Law and Policy in India: S. Divan & A. Rosencranz; Oxford University Press
5. Environmental Management Physio-ecological facets (Vol. I & II): Rai, Mohapatra & Goel (ed);
Rawat Publications
6. Environmental Management in India Vol. I & II): R. K. Sapru; Ashish Publishing House
7. Steven L. Erickson & Brian J. King, Fundamentals of Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1999.
- x -
8. S.N. Charry & Vinod Vyasulu, Environmental Management, An Indian Perspective, Macmillan India
Ltd., 2000.
9. Marry Ann Curran, Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment, McGraw Hill, New York, 1996.
10. Chirstopher Sheldon and Mark Yoxon, Installing Environmental Management Systems, Earthscan,
London, 1999.

EM 205: Practical II and Fieldwork
(a) Practicals
(i) Experiments related to Environmental Sampling and Data Analysis
1. Use of computer for analysis of environmental data
2. Regression analysis, trend analysis, error analysis and application of statistical tests in
environmental problems
3. Fitting of polynomials to environmental data
4. Analysis of time series of environmental variable
5. Use of Chi-square, F-test and t- test
6. Principle component analysis of environmental variable.
(ii) Experiments related to Analytical Methods for Environmental Monitoring
1. Determination of turbidity of water of different sources
2. Experiments based on Colorimeter and Flame Photometer
3. Experiments based on the use of Noise Level meter and weather equipments
4. Determination of Cd and Al by fluorimetric method
5. Determination of Cu (II), Fe, Hg and Pb by Spectrophotometric Method
6. Experiments based on microbiological analysis of waste water
(b) Field work - Fieldwork related to any local ecosystem

Third semester
EM 301: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPLICATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
1. Principles of Remote Sensing: Concepts of Remote Sensing, Electromagnetic spectrum;
effects of atmosphere, Physics of remote sensing, Principle of scanner and CCD array, Spectral
reflectance of earths surface features in different wavelength region of electromagnetic
spectrum: spectral characteristics of surface features (rocks, soils, vegetations, water).
Space Imaging - Landsat, SPOT, IRS, NOAA, Seasat, ERS, RADARSAT, INSAT satellites
and their sensors, geometry and radiometry, Orbital characteristics, Data products.
2. (a) Thermal and remote sensing: Basic principles, Radiation laws, Sensing radiant energy,
Thermal sensors, characteristics of image and their uses.
(b) Microwave remote sensing: Basic definitions and principles, advantages, Types of
microwave systems - RADAR, SLAR, SAR; General characteristics, spectral resolution and
interpretation.
3. Digital Image Processing: Principles, Image Rectification and restoration, Image enhancement
and Mosaicing.
Image classification - Supervised, Unsupervised, Ground truth data and training set
manipulation, Classification accuracy assessment.
4. Areal Photographs and Satellite Imageries: Fundamentals of photogrammetry, areal
cameras, planning of areal photography, principle of stereophotography, parallax and
measurement of height & slope; characteristics of aerial photographs; Elements of image
interpretation - visual interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite imageries, instruments
- xi -
used in interpretation; Path and Row Index Maps; selecting and ordering images; Interpretation
of photographs and images for environmental analysis
5. Geographical Information System (GIS): Basic principles and terminologies, Raster and
vector data, Map projection, Topology creation, Overlay analysis, Data structure and Digital
cartography; Software used in GIS
6. Surveying: Leveling, Triangulation, Geodetic survey; Global Positioning System (GPS) - Basic
principles, Applications to environmental studies
7. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Management: Applications of
Remote Sensing and GIS in environmental monitoring and action plan development of
environmental fragile area; Natural resource management - forest resources, water resources,
land resources and mineral resources; Hazard and disaster mapping and management
Recommended Books
1. Remote Sensing of the Environment An earth resource perspective: J. R. Jensen; Pearson
Education
2. Geographic Information Systems: Martin, Routledge
3. An Introduction to GIS: Heywood, Pearson
4. Remote S sensing in Land Evaluation: Yadav; Rajesh Pub
5. Essentials of GPS (2004): N. K. Agarwal; Spatial Networks Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad
6. Remote Sensing, Principles and interpretation: Floyd F. Sabins Jr.,W.H. Freeman &
Company, New York, 2
nd
Ed., 1987.
7. Remote Sensing and Image interpretation: T.M. Lillesand & R.W. Kiefer, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1994.
EM 302: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
1. Introduction: Energy, work and power; Different forms of energy and energy transformations;
First and second law of thermodynamics, heat transfer, concept of entropy and photosynthesis.
Human energy requirement, Energy use pattern in different parts of the world; Energy use
pattern in India; Resources of energy and their classification
2. Fossil Fuels and Nuclear energy: Concept of resource and reserves; Fossil fuels
classification, energy content, composition; Fossil fuel reserves; Environmental problems
associated with exploration/mining, processing, transportation and uses of fossil fuels and their
management
Fission and fusion; Nuclear fuel cycle - Mining and processing, concentration, refining,
enrichment, fuel fabrication; Nuclear reactors and radioactive waste; Environmental problems
and management
3. Bio-energy: Biomass composition and types; Conversion processes pyrolysis, charcoal
production, compression, gasification and liquefaction; Energy plantation; Biogas production
and uses; Environmental constrains and its management; Solid wastes management through
energy production
4. Solar and Wind Energy: Harnessing of solar energy, Solar collectors and concentrators, Solar
thermal energy and electricity generation, Solar heaters, dryers, and cookers; Photovoltaic:
Environmental aspects and management
Harnessing of wind energy, Power generation wind mills, concentrators, wind
characteristics and siting, environmental considerations and management; Wind energy
potential in India with special reference to Northeast India
5. Hydropower, Tidal energy and OTEC: Principle of generation of hydroelectric power; Mini and
micro hydropower development; Hazard related to hydropower generation and distribution and
its management, Management of environmental problems associated with hydropower.
- xii -
Harnessing of tidal and wave energy; Environmental problems and management; Ocean
thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and its environmental aspects
6. Geothermal and Hydrothermal energy: Sources crust, high temperature aquifers, low
temperature aquifers, reserves; Harnessing of geothermal energy problems and prospect;
Geothermal energy prospect in India
Hydrothermal energy; Tidal and wave energy, Problems, prospects and management
7. Energy Conservation and Energy Economics: Energy efficiency at national level; Improving
energy efficiency; Energy analysis; Capital recovery factor; Levelised annual cost; Economic
analysis of wind electric generation and thermal power systems.
Recommended Books
1. Renewable Energy Environment and Development: M. Dayal; Konark Pub. Pvt. Ltd.
2. Alternative Energy: S. Vandana; APH Publishing Corporation
3. Nuclear Energy Principles, practice and prospects: S. K. Agarwal; APH Publishing Corporation
4. Bio-Energy Resources: Chaturvedi; Concept Pub.
5. National Energy policy, crisis and growth: V S. Mahajan; Ashis Publishing House
6. Geography and Energy Commercial energy systems and national policies: J. D. Chapman
7. John W. Twidell and Anthony D. Weir, E. & F. N. Spon Ltd., London, 1986.
8. Edward H. Thorndike, Energy & Environment: A Primer for Scientists and Engineers, Addition-
Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, 1976.
9. Thomas B. Johanson et. al., Renewable Energy: Sources for Fuels and Electricity, Earth Scan
Publications Ltd., London.
10. David Merrick and Richard Marshall, Energy-Present and Future options, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 1981.
11. P. Chartier et. al., Biomass for Energy & Environment, proceedings of the European Biomass
Conference, Pergamon Press, 1996.
EM 303: ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING
1. Introduction : Environmental systems - an introduction; An overview of mathematical models
applied to various environmental issues; Concept, need, scope and objectives of environmental
modeling; Role of mathematical Models in environmental quality management; Model
classification Brief review of different types of models: Mathematical (Deterministic),
Numerical, Stochastic & Physical Models; Different stages involved in model building;
Calibration and verification of model; Limitations in modeling.
2. Air Quality Modeling : Historical perspective; Air quality models objectives and aim of
Modeling, approaches to model building, elements of air quality models, classification of models;
Gradient transport model; Eddy diffusion model; Gaussian Plume model Point, line, area and
multiple source models; Regulatory models; Models for gaseous and particulate pollutants;
Atmospheric chemical reactions and transformation models; Modeling fugitive emissions; Model
performance, accuracy and utilization.
3. Water Quality Modeling: Historical Perspective; Water Quality Models and Water Resource
Management systems.
4. Fundamentals of Water Quality Modeling: Completely mixed system - concept of
continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR): Mass balance approach, Different types of loading,
feed forward and feedback systems of reactors; incompletely mixed system: steady and
unsteady-state system.
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5. Surface Water Quality Modeling: River and streams; Estuaries and Lakes; Dissolved Oxygen
Models: DO sag model; BOD model; Streeter Phelps equation for point and distributed sources;
Eutrophication models for lakes and flowing water.
6. Elements of Ground Water Modeling: Brief overview.
7. Hazardous Substance Modeling: Toxic chemicals and trace metal modeling.
Recommended Books
1. Thomann, R.V. and Mueller, J.A. (1987). Principles of Surface Water Quality Modelling and Control,
Harper & Row, New York.
2. Chapra, S.. (1997): Surface Water-Quality Modelling. McGraw-Hill International Edition
3. Benarie, M.M. (1980). Urban Air Pollution Modelling (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press)
4. Hipel, K.W. and Mcleod, A.I. (1994): Time series Modelling of Water Resources and Environmental
Systems. Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam, Netherlands
5. Zannetti, P. (1990). Air Pollution Modelling, Theories, Computational Methods and available
Software. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
6. Buonicore, A.J. and Davis, W.T. (1994): Air Pollution Engineering Manual. Air and Waste
Management Association, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold
7. Turner, D.B. (1994). Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates 2
nd
ed., Ann Arbor, MI:
Lewis Publishers.
8. Hadlock, C.R. ( ): Mathematical Modelling in the Environment. The Mathematical Association of
America
EM 304: BASICS OF WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT
1. Water resources of India: Water availability in India - an overview; Water stress index, status
and trend of ground water over exploitation, impact of ground water development and depletion,
status and trends of surface water utilization and consumption, domestic water supply - current
status, water use in industrial sector.
2. Public Water Supply Schemes: Planning and preparing water supply projects, predicting
demand of water, population forecasting, factors effecting water demand, impurities of water,
their significance and techniques of estimations, waterborne diseases, standards of potable
water, components of water supply schemes, Water treatment flow sheet.
3. Aerations: Significance of aeration, gas transfer and Henrys law, fixed film and micro-eddies
theory, design considerations for cascade aerator, tray aerators, spray aerators
4. Coagulation and Flocculation : Purpose and mechanism of flocculation, coagulants used in
water treatment, chemical equations, factors influencing coagulation, estimation of coagulant
dose, coagulant feed devices, Rapid mixers, design consideration for mechanical and hydraulic
mixers, types of flocculators, design criteria for baffle flocculators, pebble bed flocculator,
Alabana type floculator, mechanical clariflocculators.
5. Sedimentation and Filtration: Classification of settling, settling velocity, analysis of discrete and
flocculent settling, types of sedimentation tanks, high rate sedimentation techniques.
Filtration - Mechanism of filtration, Selection of sand for filter beds, types of filters-slow sand
filtration, rapid filtration, dual media filters, multimedia filters, Hydraulic of filtration, components
of filtration unit, Backwash mechanism and sand bed expansion, design of various components
of filtration unit.
6. Disinfection: Chemical and non chemical methods of disinfection, factors effecting efficiency of
disinfection, rate of disinfection, chicks law.
7. Tertiary Treatment Techniques: Adsorption, Defluoridation, Desalinisation through distillation,
ion exchange, Reverse Osmosis and Electrodylasis, Water softening, Removal of iron and
manganese.

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Recommended Books
1. CPHEEO manual on Water Supply & Treatment.
2. Water purification & Wastewater Treatment & Disposal, by Fair G.M., Geyer J.C. & Okun D.A.,
Wiley & Toppan.
3. EPA Publications.
EM 305: Practical III and Fieldwork
(a) Practical
(i) Experiments related to remote sensing and GIS
1. The experiments will be related to measurements on aerial photograph, use of simple
instruments like stereoscope, stereo-meter, digital planimeter; interpretation of aerial
photographs for preparation of land use and vegetation maps
2. Interpretation of satellite imagery for environmental mapping and pollution monitoring
3. Identification, delineation and mapping of environmental hazards on satellite imagery
4. Digital analysis of satellite data and their interpretation
5. GIS and GPS applications in environmental survey and monitoring
(ii) Experiment related to water treatment
1. Chemical treatment: Faster technique - determination of optimum pH, turbidity, sludge volume,
COD, phosphate, Nitrate before and after treatment with alum.
2. Biological treatment: Activated sludge treatment with mixed culture determination of pH,
Sludge volume, COD, Phosphate, ammonia and nitrate before and after treatment.
4. Disinfection chlorine break point residual chlorine - microbial population count by MPN.
5. Solid waste management biomethanization of solid and liquid waste total gas measurement,
methane, pH, TOC and NPK.
(b) Field Work: Fieldwork related to environmental management with special reference to industrial
activities
Forth Semester
EM 401: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT & RISK ANALYSIS
1. Introduction: Environmental impact and risk: Nexus between development and environment;
Origin and development of EIA; Measurement of impact physical, biological, socioeconomic;
Concept of significant effect; Short term versus long term effect; Environmental auditing and
impact statement
2. Framework and Impact Assessment Methodology: Baseline studies - environmental setting,
impact factors and their status; Evaluation of proposed actions; Impact identification and
prediction; Development of value functions and scoping EIA methodologies; Monitoring and
auditing in EIA process; Environmental management plan - comparison of alternatives, public
participation and decision making, compensatory actions; Review of procedures, practices and
guidelines for EIA in India; Examples of total impact evaluation.
Methods of impact analysis Checklists, Matrices, Networks and Overlay; Multi attribute
utility theory; Cost benefit analysis and its dimensions; Role of GIS in EIA - base line study, risk
assessment and management, mitigation measures, comparison of alternatives.
3. Risk Analysis: Environmental risk analysis; Fundamentals of hazard, exposure and risk
assessment; Risk assessment and management; Basic steps in risk assessment hazard
identification, dose response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization;
Quantified risk assessment for industrial accidents; Design of risk management programmes; Risk
assessment application to environmental management problems.
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4. Air quality impact analysis (AQIA): Typical considerations and factors; Pollution sources,
atmosphere interactions; Air pollution effects; Air quality modeling; Assessment methodology;
Mitigation procedures; Case studies Highway and Power Plants.
5. Water Quality Impact Analysis (WQIA): Water quality criteria and standards, Environmental
setting; Water quality impact by project type; Water quality modeling.
6. (a) Noise Impact Analysis (NIA): Nature of sound, Sound power and sound intensity, Decibels
and levels; Sound propagation and attenuation; Environmental noise problem, Effect of noise on
people; Noise scale and rating methods, estimating transportation noise impact, examples of
impact assessment.
(b) Energy Impact Analysis (EnIA): Types of energy and distribution; Energy sources;
Importance of energy impact analysis; Energy inventory, supply demand scenario; Energy
conservation; Energy alternatives; Energy inventory data; energy conservation.
7. (a) Vegetation and Wild Life Impact Analysis (VWLIA): Biological concepts and terms;
Assessment topics, mitigation measures, alternatives, assessment methodologies; Example of
biotic assessment.
(b) Socioeconomic Impact Analysis (SIA): Types of socioeconomic impact, basic steps in
SIA, Analysis of public services and facilities impacts; Fiscal impact analysis; Analysis of social
impacts; Impacts of economic profile of the community.
Recommended Books
1. Environmental Impact Analysis Handbook: J. G. Rau and D. C. Wooten; McGraw-Hill
2. Environmental Impact Assessment, 2
nd
Ed., L. W. Canter, Mc Graw Hill Publication, 1996
3. Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment: P. Morris & R. Therivel; UCL Press
4. Environmental Impact Assessment (2003): A. K. Srivastav; A P H Publishing Corporation
5. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment: John Glasson, Riki Therivel and Andrew
Chadwick, Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, 2
nd
Ed., UCL Press, Philadelphia,
USA, 1994.
6. Environmental Assessment, CIRIA special publication, Dept. of Environment, U.K., 1996.
7. Environmental Impact Assessment - A methodological perspective: Richard K. Morgan, Kluwar
Academic Publications, Boston, 1998.
8. Owen and Oliver S., Natural Resource Conservation: An Ecological Approach.

EM 402: AIR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT
1. Introduction : Air resource management system; Scales of air pollution problem; Air quality
standards, modeling and management; National and international laws
2. Air Pollutants: Sources of air pollutants, gas laws governing the behaviour of the pollutants in
the atmosphere; Effects of air pollutants on human health, vegetation and property; Biological
indicators of air pollution bio-monitoring, Air pollution Indices; Global implications of air
pollution - Ozone layer depletion, Green house gases, Acid rain and Photochemical smog
3. Air Pollution Meteorology: Atmospheric thermodynamics equation of state of dry and moist
air, specific heats and application of laws of thermodynamics; Temperature lapse rate and
inversion; Hydrostatic balance, atmospheric stability and plume behaviour; Wind roses and
pollution roses; Scales in meteorology; Planetary boundary layer variation of air temperature,
humidity and wind; Diffusion and Turbulence, Mixing height;
4. Dispersion of pollutants: Atmospheric Diffusion - Elementary overview of various atmospheric
diffusion theories; Steady-state atmospheric diffusion equation; Plume Rise - Momentum and
Buoyant Plumes; Dispersion models; Computation of ground level concentration; Effect of
meteorological and topographical factors on transport and dispersion of pollutants
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5. Sampling and Monitoring: Scope, purpose and objectives of Air Quality Monitoring Programme;
Preliminary information required for planning an air quality survey; Guidelines for planning a survey;
Design of an air quality surveillance network; Period, frequency and duration of sampling; Averaging
times; Sample size determination; Principles and instruments for measurement of (i) ambient air
pollutants; and (ii) stack emissions
6. Air Pollution Control: Air pollution control philosophies; Air quality standard, emission
standard, emission tax philosophy and cost-benefit analysis; General ideas in air pollution
control - alternative control measures, improving dispersion, rising of stack height, intermittent
control schemes, relocation of plant, process change, use of downwind control device
Control and management of Particulate Contaminants - Nature of particulate contaminants,
particle size distribution, distribution by weight and number, behaviour of particles in the
atmosphere; Particulate control methods and devices - Gravity settlers, Centrifugal separators,
Electrostatic precipitators, Surface filters, Depth filters, Scrubbers
Control and management of Gaseous Contaminants - Gaseous control methods and devices
- Absorption, Adsorption, Combustion and Condensation
7. (a) Vehicular pollution: Emissions from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles; Exhaust
emission - air fuel ratio spark timing, combustion chamber surface volume ratio. Control of
exhaust emissions: catalytic converters. Emission inventory
(b) Indoor Air Pollution: Indoor air pollutants, standards, measurements and remedial
measures; Models and management of indoor air quality.
Recommended Books
1. Perkins, H.C. (1974), Air Pollution, McGraw Hill.
2. Stern, A.C. (1980), Air Pollution, Vol. 1-VIII, Academic Press.
3. Environmental Pollution Control Engineering: C. S. Rao
4. Air pollution threat and response: D. A. Lynn
5. Air pollution and Environmental Protection Legislative policies, Judicial trend and Social
perceptions: N. Kumar; Mittal Publication
6. Nevers, Nod, D. (2000), Air Pollution Control Engineering, McGraw Hill Int.
7. Sunfield (1998), Chemistry and Physics of Atmospheric.

EM 403: WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
1. Introduction: Disposal standards for wastewater in normal water course and on land,
estimation of sewage quantity, flow variations, sewage characterisation, BOD growth curve and
analysis, estimation of BOD rate constant by Thomas slope method.
2. Status of Water Quality in India: Assessment of causal factors responsible for the
deterioration in water quality, status of surface and ground water quality in India, National river
action plan.
3. Water Purification in Natural Streams: Self-purification of waste in streams, zones of
purifications, eutrophication of lakes.
4. Sewage Treatment: Conventional sewage treatment plant flow sheet, variations in flow sheet
for different flow conditions, Description of various units in sewage treatment plant.
5. Treatment Technologies: Physical processes - Screen chamber, Grit chamber, primary settling
tanks, secondary settling tank, sludge drying beds, filter press, vacuum filtration, and belt press.
Low Cost Treatment Technologies - Septic tank; Imhoff tank; Oxidation ponds;
Aerobic lagoons.
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6. Biological treatment: Biology of sewage treatment, biological growth and biological oxidation,
kinetics of biological growth; process description of aerobic and anaerobic processes.
Operational Principles and Design of activated sludge process, extended aeration, Step
aeration etc.
7. Anaerobic Treatment Technologies: Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket clarifier, anaerobic fixed
film fixed bed reactor, anaerobic fluidised bed reactor; anaerobic digestors for sludge
stabilization.
Recommended Books
1. CPHEEO manual on Sewerage & Sewage Treatment
2. Water purification & Wastewater Treatment & Disposal, by Fair G.M., Geyer J.C. & Okun D.A., Wiley & Toppan.
3. Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal and use by Metceff & Eddy, Inc. Revised, Tata, McGraw Hills.
4. Papers published in various Journals & Magazines.
EM 404: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL
1. Introduction: Types and sources of solid wastes - Municipal, solid waste, Industrial solid
wastes, Bio-medical wastes and Hazardous wastes; Recycling of wastes and waste
minimization techniques; Disposal of solid wastes; Present scenarios of municipal and industrial
waste management in India
2. Properties of Solid Wastes: Physical and chemical composition of municipal solid wastes,
waste generation rates, factors effecting waste generation rates.
3. Management of Solid Wastes in India: Prevalent SWM practices and deficiencies - Storage of
waste at source, segregation of wastes, Primary collection of waste, transportation of waste,
disposal of wastes, institutional deficiencies.
4. Engineered Systems of Solid Waste Management: Design specifications of primary waste
collection tools, waste storage bins, transportation vehicles, route selection and provision of
transfer stations.
5. Composting and Anaerobic digestion and Incineration: Composting - Aerobic composting,
Anaerobic composting, mechanical composting, vermin composting; advantages and limitations
of composting technologies, Economics of composting
Anaerobic digestion - Traditional digestors such as KVIC model, Deenbandhu model,
emerging technologies for waste stabilization
Incineration - Fuel Pellets, Refuse derived fuels, mechanical incinerators; advantages
and limitations of incineration
6. Sanitary land-filling: Site selection, rapid EIA of proposed sites, Method of preparing sanitary
landfill site, land filling techniques, operation and maintenance of landfill sites including leachate
collection and treatment, recovery of methane from landfill sites for power generation.
7. Hazardous Waste Management: The Hazards, Definition & classification of Hazardous Waste
Hazardous Waste Management, Treatment Technologies, Land disposal, Biomedical Waste &
its Management.
Recommended Books
1. Solid Wastes Energy Principles & Management by Techno banoglus, Theisen & Elvasebm, McGraw Hills.
2. Standard handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment & Disposal, by Freeman H.M., McGraw Hills.
3. Papers published in various Journals & Magazines.

EM 405: M. Sc Dissertation (Should be on the topics relevant to the course content)

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