CH01 and 02

Metric Prefixes
Metric prefixes are symbols that represent the

powers of ten used in Engineering notation
Electrical Units
FIGURE 2-40 Cross-sectional area of a wire.
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
A (CM) = d
2
American Wire Gage (AWG):
Gage Number Up -> Wire Size Down
FIGURE 2-40 Cross-sectional area of a wire.
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FIGURE 2-32 A simple electric circuit.
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Basic Circuit Example
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Basic Circuit Shematic
FIGURE 2-14 Random motion of free electrons in a material.
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Voltage and Current Flow in a Circuit
No Voltage Applied
FIGURE 2-15 Electrons flow from negative to positive when a voltage is applied across a conductive or semiconductive material.
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Voltage Applied
FIGURE 2-16 Illustration of 1 A of current (1C/s) in a material.
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Resulting Electron Current Flow (1 Ampere)
FIGURE 2-41 Symbols for ground.
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Ground is not Always Earth Ground
Common Earth
Ground is Always a Common 0 Volt Reference
FIGURE 2-42 A simple circuit with ground connections.
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Ground is a common path for current to return
to the Voltage Supply
FIGURE 2-9 Cells connected to form batteries.
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Battery Voltage Source
Creates Voltage From Chemical Reaction
No Voltage Source has Unlimited Current Capability
Voltages Add or Subtract Depending Upon Polarity Voltage Stays the Same, but Increased Current Capability
FIGURE 2-10 Sizes of common batteries.
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Battery Voltage Source
FIGURE 2-11 Construction of a basic solar cell.
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Solar Cell Voltage Source
Creates Voltage From Exposure to Light
FIGURE 2-12 Cutaway view of a dc generator.
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Generator Voltage Source
Creates Voltage From Rotating Magnetic Fields
FIGURE 2-13(a)
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AC Power Supply Voltage Source
Creates DC Voltage From Raw AC Outlet Voltage
Fuel Cell Voltage Source
FIGURE 2-13(b) Electronic power supplies. (Copyright Tektronix, Inc. Reproduced by permission.)
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Workbench Voltage Power Supplies
FIGURE 2-17 Resistance/resistor symbol.
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Basic Resistor Symbol
Resistors
FIGURE 1-1 Two common types of individual fixed resistors with axial leads.
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Low Watt Axial Lead Resistors
FIGURE 2-19 Two types of fixed resistors (not to scale).
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Resistor Construction
FIGURE 2-20 Construction views of typical film resistors.
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Resistor Construction
Resistor color code
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12K Ohms
http://www.dannyg.com/examples/res2/resistor.htm
FIGURE 2-23
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Answers on Next Slide
FIGURE 2-23
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100 Ohms 5.6M Ohms 27K Ohms
FIGURE 2-18 Typical fixed resistors.
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Low Watt Resistors
FIGURE 1-2 Chip resistor and resistor networks.
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Low Watt Resistors
FIGURE 2-21 Typical wirewound power resistors.
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Higher Watt Resistors
FIGURE 1-3 Common types of power resistors.
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Higher Watt Resistors
FIGURE 2-26 Example of three-digit labeling for a resistor.
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Other Labeling Method
FIGURE 2-28 Potentiometer and rheostat symbols and basic construction of one type of potentiometer.
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Variable Resistors/Potentiometers/POTS
Have Moveable Wiper to Vary Resistance
Can be used as Voltage or Current Dividers
FIGURE 2-30 Examples of (a) linear and (b) tapered potentiometers.
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Type Used in Volume Controls Most Common Type
FIGURE 2-29 Typical potentiometers and two construction views.
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Potentiometer Examples
Smaller POTS are called Trimmers
FIGURE 2-31 Symbols for resistive devices with sensitivities to temperature and light.
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Both Usually have Negative Coefficients
Temperature Up
Resistance Down
Light Level Up
Resistance Down
Special Purpose Resistors
FIGURE 2-31 Symbols for resistive devices with sensitivities to temperature and light.
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Special Purpose Resistors
Strain Gage
Attached to a surface
Resistance changes when stretched or bent
FIGURE 2-34 Illustration of closed and open circuits using an SPST switch for control.
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Simple On/Off Switch
Open or Closes the Circuit
Switches
FIGURE 2-35 An example of an SPDT switch controlling two lamps.
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Switching Between two Circuits
Switches
FIGURE 2-36 Switch symbols.
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Types of Common Switches
Single Pole
Single Throw
Single Pole
Double Throw
Double Pole
Single Throw
Double Pole
Double Throw
Normally-Open
Push Button
Normally-Closed
Push Button
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SPDT Controlling Two Circuits
FIGURE 2-66
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Rotary Switch Controlling Four Circuits
FIGURE 2-65
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FIGURE 2-54
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FIGURE 2-67
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Good Rotary Switch Application
FIGURE 2-37 Typical mechanical switches.
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FIGURE 2-38 Construction view of a typical toggle switch.
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SPDT
FIGURE 2-39 Typical fuses and circuit breakers and their symbols.
Circuit Protection
Wire Fast Blow Wire Fast Blow
Wire Fast Blow Chemical Slow Blow
Automotive
Household Circuit Breaker
Industrial Fuses
Once a fuse is blown, It cannot be reused
Once a Circuit Breaker is Tripped, It can be Reset
Household Circuit Breakers
220V Line Voltage
Tripped
Breaker Panel
The more current, the more the electromagnet becomes magnetized
At the specified breaker current, there is enough magnetic force to pull the breaker contact open
Breaker is Reset by pushing the switch to Off and then back to On
Neutral
Earth Ground at Bottom of Panel
Set
Household Breaker Panels
Heat from Overloaded Circuits
Interleaved Bus Bars
220V Line Voltage Neutral
GFCI receptacle
Trips Much Faster Than Circuit
Breaker or Fuse
Compares
current
between Hot
and Neutral
and if not
equal, Trips
(Opens) the
circuit
Hot
Neutral
Ground
FIGURE 2-46 Example of a voltmeter connection to measure voltage in a simple circuit.
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Measuring Voltage
FIGURE 2-45 Example of an ammeter connection to measure current in a simple circuit.
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Measuring Current
FIGURE 2-47 Example of using an ohmmeter to measure resistance.
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Measuring Resistance
FIGURE 2-56
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Review of Symbols
FIGURE 2-53 Shock hazard in terms of three basic current path groups.
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Shock Hazard
Current Kills:
You dont want it to pass through your heart
-First and Last Example
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DC Power Supply
Function Generator
Digital Multimeter - DMM
Oscilloscope OScope
Common Electronic Test Equipment
FIGURE 2-48 Typical digital multimeters (DMMs). (Photography courtesy of B&K Precision Corp.)
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FIGURE 2-43 Typical portable multimeters. (Photography courtesy of B&K Precision Corp.)
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Digital Analog

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Metric Prefixes

Metric prefixes are symbols that represent the

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