1.

1 Antenna :
Antenna is a transducer which converts electrical quantities like volta
ge and
current to electromagnetic quantity like electric and magnetic field and vice-ve
rsa.
So, in a transmitting antenna, we excite it with electrical current
and voltage
and generate electromagnetic wave ; where as a receiving antenna recei
ves
electromagnetic wave and convert this in to current or voltage.
1.2 Radiation :
In electrostatic case , we know a stationary charge produces an Ele
ctric Field .
But when the charge is in motion it constitute electric current; any
constant
uniform current produces magnetic field. When the charge is accelerated , we get
a
time-varying current i.e., when speed of the charge is not uniform and constan
t but
it varies with time , there is a possibility of radiation. If a time varying cur
rent
flows through a conductor it may radiate energy to its surroundings.
But this may
not be the case for all situations when charge is accelerated.
Let us consider a coaxial cable or two parallel wire conductors carry
ing a time
varying current. Let the two conductors are separated by a distance ( d ) which
is
much smaller compared to the wavelength( ? )of the signal. If the cu
rrent flowing
through these conductors are in equal in magnitude but opposite in direction , t
he
magnetic field thus generated by these time varying current will cancel each oth
er.
But if we increase the distance of separation ( i.e d is comparable to waveleng
th
?), the cancellation of magnet field will not take place in all direction an
d we
may get radiation from this transmission line. So for for radiation to take plac
e ,
followings conditions should be met :
i. Conductor should carry a Time-varying current i.e. there should be acceler
ation
of charges
2. Spatial imbalance ( distance of separation of the conductors ca
rrying equal
and opposite current should be comparable to wavelength).
We can also see, at any frequency a time varying current is capable
of radiation;
however as we increase the frequency , the radiation will be more. At high frequ
ency
acceleration and de-acceleration of charges will be more, so the rate
at which
current will change will be more , so radiation will also be more.
So if we
increase the frequency for same amplitude of peak or rms current, we
can expect
more radiation . So radiation phenomenon is essentially a high frequency phenom
enon
as we increase the frequency radiation will be more dominant; at low
frequency
radiation will be weak and at dc it will be zero.
Also at low frequency , there was no interaction between the componen
ts when they
were located at a far distance; when they were connected in a guided structure t
he
current flows and we get very localized electric field or magnetic f
ield; but in
radiation this can take power at a far distance i.e. it take the po
wer away from
structure. So in radiation there is a possibility of interaction bet
ween two
components which are located at a distance. So when we will design an antenna ,
we
will consider that when an antenna is excited, it should take power away f
rom the
structure efficiently.