Phylum Mollusca

Characteristics
2 Body Parts
o Head-Foot
Elongated Head
Anterior Part
Contains feeding,
nervous, and sensory
structures
o Visceral Mass
Dorsal with respect to
Head-Foot
Contains, digestive,
circulatory, and
sensory structures
Mantle
o Attached to the visceral mass
o Secrete shells in most
mollusks
Periostracum
Protein
Outermost
layer
Prismatic
CaCO3+Organ
ic matter
Nacreous
CaCO3+Organ
ic matter
Innermost
Layer
Bilateral Symmetry
Coelom
Open Circulatory System (Except
Cephalopods)
Presence of Radula
o Feeding Structure
o Rows of teeth that are curved
posteriorly
o Chitinous
o Odontophore
Supports the radula
Class Gastropoda
Largest Class
Marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial
Torsion
o Rotation of Body Parts
o For Defense
o Water Cleanliness

o Sensory
Locomotion
o Smaller Gastropods
Ciliary movement
over a mucus trail
secreted by glands
o Larger Gastropods
Muscle contraction to
move foot
o Modificatopns
Attachment and
swimming
Feeding and Digestion
o Herbivore, Carnivore,
Scavengers, Parasites
o Projectible radula through
proboscis
Maintenance
o Siphon
Incurrent and
Excurrent siphons
o Open Circulatory System
o Hydraulic Skeleton
o Nervous System
Ganglia
o Excretion
Ammonia(marine)
Uric acid(Terrestrial)
Sensory Organs
o Eyes
Photoreceptors
Some are more
developed
o Statocysts
Balance
o Osphradia
Chemosensing
Reproduction
o Dioecious & monoecious
o Love darts
o Trocophore larva
o Veliger larva
Significant Organisms
o Sea Butterfly
Thecosmata
o Sea Angel
Clione limacina
limacine
o Conus Snail
Conus geographus
Class Bivalvia
30K+ Species
Clams, Oysters, Scallops, and
Mussels
The Bivalve Shell
o Valve
o Teeth are found the hinge
o Oldest Part
Umbo
o Adductor Muscle
Dorsal end
Close the shell
Gas Exchange
o Gills
Attached at the foot
and mantle
o Mantle
Ciliated to move
water inside
o Siphon
Some bivalves have
that can take in water
Geoduck
Panopea
generosa
Nutrition
o Filter Feeding
o Incurrent water, food is
moved by the cilia towards
the mouth
Body Systems
o Open Circulatory System
o Mantle is lined with sensory
organs
Ospradium
Photoreceptors
Statocysts
Maxima Clam
Tridacna
Maxima
Reproduction
o Dioecious & Monoecious
o Protrandic
Male when young
o External Fertilization
o Trocophore and veligar larva
Clochidium (larva)
Human Interactions
o Reduce water turbidity
o Food source
o Invasive species
Notable Organism
o Giant Clam
Tridacna gigas
Can be seen in the
Philippines
o Zebra Mussels
Dreissena
polymorpha
Class Cephalopoda
Most Complex invertebrates
Octopus, squid, nautilus and
cuttlefish
Cephalopod Shell
o Present in Nautilus
o Reduced in Squids
o Absent in Octopuses
o Called as pen
Movement and Locomotion
o Jet Propulsion System
Usually for squids
o Mantle contains radial and
circular muscles
Usually for nautilus
o Stabilizing fins for balance
o Octopuses crawl in the
substrate
Feeding
o Predatory
Sight
o Tentacles
Sunction cups
Sometimes hooks
Body Systems
o Closed Circulatory System
o Sensory
Eyes
Statocysts
Osphradia (Nautili)
Tactile
Chemoreceptors
o Large Brains
Muscle contraction
Sensory and Memory
Decision Making
Defense
o Chromatopores
o Ink glands/sacs
Reproduction
o Dioecious
o Females
Eggs
Nidemental glands
o Males
Testes,
spermatophores
Hectocotylus
Notable Organisms
Collosal Squid
o Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni
Blue Ringed Octopus
Mimic Octopus
o Thaumoctopus mimicus
Phylum Annelida
Metamerism
o Segmental arrangement of
body parts
o Hydrostatic skeleton per
segment
Higher control of
body
o Injury recovery
Many backup organs
o Tagmatization
Specialization of body
segments
Paired, epidermal setae (seta)
o Bristle structures
o Chaetae
Closed Circulatory System
Metanephridia/Protonephridia
Class Polychaeta
Mostly Marine
Largest Annelid Class
Presence of Parapodia (Locomotion)
o Paired, un jointed limbs
o Bear chaetae
o Picture 1
Polychaeta worms
o Picture 2
I dunno
o Picture 3
Tormopterus
Feeding and Digestion
o Proboscis
o Predatory, deposit feeders,
filter feeders, herbivors
o Specialization of feeding
structures
o Twin fan worm
Gas Exchange and circulation
o Gas diffusion across body
wall
o Some have gills
o Close Circulatory system
Respiratory pigments
Nervous System
o Sub/suprapharyngeal ganglia
Coordination,
sensory, feeding
o Double vntral nerve cord
o Ganglion pair
Localized movement
o Sensory Organs
2 or 4 eyes
Nuchal system
Chemorecepto
r
Statocysts
Tactile receptors
Excretion
o Marine
Excrete water
o Nephridia
Protonephridia and
Metanephridia
Functions like a
kidney
Regeneration and Reproduction
o High degree of regeneration
Autotomy
o Asexual and Sexual
Dioecious
Epitoky
Atoke
(anterior)
Epitoke
(gametes)
Notable Organisms
o Platynereis dumerilii
o Pompeii worm
Alivenella pompejana
Class Clitellata
Clitellum
o Eggs are deposited
Subclass Oligochaeta
Terrestrial/marine and freshwater
Feeding and Digestion
o Scavengers
o Straight tubular digestive
system
o Decaying vegetation
o Mouth for ingestion ->
Pharynx for pumping food ->
esophagus ->
stomach/crop/gizzard-
>intestine->anus
Body Systems
o Closed Circulatory
o Diffusion for gas exchange
o Some have gills
o Nervous System & Sensing
Same with
polychaetes
Prostomium
Chemical and
mechano
receptors
No eyes
Negative
phototaxis
o Excretion
Metanephridia
Osmoregulation
Chloragogen tissue
Function like
liver
Reproduction
o Monoecious
Sperm exchange
o Seminal vesicles and
receptacles
o Cocoon
o Transverse fission
Subclass Hirudinea
Mostly freshwater, some marine and
terrestrial
No parapodia
No Head appendages
Setae is absent
34 body segments
Feeding and Digestion
o Predatory
Small invertebrates
Blood of vertebrates
o Anterior sucker
Proboscis
Jaws
Body System
o Vessels are replaced by
coelomic sinuses
o Diffusion for gas exchange in
the body wall
o Metanephridia
o Nervous and Sensing
Same with other
annelids
Negative phototaxis
Temperature sensors
Reproduction
o Monoecious
o Clitellum when about to mate
o Penises are present
o Hypodermic impregnation
Medical Use
o Anticoagulant and anesthetic
o Modern and Traditional uses
of leeches
Phylum Arthropoda
Extremely diverse
Most abundant phylum
Tagmatization
o Metamerism
o Regional specialization of
body segments
o Tagma
Exoskeleton
o Called cuticle
o Structural suppord,
protection, prevention of
water loss, muscle
attachment for locomotion
o Made of Chitin
o Dual Layer
o Ecdysis
Appendages
Ecdysis
Ventral Nervous System
Open Circulatory System
o Homocoel
Blastula derivative
Internal cavity
Complete Digesive Tract
Metamorphosis
o Change in body form as an
organism matures
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
Extinct, 600-350 mya
Three tagmata
o Head, thorax, Pygdium
Subphylum Chelicerata
Spiders, ticks and mites
Two Tagmata
o Prosoma
o Ophitosoma
Book Lungs/Tracheae
Dioecious
Order Scorpionida
o Scorpions
Order Araneae
o Spiders
Black Widow
Goliath Birdeater
Order Acarina
o Fleas, mites
Order Opiliones
o Harvestmen
Order Pycogonida
o Sea spiders
Subphylum Myriapoda
Centipedes and milipedes
Numerous pair of legs
Two Tagmata
o Head and Trunk
Single pair of atennae
Detritivores, predatory
Class Diplopoda
o Millipedes
o Defense
Toxins, curling
Class Chilopoda
o Centipedes
o Defense
Maxillipeds
o Scutigera coleopetrata
Class Symphyla and Pauropofa
o Symphyla
Garden centipedes,
unpignebted
o Pauropoda
Small, soft bodied
Subphylum Hexapoda
6 legs
Most succesful land based animals
Can fly
Class Insecta
o Three pair of legs
o Three Tagmata
Head, thorax and
abdomen
o Open Circularoty System
o Digestion and Fod
Acquisition
Complete Digestive
system
Highly specialized
mouth
Proboscis
Excreteion
Malphigian
tubules
o Respiration
Tracheae and
spiracles
Non function
in aquatic
insects
Air enters
through
spiracle to
tracheal tube
then
thracheole
o Nervous system
Ganglia
Supraesophageal
Sensory/
cephallic area
Subesphogeal
Mouth parts/
stimulate
other body
parts
o Sensory Organs
Ommatidia
Complex eyes
Typanic Organs
Hearing
organs
Johnstons organs
Motion
detection
Chemoreceptors
Dolichodial and
iridomyrmecin
Chemical
communicatio
n if someone
is dead
o Metamorphosis
Ametabolous
Hemimetabolic
Holometabolous
o Reproduction
Internal Factors
Sexual maturity
Chemical signals
o Defensive Strategies
Mullerian and
Batesian
Monarch and
Viceroy
Mimesis
Stick insect
Leaf insect
Crypsis
Camouflage
Aposematic
Coloration
Thanatosis
Play dead
Utricating hairs
Chemical Defenses
Catterpillars
Emerald cockroach
wasp
Sting a roach
and implants
its eggs inside
it
Red spot assasin
Platymeris
rhadamanthu
s
Venomous
Hercules Beetle
Biggest beetle
Dynastes
hercules
Megalopyge
opercularis
Utricating
hairs
Atlas Moth
Attacus atlas
Subphylum Crustacea
Cephalothorax and abdomen
Phylum Echinodermata
Slow moving/sessile
Very diverse during Paleozoic era
Marine
Bilateral Symmetry (larval)
Pentaradial Symmetry
Presence of Ossicles
o Mesodermal derivative
o Endoskeleton
o Formed by schlerocytes
o Spines and bumps may
radiate
o Fused/unfused
True Coelom
No Excretory and respeiratory
systems
Reduced Circulatory system
External Anatomy
o Mouth
o Ambulacral groove
Can be suckers, plates
or spines
o Mouth
o Tubefeet
o NAME PF ORGANISM THE
RED ONE PLS
o Aboral Surface
o Anus
o Madreporite
Passage/filter water
Water Vascular
System
Movement
and Gas
exchange
Water enters
through the
madreporite
to ring canals
to radial
canals to
tubefeet and
ampullae
Feeding, Digestion and Excretion
o Predatory, Filter Feeders,
detritivores, herbivores,
omnivores
o Complete digestive system
o Secrete through anus and
diffusion
Nervous System and Sensory
Functions
o No brain
o Nerves in mouth and radiates
to the rest of the body
o Epidermis
Interspersed with
sensory structures
Reproduction
o Dioecious
o External fertilization
Class Asteroidea
Sea stars
o Chocolate chip sea star
Protoreaster nodosus
o Blue Linckia sea star
Linckia laevigata
Class Ophiuroidea
Brittle stars and basket star
Class Echinoidea
Sea urchins
o Black sea urchin
Diadema antillarum
Class Holothuroidea
Sea cucumbers
Class Crinodea
Sea lilies