NEBOSH

INTERNATIONAL
GENERAL
CERTIFICATE
1
ELEMENT 1
THE FOUNDATIONS OF
HEALTH & SAFETY
2
BASIC DEFINITONS

HEALTH: The protection of

the bodies & minds of
people from illness
resulting materials
processes or procedures
used in the workplace

WHAT IS !!"#ATI$A%
I%%&H'A%TH(

SAFETY: The protection of

people from ph)sical in*ur)
+

ACCIDENT
& unplanned,
unwanted e-ent that
results in loss.

OCCUPATINAL
ACCIDENT
& accident arising as
result of or during work
resulting in occupational
loss.
BASIC DEFINITONS
/

COMMUTING ACCIDENT
Occupational accident occurrin!
& on the direct wa) between the place of work and the
emplo)ee0s residence1
& the place of work & the place where emplo)ees take
their meals1 or
& an) other known work related destination.

NEA" ACCIDENT!
# "nplanned, unwanted e-ent that under slightl)
different conditions could ha-e resulted in loss.
2

HA$A"D! an)thing with the

potential to cause harm.

!AT'34I5' HA5A46S
734"# 6IS!"SSI$8

"IS%! In the conte9t of HS',

risk is defined as a measure
of the probabilit) for an
incident to happen and of the
potential se-erit) of the
conse:uences. 7;S
HSAS 1<==1:2==>8

Danerou& occurrence:
something happens which
does not result in a reportable
in*ur), but which clearl) could
ha-e done 7refer to 4I664
& discuss8.
Se-erit)
#robabilit)
?
Ho'e(er) t*ere are &o+e po'er,ul
incenti(e& ,or orani-ation& to 'or.
on ac*ie(in *i* OHS &tandard&!
MORAL
(protect people
from injury & ill
health)
ECONOMIC
(cost effective
objectives'
achievement)
LEGAL
(legal
compliance &
avoidance of law
suites)
>
<
Source& o, In,or+ation
Internal
4isk assessments
#olicies
Inspection reports
@edical records
Health and safet) committees
#lant registers
Safet) ad-isors
E/ternal
3o-ernment bodies
$ational safet) organisations
Suppliers and manufacturers
International standards
!onsultants and specialists
Insurance companies
Bene,it& o, Good Healt* and
Sa,et0 Practice

Increased le-els of compliance

Impro-ed production

Impro-ed staff morale

Impro-ed compan) reputation

4educed accidents

4educed ill health

4educed damage to e:uipment

4educed staff complaints

4educed staff turno-er

4educed insurance premiums

4educed fines and compensation claims

A
INTE"NATIONAL STANDA"DS
1 OHS "ESOU"CES

The International %abor rganiBation

I% is affiliated to the "$

ccupational Safet) & Health

Administration SHA in the "S

International Standards rganiBation

IS publishes international standards

;S HSAS 1<==1: 2==>

Cccupational Health & Safet)
Assessment SeriesC ;SI

HS3 ?2, 2==+: CSuccessful Health &

Safet) @anagement S)stems
1=
Propo&ed E/ternal Source& o, in,or+ation on OHS!

$ational Safet) rganiBations e.g. ISH Institution of ccupational Safet) & Health

#rofessional !onsultants and !onsultanc) bodies e.g. @irdif Securit) & Safet)

Workers "nions & 3o-ernmental sources of laws & 4egulations.

Suppliers and @anufacturers.

Internet:

The SHA website: www.osha.go-

$ational Institute of ccupational Safet) & Health "SA: www.cdc.go-Dniosh

The ISH website: www.iosh.co.uk

The ;ritish Safet) !ouncil website: www.bscawards.org

The I% website: www.ilo.org

The Health & Safet) '9ecuti-e "E website: www.hse.go-.uk

The 'uropean Agenc) for Safet) & Health at Work: http:DDhwi.osha.europa.eu

Propo&ed Internal Source& o, In,or+ation on OHS!

#olicies & Internal Standards

HS meeting minutes & recommendations

AuditsDinspections0 reports

4isk 4egisters & 4isk Assessments

Incidents0 records & accidents in-estigation reports

11
ISO 9001
ISO
14001
Plan
Do
Check
Act
Step 1
Establish
standards for
health & safety
management
based on risk
assessment and
legal requirements
Step 2
Implement
plans to ahie!e
ob"eti!es and
standards
Step 4
#e!ie$ against
ob"eti!es and
standards and
take appropriate
ation
Step %
&easure
progress $ith
plans and
ompliane $ith
standards
' (
) *
Plan
D
o
Chec
k
Act
12
SUCCESSFUL OHS MS
1.#%I!F
2.43A$I5ATI$
+.#%A$$I$3 &
I@#%'@'$TATI$
/.@'AS"4I$3
#'4G4@A$!'
2.4'HI'W & A"6ITS
76IS!"SS I$ 34"# A!TIHITF8
1+
HSG23 Sa,et0 Manae+ent S0&te+&
*oliy

Organisation
*lanning and

implementing
&easuring
performane
#e!ie$ing
performane
'uditing
#

#
@
4
A
1/
ILO-OSH, 2001 (ILO)
*oliy
Organising
*lanning &
implementation
E!aluation
'tion for
impro!ement
'udit
Continual
improemen
t
Continual
improement
Polic0
Orani&in
Plannin and
I+ple+entation
E(aluation
Action ,or
i+pro(e+ent
12
OHSAS 1!001, 200"
(#SI)
T*e ele+ent& o, t*e &0&te+ are!
45 OH1S Polic0
65 Plannin
75 I+ple+entation and operation
85 C*ec.in and correcti(e action
35 Manae+ent re(ie'
1?
ELEMENT 2
THE RESPONSIBILITY
FOR HEALTH AND
SAFETY
1>
O"GANI$ATIONAL
ST"UCTU"E
"OLES 1
"ESPONSIBILITIES!

6irectors & senior

managers

Super-isors

Safet) ad-isers

Specialists

'mplo)ees
1<
E9TE"NAL "OLES 1
"ESPONSIBILITIES

#'4S$S I$ !$T4%
G TH' #4'@IS'S

S'%G '@#%F'6

S"##%F !HAI$1 suppliers,

designers & manufacturers

II$T !!"#ATI$ G
#4'@IS'S

A$6
1A
CONT"ACTO"S
J
'mplo)ers are responsible for
protecting people Kincluding
contractors & subcontractors&
from harm caused b) work
acti-ities.
J
!ontractors ha-e a well
established & implemented
HS management s)stem.
J
!ontractors ha-e a histor) &
e9perience in the field.
2=
CONT"ACTO"S

Top contractor management

demonstrates commitment to
HS.

!ontractors can pro-e

competenc) of their personnel.

!ontractors are monitoring

different E#I LsM1 accident rates,
ill health dataNetc.

What else(O
21
22
Client& dutie& to '*en 'or. :ein done :0
Contractor&
J To consider the risks to their own emplo)ees from the work
J
The risks to the !ontractors emplo)ees from the !lients acti-ities
J
4isks to the public and others from the work
Contractor& dutie&
J To consider the risks to their own emplo)ees from the work
J The risks to the clients emplo)ees from their acti-ities
J
4isks to the public and others from the work
J
To follow clients rules and procedures
2+
Manae+ent o, Contractor&
J
Select a suitable contractor
J
#lanning the *ob
J
!ontrolling contractors on site
J !hecking contractors work
J 4e-iew contractors performance
Selectin a &uita:le Contractor
J
'9perience of the t)pe of work and industr)
J Suitable references
J 'nforcement record
J Safet) management such as #olic), risk assessments etc.
J Accident and ill&health data
J @embership of tradeDprofessional bodies
J !ompetence and training of emplo)ees
J Arrangements for selection of sub&contractors
J
Arrangement for ongoing liaison with clients
"OLES OF SAFETY AD;ISE"
INTE"NALLY!
J
@ust be competent1 well trained,
:ualified, e9perienced with a
positi-e attitude.
J @ust be able to ad-ise
management& emplo)ees with
authorit) & independence1 on
creating & maintaining HS @S,
promoting HS culture, HS
planning & performance re-iews
& Audits.
J
!ontribute acti-el) in de-eloping
& maintaining procedures to
ensure reporting, in-estigating,
recording & anal)Bing accidents
& incidents.
2/
22
"e&pon&i:ilitie& o, Sa,et0 Ad(i&or&
J
;e properl) trained and :ualified
J
@aintain ade:uate information s)stems
J
;e able to interpret the law appl)ing to their
organisation
J
'stablish and maintain procedures for
reporting, in-estigating, recording and
anal)sing accidents and incidents
J
;e able to present their ad-ice effecti-el)
Dutie& o, E+plo0er&!

Safe plant a& s)stems of work

Safe place of work, access & egress

#ro-ision of I T I S 7discuss8

A written HS polic) with organiBational & other

arrangements

!onsultation with emplo)ees and safet)

representati-es

Safe working en-ironment with Welfare facilities

"ndertake suitable & sufficient 4isk Assessments

& implement ade:uate control measures
2?
Dutie& o, E+plo0ee&!

"se an) e:uipment or substance in accordance with

an) training or instruction gi-en b) the emplo)er.

Show reasonable care towards themsel-es & others

affected b) their acti-ities.

!ooperate with emplo)ers assisting them to fulfill

their legal duties.

$ot to break HS regulations deliberatel).

4eport to the emplo)er an) serious or imminent

danger.

4eport an) shortcomings in the emplo)er0s

protecti-e HS arrangements
2>
E9TE"NALLY! coordinate with:

'9ternal !onsultants &

professional bodies.

HS' Authorities & Gire

brigades.

#olice & Ambulance.

Insurance companies &

contractors.

!lients, customers & suppliers.

"OLES OF SAFETY AD;ISE"
2<
OHS CONSULTATION <ITH
EMPLOYEES

4isk Assessments & an)

information about the control
measures

#lanning & organiBation for

HS training

Arrangements when
appointing competent
personnel to assist in
compl)ing with HS laws &
international 4egulations

An) of the HS issues which

seem of importance to the
emplo)ees or their safet)
4epresentati-es
2A
1 out&ide t*e orani-ation!
!oordination with:
'9ternal !onsultants & professional bodies.
HS' Authorities & Gire brigades.
#olice & Ambulance.
Insurance companies & contractors.
@edia & #ublic.
!lients, customers & suppliers
+=
Function& o, Sa,et0 "epre&entati(e!

4epresent emplo)ees in HS consultation with

emplo)er.

In-estigating Incidents.

!arr) out risk Assessments & plan Ade:uate controls.

%ook into emplo)ees0 issues & complaints relating to

HS.

Attend safet) !ommittee &Dor %oss #re-ention Team

meetings.

Assist in Audits & scheduled inspection1 follow up on

correcti-e actions.

#lan & super-ise HS awards programs.

4aise the workforce awareness of HS issues & help

promote a positi-e HS !ulture.
+1
T*e rea&on& a per&on +a0 ,ail to co+pl0
'it* a &a,et0 procedure alt*ou* t*e0
are co+petent are co+ple/ :ut +a0
include!

%ack of moti-ation

"nrealistic working procedures

%ack of management commitment

-er familiarisation with the task

4epetiti-e work leading to boredom

#eer group pressure

Wilful disregard of laid down proceduresDsuper-ision

Gatigue and stress

%ack of information, consultation

Iob insecurit)
+2
++
"ea&on& to in(e&tiate accident&
J
#re-ent future accidents b) identif)ing and
eliminating the causes
J
6emonstrate concern about peoples health
and safet)
J
Impro-e worker morale
J
Identif) weaknesses in management time
J
#re-ent business loses
J
!ollate accident and ill&health data and
identif) trends
J
6efend criminal cases
J
6efend claims for compensation
+/
Action& ,ollo'in Accident
I++ediate
J Treatment for in*ured personnel
J @ake the area safe
J Initiate emergenc) plan
J !ontact emergenc) ser-ices
J #reser-e scene for in-estigation
J @a) ha-e to notif) enforcing authorit)
Initial
J Identif) witnesses
J
4eport details to senior management
J
4eport details to insurance compan)
Loner Ter+
J
6ecide the depth of the in-estigation and select team
J
3ather e-idence at the scene
J
Inter-iew witnesses
J '9amine documents
J Appoint specialists if necessar)
+2
Co+po&ition o, In(e&tiation tea+
J
Super-isors and line managers from department where accident
occurred
J A senior manager from another department
J Health and Safet) professionals
J Specialists e.g. 'ngineers
J 4epresentati-e of workers
J 'mplo)ee e9perienced in the work acti-it).
Direct=I++ediate cau&e o, an accident
An un'anted) unplanned e(ent t*at re&ult& in a lo&&
"oot=Underl0in cau&e o, an accident
T*e ,ailure& in +anae+ent &0&te+& or procedure&
t*at *a(e led to t*e accident
+?
"ea&on& <*0 record& &*ould :e .ept
J To pre-ent a recurrence
J @onitoring purposes
J %egal reasons
J ccupational ill&health ma) take )ears to occur
J !i-il claims
"eportin o, accident&
J 4eport to enforcing authorit)
J
In*uries in-ol-ing lost time
J
6angerous occurrences
J
ccupational diseases
+>
In,or+ation in "eport
J Who is in*ured person
J Where the accident happened
J When it happened
J What happened
J Wh) it happened
J 6ocumentation
J
'-idence
J
4ecommendations
+<
Monitorin
Acti(e Monitorin
Benc*+ar.in
Takes ke) performance indicators and compares them
e9ternall) with similar organisations or industr)
standards
<or.place In&pection&
A formal, structured e9amination possibl) b) a team of
people of the working en-ironment that identif) haBards
that are not controlled
+A
Li+itation& o, in&pection&
J
Some haBards are not -isible
J
Some haBards not alwa)s present
J
"nsafe practices not seen
T0pe& o, in&pection&
J
3eneral workplace inspections
J
Statutor) inspections
J
!ompliance inspections
People '*o carr0 out in&pection&
J
@anagers
J
Super-isors
J
Health and Safet) ad-isors
J 'mplo)ee safet) representati-es
J
'nforcement agencies
/=
In&pection C*ec.li&t
J
!ondition of processes and plant
J !ontractors
J 'lectrical
J 'n-ironmental conditions
J Gire protection
J Girst aid
J Hand held tools
J HaBardous substances
J
HousekeepingDcleanliness
J
%ifting e:uipment
J
@anual handling
J
@achiner) guarding
J $oise etc.
/1
Sa,et0 Sa+plin
A random e9ercise in which assigned obser-ers walk in allotted
timescale noting incidence of health and safet) defects on pre&
prepared sheets
Sa,et0 Tour&
An unscheduled e9amination of a workplace to look for acceptable
standards. A tour can be carried out b) a @anager and
demonstrates commitment to safet)
Audit
A thorough e9amination of the performance of the health and
safet) management s)stems, procedures.
Audits look at @anagement s)stems, #rocedures, Training,
documentation such as safe s)stems, #ermits to work, Inter-iew
selected emplo)ees as well as e9amining the workplace.
/2
"eacti(e Monitorin
J Accidents
J Incidents
J
Ill&health statistics
J
$ear misses
J
6angerous occurrences
J !omplaints b) workforce
J 'nforcement action
J #rosecutions
J !i-il claims
ELEMENT 3
HEALTH & SAFETY
RISK ASSESSMENT
AND CONTROL
/+
SUITABLE 1 SUFFICIENT

All aspects of work acti-it) to be

considered1 4outine and $on
4outine operations.

Identif) significant haBards and

risks & e-aluate the risks.

Identif) control measures in

place and planned D pre-ention
and mitigation.

!onsider risks to public.

'nsure the risk assessment is

regularl) re-iewed.
"IS%

ASSESSM
EN
T
//
<HO SHOULD DO IT>?

Team with e9perience and

training in haBard
identification and risk
assessment.

Enowledge of the process or

acti-it).

3ood communication and

reporting skills.

Abilit) to interpret legislation

and guidance.

@anagerial influence to
implement change.
/2
2 SI@#%' ST'#S T 6
4ISE ASS'SS@'$T
Hierarc*0 o, Control +ea&ure& ,or re+o(in or
reducin a *a-ard
1. Look for the haard
!. "ecide #$% might be harmed and how
&. 'valuate ( 'stimate the )*+, and decide
whether e-isting precautions are ade.uate or
more action should be done
/. )ecord your findings
0. )eview your assessment and revise it if
necessary
/?
4@ LOO% FO" THE HA$A"DS

HS Inspection !hecklist

!lose bser-ation of tasks

Accident, ill health or near miss

data.

Iob safet) anal)sis.

%egal standards.

3uidance1 I%, SHA, IS,

HS'... etc.

!onsultation & Internet search.

/>
6@ <HO MIGHT BE HA"MED>?

All 'mplo)ees

Hisitors & #ublic

!ontractors

!leaning & !atering

Staff

Trainees & Hulnerable

groups
/<
7@ "IS% E;ALUATION
$ighly 1nlikely 1
)easonably Likely !
'ven 2hance &
$ighly Likely /
3lmost 2ertain 0
A8 #robabilit) or %ikelihood of Harm ccurring
/A
4inor *njury5 2uts and abrasions6 minor skin or eye
irritations6 etc.
1
*njury re.uiring first aid5 3ny injury that re.uires first
aid.
!
*njury or industrial disease re.uiring medical treatment5
"eep wounds6 fractures6 scalds6 burns6 eye injuries6
respiratory infections6 temporary blindness or hearing
loss6 etc.
&
+erious injury or long term medical effects (industrial
disease)5 Loss of fingers6 toes6 damage to eyes6 serious
medical effects.
/
4ajor *njury or 7atality5 Loss of limbs6 sight6 hearing6
long term illness or death.
0
;8 !onse:uences or Se-erit) of Harm
2=
21
HIE"A"CHY OF CONT"OL

Eli+inationA get rid of the haBard

altogether K if possible.

Su:&titutionA replace a haBard with

something less haBardous e.g. lead free
flu9.

Enineerin control& = I&olationA

@achine guarding, Sound proof control
roomsN etc.

Ad+ini&trati(e control&A Iob rotation,

Training, Work Instructions, Super-ision,
Information, Safe S)stem of Work,
'mergenc) preparedness, Signs, 3ood
House keeping

Per&onal Protecti(e EBuip+entA last

line of defense.

di&cipline
22
8@ "ECO"D "IS% ASSESSMENTS
<HY>

Accident In-estigation.

Guture reference.

Audits.

6ut) of care D %egal

re:uirements.
5
]

W
H
E
N

T
O

R
E
V
I
E
W





R
I
S
K

A
S
S
E
S
S
M
E
N
T
S
?
!
2+
3@ "e(ie' "i&. A&&e&&+ent& in ca&e o,!

Accidents, $ear misses or 'mergencies.

#eriodicall) & If It is no longer -alid.

!hange in legal re:uirements.

After Audits.

$ew Acti-ities D e:uipment D personnel.

$ew info a-ailable D $ew technologies.

2/
GENE"AL CONT"OL P"INCIPLES
1. Avoid Risk: stop doing the task, using different processes
or eliminate the haBard altogether if possible
2. Evaluate Risks that can not be avoided: !arr) out 4isk
Assessment
3. Combat Risk at Source: 4emo-e the cause rather than
pro-iding protection e.g. using %ocal '9haust Hentilation
s)stems instead of pro-iding ##'.
4. Adapting the ork to the individual: !onsult affected
emplo)ees to impro-e design of workplace, work
e:uipment, working hours & pattern
!. Adapting to technical progress: it is crucial to take
ad-antage of new technologies
22
Ha-ard Control Strate0
$ liminate% #emo!e trailing able
& e'uction% +se lo$er !oltage tools
I (olate% ,uard dangerous mahinery
C ontrol% #edue time-frequeny of
e.posure
P er(onal Protectie $)uipment%
Issue **E
D i(cipline% Enfore rules and
proedures
Hierarch* o+ control 'e+inition/
' preferred series of measures to ontrol risks in
order of priority starting $ith elimination and
ending $ith disipline0
2?
Main t0pe& o, PPE

Head protection

')e protection

Goot protection

Hand and arm protection

;od) protection

4espirator) protection
2>
Sa,et0 Sin&

#rohibition L!ircular, 4ed, white

backgroundM

Warning LTriangular, Fellow black edgingM

@andator) L!ircular, ;lue white s)mbolsM

Safe !ondition L3reen, White s)mbolsM

2<
SAFE SYSTEM OF <O"%

Method for doing a job in

a safe way; takes account
of all foreseeable hazards
to OHS & seeks to
eliminate or minimize
these. Safe systems of
work are formal &
documented e.g. ermit
to !ork" system.
2A
Per+it to <or.!# Is a formal written
procedure re:uiring written confirmation that
certain actions ha-e been carried out to
eliminate or control risks before a specific high
risk acti-it) is carried out
<*ere Per+it& needed

!onfined spaces

'lectricit)

Hot work

!old work
?=
Lone <or.er Ha-ard& to :e con&idered

Work location

T)pe of work

The e:uipment

@anual handling

Se9 of the worker

'mergenc) facilities

%ack of Training

%ack of Super-ision

%imited communication
?1
Precaution& ,or lone 'or.er&

Information on haBards

Training to deal with haBards

4egular contact

Super-isors regularl) -isiting

Automatic warning de-ices

!heck the worker has returned home

##'

'mergenc) action if worker becomes ill

?2
ELEMENT
HA!ARDS & CONTROL
ASSOCIATED WITH
WORK E"UIPMENT
?+
Mec*anical Ha-ard&
EN tanglement
T raps
Shearing, drawing in, crushing
I mpact
C ontact
Griction, abrasion, cutting and
stabbing, puncture
E *ection
"e+e+:er! ENTICE
?/
,echanical Ha-ar'(%
$.tan/lement
ENtanle+ent! !lothing, Hair, Ieweller)
getting wrapped around machiner)
?2
,echanical Ha-ar'(%
0rap(
Trap& in(ol(e!
S*earin
Cru&*in
In runnin nip&
Dra'in in
??
,echanical Ha-ar'(%
Impact
?>
,echanical Ha-ar'(%
Contact
Contact InCurie&!

;urns

%acerations
LtearM

Abrasions

#uncture
wounds

!uts
?<
,echanical Ha-ar'(%
$1ection
?A
Entanle+ent
Contact
Trappin
ECection
A2ra(ie 3heel
(4rin'(tone)
Mac*iner0 Mec*anical Ha-ard&
>=
,echanical Ha-ar'(
Dra5in/-In
Entanle+e
nt
Cru&*in
Dra'in in
S*earin
>1
6@ Non#+ec*anical Mac*iner0 *a-ard&!

@anual Handling & %ifting

'lectricit) D Gire D '9plosion

$oise D Hibration

High D %ow temperature

6usts D Gumes D @ists

;iological1 bacteria, -irusN etc

4adiation1 ioniBingDnon&ioniBing

#s)cho&somatic effects

'rgonomics
>2
>+
P*otocopier Docu+ent &*redder
6rawing in 6rawing in to cutters
Trap between mo-ing parts !ontact with cutters
!hemicals 6ust
"ltra -iolet light
O,,ice +ac*iner0! # P*otocopier and
S*redder
Co++on *a-ard&
'lectrical
'rgonomic
$oise
Stabilit) of machine
Ot*er Ha-ard&
>/
Ad(antae& Di&ad(antae&
@inimal maintenance $ot linked to machine controls
nl) defeated b) deliberate act $o protection when remo-ed
nl) -isual inspection Access to dangerous parts when
remo-ed
@a) protect against other haBards e.g.
noise, dust, e*ection of materials
@ore difficult to remo-e not practical
when fre:uent access re:uired
Tends to be left unfi9ed when fre:uent
access re:uired
@a) hamper -isibilit)
Mac*iner0 Hierarc*0 o, Control&
J Gi9ed guards
J ther guards or protection de-ices
J #rotecti-e de-ices LIigs, Holders, #ush SticksM
J Information, Instruction, Training and Super-ision
Fi/ed Guard&!# A p*0&ical :arrier not connected to +ac*ine
control& '*ic* *a& no +o(in part& and reBuire& a tool to
re+o(e it
Fi/ed Guard&
>2
Ad(antae& Di&ad(antae&
Allow safe access for feeding
materials
Increase the comple9it) of the
machine
!on-enient to use 6ifficult to test and maintain
%ess likel) to be deliberatel)
defeated
@a) need a brake or time dela)
Speeds up operations !omponents could fail in ser-ice
4egular maintenance re:uired
@a) not fail to safet)
Interloc. Guard!# Lin.ed to t*e +ac*ine control& &o t*at '*en
t*e +ac*ine i& in a danerou& condition t*e uard cannot :e
opened or openin t*e uard cau&e& t*e +ac*ine to :eco+e
&a,e
Interloc. Guard
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ELEMENT 5
TRANSPORT SAFETY
>>
t*e +ain *a-ard& a&&ociated 'it* li,t
truc. operation& are!

-erturning

-erloading

%oss of load

!ollision with people and ob*ects

@achine failure

Galling from loading ba)s

'9plosions and fire K fuel leaksDbatter) chargingDelectrical arcing

'9haust fume emission

#assengers

Inappropriate parking K blocking entrancesDe9its

@anual handling K ad*usting forksDchanging batteries

Hibration K tra-elling o-er une-en ground

$oise

Silent running
><
;EHICLE OPE"ATIONS

%ack of Training, 6ri-ing

training, Information,
Instructions & super-ision.

#assage wa)s are too

narrow, too steep, slipper),
une-enN etc.

#lace of work: #oor lighting,

dust, noiseN etc.

Hehicles o-erloaded, load

unbalanced or unsecuredN
etc.

#oor or no road markings, no barriers or clear safet) signs,

lack of warnings sound s)stems.
>A
SAFE ;EHICLE OPE"ATIONS

Suita:le 1 Su,,icient Risk

Assessment) Follo' Hierarc*0
o, appropriate control&D

Sa"e place! E(en round&) clear

pa&&ae'a0&) Mar.in&) Tra,,ic
&in&) (i&ion aid& AdeBuate
&pace ,or re(er&in) loadin 1
unloadin (e*icle&A

Clear separation beteen

pedestrians # vehicles$
passages) cone&) :arrier&)
enou* li*tin) clear +ar.ed 1
'ell lit par.in area&D

Sa"e %erson! &raining) De,en&i(e

dri(in trainin) re,re&*er
trainin) Clear in&truction& 1
in,or+ation) competent driversA
Licen&ed) po&iti(e attitude)
e/periencedE etcD
7F
<=
FO"%LIFT SAFETY
FO"%LIFT HA$A"DS!

-erturning1 une-en dri-e wa)s, sudden

braking, wheels hitting an obstructionN
etc.

-erloading1 e9ceeding the SW%,

insecure & unbalanced load.

!ollisions & striking pedestrians Lunaware

of the silent operating electrical truckM

;atter) charging1 fire & e9plosion.

%ack of dri-er training, information,

e9perience & super-ision.

%ifting humans.
<1
<2
<*0 can truc.& o(erturn
J
Tra-elling on gradients that are too steep
J
Tra-elling forwards when descending slopes
J
-erloaded or une-enl) loaded
J
Tra-elling o-er soft or une-en ground
J
Tra-elling o-er slipper) surfaces
J
Tra-elling too fast
J
Striking kerbs or other edges
J
$ot suitable for the task
J
!arr)ing loads at a dangerous heights
To a(oid o(erturnin oppo&ite o, a:o(e
<+
Par.in o, ,or. truc.&
J #ut in neutral
J #ut on handbrake
J Switch off engine
J 4emo-e ke)
J
3i-e ke) to appropriate person
J
Gorks on floor
J
@ast slightl) forward
J #arked in suitable location
J $o blocking of e9its
Additional *a-ard& o, electric ,or. truc.&
J
H)drogen gas released during batter) charging
J 'lectricit) problems
J @anual handling of li:uids
J !orrosi-e acids
J The) are :uiet
</
Dri(er &election
J
Suitable age
J
@edical e9amination
J
4outine medical checks at regular inter-als
J
Assessment after prolonged absences
J
!apable of Training
J
4efresher training
Sa,et0 o, pede&trian& in (e*icle +o(in area&
J
Segregation
J
Suitable parking areas
J
A-oid re-ersing if possible
J
ne&wa) s)stems
J
A-oid sharp or blind bends
J
Sufficientl) wide entrances and gatewa)s
J
Hision aids
J
Speed limits
J
Signallers L;anksmenM
J
#rotection from fumes
J
#rotection from materials falling off
J
High -isibilit) *ackets
!4A$'S & HISTS HA5A46S

-er turning, -er loading &

poor slinging.

Insecure & unbalanced load1

falling load.

!ollision with o-erhead

structure, striking a
pedestrianN etc.

perator0s error, lack of

training & competence.

%ack of maintenance, 4egular

inspection & reporting.
<2
<?
Sa,e u&e o, Crane&
J Suitable crane
J Suitable ground conditions
J "se of outriggers
J A-oidance of obstructions
J !are near o-erhead power lines
J 6esignated and protected area
J Suitable and tested lifting tackle
J
!orrect slinging techni:ue
J
!ompetent personnel
J
%oad near ground if tra-elling
J 3ood -isibilit)
J 3ood communications
J Suitable storage for fuels etc
ELEMENT #
HA!ARDS & CONTROL
ASSOCIATED WITH
ELECTRICITY
<>
Ba&ic Circuitr0

Glow of current needs a closed circuit e.g. electrical lamp &

batter) *oined together b) a conductor.
Main Ha-ard& a&&ociated 'it* Electricit0

;urns

Shock

Arcing

Gire

'9plosions
<<
MAIN HA$A"DS OF ELECT"ICITY
ELECT"IC SHOC%!
ccurs when the bod) becomes
part of the electrical circuit1 the
current enters the bod) at one point
and must lea-e at another.
The effect of an electric shock on a
human bod) depends on :

!urrent and -oltage

4esistance

#ath through bod)

6uration of shock.
<A
A=
Secondar0 E,,ect& o, Electricit0
J Galls from height
J "nintentional mo-ement of machine
J 6e&acti-ation of control measures
J
%oss of information
J
Throw off
EFFECTS OF ELECT"IC SHOC% ON
HUMAN BODY

ST# TH' H'A4T

;"4$ TH' SEI$

%SS G @"S!%'
!$T4%

ST# ;4'ATHI$3

$'4H"S SFST'@
'GG'!TS
A1
OTHE" ELECT"ICAL
HA$A"DS

'%'!T4I!A% ;"4$S

'%'!T4I!A% GI4'S &

'P#%SI$S

#4TA;%' '%'!T4I!A%
'Q"I#@'$T

S'!$6A4F HA5A46S:
6IS!"SS WITH 'PA@#%'S
A2
CONT"OL MEASU"ES FO" ELECT"ICAL
HA$"ADS
1. S'%'!TI$ &
S"ITA;I%ITF G
'Q"I#@'$T
2. I$S#'!TI$ &
@AI$T'$A$!'
ST4AT'3I'S
+. "S' G
#4T'!TIH'
SFST'@S
A+
A/
Sa,et0 o, Porta:le Electrical Appliance&
T*e appliance!#
J
;atter) operated
J
!hecked before use
J
Suitable selected e:uipment
J
#roperl) maintained e:uipment
T*e Lead!#
J
'nsure not run o-er b) -ehicles
J
6ragged o-er rough ser-ices
J
Trapped in machiner)
J
'9posed to hot surfaces or corrosi-e
chemicals
J
!ontinuous fle9ing
Goint&) Connection& and plu&!#
J
@akeshift temporar) connections
J
%eads getting pulled out
J
#oor made connections
J
Guse being replaced
J
;atter) operated
A2
Fu&e!# A 'ea. lin. de&ined to +elt) :rea.in t*e
circuit at e/ce&&i(e current&
Circuit Brea.er&!# Electro+anetic de(ice '*ic*
per,or+ t*e &a+e ,unction a& ,u&e& iDeD :rea. t*e
circuit at e/ce&&i(e current alt*ou* &li*tl0 ,a&ter
Eart*in!# Electricit0 'ill al'a0& tr0 reac* eart* and
eart*in +ean& pro(idin a pat* to eart* lo'er t*an
t*e *u+an :od0
I&olation!# T*e di&connection and &eparation o, t*e
electrical eBuip+ent ,ro+ e(er0 &ource o, electrical
eBuip+ent in &uc* a 'a0 t*at t*e di&connection and
&eparation i& &ecure
"educed (oltae &0&te+&!# B0 reducin t*e (oltae
pre&ent &0&te+ t*e con&eBuence& o, electrical
&*oc. can :e reatl0 reduced
"e&idual Current De(ice& H"CD5!# It co+pare& t*e
current ,lo'in into t*e &0&te+ 'it* t*e current
,lo'in outD <*en t*e le(el di,,er& :0 a pre&et (alue
t*e "CD 'ill open rapidl0 and interrupt t*e &uppl0
Dou:le In&ulation!# Co(erin li(e part& :0 t'o
&eparated la0er& o, in&ulation
A?
U&er c*ec.&
J
':uipment is of an appro-ed standard
J
Wiring and casing are free from damage
J
!ables are correctl) routed
J
S)stem not o-erloaded
J
!orrect fuses
J
#lug properl) wired and gripped
J
!ompetent users
J
"sing reduced -oltage in wet conditions
J
"sing 4!6s
O,,ice En(iron+ent&
J
Suitable e:uipment manufactured to
appropriate standards
J
A-oid the use of trailing cables
J
A-oid multi&socket e9tensions
J
!ontrol pri-ate electrical e:uipment
brought from home
J
4eport defecti-e and damaged
e:uipment
J
'nsure effecti-e heating
J
Switch off o-ernight
J
Test appliances at regular inter-als
#recautions for electrical safet) in office en-ironments
could include:

':uipment is of appro-ed standard e.g. ;SD'$ standard

@aintenance of fi9ed electrical installations

There is a means of isolation

All connections, wiring free from damage

!orrect fuses

#lug correctl) wired

A-oid o-erloading of outlets

Switch off appliances when not in use

@aintain good housekeeping around electrical e:uipment

If re:uired portable appliance testing in date

S)stem not o-erloaded

!ables correctl) routed to a-oid haBards

4!6s used

S)stem for reporting defects

A>
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ELEMENT $
FIRE SAFETY
AA
BASIC P"INCIPLES OF FI"E

Met*od& o, E/tinction!

Cooling: reducing
temperature e.g. use
water

Smothering: reducing
9)gen le-el e.g. use fire
blanket

Starving: limiting fuel e.g.

switching off gas -al-e

Chemical reaction:
interrupt combustion
reaction
Guel:
Glammable
gases, li:uids,
solids.
9)gen:
Grom air,
o9idiBing
substances
Ignition source:

Hot surfaces

'lectrical ':uipment DStatic

electricit)

$aked flame D Smoking

materials
1==
CLASSIFICATION OF FI"ES
1=1
J Cla&& A! Solid +aterial&A ru::er) paper) 'ood)
pla&tic&) ,urnitureE etcD Can :e e/tinui&*ed :0
<ater
J Cla&& B! %i:uids e.g. methanol, petrol, etc1 "se dr)
powder
J Cla&& C! 3ases1 butane or propane. !an be
e9tinguished using foam or dr) powder.
J Cla&& D! @etals1 Aluminum or @agnesium. !an be
e9tinguished b) special dr) powder.
'%'!T4I!A% GI4'S1 use carbon dio9ide or dr) powder
J Cla&& F
J High temperature cooking oils & fats
SOU"CES OF IGNITION
The following are possible sources of ignition to start a
fire:

$aked flames

'lectricit) Lo-erheatingDarcingM

Smoking materials

Hot work Lwelding, burningM

!hemical reactions Lgi-ing off heatM

Heating appliances Lhot surfacesM

Griction Linade:uate lubricationM

Static electricit)

%ightning

Improper storage of flammable materials

%ack of inspection and super-ision

1=2
METHODS OF HEAT T"ANSMISSION

!$H'!TI$

!$6"!TI$

4A6IATI$

6I4'!T ;"4$I$3
1=+
FI"E "IS% ASSESSMENT
1. I6'$TIGF GI4' HA5A46S
2. I6'$TIGF %!ATI$S &
#'4S$S AT
SI3$IGI!A$T 4ISE
+. 'HA%"AT' TH' 4ISE
/. 6'!I6' $ !$T4%
@'AS"4'S
2. 4'!46 F"4 GI$6I$3S
?. 4'HI'W ASS'SS@'$T
4'3"%A4%F
1=/
Control Mea&ure& to +ini+i-e t*e "i&.
o, Fire in a <or.place

Elimination or reduction o" "lammable & combustible

materials stored or used in the workplace1 minimiBe
purchase to minimum :uantities needed.

#ontrol sources of ignition$ $o smoking polic),

inspection & safe use of electrical appliances, welding
onl) in designated fenced out areasN etc

'mplement Sa"e S(stem o" )ork: welding work permit,

high -oltage work permit with all precautions & controls
neededN etc

*ood house +eeping, is !rucial in pre-enting fires,

alwa)s clean up wastes, non used solid materials &
clean up spills of dangerous substances.
1=2
Structural +ea&ure& to pre(ent t*e &pread
o, ,ire 1 &+o.e!

"se fire walls & blast walls.

"se non&combustible automatic dampers fitted in

ducts.

Holes & -oids in fire resisting walls should be

filled in with fire resisting material to pre-ent
passage of heat, smoke or flame.

"se compartments1 to pre-ent spread of fire &

smoke.

@ake sure the fire detection & sprinklers s)stem

is considered in design phase Lbuilt inM.
1=?
Fire detection 1 'arnin!

!ommerciall) a-ailable Heat or Smoke detectors

can be used.

Smoke alarms & shouted warnings might be

enough in small workplaces.

Hand operated de-ices1 sirens, bellsN etc1

should be installed near e9its & clearl) audible
throughout the workplace.

'lectricall) operated fire alarm can be used

Automatic fire detection should be considered,

linked into an electrical fire alarm s)stem

3as detectors can be used e.g. natural gas

detectors with alarms.
1=>
E+erenc0 E(acuation procedure&A
'ach workplace should ha-e an
emergenc) plan 7emplo)er0s
responsibilit)8) it should include:

The action to be taken b) staff in the e-ent of

fire.

The e-acuation procedure

The arrangements for calling the fire brigade

Girst stage fire fighting b) emplo)ees

1=<
Fire Mar&*al&A a senior member of the staff
should be appointed as departmental fire
marshals LwardensM, with consideration of
absences, their duties are to ensure that:

Alarm has been raised

Whole dept. has been e-acuated

Gire brigade has been called

Gire doors are closed

#lant shut down where-er appropriate

4oll call is carried out at the assembl) point &

the result reported to senior manager.
1=A
G"OUP ACTI;ITY
6IS!"SS TH' !@@$ !A"S'S &
!$S'Q"'$!'S G GI4' I$ TH'
W4E#%A!'
11=
SAFE STO"AGE 1 USE OF FLAMMABLE
LIIUIDS

Well -entilated, dr) &

cool place.

!lear warning signs &

barriers

$o sources of ignition

Segregate1
incompatible chemicals
do not mi9

!onstruction to be fire
resistant

Awa) from heat & direct

sunlight

#ro-ided with fire fighting

s)stems & e9tinguishers
111
PO"TABLE FI"E FIGHTING
EIUIPMENT
F%& '()*(+ & E',-.&(-/' F(&,0 S./1+/&+ D&2 P%3+,& 4 M*'.( 5*&5%0,
D&2 P%3+,&
M*'.(5*&5%0, ,6.(17*(08,& .% 9, *0,+
%1 C'/00 B :(&,0
A)*,%*0 F('; F%&;(17 F%/;
F%& *0, %1 '()*(+ :(&,0< D% N%. *0, %1
,',-.&(-/' %& ;,./' :(&,0
F%/;
F%& 3%%+= 5/5,&= .,6.(', & 0%'(+
;/.,&(/' :(&,0< D% N%. *0, %1
;,./'= '()*(+ %& ,',-.&(-/' :(&,0
W/.,&
F%& '()*(+ & E',-.&(-/' :(&,0< D% N%.
*0, %1 ;,./'< >-/1 9, ?,&2 -%'+
:&%0. 9(., @ 5%(0%1%*0A
C/&9%1 D(%6(+, CO2
F%& 8(78 .,;5,&/.*&, -%%B(17 %('0< W,. C8,;(-/'
112
MEANS OF ESCAPE
J+hould open in the direction of travel
& be fire resistant.
J+hould not re.uire any intelligence
or e-tra force to open & should be
self closing.
J8ever obstructed.
D%%&0
8eed to be short & lead people
directly to a place of safety9 open air6
area of no imminent danger.
E0-/5, R%*.,0
J'scalators & spiral stairways are not
to be used for emergency evacuations
S./(&0
J4ust be clearly marked & known by
all occupants
J4ust be in a safe are free of any
imminent danger.
J3 complete list of the names of all
staff should be maintained by the fire
4arshal to make a roll call on
evacuation.
A00,;9'2 P%(1.0 & R%'' C/''
11+
EME"GENCY
A""ANGEMENTS

'@'43'$!F 'HA!"ATI$
#4!'6"4'S

GI4' @A4SHA%S

T'STI$3, 64I%% &

T4AI$I$3

#4HISI$ G4 TH'
6ISA;%'6
11/
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ELEMENT C
HA!ARDS & CONTROL
ASSOCIATED WITH
MANUAL HANDLING
AND REPETITIVE
MOVEMENT
11?
MANUAL HANDLING

C@anual handlingC is the

mo-ement of a load b)
human effort alone1
trans%orting or su%%orting
loads directly or indirectly
using bodily force.
Co++on Manual Handlin
Ha-ard&!

Too Hea-) loads & #oor

posture during lifting.

6ropping load.

Sharp edged or hot loads.

11>
MANUAL HANDLING INGU"IES

Mu&cular Sprain& 1 Strain&D

Bac. inCurie&A cu+ulati(e

inCurie& re&ultin in
prolap&ed inter (erte:ral
di&c&D

Fracture& 1 Hernia&D

Cut&) :rui&e& 1 a:ra&ion&D

<or. "elated Upper Li+:

Di&order& H<"ULDS5A 'ide
rane o, +u&culo&.eletal
di&order&D
11<
MANUAL HANDLING
ASSESSMENT
4D LOADA hea-), difficult to grasp,
hot, cold, fragileN etc
6D INDI;IDUAL! capabilit),
strength, fitness, trainingN etc
7D TAS%A fre:uenc), stretching,
pushing, pullingN etc
8D EN;I"ONMENT! lighting,
slipper) floors, une-en
groundN etc
4emember %IT'
WA4'H"S'
11A
Practical Mea&ure& to A(oid Manual
Handlin InCurie&

A-oid @anual Handling

4isk 4eduction

Automation & mechanisation

Team handling

Training

Smaller, lighter load

Selection Hindi(idual and +ec*anical aid5

3ood 'n-ironment H&pacinA ,loorinA te+pA li*t5

12=
121
P*0&ical and p&0c*oloical *a-ard&
Erono+ic&
The stud) of the relationship between workers and their
en-ironment, work e:uipment and work task.
Work 4elated "pper %imb 6isorders LW4"%6sM
Cau&e& o, <"ULD&
J 4epetiti-e finger, hand or arm mo-ements
J Twisting mo-ements
J
S:ueeBing
J
Hammering
J
#ushing, pulling or reaching mo-ements
S0+pto+&
J
$umbness in fingers
J
#ains in hands or arms
J
4estriction of *oint mo-ement
J Soft tissue swelling
122
Factor& to :e con&idered durin ri&. a&&e&&+ent
J
Gorce e9erted
J
Gre:uenc) and duration of operation
J
4epetition of mo-ement without rest or reco-er)
J #osture
J !onstraints on space
J 'n-ironment
I+pro(e a:o(e plu&!#
J @echanise task
J "se correct tools and e:uipment
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ELEMENT D
HA!ARDS & CONTROL
ASSOCIATED WITH
HA!ARDOUS
SUBSTANCES
12/
FO"MS OF CHEMICAL
AGENTS

6"STS

G"@'S

3AS'S

@ISTS

HA#4S

%IQ"I6S

S@E'
122
FO"MS OF BIOLOGICAL
AGENTS

;A!T'4IA

HI4"S

G"$3I

#A4ASIT'S
12?
12>
"oute& o, entr0 in t*e :od0
J
Inhalation
J
Ingestion
J
Absorption
J
6irect entr)
J
In*ection
12<
Acute e,,ect&!# Ad(er&e *ealt* e,,ect&
re&ultin ,ro+ &inle or &*ort ter+ e/po&ure
'*ic* i& u&uall0 re(er&i:le eDD Alco*ol
C*ronic!# Ad(er&e *ealt* ter+ e,,ect&
re&ultin ,ro+ proloned or repeated
e/po&ure leadin to a radual o,ten
irre(er&i:le e,,ect& eDD li(er di&ea&e cau&ed
:0 Alco*ol
12A
Cla&&i,ication o, Ha-ardou& Su:&tance&
Irritant!# Non#corro&i(e &u:&tance& '*ic* t*rou*
i++ediate) proloned or repeated contact 'it* &.in or
+ucou& +e+:rane +a0 cau&e in,la++ation eDD Petrol
Corro&i(e!# Su:&tance& '*ic* on contact 'it* li(in ti&&ue
+a0 de&tro0 it :0 :urnin eDD acid&
Har+,ul!# Su:&tance& '*ic* i, &'allo'ed) in*aled or
penetrate t*e &.in +a0 cau&e da+ae to *ealt*
;er0 To/ic!# A poi&onou& &u:&tance '*ic* in lo'
Buantitie& +a0 cau&e deat*) acute or c*ronic da+ae to
*ealt*
To/ic!# A poi&onou& &u:&tance '*ic* in lo' Buantitie& +a0
cau&e deat*) acute or c*ronic da+ae to *ealt*
Carcinoenic!# Su:&tance& '*ic* cau&e di&order& to cell
ro't* t*at +a0 lead to cancer
1+=
In,or+ation on Manu,acturer& Sa,et0 data
&*eet&
J
Identification of the substance
J
@anufacturers information
J
!omposition of the ingredients
J
Girst&aid precautions
J
Gire&fighting measures
J
Handling and storage
J
##'
J
6isposal considerations
J
Transport information
J
4egulator) information
1+1
Ad(antae& Di&ad(antae&
%ow cost Inaccurate
Takes little time #ositioning of tube
Immediate result nl) a snap shot
%ittle training Inefficient
Information during spillage !hemical use onl)
3ood for coarse indication Substance specific
Gra: Sa+pler HC*e+ical &tain detector tu:e5
Dra' it
1+2
Ha-ardou& &u:&tance ri&. a&&e&&+ent 3 &tep& a& nor+al
Control o, *ealt* *a-ard&
Eli+inate
"educe :0 &u:&titution
I&olate!#
J Total 'nclosure
J Segregate the people
Control
J 'ngineering !ontrol L%'HM
J @aintenance of controls
J !hange the work pattern or method
J
H)giene and housekeeping
PPE
Di&cipline
1++
E+erenc0 control& ,or &pillae) air
pollution etcD
J Hentilation s)stems alarmed
J ##'
J
'mergenc) showers, e)e wash facilities
J
;ooms, sawdust, spillage procedures
J
'-acuation procedures
J Isolation of the area
J '-acuation of the emplo)ees at risk
J ##' for staff in-ol-ed in clear up
1+/
Du&t Identi,ication
J
Hisual signs of dust
J 6ust lamps
J Static or personal sampling
J Health sur-eillance
Control +ea&ure& ,or du&t
J
'limination
J
Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powders
J 'nclosure of the process
J %ocal e9haust -entilation
J Hacuuming instead of sweeping
J 6amping down
J %imiting time of e9posure
J %imiting numbers e9posed
J 4espirator) protecti-e e:uipment
The four main classifications of occupational
health haBards are:
4D P*0&ical!
@achiner), 'lectricit), Heat, $oise
6D C*e+ical!
Acids, Alkalis, Asbestos
7D Bioloical!
HIH Hirus, %egionella, ;acteria
8D Erono+ic!
#osture problems, Gatigue
1+2
!ontrol measures to control biological
haBards should be:

Cleanin = di&in,ection

<ater treat+ent prora++e&

;er+in control

Procedure& ,or *andlin) contain+ent and

di&po&al

Per&onal *0iene iDeD co(er 'ound&

I++uni&ation

Healt* &ur(eillance

Speci,ic trainin

Per&onal Protecti(e EBuip+ent

1+?
1+>
<a&te Storae
J Sufficient storage area
J !learl) the label the storage area
J 'nsure storage area secure
J #rotect storage area with bunds etc.
J Store different t)pes of waste separatel)
J
$e-er store incompatible waste together
J
Select appropriate containers
J
Eeep :uantities of waste to a minimum
J #rotect waste from the elements
Du&t&

Solid particles suspended in the air for a period of time.

SiBe ranges from =.1Rm LfineM to 1==Rm LcoarseM.

#roduced b) mechanical process e.g. grinding, or b) construction

process e.g. demolition, or other specific tasks e.g. cotton or
wood work
Respirable dust: fine dusts that penetrate deep into the
lungs & sta) there Lin rare cases enters the blood streamM e.g.
!ement & Silica
'nhalable dust: capable of entering nose & mouth during
breathing, without reaching lower le-els of respirator) s)stem.
Fu+e&

Gormed when a material from a -olatiliBed solid condenses in

cool air. "suall) e9tremel) fine S1.=Rm e.g. welding & soldering
fumes.
1+<
Ga&e&

Gormless fluids which e9pand to occup) the space in which the)0re

confined e.g. !arbon @ono9ide, H)drogen SulphideN etc
Mi&t&

Suspended li:uid droplets generated b) condensation of li:uids from the

-apor back to the li:uid state or b) breaking up li:uid into dispersed
state e.g. paint spra)ing mist LatomiBationM.
;apor&

Holatile forms of substance that are normall) in the solid or li:uid state at
room temperature & pressure e.g. sol-ents used in degreasing Ltoluene,
acetoneN etcM.
LiBuid&

Gluids that e9ist normall) at temperature between boiling & freeBing.

S+o.e

Aerosol of solid or li:uid particles, S=.1Rm in siBe, resulting from

incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials e.g. !arbon particles.
1+A
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES
HA$A"DOUS TO HEALTH
!44SIH'
TPI!
4
!A4!I$3'$I!
4
HA4@G"%
DISCUSS ACUTE 1 CH"ONIC HEALTH EFFECTS
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HA5A46"S S";STA$!'S T TH'
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@'!HA$IS@S
1/1
SOU"CES OF INFO"MATION

%A;'%S

I$H'$T4F

@AT'4IA% SAG'TF
6ATA SH''T

T4A6'
ASS!IATI$
#";%I!ATI$S

TH' I$T'4$'T
@AT'4IA%
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6ATA SH''T
1/2
TO9ICOLOGY
De,inition!

The stud) of how different materials will affect the

human bod).

The effect that a substance will ha-e on the bod) will

depend on a number of factors:
1/+
The routes of entr) are:

In*alation

Ine&tion

A:&orption

InCection
1//
E+erenc0 Procedure&

The emergenc) procedure should include:

Girst aid facilities

4ele-ant safet) drills

Suitable warning de-ices

Suitable training of staff

##'

'mergenc) showers and e)e&wash facilities

Spillage and leakage procedures

'-acuation procedures

Warnings to other people

1/2
H'A6 #4T'!TI$
HA$6 #4T'!TI$
G''T #4T'!TI$
'F' #4T'!TI$
LAST "ESO"T
PE"SONAL P"OTECTI;E
EIUIPMENT
1/?
Air Pollution!

utdoors1 machiner) & industr) emissions &

smoking. Indoors1 heating s)stems & spra)sN
etc

@ainl) b) emissions1 carbon mono9ide,

sulphur dio9ide, nitrogen dio9ide & leadN etc

%eads to Acid rain & global warming

Ha-e serious Health effects on human beings

1/>
<ater Pollution!

#ollution of ri-ers & other water sources can

ha-e serious effects on the health of li-ing
organisms.

%eakage from industrial soak awa) or

chemical factories.

Sewer discharge & oil spill contaminating

underground water

Water samples should be taken from water

sources & sewers.

@S6S to ad-ise on proper disposal of

different haBardous substances
1/<
<a&te Manae+ent Hierarc*0!

%revention: b) changing the process so that the

waste is not produced.

Reduction: impro-ing the efficienc) of the

process

Reuse: b) rec)cling the waste back into the

process

Recover(: releasing energ) through the

combustion or rec)cling of waste.

Responsible disposal: disposal in accordance

with regulator) re:uirements & ne&er mi' different
ty%es of hazardous wastes.
1/A
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WAST' @A$A3'@'$T #%A$S
12=
M
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121
ELEMENT 1E
HA!ARDS & CONTROL
ASSOCIATED WITH THE
WORKING
ENVIRONMENT
122
12+
Di&pla0 Screen EBuip+ent HDSE&5
Healt* e,,ect&
J "pper limb pains and discomfort
J ')e and e)esight effects
J 'pileps)
J 4adiation effects on pregnant women
J Gatigue and stress
<or.&tation reBuire+ent&
J Ade:uate lighting
J @inimum noise
J Ample legroom
J Suitable screen at e)e le-el
J Suitable softwear
J
Ee)board
J
Work surface
J
Suitable work chair
J Gootrest if necessar)
12/
Healt* e,,ect& o, re+ainin &eated ,or a lon ti+e
J
Hertebral and muscular damage
J High blood pressure
J !irculation problems
Suita:le Seat ,or &edentar0 'or.er&
J 3ood lumbar support
J 3ood width and depth
J Abilit) to ad*ust seat back and height
J Stable base
J Abilit) to swi-el
J
#ro-ision of arm rests
<ELFA"E 1 <O"%
EN;I"ONMENT

Sanitar) !on-eniences &

Washing Gacilities

6rinking Water

Accommodation for clothing &

changing clothes

Gacilities for rest & eating

meals

Hentilation

T'@#'4AT"4' & %I3HTI$3

122
Sanitar0 Con(enience& 1 <a&*in Facilitie&

@ust be pro-ided together & in a proportion to the siBe

of workforce.

Special pro-ision should be made for disabled workers

There should be separate facilities for men & women

Suppl) of warm water, soap & towels must be

pro-ided.

Gacilities to be well lit, -entilated & walls & floors eas)

to clean
12?
Drin.in <ater

@ust be readil) accessible to all

workforce

Suppl) must be ade:uate

12>
Acco++odation ,or clot*in 1
c*anin clot*e&

@ust be pro-ided, clean, well lit, -entilated,

dr) & secure

Where ##' is re:uired, arrangement are to

be made that workers0 own clothing is not
contaminated b) haBardous substances
12<
Facilitie& ,or re&t 1 eatin +eal&

@ust be pro-ided in areas where ##' not re:uired

$o Smoking

Gacilities should be pro-ided for pregnantDnursing

females to rest

Arrangements to ensure food & be-erage not

contaminated b) haBardous substances.
12A
;entilation

Should be effecti-e & sufficient & free from

an) impurities

Air inlets to be sited free from an) potential

contaminants

'nsure workers are free from uncomfortable

draughts

'nsure continuous fresh air flow

"se %'H or 6ilute Hentilation if re:uired

1?=
Heatin 1 Te+perature

'nsure reasonable temperatures in all workplaces

during working hours

Air conditions to be used where possible

A! to be regularl) inspected & maintained

#ro-ide thermometers to indicate room temperature

#ro-ide suitable ##' where A! is not ade:uate e.g.

on entering big restaurants0 cold stores
1?1
Li*tin

#oor lighting increases the risk of accidents e.g. slips,

trips & falls.

#ro-ision of sufficient & suitable lighting1 shall be

natural light if possible

#ro-ision of sufficient emergenc) lighting in all rooms,

kitchens, rest rooms & emergenc) routes

!onsider using blinds on windows in cases of

reflecti-e screen glare

Windows & sk)lights to be kept clean & free from

obstruction
1?2
1?+
Factor& to con&ider '*en a&&e&&in adeBuac0 o,
li*tin
J The tasks being undertaking
J The siBe and la)out of the work area
J
The e:uipment used
J
A-ailabilit) of natural light
J
Shift timesDwork patterns
J
Suitable number of artificial light
J !ontrast le-els
J 3lare
J Areas in shadow
J $eed for localised lighting
J @aintenance of lighting
J Ade:uate emergenc) lighting
Seatin 1 <or.&tation&

Sitting for prolonged periods can cause health risks1 blood

circulation problems & @S6LsM

Workstations to be arranged so that work is done safel) &

comfortabl)

Workstations to be arranged to allow safe e-acuation in cases of

emergenc)

Work surface should be at comfortable height to the worker1

a-oid bending & stretching

Workers should not stand for prolonged periods on solid floor.

4efer to control measures of 6S'

1?/
HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS

Slip&! 6ue to reduced friction

between feet & walking surface1
wet or dusty floors( s%ill( ice(

Trip&! loss of balance if foot is

stopped suddenl) while bod)
continues in motion1 loose
car%ets( floor holes.
1?2
HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS

Fall& ,ro+ a Hei*t! 2AT of all

reported *ob fatalities is caused
b) falling from a height1 roof(
ladder( scaffold( floor o%enings(
unguarded %latforms o&er )
meters feet high* etc.

Colli&ion 'it* +o(in

(e*icle&! Happens either
inside the workplace or on the
access road around it during
commute1 %oor lighting( o&er
s%eeding of &ehicles( no clear
se%aration between %edestrians
& &ehicles( lack of warning
signs & barriers* etc.
1??
HA$A"DS TO PEDEST"IANS

Bein &truc. :0 +o(in) ,allin or ,l0in

o:Cect&! mo&ing %arts of machinery( flying
objects are often generated by the
disintegration of mo&ing %arts( falling objects
are common in construction sites* etc.

Stri.in aain&t ,i/ed or &tationar0

o:Cect&! colliding against a part of a building,
opened drawer, l)ing ob*ect on the floorN
etc.
1?>
Control Strateie& ,or Pede&trian Ha-ard&
"i&. A&&e&&+ent i& crucial to :e done ,or all 'or. acti(itie& & controls
will be set according to the risk le-el & following the -ierarch( o" control:

'liminate haBards1 good house kee%ing, keeping a safe %lace of work, cleaning
aisles & passage wa)s, consider slip resistant surfaces.

Gollow a Safe System of !ork & issue Work #ermit.

'nsure a safe %lace of work in the design %hase if possible.

Adopt & mark designated walkwa)s.

'nsure proper +raining( ,nformation( !ork ,nstructions & su%er&ision at all times.

'nsure proper - is worn at all times.

Suitable maintenance systems, .e%orting & procedures to follow up on correcti-e

actions.

!leaning of spills, use of signs while cleaning.

Separation between designated &ehicle %assages & %edestrians b) means of

marking, signs, barriersN etc.

Work en-ironment1 lighting( &entilation( noise( dust* etc.

4egular ,ns%ections & ensure proper Safety Signs are in place.

"se proper fall %rotection1 guard rails, Scaffolding, safe ladders, fall harnessN etc.
1?<
Hou&e.eepin
Ha-ar'(
J
Someone ould trip or
fall
J
Inreased risk of fire
J
1ire e.its ould be
bloked
J
2here is a risk of
infetion
J
(hemials are being
used
J
Infestation 3that allo$s
breeding of rats4
okroahes4 et 5
J
6ehile (ollisions
J
1alling materials
Precaution(
J
Identify housekeeping
requirements
J
#esponsibilities for
housekeeping
J
#esoures for good
housekeeping
J
2rain staff in use of
equipment
J
#egular inspetions
1?A
NOISE
Accepta:le 1 Unaccepta:le
Le(el& o, Noi&e!

These '9posure action & %imit

Halues are:

%ower '9posure Action %e-el:

<= d; LAM D < hours D da)

"pper '9posure Action %e-el:

<2 d; LAM D < hours D da)

'9posure %imit Halue: <> d;

LAM D < hours D da)
1>=
Anato+0 o, t*e Ear
Inner ear ,i''le ear Outer ear
1>1
1>2
Acute C*ronic
Stress $oise induced hearing loss
Temporar) threshold shift #ermanent threshold shift
Temporar) tinnitus #ermanent tinnitus
;last deafness #reb)acusis
Hearin Da+ae
Noi&e Control
Source
J 6esign
J
6amping
J
Isolate
J
@aintenance
Pat*
J
Screens and barriers
J 'nclosure
J Absorption
J Silencer
T*e Per&on
J
6istance
J
Time e9posed
J Information and training
"EIUI"EMENTS FO" NOISE
CONT"OL

Assess the noise le-els &

keep records.

!onstantl) re-iew
assessments

4educe risk from noise

e9posure b) using
engineering controls

4educe time of e9posure

#ro-ide ade:uate Training,

information & work
instructions

!onsult emplo)ees &

representati-es on noise
issues

'stablish hearing protection

Bones1 marked b) signs &
notices.

'ducate emplo)ees to see

their doctor if the) feel an)
hearing problems

#ro-ide appropriate Hearing

#rotection as needed
1>+
NOISE ENGINEE"ING CONT"OLS
"eduction o, Noi&e at &ource!

!hange the process or e:uipment

!hange the speed of the machine

Impro-e the maintenance regime e.g. regular lubrication

Attenuation o, Noi&e le(el&!

.rientation / relocation o" the e0uipment

Enclosure

Screens / Absorption alls

1amping

'solation o" the orkers

1>/
Location
&o!e soure a$ay from noise sensiti!e area
$nclo(ure
Surrounding the noise soure $ith sound
insulating material 3are to be taken not to
o!erheat mahine5
Silencer(
#eduing noise from e.haust pipes et0 using
absorbent materials or baffles
A2(orption
Surrounding-obstruting noise soure $ith
absorbent materials 3e0g0 foam5
Path o+ .oi(e preention
0echni)ue(
1>2
Dampin/
#edution in struture borne noise by the use of
rubber-ork4 springs et0
I(olation
*rotetion of persons from sound soure by
distane or sound proofed rooms
La//in/
Insulation of pipes to redue sound transmission
Screen(
'ousti sreens plaed on the path
Path o+ noi(e control
techni)ue(
1>?
Healt* E,,ect&

Tingling in the hands

and e9tremities

$umbness and
blanching of the fingers

Swollen painful *oints

4eduction in manual
de9terit)

4eduction in the
sensation of touch
Control Mea&ure&
Eli+ination
"educe t*e deree o, (i:ration

Select low -ibration e:uipment

Select ergonomicall) designed

e:uipment

@aintenance of e:uipment

4educe grip and push force with work

e:uipment

4educe the time workers e9posed

Introduce health sur-eillance

3lo-es and heated pads

Information and training on the nature

of risks
Hand#Ar+ ;i:ration
1>>
E9POSU"E TO E9T"EME
TEMPE"ATU"E
E,,ect& o, e/tre+e *eat!

Heat e9haustion

Heat Stroke

Sun burns

6eh)dration

Heat cramps

!onfusion, nausea &

-omiting

'9amples: outdoor
construction
E,,ect& o, E/tre+e
Cold!

H)pothermia

!hilblains

Trench foot

!old burn

%oss of concentration
& shi-ering
1><
P"E;ENTI;E MEASU"E

A-oid working outdoors where possible

!arr) out suitable & sufficient 4isk Assessment

Hentilation s)stems

Ade:uate training, information & super-ision

!ontrol working en-ironment: heatingDcooling s)stems

#re emplo)ment medical1 fit to work

Alwa)s drink a lot of fluids

Allow ade:uate acclimatiBation period

4educe time of e9posure1 *ob rotation

"se proper ##'

1>A
ST"ESS
Stre&&!

It is not a disease1 it is
an emotional &
ph)siological state of
unbalance, which
results when the
demands of life e9ceed
one0s coping capabilities
1<=
1<1
P*0&ical E,,ect& P&0c*oloical e,,ect&
Headaches Increased an9iet)
6iBBiness 4educed concentration
Aching neck and shoulders Irritabilit)
Skin rashes Sudden mood changes
#rone to infections Inabilit) to cope
#anic attacks 4educed work output
4aised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, etc
Increased blood pressure #oor sleep patterns
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers
Stre&&
Cau&e& o, Stre&&!

Content o" the 2ob: work o-erload, work too eas), time
pressure, deadlinesN etc

)ork organi3ation: long working hours, shift work, non&

consulted organiBational changes

)orkplace culture: communication, in-ol-ement in

decision making, feedback, supportN etc

Environment: noise, temperature, lighting, ergonomics

)ork role: conflict of interest, clarit) of role

-ome4ork inter"ace: transportation problem, childcare

issues, relocation

Relationships: bull)ing, harassment, -erbal & ph)sical

abuse
1<2
Ill#*ealt* e,,ect& o, &tre&&!

Increased irritabilit) & sleep

difficulties

Increased intake of drugs,

cigarettes & alcohol

6igesti-e s)stem disorders

!irculator) s)stem disorders

e.g. high blood pressure

6ecreased immunit) &

increased susceptibilit) to
infection

An9iet) & depression

@S6 LsM, fatigue & chronic

headache
Stre&& Control!

Identif) stressors & Assess the

risk

Impro-e ergonomics & working

en-ironment

Interpersonal communication
skills training

Stress awareness & Time

management & time off work if
needed

#ro-ide achie-able demands

A-oid o-erloading the

emplo)ees

!onsult on organiBational
change
1<+
;iolence at 'or.!

An) incident in which a person is abused,

threatened, or assaulted in circumstances
relating to work, whether b) other
emplo)ees or others1 -erbal abuse or
threats as well as ph)sical abuse.
1</
1<2
Occupation& at ri&.
J Ta9i dri-ers
J Hospitals
J Schools
J
!ash transactions
J
6eli-er)Dcollection of mone)
Control +ea&ure&
J
Training and information
J
The en-ironment
J
6esign of the *ob
J !ommunication
J %one working
J 4eporting and recording incidents
Cau&e&!

4obber) & those

seeking immediate
attention

6issatisfaction with the

treatmentDser-ice
recei-ed

;ull)ing & harassment

Terrorism is now
included
Group& at "i&.!

Healthcare D social
care pro-iders

6eli-ering D collecting
ser-ices

Authorit)
representati-es

'ducation pro-iders

Transact cash or
-aluables

Ticketing public
transportation
1<?
Control Strate0!

/ssess the risk( record & re&iew assessment

Organizations to enforce zero tolerance &iolence %olicy

/&oid using cash; use credit cards

Means of communication$ cell %hones( alarms( radios* etc

hysical barriers e.g. fences( bullet %roof booths for

ticketing

0se close circuit tele&ision cameras ##+1

Strict security measures e.g. ,2( finger %rint access( no

&isitors* etc

/&oid lone working & night working

ro&ide ade3uate training & information; negotiation skills(

stress management* etc

.e%ort( in&estigate & record all incidents of aggression

1<>
Alco*ol 1 Dru& e,,ect& on OHS

Increased accidents 4slower refle'es5

Increased 'rrors 4im%aired %erce%tion5

Increased complaints 4easily irritated5

Increased absenteeism 4hang o&er5

#oor time keeping 4im%aired judgment5

6ecreased producti-it) 4Stress related5

Ad-erse health effects1 li-er damage,

coronar) heart disease, high blood pressure,
ps)chological problemsN etc
1<<
Control Strate0!

Assess the risk & the siBe of the problem

Ha-e a Substance Abuse #olic) in place

#ro-ide information & raise the awareness

4emo-e work stressors & pro-ide stress management

ffer help for emplo)ees who ha-e drinking problems

@aintain confidentialit) of cases with alcohol or drug problems

Screening tests1 pre emplo)ment & after incidents

5ever use controlled or uncontrolled medication without the

doctors permission Lsome o-er the counter medication
causes drowsinessM

Implement disciplinar) actions

4eport, record & in-estigate cases of alcoholDdrug abuse

without disclosing an) personal information LconfidentialM
1<A
NIGHT#SHIFT <O"%ING
When considering night shift working the factors that
need to be considered are:

%ighting, heating, welfare & first&aid pro-ision

The effects of fatigue & the increased likelihood of

human error

The number hours worked & the period allowed for

reco-er) between shifts

3eneral well&being when normal routines are

disrupted

The le-el of super-ision pro-ided & access to

specialist ad-ice if re:uired

The possible increased risk of -iolent assault on the

wa) to & from work
1A=
1A1
Fir&t#Aid!# aim is to preser-e life,
pre-ent deterioration and
promote reco-er)
A&&e&&+ent ,or ,ir&t#aid reBuire+ent&

The nature of the work and the siBe of the

organisation

#ast histor) and accident t)pe

The nature and distribution of the workforce

4emoteness of site from emergenc) medical

ser-ices

The needs of tra-elling, remote or lone workers

'mplo)ees working on shared sites

Absence of first aiders due to holida)s etc.

!ompliance with legal re:uirements

1A2
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S";STA$!' A;"S' AT W4E
1A+
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1A/
THANKS!!
GOOD LUCK WITH
YOUR EFAMINATION
1A2