HONEY BEE CENTRE IN SIKUATI,KUDAT

Introduction
Bee keeping is one of Koperasi Pembangunan Desa (KPD)'s projects implemented through
Contract Farming with farmers. It was started in 1991 in Kota Marudu, Matunggong, Kudat
and Pitas. In line with KPDs new strategic direction, this project was expanded to other
districts in Sabah, particularly, Sipitang, Ranau and Telupid. Such measure was taken to
ensure the consistency of honey production in the future.
In the early stages of this project, a research was carried out in Kota Marudu (1980) with
the assistance of a bee expert from Canada, Scott Fairbairn. In 1984 KPD sent two officers
to University Pertanian Malaysia (now known as Universiti Putra Malaysia) to study the
techniques of bee keeping. Later in 1985 another bee experts from Canada, Dale Hooge
came to assist KPD in bee keeping until 1988. The project was further developed into a
Contract Farming project because the honey production was encouraging and suitable for
socio-economic projects.
In support of this project, KPD built a Bee Keeping factory in Sikuati, Kudat called Borneo
Honey Bee Centre. This centre process honey bought from participants and bottled before
being sent to KPD Marketing Complex in Teluk Likas for marketing purposes. The installation
of modern equipment such as vacuum dryers in the factory has enhanced the quality of
honey produced by KPD. In addition, Borneo Honey Bee Centre has become a centre for bee
keeping courses and training.

Concept
Beekeeping or apiculture is an agroforestry practice. Beekeeping or apiculture is the
maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans. A beekeeper (or
apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect honey and other products of the hive (including
beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly), to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to
other beekeepers. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary or "bee yard".
In KPD, they build the hive in the area which has forest trees and agriculture trees such as
coconut trees, Acacia mangium, rubber trees, and flowers and so on. There will be
interaction between the bees and the trees. This fulfills the concept of integration farming.


Objectives
The objectives of Borneo Honey Bee Centre are:
To increase the production of quality local honey.
To provide a sustainable source of income for the project participants.
To assist the government in reducing the rate of poverty.
To establish Borneo Honey Bee Centre and Bee Farm as an Agro- tourism destination
in northern Sabah.
Income of Farm
9kg/hive/year
9kg X RM 15.00 = RM 135.00/year
300 hive X RM 135.00 = RM 40 500/year
Per month = RM 3375.00/month
1000 hive X RM 135.00 = RM 135 000/year
Per month = RM 11 250.00/month

Activities by Borneo Honey Bee Centre
Some activities done in the centre are:
Provide technical advisory services on honey bee farming to contract farming project
participants.
Provide technical courses to interested participants.
Provide transportation and marketing services at the farm.
Setting up of Bee Museum to exhibit the various types of bees, tools and equipment
used in the honey bee farming.

Setting up of honey bee farm as a place for people to visit and learn about honey
bee farming.
Setting up of outlets for retailing of Borneo Tropical Honey.

SWOT Analysis
Strength
Profitable income
Ecologically and environmentally friendly
Does not need full-time workers
Weakness
Migration of youngsters to urban area
Opening of area for plantation ( no place for bee hives)
Competition from imported honey
Opportunity
Low level of risk
Reduce poverty level in farmers
Creates side income for small scale farmers
Threat

Undetermined climate change
Bees flies away from hive
Nectar source is reducing


Product - Borneo Tropical Honey
KPDs honey products which was given a brand name Borneo Tropical Honey has obtained
the HALAL certification and MS-ISO 9001:2000, which was later upgraded to MS-ISO
9001:2008 in 2010.

Borneo Tropical Honey is 100% HALAL with no preservatives and artificial flavours. The
nectar sources are from various types of flowers available in the vicinity of the hive such as
coconut tree, Acacia mangium, rubber, flower and etc.
At the farm level, only matured honey will be harvested to protect and preserve its purity.
Honey harvested will be processed and bottled in different sizes and designs for the honey
products.
Honey is a stable product and is not easily damaged by food bacteria. To maintain
freshness, it is recommended that honey be stored in a cool and dry area at 27C and not
exposed to sunlight or high temperatures. Honey cannot be stored in the refrigerator to
avoid occurrence of honey crystalisation.

Food Value and Medicine
The food value and medicinal value of honey are:
As one of the best health food.
Improve food digestive system of the body.
Improve energy
Dextrose sugar found in honey is easily digestible in the human blood
Dextrose sugar plays an important role in curing various diseases such as ulcers
Addressing malnutrition problems, especially in children
Honey is used in the preparation of cosmetic ingredients







Conclusion
Bee keeping project is very beneficial to the local people around the area. More projects
should be done in order to help the small-scale farmers. Beekeeping refers to the practice of
rearing bee colonies. The main purpose of beekeeping is to produce honey, but there are
several other reasons why it has become such a popular and profitable activity.
Another reason why people keep bees is because they can assist the pollination of plants in
a garden. Plants need to pollinate to survive and grow, and insects can help increase a
gardens yield and improve the quality of flowers, fruits and vegetables. Honey bees are
considered the most important pollination insects in the world, and they are responsible for
about 80% of all the pollination activities that are performed by insects. This project should
be expanded and needs contribution from youngsters.
















STRAWBERRY FARM IN KUNDASANG
Introduction
The strawberry farm is located in Kg. Kinasaraban, next to the Strawberry Garden Hotel.
Fragaria ananassa, commonly known as strawberry or garden strawberry, is a hybrid species
that is cultivated worldwide for its fruit. The fruit (which is not a botanical berry, but an
aggregate accessory fruit) is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color,
juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in prepared
foods such as preserves, fruit juice, pies, ice creams, milkshakes, and chocolates. Artificial
strawberry aroma is also widely used in many industrialized food products.
Strawberry cultivars vary widely in size, color, flavor, shape, degree of fertility,
season of ripening, liability to disease and constitution of plant. Some vary in foliage, and
some vary materially in the relative development of their sexual organs. In most cases, the
flowers appear hermaphroditic in structure, but function as either male or female. For
purposes of commercial production, plants are propagated from runners and, in general,
distributed as either bare root plants or plugs. Cultivation follows one of two general models
that are annual plasticulture, or a perennial system of matted rows or mounds.

Concept
In this farm, the management focuses on agro-tourism concept. There are strawberry, some
vegetables, roses and many type of flowers in the farm. It is basically to attract visitors to
enhance their business.
The concept of agro-tourism is a direct expansion of ecotourism, which encourages
visitors to experience agricultural life at first hand. Agro-tourism is gathering strong support
from small communities as rural people have realized the benefits of sustainable
development brought about by similar forms of natural travel.
Planting strawberries
It can be said that the cultivation of strawberries not widely known and popular. Because it
requires low temperatures, cultivation in Malaysia should be done in the highlands. Cameron
Highlands and Kundasang are the regional agricultural center where many farmers have
started cultivating strawberries.

In Strawberry Garden Farm, they are using fertigation method. Fertigation is the
application of fertilizers, soil amendments, or other water-soluble products through an
irrigation system. Fertigation is used extensively in commercial agriculture and horticulture
and is starting to be used in general landscape applications as dispenser units become more
reliable and easy to use.
Fertigation is used to spoon-feed additional nutrients or correct nutrient deficiencies
detected in plant tissue analysis. Fertigation usually practiced with high-value crops such as
vegetables, turf, fruit trees, and ornamentals. Water supply for fertigation kept separate
from domestic water supply to avoid contamination. Change of fertilizer program during the
growing season in order to adjust for fruit, flower, and root development.
Most plant nutrients can be applied through irrigation systems. Nitrogen is most
commonly used nutrient. Other nutrients include nitrate, ammonium, urea, phosphate, and
potassium. The advantages of using this method are:
Increased nutrient absorption by plants
Reduction in fertilizer and chemicals needed
Reduced leaching to the water table
Reduction in water usage due to the plant's resulting increased root mass's ability to
trap and hold water
Application of nutrients at the precise time they are needed and at the rate they are
utilized.
The disadvantages of using fertigation method are:
Concentration of solution decreases as fertilizer dissolves, leading to poor nutrient
placement
Results in pressure loss in main irrigation line
Limited capacity
Use of chemical fertilizers of low-sustainability, instead of organic fertilizers.
Dependent on water supply's non-restriction by drought rationing.

Strawberry plants can grow well in areas with rainfall 600-700 mm / year. The duration of
sunlight exposure needed for growth is 8-10 hours per day. Strawberries are subtropical
plants that can adapt well in tropical highlands have temperatures 17-20 degrees C.
Humidity is good for growing strawberry plants between 80-90%. If planted in the garden,
the land required is sandy clay, fertile, friable, contains lots of organic matter, good water
and good air. The degree of acidity of the soil (soil pH) is ideal for the cultivation of
strawberries in the garden is 5.4-7.0, while for cultivation in pots is 6.5-7.0.
Plants need nutrients. There are two types of nutrients that are macronutrient and
micronutrient. The three are sometimes called the "fertilizer elements" since they are the
familiar N-P-K identified on fertilizer labels. The NPK rating of a fertilizer identifies how much
of the fertilizer by volume is comprised of these three elements. For example, a 10-10-10
balanced fertilizer would contain 10% each by volume of nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium. Although each of these fertilizer elements has multiple roles, in general nitrogen
encourages strong leaf growth, phosphorus encourages flowering and budding, and
potassium encourages stronger root growth.
Another two macronutrients, calcium and magnesium, are crucial for many cellular functions
in plants, as well as fruit and flower formation. Be aware they might not always be present
in your fertilizer mix or soil (although dolomite lime is a good way to deliver both). Sulfur, is
often not included on the lists of "critical" major elements because it's so common. In most
fertilizers, the other nutrients are delivered in the form of sulfate salts, which automatically
includes sulfur. As a result, sulfur deficiency is extremely uncommon, and there is some
debate over whether or not many plants even have upper tolerances for sulfur (within
reasonable limits, obviously).
Stitching done before the plant was 15 days after planting. Plants that are embroidered are
dead or grow abnormally. Weeding is done on planting strawberries without or with plastic
mulch. Mulching is between the rows / beds removed and buried in the ground. When
weeding depends on the growth of weeds, fertilization is usually performed with
aftershocks.
Plants that are too dense, too many leaves should be trimmed. Prune regularly, especially
throwing the leaves of old / damaged. Rejuvenated strawberry plants every 2 years.
Fertilizer aftershocks given 1.5 to 2 months after planting as much as 2/3 the recommended
dosage. Providing a way sown in shallow bolt between the lines then covered the ground.

Up to 2 weeks old plants, watering is done 2 times a day. After that, watering is reduced
gradually condition the soil does not dry out.

Products
They have various downstream products such as fruit juice, ice creams, milkshakes, and
chocolates. They also owns restaurant which serves these products. The view and condition
of the restaurant is also attractive.

Conclusion
The concept is very appropriate because its gives first-hand experience to the visitors to see
the strawberries. We also can learn a lot of information in the visit.















BORNEO MUSHROOM
Introduction
An enterprise situated at the scenic Mesilau in Kundasang, at the foot of Mt Kinabalu, has
been harnessing the mountain's cool climate to yield high quality mushrooms, especially the
shiitake species.

Borneo Mushroom, established in 1992, is owned by Rural Development Corporation (KPD),
a government agency under the Sabah Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries. Borneo
Mushroom is credited for its significant contribution to the mushroom farming industry in
Sabah. Borneo mushroom received several certification throughout its establishment. One
of it is HALAL certification for the product on March 2007. In July 2007, Borneo mushroom
received another SALM(Malaysian Farm Management Accreditation Scheme) to recognise
the good farm management practiced by Borneo Mushroom.

The company's economic activities are not profit-oriented but geared more towards
complementing the government's efforts in poverty eradication, especially among the rural
poor in Sabah. Rural Development Corporation (KPD) venture into mushroom plantation
started from humble beginnings in 1989 where the company nurtured a few contract
farmers in mushroom farming. Initially KPD sought technical expertise on shiitake farming
from experts in Taiwan, Japan and China, and gradually improved the planting techniques
locally.
Borneo Mushroom supplies mushroom seedlings in polypropylene bags and provides
technical services on mushroom farming especially to KPD's contract farmers and farms.
Besides that, the objectives of Borneo Mushroom also to assist in developing entrepreneur
and helping government to reduce poverty in rural areas through the mushroom planting
programme. Currently the centre is producing about 90,000 polypropylene bags per month
to meet the demand from mushroom farmers, especially KPD contract farmers. On a daily
basis, the centre can produce 5300 medium bag of polypropylene. In 2009 the centre
produced around 48,000 polypropylene bags of seedlings per month.
The process to make this medium is quite complicated. First, the medium is made from a
correct mixture of sawdust, rice husk and limestone. 84% of sawdust is mixed with 15% of
rice husk and 15% of limestone. Once the three components are mixed together, it is then
run through the steam. The steam can be achieved by using fuelwood or diesel. If the

steam process is done with diesel, the steam process must be done for 11 hours but using
fuelwood, the steam process can be finish within 5 hours with 100C temperature.
Furthermore using fuelwood can reduce the cost as fuelwood only cost RM100 whereas
using diesel the price can go high up to RM700. In total the cost of making a bag of medium
cost only RM0.60. After the steam process is done, it is then cooled down to room
temperature. After the cooling down process, the seeds are planted to the medium. Later it
is left to incubation room for one to two months. The flow of the process are shown on the
flow chart below:


The polypropylene bag can be used for 3-4 months time before the nutritional value runs
out. In terms of production the centre can produce two times per month. The polypropylene
bag weighs around 1.1 kilograms to 1.2 kilograms. One bag can produce around 120 grams
of mushroom. The seeds of mushroom used here are originally from China but now the
centre is not importing from China anymore as they can produce their own seedling through
tissue culture method.
The centre in general carries out four main activities. The first activity is that the centre
supply mushroom seedling in the Polypropylene Bag that had been inoculated with the
85% sawdust +
15% rice husk +
1% limestone
Mix throughly
Steamed
100C, 5 hours,
fuelwood
Cooling down
to room
temperature
Planted with
mushroom
seeds
Incubation
room (1- 2
months)

seedling to contract farmers, private organisation as well to KPD farms itself. The centre also
conducts theoretical and technical courses on mushroom cultivation to participants from
private agencies, institutes of higher learning as well as interested individuals. Except for
KPD contract farmers, fees are imposed on other participants. And, shiitake seedlings are
only given to KPD contract farmers who are under the poverty eradication programme. The
centre also provides transportation to farmers or private agencies who buy the seedling
from Borneo Mushroom.

Those eligible to join as contract farmers must be from a family with a household income of
not more than RM590 a month, which is below the poverty line. The farmers are provided
with tools, seedlings and expertise from the KPD. The centres activities has since expanded
into producing four species of mushroom seeds and seedlings
1) shiitake,
2) ganoderma or ling tze,
3) oyster and
4) the jelly ear mushroom.
The Shiitake(Lentinus endodes) is planted and produced in a huge number compared to
other species. Almost 90% of the total production of Borneo Mushroom is Shiitake
mushroom. Shiitake mushroom can be harvested every months once. Shiitake mushroom
contains Lentian, a type of medicine for anti-cancer. It is also used as immune therapy for
lung cancer, cervical cancer, intestine cancer ad breast cancer. It is also used to hinder the
growth of cancer. The mushroom also used to increase the immune system to fight bacteria,
virus, tumour cell and toxin. Ling Tze (Ganoderma sp.) is still at early stage in Borneo
Mushroom and still being tested. The price of Ling Tzi mushroom can hike up to RM100 per
kilograms. Lingzhi may possess anti-tumor, immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic
activities, supported by studies on polysaccharides, terpenes, and other bioactive
compounds isolated from fruiting bodies and mycelia of this fungus. It has also been found
to inhibit platelet aggregation, and to lower blood pressure (via inhibition of angiotensin-
converting enzyme, cholesterol, and blood sugar. Laboratory studies have shown anti-
neoplastic effects of fungal extracts or isolated compounds against some types of cancer,
including epithelial ovarian cancer. In an animal model, Ganoderma has been reported to
prevent cancer metastasis, with potency comparable to Lentinan from Shiitake mushrooms.
The other type of mushroom is the oyster mushroom( Pleurotus spp.). Pleurotus is a genus
of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, P. ostreatus.

Species of Pleurotus may be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the
most commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. Pleurotus fungi have been used
in mycoremediation of pollutants such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Besides these mushroom, the other mushroom is the jelly ear mushroom(Auricularia sp.).
Auricularia sp., known as the Jew's ear, jelly ear or by a number of other common names, is
a species of edible Auriculariales fungus found worldwide. The fruiting body is distinguished
by its noticeably ear-like shape and brown colouration; it grows upon wood, especially elder.
The fungus can be found throughout the year in temperate regions worldwide, where it
grows upon both dead and living wood. Although it is not widely consumed in the west, it
has long been popular in China, to the extent that Australia exported large volumes to China
in the early twentieth century. While not widely consumed in the west, Jelly ear mushroom
was used in folk medicine as recently as the 19th century for complaints including sore
throats, sore eyes and jaundice, and as an astringent. Today, the fungus is a popular
ingredient in many Chinese dishes, such as hot and sour soup, and also used in Chinese
medicine. It is also used in Ghana, as a blood tonic. Modern research into possible medical
applications have variously concluded that jelly ear has antitumour, hypoglycemic,
anticoagulant and cholesterol-lowering properties.

SWOT Analysis
Borneo Mushroom has its own ups and downs. This is the SWOT analysis of Borneo
Mushroom.
Strength
Abundance potential for product diversity in rural area
Diversity of raw materials for mushroom production
Richness of mushroom production and consumption culture
The suitable climate and weather for mushroom harvesting
Weakness
Difficulties in conformance with standards and quality of mushroom
Lack of maintenance and disease care by the participants
Strong wind season less production due to dry surrounding.

Humidity maintenance as very high moisture content can lead to low value of
mushroom produced.
Opportunities
Development trends of mushroom industry
Increasing consumer consciousness and demand for healthy, quality and organic
produts
Development of mushroom production on the basis of domestic and foreign demand
Threat
Changing trends in agricultural support policies
Disease attack by Arthropods and Nematodes

Conclusion
Commercial cultivation of mushrooms is not for everyone. It requires someone who is
familiar with fungi life cycles and willing to commit time and money to research, designing a
system, and developing a business. The mushroom cultivator must be able to carry out
operations on time, be attentive to details, and be vigilant about pest invasions. In most
cases, marketing requires excellent public relations skills.. As part of a whole-farm system,
mushrooms can augment productivity at any scale. Producing a nutritious food at a profit,
while using materials that would otherwise be considered waste, constitutes a valuable
service in the self-sustaining community we might envision for the future. It is a challenge
some will find worth taking. In the case of Borneo Mushroom, the KPD has taken much
initiative to encourage the development of farmers in rural areas. Helps are given in a lot of
way for the farmers. More publicity on the mushroom plantation will provide a better
understanding thus increase the interest among the rural people to get themselves involved
in this mushroom cultivation.





DESA CATTLE
Introduction
Desa Cattle (sabah) Sdn Bhd is one of the subsidiary company of Desa Group of Companies.
Desa Cattle is specializing in pasteurised fresh milk and goat milk production. Desa Cattle
was established in the early 1980s and is a government link farm. This company has a total
of 193 hectare by which they used 123 hectare for pasture. The type of cow used in this
farm is Friesian Holstein. This cow are breed of cattle known today as the world's highest-
production dairy animals. Originating in Europe, Friesians were bred in what is now the
Netherlands and more specifically in the two northern provinces of North Holland and
Friesland, and northern Germany, more specifically what is now Schleswig-Holstein. At Desa
Cattle, a total of one hundred cow of this breed were bought from New Zealand. At this
time, the number of cows has increased to a total of five hundred cows of Friesian Holstein
in the farm. The type of farming used in this farm is pasture livestock. Livestock are
domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food,
fibre, dairy and labour. Livestock are generally raised for profit. Raising animals (animal
husbandry) is a component of modern agriculture. It has been practiced in many cultures
since the transition to farming from hunter-gather lifestyles.
The method used in Desa Cattle is agro- tourism. The concept of agrotourism is a direct
expansion of ecotourism, which encourages visitors to experience agricultural life at first
hand. Agrotourism is gathering strong support from small communities as rural people have
realised the benefits of sustainable development brought about by similar forms of nature
travel. Visitors have the opportunity to work in the fields alongside real farmers and wade
knee-deep in the sea with fishermen hauling in their nets. In this farm, besides producing
milk for supply throughout Sabah and Sarawak, the farm also encourages tourist visit. This
farm provides natural feel to the visitors as they can see how milking process are done
besides able to watch the cow grazing openly in the field. Besides that, the farm also sells
its product and souvenirs to the visitors. The products of Desa Cattle milk are fresh milk and
chocolate milk. The fresh milk available are from cow and also goat milk. The goats breed
used in this farm is Saanen goats. The goat milk are high in calories and low in carbohydrate
compared to the cows milk.
The grazing system used in this farm is open grazing system. In this system, the animals are
let outside for food supply. The food consumption is by the natural way and not being
supplied in the cage/pen. In average for the Friesian Holstein breed, one acre of the land

can support only two adult cows or in weight six kilograms of grass are needed by cow per
day for its meal. The milk/ dairy is the main product of this farm. Friesian Holstein cow can
produce twenty four litre of milk per day. The milking process is done twice a day in this
farm which is at 3.00 in the morning and 3.00p.m. At the moment there are 200 cows
readily available for milking in Desa Cattle.
The mating age for a Friesian Holstein is around 15 to 17 months of age. In Desa Cattle,
they have a total number of four bulls that are used for mating purpose. These bulls are let
on the grazing field with those of matured female cows. Pregnancies among Friesian
Holstein are usually eight to nine months. Since the pure breed of Friesian Holstein is used,
the offspring will also be a pure Friesian Holstein as well. The grasses used for feeding the
cow that are grown on the field are Setaria, white flower grass and Kikuyu grass. This type
of grass provide optimum nutrient for the cows to feed.
Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process of heating a food, which is usually a liquid, to a
specific temperature for a predefined length of time and then immediately cooling it after it
is removed from the heat. This process slows spoilage caused by microbial growth in the
food. Unlike sterilization, pasteurization is not intended to kill all micro-organisms in the
food. Instead, it aims to reduce the number of viable pathogens so they are unlikely to
cause disease (assuming the pasteurized product is stored as indicated and is consumed
before its expiration date). Pasteurization is done at Desa Cattle farm as well. The milk is
pasteurized at a temperature of 72C for five seconds followed by homogenise which helps
to break up the fat in the milk. Once this done, the milk is cooled down in the machine
before packaging is done.
SWOT analysis.
Strength
Suitable condition (cold and humid)
High technology used for packaging
Government link hence updated on new technique/ opportunities
High quality product
Weakness
Sickness e.g Bloat
Supply not enough to fulfil demand

Cow not producing its maximum amount of milk per day.
Food cost more than RM100 000 per month
Opportunities
Only place in Borneo with processed and finish dairy product
Main tourist attraction in Kundasang, Sabah
Vast area to be explored
Opening of the world market offers opportunities for utilization of byproducts of the
dairy industry for manufacturing value added products for import substitution.
Constant demand
Threat
Open grazing leading to easy to get into disease and sickness
Fear of mad cow disease may decrease the demand for cattle, which may indirectly
lowering prices of cattle if the disease breaks out.

Conclusions
The Friesian Holsten dairy cow has great potential to grow and produce milksolids when fed
well. The priorities for making money from feeding supplements to the high producing dairy
cow are firstly to get the appropriate farm system in place, and then to consider feed type.
The amount of supplementary feed to be used will be determined by the feed deficits
generated within the farm system. Which type of supplementary feed to use will be
determined by the amount of supplements being fed and by the nutrients which first-limit
milksolids production. Nutritional guidelines can be used to meet the nutritional
requirements of the high producing dairy cow and to avoid health problems. Desa Cattle is
one of the few firm that has taken the challenge of agrotourism in Sabah. Therefore, with
constant help from the government and other agencies the firm can improved and
developed in future.





ORGANIC FARMING
Introduction
Organic farming works in harmony with nature rather than against it. This involves
using techniques to achieve good crop yields without harming the natural environment or
the people who live and work in it.
Zhuang Han is an organic farm. It is just start on year 2012. There are many fruits
and vegetables are cultivated by the owner and her workers. Besides of cultivate fruits and
vegetables, the owner also has fish farming (Tilapia species). All of these are cultivated
organically. According to the owner, her farm still under processing and not generate the
income yet even her farm already harvest once. As the first time of harvesting was not
success and it is very normal and common happens in organic farming. The fruits and
vegetables are cultivated in the farm include, peppermint leaves, carrots, strawberries,
passion fruits, japan gingseng, corn form japan, cauliflowers, radishes, tomatoes, and so on.
The fertilizer used that is made by the owner. The homemade fertilizer is the mixture
of vegetable wastes, sugar, and the so called secret recipe. And it is called BTR. It is not
only the fertilizer for the vegetables and fruits but also the tilapia fishes. In addition, the
tilapia fishes which farm by the owner are eating organic vegetables as their food.
INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM/ CONCEPT
Zhuang Han organic farm is using integrated farming system, which areintegrated
livestock (fishes) and crops. There are many benefits and advantages are found by using
integrated farming system.
Integrated farming system provides an opportunity to increase economic yield per
unit area per unit time by virtue of intensification of crop and allied enterprises. It is also
profitability as use waste material of one component at the least cost. Thus reduction of cost
of production and form the linkage of utilization of waste material, elimination of middleman
interference in most input used.
Besides that, integrated farming is potentiality or sustainability. Organic
supplementation through effective utilization of by-products of linked component is done
thus providing an opportunity to sustain the potentiality of production base for much longer
periods. It is also can balanced food or food security. We link components of varied nature
enabling to produce different sources of nutrition.

Integrated farming system is also playing a role of environmental safety. In
integrated farming system, the waste materials are effectively recycled by linking
appropriate components, thus minimize environment pollution. In addition, it is effective
recycling of waste material in integrated farming system.
Income rounds the year by using integrated farming system also one of the benefits
to the farmers. This is because ofthe interaction of enterprises with crops, fruits,
andlivestock. It is provides flow of money to the farmer round the year.
Saving energy is also one of the benefit, is to identify an alternative source to reduce
our dependence on fossil energy source within short time. Effective recycling technique the
organic wastes available in the system can be utilized to generate biogas. Energy crisis can
be postponed to the later period.
By using integrated farming system, every piece of land area is effectively utilized.
Plantation of perennial legume fodder trees on field borders and also fixing the atmospheric
nitrogen. These practices will greatly relieve the problem of non availability of quality
fodder to the animal component linked. Besides that, integrated farming system is linking
agro- forestry appropriately the production level of fuel and industrial wood can be
enhanced without determining effect on crop. This will also greatly reduce deforestation,
preserving our natural ecosystem.
By using this system, it can generate the job employment opportunity. Combing crop
with livestock enterprises would increase the labour requirement significantly and would
help in reducing the problems of under employment to a great extent integrated farming
system provide enough scope to employ family labour round the year.
The budget of farm
The budget of the Zhuang Han farm is needed a large amount. This is because the
owner does not having any land in Kundasang. So, she has to buy her own land before start
her farm and buying a land is quite expensive nowadays. Besides the cost of land, the salary
of worker also cost a lot.
According to the owner, she is having seven workers in her farm and all the total
labour cost per month is around Rm10,000. The water and electric supply does not cost
much, as the main water supply is supplying from the mountain and the electric used is only
for the restaurant and to operate the water supply system. And it is total cost almost RM300

per month. Another than that, because of the owner is using organic fertilizer and the
elements that consisting are very cheap in price, so it not cost a lot compare to buy
chemical fertilizer. In addition, according to the owner, to open the land, it is needed three
ton of organic soil to fertilizer and change the soil.
Beside of the cost of land, labour, water and electric supply, and the fertilizer, the
seed used also one of the costing. All of the seeds in Zhuang Han farm are made in Japan.
It is costs RM6- 8 per small pack.
As a summary, to open an organic farm, it is cost a lot in the beginning but then the
cost is getting lesser and lesser. As the organic fertilizer is use getting lesser as the time
goes. In addition, using natural pest and disease control is often cheaper than applying
chemical pesticides because natural methods do not involve buying materials from the
outside. Products and materials which are already in the home and around the farm are
most often used.

The interactions and influences between the used farm inputs
Farm inputs refer to the substances, goods or services which used or needed during
farming. For example, farm input may include: fertilizer, crop chemical, seed, land, labour,
management skill, capital, equipment, specialist knowledge, and so on.
In Zhuang Han organic farm, the main few inputs which were found are:specialist
knowledge, labour, tools, fertilizer, seeds, and land. All of these inputs are interacted with
each other. They must be tied together to make sure the farm can function smoothly. In
Zhuang Han farm, it has an only two acre land with the supply of water and electric.
Besides of the input of land, Zhuang Han organic farm also has the input of specialist
knowledge. The owner has the basic knowledge about organic farm and she has knowledge
of making fertilizer which can improve the soil condition by using organic matters. These are
the specialist knowledge.
The fertilizer is one of the main inputs in Zhuang Han organic farm as it is organic
fertilizer and made by the owner. The fertilizer consists of the vegetable wastes, sugar and
the secret recipe which owner not willing to share with us. The tools are using also is the
basic inputs to all the farms. For example, hoe, spade, water barrels, and so on.

The seeds of the fruits and crops are also one of the inputs. In Zhuanghan organic
farm, all of the seeds are imported from japan and it is costly.All of the above are the inputs
for the organic farm of Zhuang Han. Each of them are tied together and interacted. If one of
the input is missed, the farm cannot function well and not success to produce a good quality
and high quantity of crops.
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strength
Zhuang Han Biotechnology International Sdn. Bhd has strengths starting with the sole
proprietorship form of business organization. Zhuang Han Biotechnology International Sdn.
Bhd requires the proprietor to be an educated person with business knowledge so it will be
operated efficiently and marketing will be successful. The part-time employee will also be
educated because he/she will have an agricultural background. This employee will help in
operating the farm efficiently. The product produced is a great strength to the farm because it
is a healthy product; healthy foods in the market are becoming more important to
consumers because of the alleged health problems of non-organically grown foods, such as
Genetically Modified Foods (GMF). The farm has unlimited production diversity when it
comes to producing grain, pulses or oilseeds. The farm can grow the crops that have the
highest price projected on the current market.

Weakness
One weakness is that the organic farm is just starting from scratch. Although the
farmer has farming education he/she is still starting from the beginning and there may be
learning curves that are costly at times due to inexperience with this form of production.
Starting a business in the agriculture industry requires significant capital. In the new
industry of organic farming, there is a limited database on production practices and

outcomes. Organic farmers also have a great challenge when it comes marketing their
products.
Opportunity
The opportunity for organic markets to grow globally is just starting, and as
populations grow, the need for naturally grown food expands. Global markets are growing
each year and there are tremendous opportunities to market products in these areas in the
future. As opportunity grows world-wide, it is also growing locally and at this time there are
over 30 organic processors in the province of Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan Agriculture and
Food, 2001). It is very important that the governing body be recognized when it comes to
selling the grain, and with OCIA, crops can be sold globally. Organic farming has allowed
smaller farms to compete on the market by increasing their income. There have been
reduced production costs because of no pesticides and no artificial fertilizers, all of which
are expensive inputs. These are all opportunities that will increase Zhuang Han
Biotechnology International Sdn. Bhds chances of success.
Threats
A threat to organic farming is the infancy of the industry. The industry is still
developing so it is difficult to see know whether the market for the product will be strong in
the future. Another concern is nutrient mining of the soil. Zhuang Han Biotechnology
International Sdn. Bhd anticipates a challenge to replenish the soil with practices such as
green manure and applying rock phosphate. The market could deplete because of excess
supply if there is an expansion of Saskatchewan producers. This could be a threat because
of competition or it could be an opportunity because the farmers could sell their crops
together and market to the larger buyers. Increased government regulation may be a threat

in the future. Retaining the highest value for crops that are produced is extremely
challenging because of one simple fact, organic farmers are price takers. Finally, the
realization that farming is at the mercy of nature is always a threat.

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the Zhuang Han organic farm is doing well in organically. Even the
fishes in the farm are also eating organic vegetables as their food. The water from the fish
pond is as a nutrient to the soil, as the water from fish pond is using to watering the plants
or crops. In addition, the fertilizer used is made by using organic matters only. All the
processes in the farm are linked and operation well.
Organic food is becoming popular and high demanding in Europe and America.
However for food to be sold as organic it must bear a symbol that proves that it is truly
organic. This is obtained through a certification organisation. The organic certification in
Malaysia is called Malaysian Organic Scheme. This certification programme under the
department of Agriculture that gives recognition to farms which cultivate crops organically
according to the criteria or requirements spelt out in the Malaysian standard MS1529: 2001.
The production, processing, labeling and marketing of plant based organically produced
foods. As a recommendation from our group, we suggest that the owner can choose a
suitable area or land to do her organic farm. As the surrounding of her farm are not doing
organic farming. Most of the farms around the Zhuang Han organic farm are using chemical
fertilizer. Thus, to fully away from the chemical stuff, it is better for the owner to find a
more suitable area, so that the crops which are cultivated are not polluted from the
surrounding.





INTEGRATED FARMING
Introduction
The integrated farming or integrated production is a commonly or broadly used word to
explain a more to explain a more integrated approach to farming as compared to existing
monoculture approaches. It refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop
production and may sometimes be known as Integrated Biosystems.
The Kundasang area comprises of agricultural area which is the most important
agency, Koprasi Pembangunan DESA (KPD), or Rural Development Corporation is a project
implementing agency under the Sabah Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. It was
established in 1976 as a social corporation. KPD aims at eradicating rural poverty and
increasing agricultural production within Kundasang area. By promoting activities in
agriculture the goal is to make farmers self-sufficient.
Furthermore, KPD supplies the farmers with fertilizers, pesticides and seeds. The
farmers have to pay for those services through monthly payments. KPD also manages the
water supply system for households and irrigation.
In Kampung Batu 7, Kundasang, we can see the beautiful integrated farms. Almost
all the land area is covered by the farming site. The area is generally hilly with slopes
ranging from 5-60% at an average of 20% lying in altitude of 1200-1800 m.a.s. The area is
characterizes having a temperate climate. The hottest month is May the coolest is January
with daily maximums of 25.7C and 22.6C respectively. Mean night temperatures are
between 16.6C in June and 14.6C in February (SLUSE handout, 1998). Because of the
shadow effect of Mt. Kinabalu the area has the lowest recorded average rainfall in Sabah.
We have met Mr. Rosilin Joninan which is one of the successful farmers operator
and businessman. He has established and started the farming activities over than 50 years.

His farms are mainly consisting of leafy vegetables. Mr. Rosilin is using the rain proof cover
to avoid extreme soil erosion. In addition, he uses the nets installed around the farms to
reduce the flow of air and strong winds. He earns at least RM8000.00 in every single month.
There are several types of vegetables that he produce such as Tomato, Chili, Cucumber,
Sayur Sawi, daun sup, ketumbar and etc.
Integrated farming system/ concept
In Kundasang, most of the farmers holding more than 2 acres of land area. For Mr. Rosilin,
he is holding about 3 acres of land area for farming purpose in Kg. batu 7 Kundasang. The
system and concept of the farming are depending on how big is the land area or site for
farming activities.
These farmers generally practice subsistence farming where they need to produce a
continuous, reliable and balanced supply of foods, as well as cash for basic needs and
recurrent farm expenditure. Therefore, there is need to develop suitable integrated farming
system for such farmers since single crop production enterprises are subject to a high
degree of risk and uncertainty because of seasonal, irregular and uncertain income and
employment to the farmers.
Concept that they are using are multiple cropping. The farmers are producing more
than one produce with intermittently arrangement pattern. This concept is actually to
prevent the pest and diseases on the crops.
The budget of farm

The establishment of the farm is depending on the scale of area that we want to handle and
plant. For Mr. Rosilin, he spends about RM12000.00 as a modal to start the business for 40
square feet area. These amounts of money are used to set up the farms and all the
equipment that needed for farming purposes. They need about 150 sacks of fertilizers
every month to supply fertilizers for the planted area which is cost about RM7.50 each
sacks. The system of salary is 70-30 contract, meaning, he get the 70% of entire produce
sales and 30% for his employee.


SWOT analysis
Strength
Produce vegetables and fruits in a large number.
To keep and build good soil protection.
To control pests, diseases and weeds.
Weakness
Limited land area.
Lack of skilled labors.
Opportunities
Provide job employment.
Has a good market demand.
Threats
The pollution of chemical used farm.
The supply of fertilizers sometimes not enough.

Conclusion
As a conclusion, the integrated farm is doing well in practices. Even though they are using
organic fertilizer from chicken dung but they are still using a chemical powder to treat the
pest and diseases. We hope that they can afford to supply on market demand and be more
successful than now. We also hope that the using of chemical things will reduce someday.
As a recommendation from our group, we suggest that the owner can choose suitable
alternative pesticides that not harm the crops. Apart from that, we suggest that the farmers
using a copper wire as measures to avoid insect pests, particularly snails.






MARAKAU FISHING DEPARTMENT
Introduction
According to FAO, aquaculture is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organism
including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of
intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding,
protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the
stock being cultivated.
Marakau aquaculture station Ranau was established in 1965. The objective of the
establishment is to support the production of fish in Ranau. With land area 2.26 acre can
fitted with 23 compartments of fish ponds. There are several functions of these stations.
First of all is to make breeding and hatchery to farmers. Second of all is as an area for
demonstration of pools management. The third function is as a place for study of fishes.
There are several types of fish that being introduce to us such as Talapia Gift, Red Talapia,
Common carp (Lempana Jawa), Gold Fish. Apart from that is Ikan Keli but it is still under a
trial.
For the management of fish pond, the pond will be drained one for 1-2 weeks with
2-3 rounds. Thereafter, will be sprinkled powdered limestone to treat the soil pH in the pond
with at least 10 kg of limestone powder for 100 times 130 feet size of pond. There is also a
net filter to prevent wild fish from getting into the pool. This is so because this pond stations
using taungya system. The water resources are from the nearer dam. An ideal size 100
times 128 feet can accommodate more than 200 fish depending on the master volume.
The main problem they face here is that not enough fish food. Provision for fish food
is about 90 sacks (1800kg worth RM5400). A 20kg sack is equivalent to the RM60. As an

alternative way, the shoots of potatoes, spinach and rice dust will be used as fish food. They
will feed the fish twice a day, morning and evening.
According to Mr. Gibridin, the response of fish farming is now very good. There are
about 700 people who are registered as farmers under the KPD. Unfortunately, there are
some farmers that cannot do the breeding or the quality is not good. So, they tend to refers
to fisheries department such as Marakau aquaculture station to get the guideline.
The produce from the farmers will be selling by themselves. The price for Talapia gift
is usually RM12.00 for 400 gram but fish price uncertainty on the location and condition.
Sometimes it can up to RM48.00 for 4kg.
A farmer that would like to start fish farming, they should have at least 6
compartment of fish pond. Income for 6 compartment of fish pond can generate at least
RM500 to RM1000 when harvested yield.
Integrated farming system/ concept
Marakau aquaculture station is using the Tagal system. Tagal system is a
conservation approach that was originally intended to address the shortage of freshwater
resources, particularly from the river. The system is implemented by local communities with
monitoring Sabah Fisheries Department (DoF), which is also responsible for the systems
rewrite this tradition to more systematic approach. Generally based on the implementation
of this system, some limitations have been set, particularly in terms of access natural
resources of the river ecosystem. This means that, through the implementation of the Tagal
system, freedom of society is limited to the use of river resources or carries out any activity
in the area at the 'Tagal', which is declared to be a prohibited area. Fish harvesting activities
can only be carried out subject to the decisions of the committee Tagal in an area, which

can be done either alone or in a particular zone, can only be done during open season Tagal
(Harvesting fish mass).
The budget of farm
The cost for establishment of fisheries and hatchery site are depending on the land
area that we have. In Marakau aquaculture station, the cost of establishment is more than
RM150000. 1 compartment of fish ponds maybe contribute about RM7000 including the fish
supply and the pond management itself. Since Marakau aquaculture station consist of 23
compartments of fish ponds with different sizes. Apart from that, fish breeding and hatchery
also need to be considering in budgeting.
The fish food that supplied is about 90 sacs which are 20kg per sacs. The price of
sacs of fish food is about RM60.00. This mean they need about RM5400.00 to supply
enough food to feed their fish.
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strength
Environmental friendly.
Produce 100% freshwater fish
Produce Fish Breeding.
Produce Fish hatchery.
Weakness
Limited land area.
Lack of skilled labors.

Opportunities

Provide job employment.
Has a good market demand.
Threats
The food supply is not enough.

Conclusion
Ranau Tagal system implementations have shown various reactions by society in terms of
encouragement of participation, patterns of involvement and satisfaction patterns.
Generalizations can be made through the results showed in motivation, socio-economic
kompoen driver impacting the community, while in terms of the involvement of corals, found
that society is divided into two major groups that make up the pattern of involvement,
whether there is a party that plays a major role, or those who have been implementing or
supporters. In terms of satisfaction, the most influencing factor on current satisfaction is a
factor of emotional needs, social quality and the quality of the physical environment, as well
as factors economic and information. To achieve continuous satisfaction among communities
fall into two main components, the components Pro emotional, social and physical
environment and economic Pro and information, at the time of execution of the Tagal
system should now be able to continue to meet the factor satisfaction targeted by the
community. As mentioned earlier, the pattern of satisfaction very sinomim with
encouragement of participation, then efforts to promote involvement continuous course can
be both direct and indirect track in achieving continued satisfaction, just maybe there will be
changes in the pattern of satisfaction according needs of the time.




REFERRENCE
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Indonesia Workshop Report, pp.2-5.
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Ranau.
3. Kolver ES, and Muller LD, 1998. Performance and nutrient intake of high producing
Holstein cows consuming pasture or a total mixed ration. Journal of Dairy Science
81: 1403-1411.
4. Anon. (2002) What Is Organic Farming. HDRA - the organic organisation
5. Robert, B. (2009).Integrated Farming System.Nuffield Australia.
6. FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO) 2010:
FAOSTAT. Food Supply, Livestock and Fish Primary Equivalent, Food Supply
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