Seminar Report Seminar Report

on on
power system voltage stability
Dept. of Electrical &Electronics Engineering Dept. of Electrical &Electronics Engineering

Submitted By: - Under the guidance of: -
Name: Mamata naya
!r"subash ran#an abat
$egd" No: %&&%''(&)(
*ssistant +rofessor in !!!
Semester: (th

Session: ,&%'-%)



1
-iash .ollege /f !ngineering 0or -iash .ollege /f !ngineering 0or
1omen 1omen
Bargarh Bargarh
2!.3*$*45/N

I, Mamata nayak bearing Regd. No.1001337047 hereby declare
that the seminar topic entitled POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE
STABILITY presented by me is original and this has not been
submitted to anywhere else or the award o any other degree.

Student name-Mamata nayak
Regd. No: 1001337047
Semester:7
th
Branch:EEE
Session: 013-14
2

*.6N/13!27!M!N4

I am e!tremely gratiied to Er. SUBASH RANJAN KABAT,
"sst. #ro. in $lectrical % $lectronics $ngineering &epartment, 'i(ash
college o engineering or women, )argarh or his constant super*ision,
inspiration % encouragement right rom beginning to the completion o
my seminar.
I would li(e to e!tend my sincere than(s to all my classmates
and the entire aculty members and other sta who ha*e rendered their
*aluable help directly or indirectly or completion o my seminar.

Student
name-Mamata naya
Bargarh $egd" No"-
1001337047
2ate: (thSem8 !!!

3
.!$4505.*4!
+his is to certiy that Mamata nayak, student o 7th semester,
$lectrical % $lectronics $ngineering &epartment o 'i(ash ,ollege o
engineering or women, )argarh bearing Regd.No.1001337047 has
presented a seminar on the topic entitled !"#$r %y%t$m &"'ta($
%ta)*'*ty or the partial ulillment o )achelor-s o +echnology degree
in $lectrical % $lectronics $ngineering under )i.u #atnai( /ni*ersity
0 +echnology 1)#/+2.
3urther it is certiied that the matter presented here has not been
submitted anywhere else or the award o any other degree.
Seminar guide Head of the
Department
4
ABSTRA+T

!o"tage sta#i"ity is the a#i"ity o$ the %o&er system to maintain acce%ta#"e 'o"tage at a""
#uses in a system under norma" o%erating condition . (n unacce%ta#"e 'o"tage "e'e" means
'o"tage insta#i"ity. )na#i"ity o$ the %o&er system to meet the demand $or reacti'e %o&er is one
cause o$ 'o"tage insta#i"ity .*hi"e %"anning and o%erating a %o&er system the main o#+ecti'e o$
'o"tage sta#i"ity is to increase the %o&er trans$er ca%a#i"ity o$ the system #y e"iminating 'o"tage
sta#i"ity "imit. ,he a#i"ity to trans$er reacti'e %o&er $rom sources to sinks during steady steady
o%erating conditions is a ma+or as%ect o$ 'o"tage sta#i"ity. )n a "arge com%"e- %o&er system. the
'o"tages o$ 'arious #uses .the $"o& o$ acti'e and reacti'e %o&er .etc. kee% on changing &ith
time. 'o"tage sta#i"ity has #een ca""ed "oad sta#i"ity. !o"tage sta#i"ity is a 'ery im%ortant as%ect
o$ o'era"" %o&er system sta#i"ity.
5
+ONTENT
Introduction
Cause of voltage instability
Liits of voltage stability
!nalysis of voltage stability
"et#ods of iproving voltage stability
$elations#ip bet%een rotor angle stability and voltage stability
Conclusion
$eferences
6
I&'$(D)C'I(&
!o"tage sta#i"ity is the a#i"ity o$ a %o&er system to maintain acce%ta#"e 'o"tages at a""
#uses in the system under norma" o%erating conditions. ,he a#i"ity to trans$er reacti'e
%o&er $rom source to sinks during steady o%erating conditions is a ma+or as%ect o$
'o"tage sta#i"ity. (n unacce%ta#"e 'o"tage "e'e" means 'o"tage insta#i"ity. )$ the 'o"tage
de%arts too much $rom the nomina" 'a"ue. the %henomena is kno&s as 'o"tage co""a%se.
( criterion $or 'o"tage sta#i"ity is that at a gi'en o%erating condition $or e'ery #us in the
system the #us 'o"tage magnitude increases as the reacti'e %o&er in+ection at the same
#us is increased. ( system is 'o"tage unsta#"e i$ . $or at "east one #us in the system .the
#us 'o"tage magnitude /!0 decrease as the reacti'e %o&er in+ection /10 at the same #us
increased. )n other &ords a system is 'o"tage sta#"e i$ !-1 sensiti'ity is 2'e $or e'ery
#us and 'o"tage unsta#"e i$ !-1 sensiti'ity is -'e $or at "east one #us.
7

C!)*E (+ ,(L'!-E I&*'!.IL'/

!o"tage insta#i"ity is essentia""y a "oca" %henomenon 3ho&e'er its conse4uences
may ha'e a &ides%read im%act .( system enters a state o$ 'o"tage insta#i"ity &hen a
distur#ance increases in "oad demand. or change in system condition cause a %rogressi'e
and uncontro""a#"e dro% in 'o"tage .,he main $actor causing insta#i"ity is the ina#i"ity o$
the %o&er system to meet the demand $or the reacti'e %o&er. 5ne another cause is
di$$icu"ties in #ui"ding ne& generation in "oad areas and di$$icu"ties in #ui"ding
transmission "ine $rom generators to "oad. !ast use o$ shunt ca%acitors #anks $or reacti'e
%o&er com%ensation . ,he e-cessi'e use o$ shunt ca%acitor enhances the %o&er trans$er
"imits .it resu"ts into a 'o"tage insta#i"ity. ,he heart o$ %ro#"em is usua""y the 'o"tage
dro% that occurs &hen acti'e %o&er and reacti'e %o&er $"o& through inducti'e reactance
associated &ith the transmission net&orks.
8

LI"I'* (+ ,(L'!-E *'!.II'/

6et us consider the case o$ %o&er transmission o'er a "oss"ess "ine. 6et ,s & ,r #e the
sending end and recei'ing end 'o"tage res%ecti'e"y . 0 #e trans$er reactance .,he rBea"
%o&er 1r at the recei'ing end is
9

10

!nalysis of voltage stability
7rom the a#o'e diagram &e get that
and
7rom the a#o'e t&o e4uation &e see that the "oad %o&er $actor has an signi$icant e$$ect on the
%o&er 'o"tage characteristics.
11
7rom the 'ie& %oint o$ 'o"tage sta#i"ity the re"ationshi% #et&een 8r and !r is o$ interest. ,his is
sho&n in the $ig .9 $rom the system under consideration &hen the "oad %o&er $actor is 0.:;
"ag. 7rom the a#o'e t&o e4uation &e see that the "oad %o&er $actor is a signi$icant e$$ect on the
%o&er 'o"tage characteristics o$ the system .,his is to #e e-%ected since the 'o"tage dro% in the
transmission "ine as a $unction o$ acti'e as &e"" as reacti'e %o&er. !o"tage sta#i"ity in $act
de%ends on re"ationshi% #et&een the 8.1.!. ,he traditiona" $orm dis%"aying these re"ationshi%
are sho&n in $ig .7and $ig .<
12
.
7ig .7 sho&s the !r 's 8r cur'es $or di$$erent 'a"ue o$ "oad %o&er $actor. ,he dotted "ine
sho&s the "ocus o$ critica" %oint o$ the gi'en %o&er system. ( sudden reduction in the %o&er
$actor can thus cause the system to change $rom a sta#"e o%erating condition to an unsta#"e
o%erating condition. )t is seen that critica" 'o"tage is high $or high 'a"ue o$ 8. 7or "eading %o&er
$actor the ma-imum %o&er and critica" 'o"tage are higher .,he cur'es %"otted $or no. o$ %o&er
$actor "agging as &e"" "eading.
13
)t sho&s a $ami"y o$ cur'es a%%"ica#"e to the %o&er system o$ $ig .4 each o$ &hich sho&s the
re"ationshi% #et&een 1r and !r &ith $i-ed 'a"ue o$ 8r .,he system is sta#"e in the region &here
the deri'ati'e 1r &ith res%ect to !r is 2'e .,he 'o"tage sta#i"ity "imit is reached &here the
deri'ati'e is 0.,hus "e$t %art re%resent the unsta#"e o%eration .Sta#"e o%eration in the region
&here the deri'ati'e o$ 1r &ith res%ect to !r is -'e can #e achie'ed on"y regu"ated %o&er
com%ensation ha'ing su$$icient contro" range and high 1=! gain &ith a %o"arity o%%osite to that
o$ the norma".
,he s"o%e o$ the !-1 cur'e indicates the sti$$ness o$ the #us i.e &hat is the change in 1-!
$or in di$$erentia" changing in 1 at the #us. Reacti'e %o&er is c"ose"y re"ated to the 'o"tage
security and it is %ossi#"e to o#tain reacti'e %o&er margin $rom the !-1 cur'e o$ the test #us .
!-1 cur'es can #e com%uted at %oints a"ong a 8-! to test system ro#ustness.
14

"E'2(D (+ I"1$(,I&- ,(L'!-E *'!.ILI'/
*hi"e %"anning and o%erating %o&er system the main o#+ecti'e o$ studying 'o"tage sta#i"ity is
to increase the %o&er trans$er ca%a#i"ity o$ the system #y e"iminating the 'o"tage sta#i"ity "imit .
,here are many as%ects o$ 'o"tage sta#i"ity and a"so has many so"ution associated to the 'o"tage
sta#i"ity in terms o$ generation . transmission and distri#ution .,he o#+ecti'e is to $ind the "o&
cost so"ution &hene'er %ossi#"e &hich re4uires s%ecia" contro"s and e$$ecti'e %o&er system
o%eration methods .,he main o#+ecti'e o$ %o&er system engineer is to %ro'ide good 4ua"ity o$
re"ia#"e su%%"y .(ttem%ting 100> re"ia#i"ity is not desira#"e as this &ou"d in'o"'e enormous
cost and hence a #a"ance has to #e struck .,he 'o"tage sta#i"ity in'o"'e &ith
?eneration system
,ransmission system
@istri#ution and "oad systems
15
-E&E$!'I(& */*'E"
)n order to im%ro'e %o&er system 'o"tage sta#i"ity at generation "e'e" &e need to consider .
%"anning contro" and %rotection and o%eration and maintenance.
1L!&&I&-
,he re"ia#i"ity as%ect o$ su%%"y can #e im%ro'ed #y sitting generation %"ants in the "oad areas .
,he %o"icy makers shou"d #e ad'ised the ad'antages o$ sitting %"ants near the "oad centers as
other&ise you need to ha'e transmission systems &hich reduces the re"ia#i"ity "e'e" o$ the
su%%"y. Ao&e'er en'ironmenta" $actors must a"so #e ke%t in mind. 6oad ta% changing on ste%
u% generator trans$ormer and au-i"iary trans$ormers ha'e ad'antages $or 'o"tage sta#i"ity as
these trans$ormers a""o& the transmission side 'o"tages to #e maintained at the highest %ossi#"e
'a"ue &ithout regard to termina" 'o"tage o$ the a"ternator.
E0CI'!'I(& */*'E" C(&'$(L !&D 1$('EC'I(&
)n order to im%ro'e transient sta#i"ity .high initia" res%onse and high cei"ing e-citation systems
he"% induction motors reacce"erate a$ter the $au"t.
,he generator high side 'o"tage shou"d #e ke%t as high as %ossi#"e #y using "ine dro%
com%ensation or #y an outer contro" "oo% .,he high 'o"tage o%eration o$ transmission "ine
minimiBes the increase in reacti'e %o&er "osses &hene'er a distur#ance take %"ace ,his one
most e$$ecti'e method $ increase 'o"tage sta#i"ity.
"!I&'E&!&CE
Synchronous a"ternator &ith its contro" is a 'ery com%"e- machine. 8ro%er maintenance o$ #oth
the main e4ui%ment and contro" and %rotection de'ices is 'ery essentia". !eri$ication and
maintenances o$ reacti'e %o&er ca%a#i"ity is es%ecia""y im%ortant &hich inc"udes contro" setting
such as o'er e-citation and under e-citation "imiters .a"arm setting .ta% changer setting o$
e-citation system.

16

'$!&*"I**I(& */*'E"
,he transmission "ine shou"d #e designed $or high therma" ca%acity ."o& "oss and high surge
im%edance "oading dou#"e circuit EA! "ines shou"d #e encouraged.
$E!C'I,E 1(3E$ C("1E&*!'I(&
E-tra high 'o"tage transmission "ines re4uire shunt reactors $or energisation and under "ight"y
"oaded conditions .,hese shunt reactors shou"d #e s&itched o$$ #y the o%erator during 'o"tage
emergencies or #y the under 'o"tage re"ays. Mechanica""y s&itched shunt ca%acitors and S!C
im%ro'e 'o"tage sta#i"ity.
C(&'$(L
(utomatics on-"oad ta% changing on "arge EA! auto trans$ormers can im%ro'e 'o"tage sta#i"ity.
By regu"ating the 'o"tage the reacti'e %o&er out%ut o$ shunt ca%acitors and the "ine charging and
the "ine charging increases &hich resu"ts in decreases in reacti'e %o&er "osses. (nother contro"
is automatic "ine rec"osing &hene'er a short circuits is to #e c"eared .7or transient sta#i"ity the
rec"osing is 'ery $ast .Ao&e'er .$or s"o&er $orm o$ 'o"tage insta#i"ity this not to #e $ast.
17

DI*'$I.)'I(& & L(!D */*'E"
!o"tage sta#i"ity is #asica""y "oad sta#i"ity and e$$ecti'e so"utions to 'o"tage sta#i"ity can #e
$ound at the %ro#"em source. D%grading su# transmission and distri#ution circuit &i"" im%ro'e
'o"tage sta#i"ity.
C!1!CI'($ .!&4*
Shunt ca%acitor #anks shou"d usua""y #e "ocated on the regu"ated side o$ 6,C 'o"tage regu"ators.
,he shunt ca%acitor #anks thus act as constant reacti'e %o&er sources. Contro" o$ 'o"tage using
s&itched ca%acitors or series ca%acitor rather than 6,C trans$ormers and distri#ution 'o"tage
regu"ators .&i"" im%ro'e 'o"tage sta#i"ity.
'!1 C2!&-I&-
( sim%"e #ut e$$ecti'e method to im%ro'e 'o"tage sta#i"ity is to %re'ent 6,C trans$er ta%
changing $or "o& unregu"ated side 'o"tage. ,his is the most e$$ecti'e at su#station ser'ing high
%.$. "oads or high shunt com%ensated "oads.
,(L'!-E $ED)C'I(&
)$ the system is high"y stressed. it is desira#"e to o%erate it at some reduced 'o"tage as a resu"t
"oad on the system reduces .7rom 'o"tage sta#i"ity 'ie& %oint .the reduction in reacti'e %o&er
re4uirement is signi$icant .("so the distri#ution trans$ormers &hich are norma""y o%erating in
the saturation region .a 1> reduction in 'o"tage may cause a 4 to 9> reduction in the reacti'e
%o&er re4uirements.
18

$EL!'I(& .E'3EE& $('($ !&-LE *'!.ILI'/ &
,(L'!-E *'!.ILI'/
!o"tage sta#i"ity is norma""y inter "inked &ith the rotor ang"e sta#i"ity. Rotor ang"e sta#i"ity is
the a#i"ity o$ the inter connected synchronous machines to maintain synchronism .Rotor
ang"e sta#i"ity is norma""y concerned &ith integrating remote %o&er %"ants to a "arge system
o'er "ong transmission "ine. &hereas 'o"tage sta#i"ity is concerned &ith "oad area. Rotor
angle stability is basically generator stability and voltage stability is basically
load stability .Both the rotor ang"e sta#i"ity and 'o"tage sta#i"ity are a$$ected #y reacti'e
%o&er contro".
5voltage stability6

5rotor angle stability6
19
C(&CL)*I(&
!ree "ey concepts o# voltage stability are the "oad characteristics as seen $rom the #u"k
%o&er net&ork. the a'ai"a#"e means $or 'o"tage contro" at generators and in the net&ork and the
a#i"ity o$ net&ork to trans$er %o&er %articu"ar"y reacti'e %o&er $rom the %oint o$ %roduction to
the %oint o$ consum%tion. ,he net&ork steady state "oad a#i"ity "imit is not necessari"y the
'o"tage insta#i"ity "imit. Static %o&er $"o& #ased ana"yses o$ the %ost distur#ance steady state is
the use$u" method o$ ana"yBing "onger term 'o"tage sta#i"ity. ,he $undamenta" cause o$ 'o"tage
insta#i"ity is identi$ied as inca%a#i"ity o$ com#ined transmission and generation system to meet
e-cessi'e "oad demand in either rea" %o&er or reacti'e %o&er $orm .
20
$E+E$E&CE*
8o&er system dynamics #y EDN@DR
8o&er system ana"ysis and design /@r. B.R. ?D8,(0
E"ectrica" %o&er systems /C.6. *(@A*(0
21