07 HandoverControl 2004

1 NOKIA 30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.
1
CourseContent
Radio Resource Management Overview
Parameter Configuration
Common Channels & Power Control
Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduling
Handover Control
Resource Manager
2 NOKIA 30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.1
Course Objectives
At theend of the course youwill be ableto:
Name and describe the different handover types
Describe and list the steps of the handover procedure for each handover type
Name and describe the main RAN parameters related to handover reporting triggering
Describe the main difference between inter system handover and other handover types
Name and describe the main RAN parameters related to inter system handover
Handover Control
Handover Types
Intra-Frequency handover:
Parameters Mapping
SHO Events and Measurements
Hard handover
RRC Connection Release
Compressed-Mode
Inter-Frequency & Inter-System handover:
Measurement triggering
Inter-Frequency & Inter-System Measurements
Inter-Frequency HO decision
Inter-System HO decision
GSM ISHO
Load Based Handover to WCDMA
Cell Reselection to WCDMA
Intra-Frequency Handovers
Softer handover
Handover between sectors of the same Node B (handled by BTS)
No extra transmissions across Iubinterface
Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is occurring in both the UL and DL
Soft handover
MS simultaneously connected to multiple cells (from different Node Bs)
Extra transmission across Iub, more channel cards are needed (compared to non-SHO)
Mobile Evaluated HandOver (MEHO)
DL/UE: MRC & UL/RNC: Frame selection combining
Hard handover
Arises when inter-RNC SHO is not possible (Iur not supported or Iur congestion)
Decisionprocedure is the same as SHO (MEHO and RNC controlled)
Causes temporary disconnection of the (RT) user
Inter-Frequency Handover
Can be intra-BS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC
Network Evaluated HandOver (NEHO)
Decision algorithm located in RNC
Inter-RAT Handover
Handovers between GSM and WCDMA (NEHO)
Handover Types
Soft Handover
Main method is soft/softer handover
MS connected to two or more cells
Up to 3 branches can be used (MaxActiveSetSizeparameter)
Seamless handover without any disconnection of UE-RAN connection
softer handover probability about 5-15 %: soft handover probability about 20-50 %
Same power levels in use for all soft handover branches
Optimum power levels for link quality and cell capacity
Macro Diversity Combining (MDC) gain to reducepower levels
Mobile Evaluated HandOver (MEHO)
Enables different cell sizes due to Common Pilot Channel Ec/No measurement
Optimum fast close loop power control in use
Outer loop PC after MDC controls the BLERaccording to set target and thus maintains the
quality
WCDMA F1 WCDMA F1 WCDMA F1
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
HC Parameter Database Structure
RNC=Radio Network Controller level parameters
WBTS=Node B level parameters
WCELL=Cell level parameters
FMCx=Frequency Measurement Control parameters (S=intra-frequency set; I=inter-frequency; G=inter-RAT)
ADJx=Adjacent Cell parameters (S=intra-frequency set; I=inter-frequency; G=inter-RAT)
HOPx=Handover Path parameters (S=intra- frequency set; I=inter-frequency; G=inter-RAT)
S:Intra-
Frequency
S:Intra-
Frequency
I:Inter-
Frequency
I:Inter-
Frequency
G:Inter-
System
G:Inter-
System

WCELL
ADJG
ADJI
ADJS

WBTS
RNC
FMCS
FMCI
FMCG
100
100
100
HOPS
100
HOPI
100
HOPG
100
32
48
32
SHO: Neighbour Cell Definition
ADJS
ADJS
ADJS
FMCS
(NRT)
FMCS
(RT)
HOPS
(RT)
HOPS
(NRT)
HOPS
(NRT)
HOPS
(NRT)
HOPS
(RT)
HOPS
(RT)
HOPSid=5
HOPSid=10
FMCSid=3
FMCSid=40
ADJSid=1
ADJSid=2
ADJSid=3
WCEL
WCEL WCEL
WCEL
WCEL
WCEL WCEL WBTS
Each WCEL has 1
FMCS for NRT & 1
for RT which is
used for all Ncells.
FMCS parameters
could be defined
on a serving cell
type basis (urban,
rural,
macro/micro/pico)
Each ADJS has 1
HOPS for NRT & 1
for RT which is
used for all Ncells.
HOPS parameters
could be defined
on a target cell
type basis (urban,
rural,
macro/micro/pico)
NrtFmcsIdentifier =3
RtFmcsIdentifier =40
NrtHopsIdentifier=5
RtHopsIdentifier=10
ADJS, HOPS & FMCS
HO Parameter
Categories
Intra-Frequency
Inter-Frequency
Inter-System
Handover Control Parameters
RNC parameters
WCEL parameters
HOPS parameters
FMCS parameters
ADJS parameters
HOPI parameters
FMCI parameters
ADJI parameters
HOPG parameters
FMCG parameters
ADJG parameters
100
HOPS parameters
Cell Re-selection HCS Priority
Cell Re-selection HCS Threshold
Cell Re-selection Minimum Quality
Cell Re-selection Minimum RX Level
Cell Re-selection Penalty Time
Cell Re-selection Quality Offset 1
Cell Re-selection Quality Offset 2
Cell Re-selection Temporary Offset 1
Cell Re-selection Temporary Offset 2
CPICH Ec/No Averaging Window
Enable Inter-RNC Soft Handover
Enable RRC Connection Release
HHO Margin for Average Ec/No
HHO Margin for Peak Ec/No
Release Margin for Average Ec/No
Release Margin for Peak Ec/No
Define Target
Cell Selection
1
100
FMCS parameters
Active Set Weighting Coefficient
Addition Reporting Interval
Addition Time
Addition Window
CPICH Ec/No Filter Coefficient
CPICH Ec/No HHO Cancellation
CPICH Ec/No HHO Cancellation Time
CPICH Ec/No HHO Threshold
CPICH Ec/No HHO Time Hysteresis
CPICH RSCP HHO Cancellation
CPICH RSCP HHO Cancellation Time
CPICH RSCP HHO Filter Coefficient
CPICH RSCP HHO Threshold
CPICH RSCP HHO Time Hysteresis
Drop Time
Drop Window
Maximum Active Set Size
Replacement Reporting Interval
Replacement Time
Replacement Window
Define Adjacent Cell
Measurement Control
1
32
In GSM:
Define HO Trigger
HoThresholdsLevDLRx (LDR): -92dBm
Px(LDP): 3 Nx(LDN): 4
Define Target
Cell Selection
Rx Lev Min Cell: -95 dBm
Define Adj Cell
ADJS parameters
Cell Identifier
CPICH Ec/No Offset
Disable Effect on Reporting Range
Location Area Code
Maximum UE TX Power on RACH
Mobile Country Code
Mobile Network Code
Mobile Network Code Len
Primary CPICH power
NRT HOPS Identifier
Primary Scrambling Code
RNC Identifier
Routing Area Code
RT HOPS Identifier
Tx Diversity Indicator
Define Adj Cell
1
SeparateHandOver Parameter Set (HOPS) identifiers for real time(RT) & non-real
time(NRT) traffic
RtHopsIdentifier- real time
NrtHopsIdentifier- non-real time
Each HOPS object is identified by a uniqueHOPSid (HOPS) in the RNC - on to which the
RtHopsIdentifierand/or NrtHopsIdentifierparameters are mapped to identify
the appropriate HOPS parameter set for that particular neighbour cell
Primary scrambling code for neighbour cell specified using AdjsScrCode
AdjsTxDivspecifies whether theneighbour cell is usingTxdiversity
AdjsTxPwrRACHdetermines the maximum power the UE can use on the PRACH
when accessing theneighbour cell
Neighbour Cell Definition
Each intra-frequencyneighbour (ADJS) is identified usingADJSid (ADJS)
The ADJS parameters provide information on the identity of eachneighbour cell together
with its properties (i.e. handover parameter set identifier, scrambling code etc.)
AdjsNameis the cell name provided by the network planner
Each neighbour cell is defined using the UTRAN cell identifier which comprises;
UTRAN Cell Identifier = MCC + MNC + RNC identifier + Cell identifier
MCC(Mobile Country Code) =AdjsMCC
MNC(Mobile Network Code) = AdjsMNC
RNC Identifier = AdjsRNCid
Cell Identifier = AdjsCI
The LAC (AdjsLAC) & RAC (AdjsRAC) are also in ADJSparameter set
ADJS Parameters
AdjsMCC
AdjsMNC
AdjsRNCid
AdjsCI
UTRAN Cell ID
ADJSid
MaxActiveSetSize RNC
AdjsScrCode
AdjsTxDiv
AdjsTxPwrRACH
RT HO Control Parameter: RtHopsIdentifier
NRT HO Control Parameter: NrtHopsIdentifier
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
Soft Handover
HC supports the following measurement reporting events:
Event 1A: A primary CPICH enters the reporting range (Ncell addition)
Event 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range (Ncell deletion)
Event 1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH (Ncell
replacement)
Cell individual offsets for modifying measurement reporting behaviour
Mechanism for forbidding a neighbouring cell to affect the reporting range
Handover decision performed by RNC based on measurements and
available resources
Admission Control can reject the branch addition in case the
maximum load is achieved in DL (threshold + offset), valid both for
RT and NRT bitrates.
Hard blocking may prevent branch addition
The handover measurement is based on CPICH Ec/Io
The accuracy of pilot Ec/Io measurements is important for handover performance
Measurement accuracy depends on the filtering length and mobile speed.
When a MS moves slowly or is stationary, filtering length (in ms) has to be just long enough to
avoid fast fades leading to errors and causing unnecessary handovers within a short period.
Long filtering length will cause handover delays to fast moving MS
UE can perform averaging on E
C
/I
O
measurement prior to the event reporting process
EcNoFilterCoefficient(FMCS) defines the measurement period for intra-frequency CPICH
E
C
/I
O
measurementsused by UE(default = 200ms)
RNC averages CPICHEc/Io measurements using EcNoAveragingWindow (HOPS) - defines
the number of event triggered or periodic intra-frequency measurement reports used by
RNC to calculate averaged CPICH E
C
/I
O
(default = 8 Measurements)
SHO: Measurement Control
SHO: Measurement Control
Node B
UTRAN
RNC
UE
Measurement Control [ ]
I am in the
CELL_DCHsub-state
Measurement Type: Intra-frequency measurements
Reporting events:
1A: A primary CPICH enters the reporting range
1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range
1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH
Periodical reporting / event triggered
Measurement quantity: CPICH Ec/No
etc.
System Information [ ]
SIB 11/12
EcNoFilterCoefficient
Measurement accuracy depends on
speed &
Filter Coefficient
EcNoAveragingWindow
1A: A PrimaryCPICH Enters theReporting Range
Reporting range defined by offset (point 1 on next slide) from either
(i) best CPICHEc/Io in the AS, or
(ii) sum of the AS measurement results
set usingActiveSetWeightingCoefficient (FMCS) (0 =use best CPICH : <>0 =use sum)
Offset defined usingAdditionWindow(FMCS)
Event 1A triggered when CPCIH3 E
c
/I
o
enters UE reporting range (point 2)
If CPICH3E
c
/I
o
remains within reporting range for a time period defined byAdditionTime
(FMCS) , and the AS is not full, UE sends measurement report to RNC which adds Ncell3
to AS if possible (point 3)
AdditionTimedefines the 'time-to-trigger' interval between the Ncell first entering the
reporting range and the UE sending the measurement report to theRNC
If RNC is unable to add Ncell to AS, UE will wait for a period of time, defined by
AdditionReportingInterval (FMCS) (point 4) after the first measurement report, before
sending further reports periodically, with interval AdditionReportingInterval, until (a)
Ncell moves out of reporting range, or (b) RNC adds Ncell to AS.
4
1A: A PrimaryCPICH EnterstheReporting Range
Strongest CPICH in AS
time
E
c
/I
o
P CPICH 3
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
1
2
3
AdditionWindow
AdditionTime
AdditionReportingInterval
RNC
Measurement
Report
Addto
theAS?
no
ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient
Reporting criteria of event 1A in 25.331/RRC Measurement Control :
Reporting Cell Status: All active cells + 2 monitored cells.
Triggering Condition: Monitored Set cells
Reporting Range Constant AdditionWindow/ 4 dB
Cells forbidden to affect Reporting range: AdjsDERR/ Enable
W: ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient / 0
Time to trigger: AdditionTime/ 0 =0 ms
Reporting deactivation threshold: MaxActiveSetSize= 3
Amount of reporting: infinity
Reporting interval: AdditionReportingInterval / O.5 s
1A: A PrimaryCPICH EnterstheReporting Range
1B: A PrimaryCPICH Leaves theReporting Range
Event 1B triggered when CPICH3 E
C
/I
0
drops out of the UE reporting range for a defined
period of time (point 1 on next slide)
Reporting range = Strongest CPICH in AS - DropWindow(FMCS) (point 2)
Time-to-trigger period set usingDropTime(FMCS) (point 3)
UE sends RNC measurement report on expiry of DropTimeto remove Ncell (CPICH3) from AS.
RNC drops the cell from the AS and UE drops the cell from the ASto the Neighbour Set
Strongest CPICH in AS
time
E
c
/I
o
P CPICH 3
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
1
2
3
DropWindow
DropTime
Measurement
Report
Remove the
reported cell
from the AS
Reporting criteria of event 1B in 25.331/RRC Measurement Control :
Reporting cell Status: 3 active cells
Triggering Condition: Active cells
Reporting Range Constant: DropWindow/ 4 dB
Cells forbidden to affect Reporting range AdjsDERR/ Enable
W: ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient / 0
Time to trigger: DropTime/ 320 ms
1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an
active primary CPICH
UE AS full (MaxActiveSetSize= 3)
Event 1C triggered when CPICH4 E
C
/I
O
> CPICH3 in AS by a defined margin,
ReplacementWindow(FMCS). (point 1 in next slide)
Sending of measurement report to RNC can be delayed by using 'time-to-trigger' period set
byReplacementTime(FMCS)
If 'time-to-trigger' is used difference between CPICH4 and CPICH3 must be
ReplacementWindowfor the period of ReplacementTime(point 2)
If the RNC is not able to replace the Ncells, the UE continues to send measurement reports
periodically, with interval ReplacementReportingInterval, to the RNC until (a) CPICH4
falls out of ReplacementWindowor (b) RNC replaces CPICH4 by CPICH3 (point 3)
time
weakest CPICH3 in AS
E
c
/I
o
P CPICH 3
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 4
AS has 3 cells
ReplacementReportingInterval
3
1
2
ReplacementWindow
ReplacementTime
Measurement
Report
RNC
AS
update?
no
1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an
active primary CPICH
Reporting criteria of event 1C in 25.331/RRC Measurement Control :
Reporting cell Status: All active cells + 2 monitored cells.
Hysteresis: ReplacementWindow/ 2 dB
Time to trigger: ReplacementTime/ 0 = 0 ms
Replacement activation threshold : MaxActiveSetSize/ 3
Reporting interval: ReplacementReportingInterval / 0.5s
1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than
an active primary CPICH
Individual Ncell Offset &
Forbidding Neighbour Cell from Reporting Range
Individual Ncell Offset
cell individual offsets for modifying measurement reporting behaviour
effectively 'moves' cell border (shrinks or enlarges cell)
offset set using AdjsEcNoOffset (= CPICH Ec/No Offset) (ADJS)
offset applied to Primary CPICH measurements beforeevent evaluation by the UE
Forbidding Neighbour Cells from Reporting Range
the primary CPICH of certain cells can be forbidden from reporting range calculation in
some instances
cells can be forbidden from reporting range using AdjsDERR(ADJS)
Individual Ncell Offset
time
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3
Reporting
Range
Reporting
Event 1B
Reporting
Event 1A
AdjsEcNoOffset
Enlarging Cell 3 by x dB
E
c
/I
o
Forbidding Neighbour Cell from Reporting Range
Time
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3
PCPICH3 is forbidden to
affect the reporting range as
its quality is quite unstable.
Reporting
Range
AdjsDERR
E
c
/I
o
Event 1A
(Add)
Event 1B
(Drop)
Event 1C
(Replace)
Active set cells +
2 monitored set
cells
Monitored set
cells
Addition
Window/4 dB
Active set cells Active set cells
Drop Window/
6 dB
Active set cells +
2 monitored set
cells
-
Replacement
Window/4 dB
Addition Time
/0 ms
Addition
Reporting
Interval
/0.5 s
Drop time
/320 ms
-
Replacement
time/0 ms
Replacement
Reporting
Interval/
1s
Event
Reporting cell
status
Triggering
Condition
Reporting Range/
Hysteresis
Time to Trigger
Reporting
Interval
Cells forbidden to affect Reporting range (for 1A and 1B) : AdjsDERR/ default Enable
For 1A and 1B: ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient / default 0
For 1A: Reporting deactivation threshold: MaxActiveSetSize1 / default 2
For 1C: Replacement activation threshold : MaxActiveSetSize/ default 3
SHO Summary
SHO for synchronisation reason:
Event 6F: The UE Rx-Txtime difference for a Radio Link (RL) included in
the active set becomes larger than an absolute thresholdReporting
Reporting event 6G: The UE Rx-Txtime difference for a RL included in
the active set becomes smaller than an absolute threshold
Estimation of these events:
Based on UE Rx-Txtime difference
Measurement configuration:
Time-to-trigger: not used.
6F: UE Rx-Txtime difference threshold: UpperRxTxTimeDiff
default: 1174 chips, range:1152 ... 1280 chips, step 1 chip
6G: UE Rx-Txtime difference threshold: LowerRxTxTimeDiff
default: 874 chips range: 768 ... 896 chips, step 1 chip
NOTE: Some UE does not support these events
UE Internal Measurements
Node B
UTRAN
RNC
UE
I am in the
CELL_DCHsub-state
Measurement Type: UE Internal measurements
Reporting events:
6F: The UE Rx-Txtime difference for a RL included in the active
set becomes larger than an absolute thresholdReporting
6G: The UE Rx-Txtime difference for a RL included in the
active set becomes smaller than an absolute threshold
DL
nom
time
T
0
UL DPCH
time
time
6F
6G
UE Internal Measurements
Measurement reporting criteria are cell specific
Neighbouring cells (ADJS and HOPS parameters) are defined on a controlling cell (cell
from which the call has been started or best cell in case the original cell has been
deleted from the active set)
During SHO the measurement reporting criteria are taken from thecell where the UE has
started the connection
The measurement reporting criteria are updated only when the original cell leaves the
Active Set (Nokia Implementation), according to the strongest cell in the Active Set, by
sending the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message, transmitted on the downlink DCCH.
Standard would allow to update reporting criteria, according thecurrent best server.
When the UE receives a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message, the UE shall stop monitoring
and measurement reporting and shall replace the measurement reporting criteria with the
new information received in the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message.
Measurement Report Updating
Measurements Reporting Criteria Updating
during Soft handover
Cell 1
Cell 2
Neighbour List
Cell1
Addition Window
Cell1
Drop Window
Cell1
Drop Time
Cell1
1. Idle Mode
System
Information
(BCCH)
BEST Server: Cell 1
BEST Server: Cell 1
2. Connected
Mode: Cell_DCH
The UE shall continue
monitoring the list of
neighbouring cells assigned in
System Information during Idle
Mode
The UE shall continue
monitoring the list of
neighbouring cells assigned in
System Information during Idle
Mode
Measurement
Reporting Criteria
according to Cell 1
Measurement
Reporting Criteria
according to Cell 1
The UE shall send the
MEASUREMENT REPORT
message when reporting
criteria are fulfilled.
The UE shall send the
MEASUREMENT REPORT
message when reporting
criteria are fulfilled.
Connected
Mode: Cell_DCH
3.
MEASUREMENT
REPORT (DCCH)
Measurement
Reporting Criteria
according to Cell 1
Measurement
Reporting Criteria
according to Cell 1
Intra-frequency Measurement
The measurement reporting
criteria are updated as soon
as the original cell drops out
from the Active Set (Nokia
Implementation).
The measurement reporting
criteria are updated as soon
as the original cell drops out
from the Active Set (Nokia
Implementation).
Connected
Mode: Cell_DCH
4.
MEASUREMENT
CONTROL
(DCCH)
Neighbour List
Cell2
Addition Window
Cell2
Drop Window
Cell2
Drop Time
Cell2
BEST Server: Cell 2
BEST Server: Cell 2
Measurement
Reporting Criteria
according to Cell 2
Measurement
Reporting Criteria
according to Cell 2
Reporting
Criteria
Updating
Neighbour List Measurement during SHO
Cell 1
Cell 2
Addition Window
Cell1
Drop Window
Cell1
Drop Time
Cell1
1. SystemInformation
(BCCH)
BEST Server: Cell 1
BEST Server: Cell 1
Neighbour List Cell 1
Measurement Reporting
Criteria according to
Cell 1
Cell 1
Active Set: Cell 1
Active Set: Cell 1
2
3
5
2
3
5
3. MEASUREMENT REPORT
(DCCH)
1A
1B
6. MEASUREMENT REPORT
(DCCH)
4. ACTIVE SET UPDATE
8. MEASUREMENT
CONTROL (DCCH)
Addition Window
Cell2
Drop Window
Cell2
Drop Time
Cell2
BEST Server: Cell 2
BEST Server: Cell 2
Criteria according to Cell 2
Criteria according to Cell 2
Neighbour List
Update
1
3
4
1
3
4
Active Set: Cell 2
Active Set: Cell 2
Meas. Rep.
Criteria Update
Cell 1
Cell 1
3
1
4
2
5
3
1
4
2
5
Neighbour List Combination
Neighbour List Combination
Neighbour List
Update
5. MEASUREMENT
CONTROL (DCCH)
Active Set: Cell1 - Cell2
Active Set: Cell1 - Cell2
2. Setup
Call
2. Setup
Call
7. ACTIVE SET UPDATE
Inter-RNC soft handovers are performed if:
RNC: IurUPSupport indicates the support of the user plane over Iur
HOPS: EnableInterRNCshoindicates whether cell can participate in a SHO
Otherwise, HC checks whether Hard Handover is possible.
HHO decision is made by the RNC if either;
AveEcNoDownlink+ HHoMarginForAveE
c
N
o
(n) < AvEcNoNcell(n)
EcNoDownlink+ HHoMarginPeakE
c
N
o
(n) < EcNoNcell(n)
AveEcNoDownlinkand AvEcNoNcell(n) = measured values for the best AS cell and the n
th
NS
cell, averaged over EcNoAveragingWindowmeasurements
EcNoDownlinkand EcNoNcell(n) = instantaneous values
HHoMarginForAveEcNo(HOPS) = average E
c
/N
0
margin [-6 6]dB, default 1dB
HHOMarginPeakEcNo(HOPS) = peak E
c
/N
0
margin [-6 6]dB, default 2dB
Inter-RNC Soft HO and Hard HO
Inter-RNC Soft HO
cell
3
cell
2
cell
1
cell
4
cell
6
cell
5
RNC
RNC
IurUPSupport
EnableInterRNCsho
EnableInterRNCsho
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
If RNC is not able to add (Event 1A) to or replace (Event 1C) anNcell from the AS, UE sends
periodic measurement reports (AdditionReportingInterval / ReplacementReportingInterval) until;
Ncell is added/replacedin to AS
Ncell leaves reporting range
HO no longer required (e.g. different Ncell enters AS)
RNC may not be able to add/replace Ncell due to (a) Iur congestion or (b) inter-RNC SHO is
prevented due to setting of EnableInterRNCsho(HOPS) (point1 on next slide)
If CPICH E
C
/N
O
of non-active Ncell continues to increase it will cause additional interference dueto
a non-optimal connection (point 2)
To avoid excessive uplink interference, RNC will perform an intra-frequency hard handover to the
Ncell (CPICH3) if either of the following criteria are met (point 3);
AveEcNoDownlink+ HHOMarginAveEcNo< AveEcNoNcell
EcNoDownlink+ HHOMarginPeakEcNo<EcNONcell
(Both HOPS)
Hard Handover
Time
E
c
/I
o
P CPICH 3
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
Reporting
range
AdditionReportingInterval
1
2
HHOMarginAverageEcNo
HHOMarginPeakEcNo
1A (AdditionTime= 0)
AveEcNoDownlink+ HHOMarginAveEcNo< AveEcNoNcell
EcNoDownlink+ HHOMarginPeakEcNo<EcNONcell
Hard Handover
3
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
If difference between the best AS cell and the NS cell is too high and SHO is not performed,
the RRC connection is released to avoid excessive interference
Why might an AS update not be possible?
Excessive load in the neighbouring cell
Hard blocking in the target BTS
Unavailability of DL spreading codes
Iubtransport resources unavailable
This function is activated by EnableRRCRelease(HOPS parameter)/0=no (def),1 =yes
The RRC connection is released if either:
AveEcNoDownlink+ ReleaseMarginForAveEcNo(n) < AvEcNoNcell(n)
EcNoDownlink+ ReleaseMarginPeakEcNo(n) <EcNoNcell(n)
ReleaseMarginForAveEcNo(HOPS)=average E
b
/N
0
margin [-6 6] dB, default 2.5dB
ReleaseMarginPeakEcNo(HOPS)= peak E
b
/N
0
margin [-6 6] dB, default 3.5dB
Emergency calls are exempt from RRC Connection Release process
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
Compressed Mode in Uplink
GSM BTS WCDMA BTS
DL
DL CM (this should be off
when GSM is measured)
UL CM (needed to avoid interference)
During WCDMA transmission
signal leakage will go to GSM
Rx also
Compressed Mode(CM)
CMwas introduced to WCDMA to allow inter-frequency (system) handovers
CMis used to create idle periods (gaps) in the transmission during which ncell measurementson
another frequency can be made
Gaps can be created using single or double frame approach (Nokiasupports both)
Because same data amount is sent in a shorter time more power is needed during CM(both in
UE and BTS)
=> affects WCDMA coverage
Fast Power control information might be lost during the gap =>higher Eb/No
=> affects WCDMA capacity
Compressed frames may be lost if power control is not set correctly
=> affects WCDMA quality
CM methods are Puncturing, Spreading Factor Halvingand Higher Layer Scheduling
Normal frame Normal frame
Measurement gap
Measurement gap
Power /
Data Rate
Compressed
Mode
Normal frame
Assumption
Assumption
Effect to the capacity
Effect to the capacity
Required Eb/No is 1.5 dB
higher during compressed frames
1.5 dB = 41% more interference
1.5 dB = 41% more interference
Every 3rd frame is compressed
Every 3rd frame is compressed
41% /3 = 14% more interference
41% /3 = 14% more interference
10% of the users are
measured at the same time
10% of the users are
measured at the same time
14% /10 = 1.4% more interference
14% /10 = 1.4% more interference
Capacity degradation < 2%
Performance of Compressed Mode: Capacity
Exact increase in Eb/N0 depends on service, multipath diversity, antenna diversity,
mobile speed, uplink or downlink, measurement gap length, compressed mode
method (spreading factor or puncturing), and 1.5 dB represents atypical value.
Exact increase in Eb/N0 depends on service, multipath diversity, antenna diversity,
mobile speed, uplink or downlink, measurement gap length, compressed mode
method (spreading factor or puncturing), and 1.5 dB represents atypical value.
Performance of Compressed Mode: Coverage
Assumption
Assumption
Effect to the coverage
of real time services
Effect to the coverage
of real time services
1.5 dB reduced coverage
1.5 dB reduced coverage
7-slot gap is used
7-slot gap is used
10*log10(15/8)
= 2.7 dB reduced coverage
10*log10(15/8)
= 2.7 dB reduced coverage
Every 2nd frame is compressed with
20 ms interleaving (speech)
Every 2nd frame is compressed with
20 ms interleaving (speech)
4.2 dB / 2 = 2.1 dB reduced coverage
4.2 dB / 2 = 2.1 dB reduced coverage
Total coverage
reduction 2.1 dB
Compressed
mode
Mobile max. power
Frame error if mobile hits
its maximum power
2.7 dB + 1.5 dB more power is
needed during compressed mode
Non-real time services can reduce the bit rate during
compressed frames no effect to coverage
Speech connection can switch to a lower AMR mode
Measurement Gap
Min transmitted TSsper Frame: 8
radio frame
radio frame
TGL
Length of gap:
3, 4, 5, 7 timeslots
Single-frame method
radio frame
radio frame
TGL
Double-frame method
Length of gap:
3, 4, 5, 7, 10, or 14 timeslots
Compressed mode methods
Puncturing for Speech in DL
Reducing the physical channel bit amount (Channel Coding Convolution Coding)
MoreTxpower is needed if same QoS requirements haveto be satisfied
Onlyif all DCHshave enough free puncturing capacity
RNC:DLPuncturingLimit/0.68 =puncturing from coding rate 1/3 to coding rate 1/2.
Halving Spreading Factor, SF/2 for RT and NRT services (UL and DL)
Doubles temporarily the physical channel data rate, possible for all services
Needs 3 dB more UE power due to halved spreading ratio
If newchannelization code is available from code tree in DL
WCEL:AltScramblingCodeCM/0=used (def), 1=not used
Higher Layer Scheduling, HLS (UL and DL)
Only possible for PS services (RT or NRT)
Does not cause extra load to the cell but reducesDCH user data
HLS data rate or HLS data rate possible
Double frame is used in case of puncturing and HLS data rate
Single frame is used in case of spreading factor halving and HLSdata rate.
Compressed mode parameters
CM can be activated/deactivated by CMmasterSwitch(RNC)/0=in use (def)
HLS rate configurable using HLSModeSelection(RNC)/def 0=1/2 HSL , 1=3/4 HSL
Method used for voice:
HLS not possible
UL LowerULAMRmodeCM(RNC) /7.4 kbits/s defines AMR mode corresponding to SF/2
DL selection bit puncturing and SF/2 based on MinDLAMRmodeCM(RNC)/7.4 kbits/s
(range 4.75...12.2 kbits/s)
Method used for RT and NRT services
SF/2 is allowed if: UE DL TxPower < Max_UE_DL_Tx_Pwr
PowerMarginCMcodeHalving(RNC)/3 dB (range 0..10, step 0.25)
Maximum number of UEsin CM is controlled through MaxNumbUECMcoverHO(RNC)/16
(range 0..255)
The number of UEsin DL CM depends on the PtxTotal value
The number of UEsin UL CM depends on the PrxTotal value
How many UEsin Compressed Mode ?
PtxTarget/
PrxTarget
DL/UL
transmission power
Load
PtxOffset/
PrxOffset
NewUEscan be switched to CM when:
Pxx_Total <Pxx_Target &
# of UEsin CM < MaxNumbUECMcoverHO
One new UE in CM can be allowed
if the limit is not reached
No new UE can be in CM here
Applicable methods for related services
Service UL CM method DL CM Method
AMR SF/2, HLS SF/2, Puncturing
PS NRT SF/2, HLS SF/2, HLS
CS Data SF/2 SF/2
AMR+PS
1. If the PS bit rate >> AMR bit rate it is possible to
create idle gaps by applying frame compression to
just the PS DCH. In this case the CM method
selection is as in the case of stand-alone PS NRT.
2. If both DCHs must be compressed then only the
methods applicable to both can be used: i.e. in DL
only SF/2 is possible
CM method Frame Mode
SF/2 Single Frame
HLS Single Frame
HLS Double Frame
Puncturing Double Frame
Selection of DLCM Method
Channel coding
>DLPuncturingLimit
Use puncturing
(for AMR speech)
SF/2 code available
Use SF/2 with the
same scrambling code
Reduce bit rate
(for packet data)
DL CM is started with
Puncturing instead of SF/2
because puncturing needs
less power, allow more
puncturing if downlink
capacity is orthogonal code
limited
Link level power
limit reached
Use SF/2 with another
scrambling code
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
AMR rate
>MinDLAMRModeCM
Lower AMR rate
(+ puncturing)
Yes
No
No
Alternative scrambling code
is used when the SF/2 code
is reserved
UL: LowerULAMRModeCM
for AMR rate
Compressed mode method
in RAN 1.5.2
Id Compressed mode method
1 Puncturing (Not supported in RAN 1.5)
2 SF/2
3 SF/2 with alternative scrambling code
4 HLS 1/2
5 HLS 3/4
Compressed mode method in NRT PS
Triggering reason: Too high UE Tx power
Parameter HHOMaxAllowedBitRateUL should be checked
Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 1,2,3,4,5
Compressed mode method in Uplink (in priority order): 2,4,5
Triggering reason: Too high DL DCH power
Parameter HHOMaxAllowedBitRateDL should be checked
Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 4,5
Triggering reason: Low CPICH EcNo, Low CPICH RSCP, poor UL DCH
Compressed mode method in Downlink (in priority order): 2,3,4,5
CM Pattern Parameters
TG
Pattern 1
TG
Pattern 2
TG
Pattern 1
TG
Pattern 2
TG
Pattern 2
TG Transmission Gap TGL Transmission Gap Length (3,4,5,7,10,14 SL)
TGPL Transmission Gap Pattern Length (1-144 Frames)TGD Transmission Gap start Distance (15-269 SL)
TGSN Transmission Gap Starting slot Number (1-14 SL)TGPRC TG Pattern Repeat Count
TG Pattern 1 TG Pattern 2
TGPL1 TGPL2
TGSN
TGL1 TGL2 TGL1 TGL2
TGD TGD
#1 #2 #3 #4 #TGPRC
TGCNF
transmission gap pattern sequence
GapPositionSingleFrame
TGSN
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
IFHO/ISHO Process Overview
HO Triggering Thresholds set in RNC
HO Triggering Thresholds set in RNC
Event Triggered Coverage/Capacity
based HO fulfilled in RNC
Event Triggered Coverage/Capacity
based HO fulfilled in RNC
RNC commands selected UE(s) to start
IF/IS measurements
RNC commands selected UE(s) to start
IF/IS measurements
Measurements are done in
Compressed Mode (CM)
Measurements are done in
Compressed Mode (CM)
UE reports GSM cells with
strongest RSSI signals to RNC
UE reports GSM cells with
strongest RSSI signals to RNC
RNC makes HO decision and
commands UE to target cell
RNC makes HO decision and
commands UE to target cell
RSSI measurements and BSIC
verification for GSM cells
RSSI measurements and BSIC
verification for GSM cells
Different decision methods for IF HO
Only one decision method for IS HO
5 Coverage/Capacity HO Reasons
About 25 HO parameters
Reporting cells are active set cells
(max 3) +max 6 IFHO, max 6 ISHO neighb.
Max 32 neighbours could be measured
(31 Intra-Freq neighbours)
48 Inter-Freq neighbours
32 Inter-System neighbours can be measured
IFHO/ISHO measurements- difference
IF measurements
IS measurements
WCDMA
IS-HO
Measurement
Trigger
Target Cell found
RSSI meas. BSIC verification
IS-HO
Decision
WCDMA
IF-HO
Measurement
Trigger
Target Cell found
IF -measurements
IF-HO
Decision
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
IF/IS Handover Triggering Reasons
1. DL DPCH approaches its
maximum allowed power
FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrDL
FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrDL
2. Quality deterioration report
from UL outer loop PC
FMCI: IFHOcauseUplinkQuality
FMCG: GSMcauseUplinkQuality
4. UE Txpower approaches its
maximum allowed power, event 6A/6D
FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrUL
FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrUL
5 . Low measured absolute
CPICH RSCP, events 1E/1F
FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHrscp,
FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHrscp
3. Low measured absolute
CPICH Ec/No, event 1E/1F
FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHEcNo
FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHEcNo
HO trigger
6 . Others (Not implemented in RAN 1.5):
e.g. Traffic & load reason IS-HO, etc
Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-Frequency = FMCI
Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-System (GSM) = FMCG
Measurement triggering: DL Coverage
RNC orders UE to make IF measurements when DL TX power of a single radio link reaches threshold
defined as:
DL_code_PWR -PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot > CPICH Pwr + DL Tx Pwr + DL_TPCH_TXPWR_Threshold
DL_CODE_PWR =measured DL code power
PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot =power offset for the DPCCH pilot bits relative to the DPDCHspower
default = 3 dB, range 0...6 dB, step size 0.25 dB
DL Tx Pwr (DPCH) = measurement on DPCH Txpower, (reported by BTS)
RLMeasRepPeriod(WBTS) / default=500ms, range 0..2000ms, step 100ms
CPICH Pwr = Txpower of the CPICH of an active cell
PtxPrimaryCPICH(serving RNC) or AdjsCPICHTxPwr(drifting RNC)/33 dBm, range -1050 dBm,
step 0.1 dBm
DL_TPCH_TXPWR_Threshold = depends on the service type
FMCI: InterfreqDLTxPwrThrAMR/CS/RtPS/NrtPS -1/-3/-3/-1 dB(range -10 dB..0, step 0.5 dB)
FMCG: GSMDLTxPwrThrAMR/CS/RtPS/NrtPS -1/-3/-3/-1 dB(range -10 dB..0, step 0.5 dB)
In Addition, the DL data rate allocated to the user must not exceed
WCEL: HHoMaxAllowedBitrateDL/64 kbits/s
NOTE: Either WCDMA or GSM will be measured, not both systems
-100dBm 3dB > 33dBm+XXX+(-1dB)
Measurement triggering: DL Coverage
Node B
RNC
DCH Data Frame
Iub
UE
PO1
TPC
Pilot
bits
TFCI
Data 2 bits Data 1 bits
PO3 PO2
DL_CODE_PWR PowerOffsetDLdpcchPilot
CPICH_POWER + MAX_DL_DPCH_TXPWR
+ DL_DPCH_TXPWR_THRESHOLD
Max Power on DPCH (e.g. 33 dBm)
Serving
WCDMA cell
time
Its time to trigger
HO measurements
in the UE
e.g. Radio Link Measurement Report
(e.g. Transmitted Code Power Value)
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateDL
Example Speech:
Power Data Bits >33dBm +(-3dB) +(-1dB)
Power Data Bits >29 dBm (~1W)
Max Power on Channel
Measurement triggering: UL Quality
RNC starts inter-frequency measurements based on UL outer-loop power control reports.
Enable reports from Outer-loop Power Control Controller to trigger inter-freq HO,
RNC:EnableULQualDetRep/default 0=no, 1=yes
Time duration for which BER/BLER target has not been reached, despite SIR target at
maximum level, RNC: ULQualDetRepThreshold/5 s, 0.5..5, step 0.5s
Periodic report, every RNC: ULQualDetRepThresholdseconds, while BLER/BLER target is not
reached.
In addition, the UL data rate allocated to the user must not exceedWCEL:
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL/32 kbits/s
Measurement triggering: UL Quality
T
a
r
g
e
t

S
I
R
Max SIR target
Min SIR target
Actual SIR target
1st Quality deterioration report from PC to HC inside RNC
2nd Quality deterioration report (while the condition is
satisfied the message is periodically repeated)
default 5s
time
SIR
SIR
RNC
ULQualDetRepThreshold
EnableULQualDetRep
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL
RNC
Measurement triggering: CPICH Ec/No
RNC starts IF measurement when event 1F occurs for at least one cell of the active
set: A Primary CPICH becomes less than an absolute threshold
RNC stops IF measurement when event 1E occurs for at least one cell of the active
set : A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold
Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE:
FMCS: EcNoFilterCoefficient/0= 200ms filtering period
Event 1F parameters:
Triggering conditions: Active set cells
hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: FMCS : HHoEcNoThreshold/ - 22 dB (range 0..-24 dB)
Time-to-trigger: FMCS: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis/ 640 ms (range 0..5000ms)
Reporting interval: not applied.
Reporting cell status: max 3 active cells.
Event 1E parameters:
Hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: FMCS : HHoEcNoCancel/ -20 dB
Time-to-trigger: FMCS: HHoEcNoCancelTime/ 1280 ms
Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold (triggered if one)
1F: A P-CPICH falls below an absolute threshold (triggered if all)
time
Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell 3
absolute
threshold
e
.
g
.

P
-
C
P
I
C
H

E
c
/
N
o
1E: HHoEcNoCancel
1E: HHoEcNoCancelTime
1F: HHoEcNoThreshold
1F: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis
Measurement triggering: CPICH RSCP
UE continually monitors pilot channels of BTSs in AS
If RSCP of a Node Bfalls below threshold, HHoRscpThreshold, UE sends
event 1F report
RNC starts IF measurements when event 1F occurs for all cellsin AS
RNC stops IF measurements when event 1E occurs for at least onecell of AS
UE filtering applied before event evaluation using
HHoRscpFilterCoefficient (FMCS) /200ms, range 2001600ms
Measurement triggering: CPICH RSCP
Event 1E (A primary CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold) parameters:
hysteresis: not used in 1E
Threshold used frequency: (FMCS): HHoRscpCancel/ - 100 dBm
Time-to-trigger: (FMCS): HHoRscpCancelTime/ 1280 ms
Event 1F (A primary CPICH falls below an absolute threshold) parameters:
Hysteresis: not used in 1F
Threshold used frequency: HHoRscpThreshold(FMCS)/ - 105 dBm
Time-to-trigger: HHoRscpTimeHysteresis(FMCS)/ 640 ms
Measurement triggering: UL Coverage
RNC orders IF measurements when one of the following event occurs:
Event 6A: The UE Txpower becomes larger than an absolute threshold
Event 6D: The UE Txpower reaches its maximum value
Also GSM measurements could be measured first depending on UE Txpower values
in IFHO and ISHO parameters
Only lower threshold is send to UE, so either WCDMA or GSM is measured first,
but also other RAT could be measured if not good enough neighbour is found
In addition, theUL data rate allocated to the user must not exceedWCEL:
HHoMaxAllowedBitrateUL/32 kbits/s
RNC calls off inter-frequency measurements when event 6B occurs: the UE Txpower
becomes less than an absolute threshold.
Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE.
FMCI : InterfreqUETxPwrFilterCoeff/8=10ms (range 10..480ms)
FMCG: GSMUETxPwrFilterCoeff/8 =10ms (range 10..480ms)
NOTE: Not all UE vendors support 6A event
Measurement triggering: UL Coverage
Event 6A parameters:
Time-to-trigger: 0s
UE Transmitted Power threshold = min (UEtxPowerMaxDPCH, Pmax)
UE_TX_POWER_threshold
where:
UEtxPowerMaxDPCHis the maximum allowed UL txpower on DPCH in the active cell
(range -50..24 dBm, step 1, default 21 dBm)
Pmaxis the maximum RF output power
UE_TX_POWER_Threshold depends on the type of service:
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrAMR/-3 dB (range -10..0, step1)
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrCS/-3 dB (same range and step)
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrNrtPS/-3 dB
FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrThrRtPS/-3 dB
FMCG: GSMUETxPwrThrAMR/CS/NrtPS/RtPS -1/-3/-1/-3/ dB
Event 6B parameters:
time-to-trigger: FMCI: InterfreqUETxPwrTimeHyst/1280 ms
FMCG: GSMUETxPwrTimeHyst/1280 ms
Event 6D parameter:Time-to-trigger: 0s
Reporting Events 6A, 6B and 6D
time
time to
trigger
U
E

T
x
P
o
w
e
r
UE Transmitted Power
Tx Threshold
6B
6A
6D
min(UEtxPowerMaxDPCH, P_MAX)
6A: The UE Txpower exceeds an absolute threshold
6B: The UE Txpower falls below an absolute threshold
6D: The UE Txpower reaches its maximum value
InterfreqUETxPwrTimeHyst
GSMUETxPwrTimeHyst
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
Node B
UTRAN
RNC
UE
I am in the
CELL_DCHsub-state
Measurement Type: Inter-frequency measurements
Reporting events:
2A: Change of best frequency
2B: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below
a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used
frequency is above a certain threshold.
2C: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a
certain threshold
2D: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below
a certain threshold
2E: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a
certain threshold
2F: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is abovea
certain threshold
IFHO Measurements
System Information [ ]
SIB 11/12
EcNoFilterCoefficient
IFHO measurements
After HO triggering message is sent to RNC, a RRC message Measurement Control is
sent to UE containing details of the measurement that the UE must execute.
Measurement reporting is periodical. Max 6 IF cells can be reported
Upon reception of the measurements reported by the UE, RNC applies a sliding
averaging window to the CPICH Ec/No & CPICH RSCP measurements. The averaged
levels are used as input to the inter-frequency decision algorithm.
From each cell in active set (max=3) also intra-frequency measurements are done at
same time
RNC
RRC: Measurement control message
("carrier 2" measurements)
UE
RNC
CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP measurements are reported
through Measurement report messages
UE
RRC: Measurement report
In one measurement report there is
both intra-and inter-frequency
results, no measurement filtering is
used in UE
AdjiMeasRepInterval
(default 0.5s)
3 neighbour info send to UE:
UTRA RF channel, cell
individual offset (Ec/No)
and primary scrambling code
IFHO measurement control
When there are more than 32 neighbouring inter-frequency cells, list of cell to be monitored is
built with priority:
HOPI: AdjiPriorityQuality/0, 0..7 (0=lowest priority)
HOPI: AdjiPriorityCoverage/0, 07 (0=lowest priority)
Only periodic inter-frequency measurements are used
No filtering in the UE
Reporting cell status: up to 6 monitored set cells.
Inter-frequency HO could be forbidden during the first measurements reports from the UE, to
let the UE report all the candidate inter-frequency cells in its neighbourhood. FMCI
AdjiSearchPeriod/ default=0 MeasReport Range 0 ... 20 MeasReport, step 1 MeasReport
Reporting interval: FMCI AdjiMeasRepInterval / 0.5 s def (1,2,3,4s possible also)
Inter-frequency measurement stops if RNC has not been able to perform inter-frequency
handover after N reports. N is configured by FMCI: AdjiMaxMeasPeriod/ 20, 1..20 step 1
measurement report
RNC can not initiate inter-frequency measurements if:
The UE has recently performed an inter-frequency HO. FMCI AdjiMinHoInterval / 10s,
0..60, step 1 s
An inter-frequency HO recently failed for this UE. FMCI AdjiMinMeasInterval / 10s,
0..60 step 1s
ISHO measurements
After HO triggering message is sent to RNC, a RRC message Measurement Control is
sent to UE containing details of the measurement that the UE must execute.
Measurement reporting is periodical. Max 6 GSM cells could be measured by UE and
reported to RNC.
Upon reception of the measurements reported by the UE, RNC applies a sliding
averaging window to the RXLEV measurements. The averaged levels are used as input
to the IS-HO decision algorithm.
RNC
(GSM RSSI measurements)
UE
RNC
RXLEV measurements are reported through
Measurement report messages
UE
The first measurement report
has info from the best GSM cell:
BCCH freq & RSSI, no filtering
used in UE
GsmMeasRepInterval
(default 0.5s)
ISHO measurements
Only periodic inter-system measurements are used
No filtering in the UE
Reporting cell status: up to 6 monitored set cells.
Reporting interval: FMCG GSMMeasRepInterval / 0.5 s def (1,2,3,4s also)
Inter-system measurement stops if RNC has not been able to perform inter-system handover
after N reports. N is configured by FMCG: GSMMaxMeasPeriod/ 20, 120, step 1 MeasReport
RNC can not initiate inter-system measurements if:
The UE has recently performed an inter-system HO.
FMCG: GSMMinHoInterval / 10s, 060, step 1s
An inter-system HO recently fails for this UE.
FMCG: GSMMinMeasInterval / 10s, 060, step 1s
ISHO: BSIC Verification
After the selection of the target GSM cell, the RNC sends to UE the RRC message
"Measurement control which includes details to measure BSIC .
UE stops RSSI measurements and updates the transmission gap pattern to the pattern used for
BSIC decoding. The measurement reports are sent periodically to RNC.
If the UE is unable to decode the BSIC during the given period, the BSIC measurement
operation is aborted.
RNC
(BSIC decoding)
WCDMA
IS-HO trigger Target Cell found
IS-HO
command
RSSI meas. BSIC verification
Numbers of GSM cells in the
neighbour cell list
Reporting interval
Sliding averaging window
Transmission gap pattern for
RSSI measurements
T
BSIC
depends on :
Transmission gap pattern for
BSIC decoding
T
RSSI
depends on
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
It is not sufficient to have triggers, which detect that a handover has to be done. Criteria are required to
decide, whether to carry out an intra-frequency, inter-frequency, or inter-RAT handover if there is
the possibility for a handover at all!
Conditions shown here have to be satisfied, before an inter-frequency handover can be conducted. The
best neighbouring cell must fulfil following criteria(best according to Ec/No):
Quality Criterion in case trigger was DL DPCH Power or CPICH Ec/No:
AVE_RSCP_NCELL (n) > AdjiMinRSCP(n) + max(0, AdjiTxPwrDPCH(n) - P_MAX)
Signal level from new cell >required Signal level in new cell +adjustment due to allowed power
AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) > AVE_CPICH_EcNo+ AdjiEcNoMargin(n)
EcNoon new cell better than EcNoin old cell +margin
Pathloss Criterion in case trigger was UE TxPower, CPICH RSCP or UL DPCH Quality:
AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) > AdjiMinEcNo(n)
EcNoon new cell better than required EcNoin new cell (default 14 dB)
CPICH_POWER - AVE_CPICH_RSCP >
CPICH_POWER_NCELL (n) - AVE_RSCP_NCELL (n) +AdjiPlossMargin(n)
PathLoss in old cell > PathLoss in new cell + Margin (default 2 dB)
(continued)
IFHO Decision
best active set
cell
best inter-frequency
cell
HO?
a) AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) > AdjiMinEcNo(n)
b) AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) > AVE_CPICH_EcNo+AdjiEcNoMargin(n)
Quality Criteria
AdjiMinEcNo(n)
A
V
E
_
E
c
N
o
_
N
C
E
L
L

(
n
)
AVE_CPICH_EcNo
AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) > AVE_CPICH_EcNo
AdjiEcNoMargin(n)
AVE_EcNo_NCELL (n)

IFHO Decision
The meaning of the parameters is:
AVE_RSCP_NCELL (n) andAVE_EcNo_NCELL (n) are the averaged CPICH Ec/No and RSCP values of the
best (according to CPICH Ec/No) neighbour cell (n).
AVE_CPICH_EcNois the averaged CPICH Ec/No of the best active set cell.
P_MAX is the maximum UE power capability.
AdjiMinRSCP(n)determines the minimum required CPICH RSCP (dBm) level in the best neighbour cell
(n).
AdjiTxPwrDPCHindicates the maximum transmission power level that an UE may use on the DPCH in
the neighbour cell
AdjiEcNoMargin(n) determines the margin (dB) by which the CPICH Ec/No of the best neighbour cell
(n) must exceed before the inter-frequency handover is possible.
AdjiMinEcNo(n)determines the minimum required CPICH Ec/No (dB) in the best neighbour cell (n).
AdjiPlossMargin(n)determines the margin (dB) by which the propagation loss of the best active set cell
must exceed the propagation loss of the best neighbour cell (n) before the inter-frequency handover is
possible.
IFHO Decision
AVE_RSCP_NCELL (n)
> AdjiMinRSCP(n)+ max(0, AdjiTxPwrDPCH(n) - P_MAX)
RSCP Criterion
CPICH_POWER - AVE_CPICH_RSCP
>CPICH_POWER_NCELL (n) - AVE_RSCP_NCELL (n)
+ AdjiPlossMargin(n)
AdjiMinRSCP(n)
max(0, AdjiTxPwrDPCH(n) - P_MAX)

PathlossCriterion
best inter-frequency
cell
best active set
cell
AdjiPlossMargin(n)

IFHO Decision
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
The following conditions have to be satisfied, before an inter-frequency handover can be conducted. The
best neighbouring cell must fulfil following criterion (best according to Ec/No):
AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n)
> AdjgRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)
where
AVE_RXLEV _Ncell(n) is the averaged GSM carrier RSSI value of the GSM neighbour cell(n), averaging
done directly from dBmvalues (no linear averaging); GSMMeasAveWindow/ 6, 132 measreport.
AdjgRxLevMinHO(n) determines the minimum Required RSSI (dBm) level of the neighbour cell(n).
AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) indicated the maximum Txpower level (dBm) an UE may use in GSM neighbour
cell(n).
P_MAX is the maximum UE power capability.
If several GSM cells fulfil the equation above, cells are rankedbased on HOPG:
AdjgPriorityCoverage/0, range 07
A cell is ranked higher than another cell if it has a higher priority level even though its
signal strength condition was worse
Inter-system HO could be forbidden during the first measurements reports from the UE, to let the UE
report all the candidate inter-system cells in its neighbourhood.
FMCG NcellSearchPeriod/ 0
ISHO Decision
AdjgRxLevMinHO(n)
max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)
AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n) > AdjgRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)

GSM cell
ISHO Decision
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
Load based handover GSM -> WCDMA
100%
80%
0%
Load reason
handovers
for speech
Load of GSM cell Load of GSM cell Load of GSM cell Load of GSM cell
Packet Data to WCDMA
regardless of GSM load
Packet Data to WCDMA
regardless of GSM load
Speech to WCDMA
only with high GSM load
Speech to WCDMA
only with high GSM load
Higher bit rates
for data users
Higher bit rates
for data users
More capacity
for speech
More capacity
for speech
Packet BCCH parameters canbe used
to push GPRS mobiles to WCDMA
Packet BCCH parameters canbe used
to push GPRS mobiles to WCDMA
BSS10.5
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
Load and Coverage Reason Handover
GSM
GSM
GSM high
loaded
WCDMA low
loaded
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
Load reason
handover for speech
and for HSCSD
Load reason
handover for speech
and for HSCSD
WCDMA
WCDMA
GSM
GSM
Load reason
handover
Coverage reason
handover
WCDMA can be used
to relieve GSM overload
GSM can be used to extend
WCDMA coverage area
WCDMA can be used
to relieve GSM overload
GSM can be used to extend
WCDMA coverage area
Mobile moving
RAN1/ph1.5 and BSS10.5
Load based Handover Process: GSM->
WCDMA
Handover Triggering Thresholds set in BSC
Handover Triggering Thresholds set in BSC
Inter-RAT measurements starts in case
The RXLEVof the serving cell is above or
below the given threshold Qsearch_C
Inter-RAT measurements starts in case
The RXLEVof the serving cell is above or
below the given threshold Qsearch_C
Handover Decision is done in case of
Load of the serving cell >Load_Threshold
and CPICH Ec/No> min Ec/No Threshold
Handover Decision is done in case of
Load of the serving cell >Load_Threshold
and CPICH Ec/No> min Ec/No Threshold
MS selects the target UTRAN cell based
on measurement results
MS selects the target UTRAN cell based
on measurement results
Handover command is send to MSC
Handover command is send to MSC
In the S10.5 MS is measuring the UTRAN cells
continuously if they are defined as a neighbour,
The number of GSM neighbour reported could be 3-6
depending on the set value of parameter
FDD_MULTIRAT_REPORT (0,1,2=def,3).
The load is measured in the cell level by
comparing the occupied TCHsto the available
TCHs(20 s interval used)
Load Threshold for Speech Calls or Transparent
Data inter-RAT Handover:
utranHoThScTpdc (Min Traffic Load
TDHO), default = 80%
minEcnoThreshold (Min CPICH EC/NO
Threshold), default 15 dB
Parameters are sent from the BSC to the mobile
in the Measurement Information message
Handover Control
Handover Types
Parameters Mapping
Hard handover
Compressed-Mode
GSM ISHO
Cell Reselection Algorithm from GSM to FDD-WCDMA (cs)
Cell Reselection List
GSM MS starts WCDMA measurements if :
RLA_C< F(Qsearch_I) for 0<Qsearch_I<=7
or
RLA_C> F(Qsearch_I) for 7<Qsearch_I<=15
If, for suitable UMTS cell
& for a period of 5 s:
CPICH RSCP > RLA_C+ FDD_Qoffset
CPICH Ec/No FDD_Qmin
no priorities
between
WCDMA
neighbours
Measurement Updates:
RLC_C value of the serving cell
+ least 6 strongest non serving GSM cells
at least every 5 s
check
and
WCDMA cell
reselection
BCCH: FDD_Qmin, FDD_Qoffset
Fdd_Qoffset: select
allways (valueis -
infinity)
FDD_Qmin= -13 dB
Cell Re-selection Parameters
Range of Qsearch_I and Qsearch_P (either Below or Above values comp. to RLA_C)
Recommended value is 7 (measure always)
Range of FDD_Qoffset and FDD_GPRS_Offset
Recommended value is 0 (select always if acceptable)
0
0
-98
-98
8
8
-78
-78
1
1
2
2
-94
-94
-90
-90
9
9
10
10
-74
-74
-70
-70
3
3
-86
-86
11
11
-66
-66
4
4
-82
-82
12
12
-62
-62
5
5
-78
-78
13
13
-58
-58
6
6
7
7
-74
-74
Always
Always
14
14
15
15
-54
-54
Never
Never
R_Below
dBm
R_Upper
dBm
0
0
-Always
-Always
8
8
0
0
1
1
2
2
-28
-28
-24
-24
9
9
10
10
4
4
8
8
3
3
-20
-20
11
11
12
12
4
4
-16
-16
12
12
16
16
5
5
-12
-12
13
13
20
20
6
6
7
7
-8
-8
-4
-4
14
14
15
15
24
24
28
28
Range
dBm
Range
dBm
Cell Re-selection Parameters
Range of FDD_Qmin
Recommended value is 7 (-13 dBm)
FDD_REP_QUANT defines the reporting quantity for UTRAN cell (1=Ec/No or 0=RSCP,
default 1)
3G_Search_PRIO parameter allows to extend the BSIC reporting interval from 10 s to
13s by checking the BSICsfrom non-serving BCCH carriers and also make WCDMA
measurements as often as possible. Range is 0=no, 1=yes, default value 1
Defined in the SI2quater and PSI3quater if PBCCH is allocated.
Parameter
Parameter
Name for
Sys Info (SI)
Name for
Sys Info (SI)
Qsearch_I
Qsearch_I
2quater
2quater
Qsearch_P
Qsearch_P
Qsearch_P
Qsearch_P
2quater
2quater
3quater
3quater
FDD_QMin
FDD_QMin
2ter
2ter
FDD_(GPRS)
Qoffset
FDD_(GPRS)
Qoffset
2quater
2quater
FDD_REP_
QUANT
FDD_REP_
QUANT
2ter
2ter
0
0
-20
-20
1
1
2
2
-19
-19
-18
-18
3
3
-17
-17
4
4
-16
-16
5
5
-15
-15
6
6
7
7
-14
-14
-13
-13
Range
dBm
3G_search_
PRIO
3G_search_
PRIO
2(3)quarter
(PBCCH)
2(3)quarter
(PBCCH)
Cell Re-selection Example-Weaker WCDMA
Non GPRS case
t
Serving GSM Cell
Neighbour WCDMA Cell
Ec/No
RSCP/
RLA_C
5 sec.
Cell re-selection to WCDMA
FDD_Qmin=0
(-20 dB)
FDD_Qoffset =6 (-8 dB)
Qsearch_I=0
(-98 dBm)
RLA_C
Measurements starts (serving cell)
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA
Ec/N0
RSCP
Cell Re-selection Example-Weaker WCDMA
GPRS case
t
Serving GSM Cell (Best)
Neighbour WCDMA Cell
Ec/No
RSCP/
RLA_C
5 sec.
Cell re-selection to WCDMA
FDD_Qmin
=-20 dB
FDD_GPRS_Qoffset =10 (8 dB)
Qsearch_P=0
(-98 dBm)
RLA_P
Measurements starts (serving cell)
Minimum Quality Requirement for WCDMA
Ec/N0
RSCP
First rankingof all the cells based on
CPICH RSCP (WCDMA) and RSSI (GSM)
Rs= CPICH RSCP + Qhyst1
Rn= RXLEV(n) - Qoffset1
Rnhigher in
GSM cell
Yes
No
Cell re-selection
to GSM
Second ranking only for
WCDMA cells
Neighbour WCDMA or GSM
cell calculation with offset
parameter
Serving WCDMA cell
calculation, with
hysteresisparameter
GSM cell measurements
available If :
CPICH Ec/No-QqualMin
< Ssearch_RAT
WCDMA-> GSM cell reselection
Nokia Strategy: reselect to GSM early
Note: GSM cell could be 15 dB weaker
Q
meas
(CPICH Ec/No)
t
Serving WCDMA Cell
Neighbour GSM Cell
Qhyst1=0 dB
AdjgQoffset1=-15 dB
SsearchRAT=
2 (4 dB)
R
s
Qqualmin= -18 dB
Squal
s
R
s
about -100 dBm level in GSM
How to avoid ping pong ?
When phone is camped on 3G, GSM measurements can start when CPICH Ec/Io of
serving cell is below Ssearch_RAT + QqualMin.
When phone is camped on GSM, cell reselection to 3G is possible if CPICH Ec/Io of
the candidate is above FDD_Qmin.
Therefore, to avoid ping pongsbetween 3G and GSM the following condition should
be met:
FDD_Qmin>= QqualMin+Ssearch_RAT
QqualMin=-18 dB
Ssearch_RAT=4 dB
CPICH Ec/Io
FDD_Qmin >= -13 dB
QqualMin +Ssearch_RAT
t
Camping on 3G Camping on GSM Camping on 3G
Chapter 6
-Handover Control-
1. What characterises intra frequency WCDMA hard handover?
2. Which handover types are mobile evaluated handovers?
3. What is the difference between soft and softer handover?
4. What conditions must be met, before a cell can be added to the active set?
5. What type of situations initiate inter-frequency handover?

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1 NOKIA 30/11/2003 RANPAR Version 1.

max(0, AdjiTxPwrDPCH(n) - P_MAX)

AVE_RXLEV_NCell(n) > AdjgRxLevMinHO(n) + max(0, AdjgTxPwrMaxTCH(n) - P_max)

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