Removal of Impurities

REMOVAL OF IMPURITIES
FROM WATER
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Removal of Impurities from water
Removal of suspended impurities (solids)
Removal of dissolved solids (salts)
REMOVAL OF SUSPENDED
IMPURITIES
Screening
Sedimentation
Filteration
SCREENING
Process of arresting large and
small floating matter by passing
rawwater through a screen with
large number of perforations
For removal of large things from
water
FILTERATION
process of removing colloidal matter
and most of bacterial impurities by
passing water through a bed of proper
sized material
suspended matter, Colloidal matter,
Bacterias, Colours, and odour of water
are removed.
Two types of filters are commonly used
SEDIMENTATION
Process of removing suspended matter from
water, by keeping it quiescent (motionless) in
tanks so that suspended solids may settle
down at the bottom due to force of gravity.
Generally carried in continuous flow type
tanks
Three types of continuous flow type tanks
Horizontal flow rectangular tank
Radial flow circular tank
Vertical flow hopper bottom tank
Sedimentation with Co-agulation
Process of removing fine size
suspended particles by addition of
requisite amount of suspended
chemicals called co-agulants to water
before sedimentation
Common co-agulants in use are
Alum K
2
SO
4
.Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.24H
2
O
Ferrous Sulphate FeSO
4
7H
2
O
Flocculation
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Ca(HCO
3
)
2
2Al(OH)
3
+3CaSO
4
+ 6CO
2
co-agulant calcium bicarbonate gelatinous floc
FeSO
4
+ Mg(HCO
3
)
2
Fe(OH)
2
+MgCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
4Fe(OH)
2
+2H
2
O + O
2
4Fe(OH)
3
Dissolved oxygen Floc
o Coagulants are generally added in soln for precipitation
(flocculation) and for their proper mixing mixers are
employed
REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED
SALTS/SOFTENING
Water used for steam generation
should be pure particularly w.r.t.
calcium and magnesium salts
which cause scale formation in
boilers
The process of removing
hardness producing salts from
water is known as water
softening
WATER SOFTENING PROCESSES
1) Lime-Soda Process
Cold Lime-Soda Process
Hot Lime-Soda Process
2) Zeolite or Permutit Process
3) Demineralization / Deionization
Process
Lime-Soda Process
Used for softening of boiler feed
Converts dissolved calcium and magnesium
salts in to insoluble salts , which settle down
and are filtered.
Lime Ca(OH)
2
precipitates temporary
hardness, permanent magnesium hardness,
iron and aluminium salts and free acids like
CO
2
, H
2
S
Added ingredient soda ash Na
2
CO
3
reacts
with soluble permanent calcium hardness.
Bicarbonate as NaHCO
3
.KHCO
3
also requires
lime.
Lime-Soda Process
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
2CaCO
3
+2H
2
O
Mg(HCO
3
)
2
+ 2Ca(OH)
2
2CaCO
3
+Mg(OH)
2
+2H
2
O
MgCl
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Mg(OH)
2
+ CaCl
2
MgSO
4
+ Ca(OH)
2
Mg(OH)
2
+ CaSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Ca(OH)
2
Fe(OH)
2
+ CaSO
4
2Fe(OH)
2
+ H
2
O + 0.5O
2
2Fe(OH)
3
Co
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+H
2
O
2HCl + Ca(OH)
2
CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaSO
4
+ H
2
O
CaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
+ 2NaCl
CaSO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
+ Na
2
SO
4
2HCO
3
-
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+H
2
O +CO
3
2-
Cold Lime-Soda Process
Lime and soda are added to raw water at room
temperature
Finely divided precipitates are formed at
room temperature.
Co-agulants are added like alum, aluminium
sulphate, sodium aluminate.
Co-agulants hydrolyse to flocculant
gelatinuous precipitate aluminium
hydrooxide.entraps fine precipitates formed
by the reactions of lime and soda.
Residual hardness 50 to 60 ppm.
Hot Lime-Soda Process
Process carried out at 80 to 150C
Advantages:
Reaction proceeds faster
Softening capacity is increased
Precipitate and sludge formed settled rapidly.
Much of the dissolved gases are driven out
Viscosity lower, so easy filteration.
Residual hardness 15 to 30 ppm.
Plant consists of 3 parts
Reaction tank
Conical sedimentation vessel
Sand filter.
Basic ion exchange softening
Whats an ion?
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a positive or
negative electrical charge
Remember: Opposites attract
Basic ion exchange
softening
How does ion exchange work?
Hard water
Calcium ions
Resin
bed
Soft water
Sodium ions
Resin exchange site
(receptor)
exchanges salt
for hardness
Hardness washed away
during backwash
Sodium added during
regeneration from salt brine
Zeolite or Permutit Process
Zeolite or Permutits are Complex silicates
consisting of macro molecules of several
metallic and non metallic oxides
Crystalline structure of chemical formula
Na
2
O.Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
.6H
2
O
Simply represented as Na
2
Ze
When treated with a solution, equilibrium is
formed between sodium ions held by Zeolite
and positive ions present in the solution. so
there's a tendency for the positive ions to be
exchanged with sodium ions of solution
decreases.
Zeolite or Permutit Process
Na
2
Ze + Ca
2+
2Na
+
+ CaZe (Exhausted zeolite)
Na
2
Ze + Mg
2+
2Na
+
+ MgZe
Exhausted zeolite can be reclaimed by immersing it in
conc. brine soln
CaZe + 2NaCl Na
2
Ze +CaCl
2
MgZe + 2NaCl Na
2
Ze +MgCl
2
Reclaimed zeolite
Zeolite may be
Natural: mined, more durable
Synthetic: manufactured by heating felspar,china clay
and soda ash together and cooling and crushing the
resulting glass, greater exchange capacity per unit
weight, less durable
Reactions in Zeolite or Permutit
Process
Na
2
Ze + Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CaZe + 2NaHCO
3
Na
2
Ze + Mg(HCO
3
)
2
MgZe + 2NaHCO
3
Na
2
Ze + CaCl
2
CaZe + 2NaCl
Na
2
Ze + MgCl
2
MgZe + 2NaCl
Na
2
Ze + CaSO
4
CaZe + Na
2
SO
4
Na
2
Ze + MgSO
4
MgZe + Na
2
SO
4
Exhausted zeolite bed can be regenerated by
treating it with conc Brine soln
CaZe + 2NaCl Na
2
Ze + CaCl
2
MgZe + 2NaCl Na
2
Ze + MgCl
2
Reclaimed zeolite
Limitations
If supply water is turbid, remove suspended
matter otherwise pores of zeolite bed will
clog and restrict flow.
Pre-treatment required if water contains
colored ions like Fe
2+
or Mn
3+
because these
ions produce Iron or manganese zeolite which
cant be generated easily.
Mineral Acids must be neutralized with soda
before adding water to zeolite bed as they
destroy it.
Advantages
Zero hardness
Compact equipment
No danger of sludge formation
Automatically adjustable process
for different hardness
Clean process
Disadvantages
Treated water contains more sodium salts
than in soda lime process
Zeolite treatment replaces cat ions but not
the acidic ions in water, thus produce carbon
dioxide in steam boilers which is extremely
corrosive to its material
NaHCO
3
NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O 2NaOH + CO
2
Sometimes zeolite softener is placed in series
with a lime soda softener.
Comparison between permutit and Lime
Soda Process
Permutit Method Lime-Soda Method
1. Zero hardness
2. Treated water has larger
amount of sodium salts
3. Capital cost is higher
4. Operation expenses are lower
5. Cant treat acidic water
6. PlantLess space
7. Raw water must be free of
suspended matter
8. Can operate under pressure
9. No problem of settling and
sludge handling
1. 15-50ppm hardness
2. Treated water has lesser
amount of sodium salts
3. Capital cost is lower
4. Operation expenses are higher
5. No such limitation
6. Plant. More space
7. No such limitation
8. Cannot operate under pressure
9. Problem of difficulty in settling
and sludge handling
Demineralization/ Deionization
Process
An ion exchange resin is an insoluble
acid or base which can also form
insoluble salts.
An ion exchange resin consists of cross
linked polymer network to which ionized
groups are attached.
Ion Exchangers are of two types:
Hydrogen or Cation Exchanger
Anion Exchangers
Process
Cation Exchange Resins:
Main functional groups in them are -SO
3
H,-COOH,-OH
Most stable is -SO
3
H , exchanges H
+
rapidly
2RSO
3
H + Ca
2+
(RSO
3
)
2
Ca + 2H
+
2ROH + Mg
2+
(RO)
2
Mg + 2H
+
Hydrogen exchangers are generally represented as RH
2
RH
2
+ Ca
2+
RCa + 2H
+
RH
2
+ Mg
2+
RMg + 2H
+
Regeneration carries out by passing through an excess of
strong acid solution.
RCa + 2HCl RH
2
+ CaCl
2
RMg + 2HCl RH
2
+ MgCl
2
Process
Anion Exchange Resins:
Capable of exchanging anions
Main functional groups are N(CH
3
)
2+
, -OH
-
, -NH
2
,
NHCH
3
N(CH
3
)
2+
, -OH
-
, are most stable and can operate in
acidic alkaline solution.
Represented as R(OH)
2
R(OH)
2
+ SO
4
2-
R SO
4
+ 2 OH
-
R(OH)
2
+ 2Cl
-
RCl
2
+ 2 OH
-
Regenrated by passing alkaline soln
RCl
2
+ 2 NaOH R(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
R SO
4
+ 2 NaOH R(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
Process
Consists in passing hard water first
through cation exchanger bed
Then anion exchanger bed
And then through a degasifier

Removal of Impurities

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