Photocatalytic Oxidation

INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCESVolume1,No7,2011
Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingAssociation
Researcharticle ISSN0976 4402
ReceivedonApril2011PublishedonJune2011 1702
PhytodegradationoftextiledyesbyWaterHyacinth(EichhorniaCrassipes)
fromaqueousdyesolutions
VasanthyMuthunarayanan,Santhiya.M,Swabna.V,Geetha.A
DepartmentofEnvironmentalBiotechnology,SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences,
BharathidasanUniversity,Trichy620024,Tamilnadu
vasanthy02@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Inthisstudy,theremovaloftextiledyes,namely RedRBandBlackBfromtheirrespective
aqueoussolutionshavebeenstudiedusingtheWaterHyacinth(Eichhorniacrassipes).Batch
type experiments were done using the hydrophytes and its dye removal capacity was
observed.TheusedplantmaterialaftertheexperimentwassubjectedtoGCMSanalysisfor
determiningthephytochemicalcomponents.Theremainingwastematerialwassubjectedfor
compostingandthecompostproducedwascharacterizedintermsofTotalKjeldahlNitrogen,
Total carbon, Total Phosphorus ,pH ,EC and C:N ratio. The above mentioned experiments
haveprovedtheefficiencyofEichhorniacrassipestoremovethecoloranddegradethedye
byabout95%withRedRBand99.5%withblackB.Thephytochemicalcomponentanalysis
indicates the increased production of Hexadecanoic acid, which may be a promising result,
butthereductioninphytolcontentrecordsasignificantreduction inthechlorophyllcontent.
Keywords:Phytodegradation,RedRB,BlackB,Eichhorniacrassipes,Phytochemicals
1.Introduction
Syntheticdyesareextensivelyusedinmanyfieldsofuptodatetechnology,e.g.,invarious
branches of the textile industry (Gupta et al., 1992 Shukla and Gupta, 1992 Sokolowska
Gajda et al., 1996), of the leather tanning industry (Tunay et al., 1999 Kabadasil et al.,
1999)inpaperproduction(Ivanovetal.,1996),infoodtechnology(BhatandMathur,1998
Slampovaetal.,2001),inagriculturalresearch(CookandLinden,1997Krossetal.,1996),
inlightharvestingarrays(WagnerandLindsey,1996),inphotoelectrochemicalcells(Wrobel
et al.,2001), and in hair colorings (Scarpiet al.,1998). Unfortunately, the exact amount of
dyes produced in the world is not known. It is estimated to be over 10,000 tons per year.
Exact data on the quantity of dyes discharged in the environment are also not available.
Because of their commercial importance, the impact (Guaratini and Zanoni, 2000) and
toxicity (Walthall and Stark, 1999 Tsuda et al., 2001) of dyes that are released in the
environment have been extensively studied (Hunger, 1995 Calin and Miron, 1995).
Traditional wastewater treatment technologies have proven to be markedly ineffective for
handling wastewater of synthetic textile dyes because of the chemical stability of these
pollutants. A wide range of methods has been developed for the removal of synthetic dyes
fromwatersandwastewaterstodecreasetheirimpactontheenvironment.Thetechnologies
involveadsorptiononinorganicororganicmatrices,decolorizationbyphotocatalysis,and/or
byoxidationprocesses,microbiologicalorenzymaticdecomposition,etc.(Hao etal.,2000).
Butforallofthesemethodsphytoremediationprovestobeanefficientmethod.
Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that is rapidly gaining interest and promises
effective and inexpensive cleanup of hazardous waste sites contaminated with metals,
Phytodegradationof textiledyesbyWaterHyacinth(EichhorniaCrassipes)fromaqueousdyesolutions
InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalSciencesVolume1No.7,2011
1703
hydrocarbons,pesticides, and chlorinated solvents (Maceketal.,2000 Susarla etal.,2002
Xia et al., 2003). The use of plants to degrade, assimilate, metabolize, or detoxify
contaminants is costeffective and ecologically sound. Four mechanisms are involved in
phytoremediationoforganicpollutants:directuptakeandaccumulationofcontaminantsand
subsequent metabolism in plant tissues transpiration of volatile organic hydrocarbons
through the leaves release of exudates that stimulate microbial activity and biochemical
transformations around the root system and enhancement of mineralization at the rootsoil
interface that is attributed to mycorrhizal fungi and microbial consortia associated with the
root surface (Schnoor et al., 1995).The economic success of phytoremediation largely
dependsonphotosyntheticactivityandgrowthrateofplants.
The water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes is a floating macrophyte that originated in tropical
South America and is now widespread in all tropic climates. It is listed as one of the most
productiveplantsonearthandisconsideredoneoftheworld'sworstaquaticplants(Epstein,
1998). Many large hydropower schemes have to devote significant time and money in
clearing the weed in order to prevent it from entering the turbine and causing damage and
powerinterruptions.
On the other hand, increased evapotranspiration due to water hyacinth can have serious
implications where water is already scarce. Water hyacinth canalso present many problems
for the fisherman such as decreased fish population, difficult access to the fishing sites and
loss of fishing equipment, resulting in reduction in catch and subsequent loss of livelihood
(AnushreeMalik,2007).Waterhyacinth is blamedforthereductionofbiodiversityaswell.
If it is introduced into foreign aquatic ecosystems, it could cause severe water management
problems because of its vegetative reproduction and high growth rate (Gopal and Sharma,
1981GiraldoandGarzon,2002).However,itsenormousbiomassproductionrate,itshigh
tolerance to pollution, and its heavymetal and nutrient absorption capacities (Misbahuddin
and Fariduddin, 2002 Trivedy and Pattanshetty, 2002 Williams, 2002 Singhal and Rai,
2003 Ghabbour et al., 2004 Jayaweera and Kasturiarachchi, 2004) qualify it for use in
wastewatertreatmentponds.
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solms), due to its fast growth and large biogas
production (Singhal and Rai, 2003), has potential to cleanup various wastewaters. Inorganic
contaminantssuchasnitrate,ammoniumandsolublephosphorus(Reddy etal.,1982Reddy,
1983),heavymetals(MuramotoandOki,1983Zhuetal.,1999)canberemovedefficiently
by water hyacinth through uptake and accumulation. Previously the roots of water hyacinth
plants and their roots were used for phytoremediation of ethion and biosorption of reactive
dyes(HuilongXia,XiangjuanMa,2005).TheobjectiveofthisstudyistouseEichhorniafor
dyeremovalandtosubjecttheplantfurtherforcomposting.
2.Materials andMethods
2.1Dyesusedforthestudy
ThereactivedyesusedasadsorbatesforthestudywereRedRBandBlackB.Thestructures
ofthesedyesareelucidatedbelow:
1704
Figure1:StructureofReactiveRed198 Figure2:StructureofReactiveBlack5
2.2Dyesolutions
Dyestockdyesolutionsofboththedyeswerepreparedbydissolving100mgofdyein100
ml sterile distilled water to get 1000 ppm dye solution. A suitable aliquot of the sample
solution containing dye was transferred into a100 ml volumetric flask and the solution was
made up to the mark with double distilled water. The absorbance was measured at the
respective lmaxagainstablank.Astandardgraphwasplottedfor10 100mg/Lofdye.
2.3Preparationofliveplants
PlantsofE.crassipeswereobtainedfromlocalpondnearAriyalurcityandfromTANCEM
mines near Ariyalur city respectively. The plants were washed thoroughly. The fresh plants
weregrownunderlaboratoryconditions.Theplantswereusedforthepresentinvestigation.
The plants were grown in a nutrient solution which was renewedoncea week. The nutrient
solutioncontainedN(NH4NO3),38mgl_1P(KH2PO4),3.5mgl_1K(KCl),30mgl_1Ca
(CaCl22H2O),9mgl_1Mg(MgSO47H2O),7mgl_1traceelementssuchasFe,Mn,
B, Zn, Mo, Cu, and Co at the concentrations of 3, 0.45, 0.12, 0.16, 0.05, 0.005, and 0.005
mgl_1,respectively(HuilongXia,XiangjuanMa,2005).
2.4Outdoorcascadeexperiments(setnos.1and2)
The first and second setsof laboratory experiments werebothperformed with fiveidentical
containers (0.39 0.56m
2
and 0.45 0.7m
2
floor area, respectively). These containers were
operated at10L levels of aqueousdye solutions of concentrations ranging from10,20,30,
40and50ppm(each)werepreparedforboththesets.
2.4.1Setno1
In five containers of Red RB aqueous dye solutions, which were set as a cascade, floating
Eichhornia crassipes plants (12 pieces in each) were introduced and one container each
(withoutplants)forallthefiveconcentrationsofaqueousdyesolutionswasmaintainedasthe
controls (Table 1).The color reduction in the cascades were checked in terms of optical
density in all the concentrations at different time intervals namely 24,48,72,96,120 and 144
hours.Themaxforthedyewas519nm.
1705
2.4.2Setno2
The similar set up was also used for Black B aqueous dye solutions. In five containers of
Black B aqueous dye solutions, which were set as a cascade, floating Eichhornia crassipes
plants(12piecesineach)wereintroducedandonecontainereach(withoutplants)forallthe
five concentrations of aqueous dye solutions was maintained as the controls (Table 1). The
color reductions in the cascades were checked in terms of optical density in all the
concentrationsatdifferenttimeintervalsnamely 24,48,72,96,120and144hours.Themax
forthedyewas597nm.
Table1:Outdoorspulsedcascadesetup
Aqueous
Reactive
dyes
Concentration
ofdye(ppm)
Biomass of
Eichhornia crassipes
(gm)
Time(hrs)
RedRB 1050 400
BlackB 1050 400
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
2.5 Determination of Phytochemical components present in the plant material.
(Eichhorniacrassipes) (Kokate,1993)
About 4 gm of powdered plant material was soaked in 20 ml of absolute alcohol overnight
and then filtered through whatmann filter paper No.41 along with 1gm sodium sulfate to
removethesedimentsandtracesofwaterinthefiltrate.Beforefiltering,thefilterpaperalong
withsodiumsulphatewaswettedwithabsolutealcohol.Thefiltratewasthenconcentratedby
bubblingnitrogengasintothesolutionandthevolumewasreducedto1ml.Thisextractwas
analyzedusing GSMS for the analysis ofphytochemical components of the plant materials
used.
2.6Preparationofcompost(Reuseoftheusedfilterpapersandplantmaterials)
The waste plant materials (Eichhornia sp.,) obtained after the pilot scale treatment of the
aqueous dye solutions and used filter papers were subjected for the process of composting
along with garden waste and cow dung (Table 2). The pre composted compost was further
subjectedtovermicompostingusingtheearthwormspeciesPerionyxexcavatus.
Table2:PreparationofCompost
S.No. Component Weight(Kg) TotalWeight(Kg)
1
Cow dung + Garden
waste + Eichhornia
usedplants+usedfilter
papers
2 kg + 1 kg +
3kg
6
1706
2.7Analysisofthecompost
After60daysthecompostwastakenfromthepitandwassubjectedfortheanalysis.ThepH,
EC, available Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus, C/N ratio were estimated. (Muthuvel and
Udayasoorian,1999).
3.Testresultsanddiscussion
3.1ColorreductioninOutdoorCascadeExperiments
The maximum color reduction was observed at 144 hours after the introduction of the
floating and submerged plants into the 10 ppm RB and Black B aqueous dye solutions. It
accountsfor95%removalinRedRBdyeand99.5%inBlackBdyein10ppmaqueousdye
solution at 144 hours respectively. In the 50 ppm aqueous dye solutions the color removal
was observed after 6 days at the rate of 71.7% removal in Red RB dye and 76.7%
respectively (Tables 3 and 4 ) (Figures 1 and 2) . Similarly Vasanthy et al., (2006) has
checked the treatability of aqueous Majanta HB solutions (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm) using
Eichhorniacrassipes.Theplantsaplingswerefoundtoremove95%colorfrom50ppmdye
solution after 6 days. The highest color removal obtained from 25 ppm dye solution was
70%after144hours.
Table3:Effectoftimeonpercentdye(RedRB)removalusing Eichhorniacrassipes
Percentage(%) Concentration
24hrs 48hrs 72hrs 96hrs 120hrs 144hrs
10
20
30
40
50
65.4
56.9
38.4
27.3
16.9
69.1
63.1
55.2
42.7
39.7
76.4
69.6
64.7
54.7
54.1
79.5
71.5
66.2
62.7
59.8
83.5
78.5
77.2
72.6
67.9
95
87.7
83.1
80
71.7
The removal of the aqueous dyes may be due to Biosorption i.e., the sorption of dye
moleculesontotheroot,shootandtheleavesoftheplant.Similarresulthasbeenputforthby
Vengata Mohanet al., 2002. Interestingly, the insight into the speciation and localization of
dyesinplanttissuesalsoprovidesaduerateandextentofuptakebyparticularplantparts.It
is often observed that roots accumulate much higher concentration of pollutants (Anushree
Malik, 2007).The efficiency may be due to the fact that the biological processes has the
potentialtoconvertordegradethepollutantsintowater,CO
2
andvarioussaltsofinorganicin
nature.Thecompletebreakdownofanorganicmoleculeintoinorganiccomponentshouldbe
the desired outcome to avoid the persistence of potentially hazardous components in the
environment.
1707
Table4:Effectoftimeonpercentdye(BlackB)removalusing Eichhorniacrassipes
Percentage(%) Concentration
24hrs 48hrs 72hrs 96hrs 120hrs 144hrs
10
20
30
40
50
74.25
68.69
62.28
58.63
51.94
79.48
74.31
67.12
62.37
58.97
86.4
76.46
71.51
68.84
66.11
89.5
81.75
75.62
72.87
69.18
93.5
88.29
79.2
74.6
67.9
99.5
94.77
83.1
80
76.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
24 48 72 96 120 144
Time(hours)
10ppm
20ppm
30ppm
40ppm
50ppm
Figure1: Effectoftimeonpercentdye(RedRB)removalusing Eichhorniacrassipes
Figure2: Effectoftimeonpercent dye(BlackB)removalusing Eichhorniacrassipes
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
24 48 72 96 120 144
Time(hours)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
r
e
m
o
v
a
l
10ppm
20ppm
30ppm
40ppm
50ppm
1708
Table5:Phytochemicalcomponentsidentifiedinthewaterhyacinth(Eichhorniacrassipes)
beforetreatment
No RT Name of the
compound
Molecular
Formula
MW Peak
Area
Compoun
dNature
Activity*/*
1 2.92 Butane, 1,1
diethoxy
C
8
H
18
O
2
146 6.60 Ether Noactivityreported
2 5.91 Propane, 1,1,3
triethoxy
C
9
H
20
O
3
176
6.50
Ether Noactivityreported
3 7.54 4HPyran4one,
2,3dihydro3,5
dihydroxy6methyl
C
6
H
8
O
4
144
0.65
Flavonoid
fraction
Noactivityreported
4 8.75 MethylSalicylate C
8
H
8
O
3
152
0.80
Analgesic
compound
Antipyretic, Anti
inflammatory,
Analgesic, Antiseptic,
Pesticide, Insectifuge,
Cancer preventive,
Carminative,Perfumery
5 11.5
8
Pipradrol C
18
H
21
N
O
267
0.35
Alkaloid Antimicrobial
6 12.7
7
1(2,4
dihydroxyphenyl)2
(4methoxy3
nitrophenyl)ethanon
e
C
15
H
13
N
O
6
303
0.18
Phenolic
compound
Antimicrobial
7 13.2
8
Nonanoicacid,ethyl
ester
C
11
H
22
O
2
186
0.41
Fatty acid
ester
Antimicrobial
8 14.0
9
NPhenethyl2
methylbutylidenimin
e
C
13
H
19
N 189
0.31
Nitrogen
compound
Noactivityreported
9 16.9
8
1HPyrrole, 1
phenyl
C
10
H
9
N 143
0.14
Alkaloid Antimicrobial
10 17.4
0
Nonanoicacid C
9
H
18
O
2
158
0.43
Fattyacid Antimicrobial
11 17.7
4
1Amino2
methylnaphthalene
C
11
H
11
N 157
0.18
Aromatic
compound
Insecticide
12 17.8
1
DiethylPhthalate C
12
H
14
O
4
222
0.53
Plasticizer
compound
Noactivityreported
13 23.5
7
3,7,11,15
Tetramethyl2
hexadecen1ol
C
20
H
40
O 296
44.4
6
Terpene
alcohol
Antimicrobial
14 23.7
5
Didodecylphthalate C
32
H
54
O
4
502
7.62
Plasticizer
compound
Noactivityreported
15 24.4
3
3,7,11,15
Tetramethyl2
hexadecen1ol
C
20
H
40
O 296
1.29
Terpene
alcohol
Antimicrobial
16 25.8
9
nHexadecanoic
acid
C
16
H
32
O
2
256
14.4
0
Palmitic
acid
Antioxidant, Hypocholesterolemic
Nematicide, Pesticide, Lubricant,
Antiandrogenic,Flavor,Hemolytic5
Alphareductaseinhibitor
17 28.8
3
Phytol C
20
H
40
O 296 21.1
2
Diterpene Diuretic, Antimicrobial,
Anticancer
1709
Table6:Phytochemicalcomponentsidentifiedinthewaterhyacinth(Eichhorniacrassipes)
aftertreatment
No RT Name of the
compound
Molecular
Formula
M
W
Peak
Area
Compound
Nature
Activity**
1 2.92 Butane, 1,1
diethoxy
C
8
H
18
O
2
2 5.92 Propane, 1,1,3
triethoxy
C
9
H
20
O
3
3 7.55 4HPyran4one,
2,3dihydro3,5
dihydroxy6
methyl
C
6
H
8
O
4
144 0.68 Flavonoid
fraction
Noactivityreported
4 8.51 Octanoic acid,
ethylester
C
10
H
20
O
2
172 0.19 Fattyacidester Insecticide
5 8.76 Methyl
Salicylate
C
8
H
8
O
3
152 1.05 Analgesic
compound
Antipyretic, Anti
inflammatory,
Analgesic,
Antiseptic, Pesticide,
Insectifuge,
Cancer preventive,
Carminative,
Perfumery
6 12.78 2',4'
Dihydroxypropi
ophenone
C
9
H
10
O
3
166 0.28 Phenolic
compound
Antimicrobial
7 13.29 Decanoic acid,
ethylester
C
12
H
24
O
2
200 0.63 Fattyacidester Antimicrobial
8 17.40 Nonanoicacid C
9
H
18
O
2
158 1.42 Antimicrobial
9 17.81 Diethyl
Phthalate
C
12
H
14
O
4
222 0.55 Plasticizer
compound
Noactivity reported
10 23.56 3,7,11,15
Tetramethyl2
hexadecen1ol
C
20
H
40
O 296 37.84 Terpene
alcohol
Antimicrobial
11 23.73 Didodecyl
phthalate
C
32
H
54
O
4
502 8.22 Plasticizer
compound
Noactivityreported
12 24.42 3,7,11,15
Tetramethyl2
hexadecen1ol
C
20
H
40
O 296 11.29 Terpene
alcohol
Antimicrobial
13 25.86 nHexadecanoic
acid
C
16
H
32
O
2
256 17.79 Palmiticacid
Antioxidant, Hypocholesterolemic
Nematicide,
Pesticide, Lubricant,
Antiandrogenic,Flavor,
Hemolytic, 5Alpha reductase
inhibitor
14 28.79 Phytol C
20
H
40
O 296 10.67 Diterpene Diuretic Antimicrobial
Anticancer
Antiinflammatory
1710
3.2AnalysisofthephytochemicalcomponentsthroughGCMS
The phytochemical components of Eichhornia crassipes have shown changes before and
after treatment (Tables 5 and 6) (Figures 3 & 4).The aromatic components of plant
determinedincludesButane,1,1diethyl,Propane,Nonanoicacid,nHexadecanoicacidand
Phytol. ButaneandPropanecompoundshavebeenreportedbothbeforeandafter treatment
and thepeak area have increased from6.50% to8.50% for nHexadecanoic acid. Thepeak
areaforphytolhasgotdecreasedfrom21.12to10.67(Table6).HoweverChlorophyllisthe
mostabundantphotosyntheticpigmentin higherplants.Normally,chlorophyll isreportedto
be hydrolyzed, resulting in the release of free phytol and chlorophyllide. Although the
degradationofchlorophyllidehasbeenstudiedindepth,themetabolicfateofphytolinplants
isreportedtobelessclear.Butthereductioninphytolcontentmaybeinterpretedduetothe
reduction in chlorophyll which may be due to the stress posed by the dye stuffs. Further
Puvaneswari et al (2006) reported that industrial effluents could increase the enzyme
chlorophyllase, which is responsible for the chlorophyll degradation or decrease in the
cytokininswhichstimulateschlorophyllsynthesis.
Productionof nHexadecanoicacidduringthedegradationoftextiledyeshasbeenreported
earlier. The compound is found tobe abiopolymer which can bedegraded rapidly between
125 C to 225 C (Dhawal P. Tamboli et al, 2010). Hence the polymer that is produced
during dye degradation can bepurified andusedfor furtherbiopolymer studies after further
investigation.
PPRCTANJORE,24Sep2007+11:13:34 WaterHyacinthalcoholextBlackdye
6.67 11.67 16.67 21.67 26.67 31.67 36.67
Time 0
100
%
Medicinalplantanalysis164 ScanEI+
TIC
6.49e7
23.55
5.92
2.92 5.39
20.33 17.40 8.75
25.86
23.73
38.64
35.89
28.78
29.59
Figure3: Phytochemicalcomponentsofwaterhyacinthbeforetreatment(Control)
3.3CompostAnalysis
Thetreatedplantswerethensubjectedtocompostingalongwithusedfilterpapers,cowdung
and neem leaves. The various components such as total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total
potassium, organic carbon, organic matter and C: N ratios were analyzed. The amount of
nitrogen before composting was found to be 1.47% and it has increased to 2.51% after the
process.
1711
Figure4:Phytochemicalcomponentsofwaterhyacinthaftertreatment(Affected)
3.3CompostAnalysis
Thetreatedplantswerethensubjectedtocompostingalongwithusedfilterpapers,cowdung
and neem leaves. The various components such as total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total
potassium, organic carbon, organic matter and C: N ratios were analyzed. The amount of
nitrogen before composting was found to be 1.47% and it has increased to 2.51% after the
process. The total organic carbon content has reduced from 42.08% to 25.45%. The
potassiumandphosphoruscontenthavebeenrecordedtobe0.62%and0.49%respectively
in the initial mass and after composting it has changed to 0.98% and 0.75%. The carbon
nitrogenratiohasgotreducedfrom28.63:1to10:1(Table7).
Table7: Manuralvalueofthecompost
Values
S.No. Parameters
Initial Final
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
OrganicCarbon%
TotalNitrogen%
TotalPhosphorus%
TotalPotassium%
C:N
Colour
42.08
1.47
0.49
0.62
28.63:1
Yellowishbrown
25.45
2.51
0.75
0.98
10:1
Brown
The initial organic carbon has varied from 42 to 25.45%. The TOC has decreased as the
decompositionprogressed.Similarly,theorganiccarbonwasrecordedtogetreducedforthe
vegetable and fruit waste subjected for Vermicomposting (by about 83%). This could be
attributedtothefasterdecompositionofcarbonpresentintheformoflignininvegetableand
fruit waste by earthworms (Susila, 2009). Similarly Goyal et al. (2005)reported the lowest
organic carbon in the water hyacinth waste and Atkinson et al. (1996) reported that during
poultry waste decomposition with sawdust, about 29%of carbon reduction had occurred. A
similar result has been obtained by Garcia et al. (1991). Normally, in all the composting
mixturesthecarboncontenthasbeenfoundtobereducedandthenitrogencontentincreased,
thuscausingageneraldecreaseintheC:Nvalues.TheC:Nratiohelpstogaugehowfarthe
processhasgone(TroehandThompson,2005).Pandey(2009)havereportedaC:Nratioof
8.15inpoultrymanureamendedcompost. InthemixturestherangeofC:Nratiowasabout
79.Manysuchwasteshavebeenfoundtobereadilydecomposablebysoilmicrobes.Thus,
the decomposition of organic matter reduces the amount of TOM and leaves the compost
enriched with nitrogen. The C: N ratio has reduced substantially from 28.63:1 to 10:1 .A
1712
decline of C: N ratio to less than 20 indicate an advanced degree of organic matter
stabilization and reflects a satisfactory degree of maturity of organic wastes according to
Senesi (1989). As the decomposition progressed during the composting process, the carbon
content has reduced as it was lostas carbon dioxide and the N content has increased as the
complexproteinaceousmaterialhas brokendownintosimplerNcontainingcompoundslike
ammonia. This metabolic trend has ultimately reduced the C: N of Eichhornia wastes
subjectedforVermicomposting.Lietal.(2001)haverecordedthereductioninC:Nratio
during composting process and inferred that the reduction in carbon and lowering of C: N
ratioin the Vermicomposting process couldbe achieved eitherby the respiratory activity of
earthworms and microorganisms or by increase in nitrogen by microbial mineralization of
organic matter in combination with the addition of the worms nitrogenous waste through
theirexcretion(ChristryandRamalingam,2005).
The initial and final TKN of the waste subjected for vermicompost were 1.47 and 2.51
respectively.AstheC:Nratioofallthewasteswererelativelyhigherinitially,therewasnot
much loss of N as ammonia and hence the N content increased with days. (Goyal et al.,
2005 SanchezMonedero et al., 2001 Reddy et al. 1979). Hence the present study has
established the fact that the used plant materials along with the cow dung and leaf wastes
couldbe very well subjected for theprocess of vermicomposting. And it has resulted in a
compost material with a favorable C:N ratio. Similarly Umamaheswari et al., (2006) have
checkedthepossibilityofconvertingEichhorniaascompost.Furtherthecomposthasbeen
usedforthegerminationofAbelmoschusesculentus.
4.Conclusion
Asperthestudythe promisingattributesofWaterhyacinth includesitstolerancetodyeand
dyeabsorptionalongwithgoodrootdevelopment,lowmaintenanceandreadyavailabilityin
contaminatedregions.Thesecharacteristicsprovethesuitabilityofwaterhyacinth indyeing
industryeffluenttreatmentponds.Howeverfurtherexperimentcouldbedonetooptimizethe
conditionsforthetreatmentofthedirecteffluentsandcautionmustbealwaystakenasthese
Hydrophytescaneasilycontaminatetheaquaticecosystem.
1. TheabovementionedexperimenthasprovedtheefficiencyofEichhorniacrassipesto
remove the color and degrade the dye by about 95% with Red RB and 99.5% with
blackB.
2. The phytochemical component analysis indicates the increased production of
Hexadecanoic acid, which may be a promising result, but the reduction in phytol
contentrecordsasignificantreductioninthechlorophyllcontentwhichneedsfurther
investigation.
3. IthasbeenfurtherestablishedbysubjectingtheEicchorniaplantsusedfortreatment
forvermicompostingwithcowdungandleaves.
4. The process further solves the solid waste disposal problem also and could be
acceptedasareliablemethodfordyedegradationandsolidwastereduction.
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