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This document outlines various cardiac rhythm disturbances involving the sinus node, atria, junction, AV node, and ventricles. It describes the characteristics of sinus tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia and arrest. It also discusses premature atrial contractions, various forms of atrial tachycardia including flutter and fibrillation. Junctional rhythms like junctional tachycardia are covered. First, second, and third degree heart block are explained. The document also outlines ventricular arrhythmias including premature ventricular contractions that can present as unifocal, multifocal couples or triplets. Ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, idioventricular rhythms and asystole
This document outlines various cardiac rhythm disturbances involving the sinus node, atria, junction, AV node, and ventricles. It describes the characteristics of sinus tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia and arrest. It also discusses premature atrial contractions, various forms of atrial tachycardia including flutter and fibrillation. Junctional rhythms like junctional tachycardia are covered. First, second, and third degree heart block are explained. The document also outlines ventricular arrhythmias including premature ventricular contractions that can present as unifocal, multifocal couples or triplets. Ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, idioventricular rhythms and asystole
This document outlines various cardiac rhythm disturbances involving the sinus node, atria, junction, AV node, and ventricles. It describes the characteristics of sinus tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia and arrest. It also discusses premature atrial contractions, various forms of atrial tachycardia including flutter and fibrillation. Junctional rhythms like junctional tachycardia are covered. First, second, and third degree heart block are explained. The document also outlines ventricular arrhythmias including premature ventricular contractions that can present as unifocal, multifocal couples or triplets. Ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, idioventricular rhythms and asystole
1. Sinus tachycardia Fast rates P waves may merge with preceding T waves Rate: >100 bpm
2. Sinus Bradycardia Rate: <60 bpm
3. Sinus arrhythmia Rhythm: irregular
4. Sinus arrest/ pause PQRST will be missing 5. Sick sinus syndrome Combination of sinus node dysrhythmias Tachy-brady Brady-tachy
B. ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS 1. Premature atrial contraction (PAC) P is at opposite polarity P will not be seen because it is lost in the preceding T wave P-R interval may be shorter than normal
2. Atrial tachycardia Rate: 160-250 bpm P may be hidden in the previous T wave TYPES: a. Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia Four or more consecutive PACs Rate:150-250 bpm P waves may not be seen b. Multifocal atrial tachycardia Tachycardia with beat-to-beat variation of the p wave morphology
3. Atrial flutter Saw-toothed F waves Atrial Rate: 250-400 bpm Ventricular rate: 150, 100, 75 Two for one flutter: atrial rate of 300 and ventricular arte of 150 4. Atrial fibrillation Atrial Rate: >400 bpm Ventricular rate: 110-180 bpm Ventricular rhythm: irregular C. JUNCTIONAL RHYTHMS
1. Junctional rhythm Rate: 40-60 bpm P wave is absent or inverted 2. Accelerated Junctional rhythm Rate: 60-100 bpm P wave is absent or inverted
3. Junctional Tachycardia Rate: >100 bpm
D. ATRIOVENTRICULAR HEART BLOCKS 1. First degree heart block Prolonged PR: >.2 secs Constant
2. Second degree heart block a. Mobitz type 1 Progressive lengthening of the PR interval until a beat is dropped Dropped beat is seen as a P wave and not followed by QRS complex b. Mobitz type 2 No warning before a beat is dropped PR interval remain constant before the dropped beat 3. Third degree heart block / complete heart block P waves occur at a faster rate than ventricular rate QRS: <60 bpm P waves bear no relationship to the QRS PR intervals: variable QRS complex: normal/ abnormal width E. VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS
1. Premature ventricular contractions P wave is not seen before a PVC Aberrant in appearance QRS: abnormally wide T wave and QRS complex are at opposite directions
a. Unifocal one PVC b. Multifocal 2 or more PVC c. Couplet 2 PVC in a row d. Triplet 3 PVC in a row e. Bigeminy Every other normal beats f. Trigemini Every other two normal beats g. Quadrigeminy Every other three normal beats
2. Ventricular tachycardia 4 or more PVC: bursts and paroxysmal Rate: >100 bpm 3. Ventricular fibrillation Coarse and fine rhythms 4. Idioventricular rhythm Wide, bizarre QRS complex Absent P wave Rate: 20-40 bpm Rhythm: regular 5. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm Rate: 40-100 bpm F. ASYSTOLE Flat line