Anda di halaman 1dari 17

Summary:-

The objective of this report is to develop the basic concepts of gas turbine and to study its parameters
that is(pressure ,temperature ,turbine work, compressor work , heat supplied etc.).This report also
includes the behavior of these parameter with respect to the efficiency.This report also provide the
applications, recent development and typical gas turbine models and its parameters. The environmental
effects on the gas turbine have also been discussed in this report. It is found that efficiency and
controlling of constant pressure gas turbine is more effective as compared to constant volume gas
turbine. It also includes the advantages and disadvantages of the gas turbines during their working and
controls
0
Content list
Abstract..!
Introduction"
#istory..............................................................................................................$
%as turbine cycle..&
'ajor components (
Applications...)
*ecent developments..+
Advantages , disadvantages.....-"
.alculation of %T parameters table...-$
/arameter graph...-&
.omments..-0
1ibliography....-0
*eferences..-0
Appendi2..-(
1
Introduction of Gas Turbine
A turbine is any kind of spinning device that uses the action of a fluid to produce work. Typical fluids are3
air, wind, water, steam and helium. 4indmills and hydroelectric dams have used turbine action for decades to turn
the core of an electrical generator to produce power for both industrial and residential consumption. 5impler
turbines are much older, with the first known appearance dating to the time of ancient %reece.
(6rank whittle turbine model)
History of gas turbine:-
2
In the history of energy conversion, however, the gas turbine is relatively new. The first practical gas turbine used to
generate electricity ran at 7euchatel, 5wit8erland in -+"+, and was developed by the 1rown
1ovary .ompany. The first gas turbine powered airplane flight also took place in -+"+ in %ermany, using the
gas turbine developed by #ans /. von 9hain.In :ngland, the -+";s< invention and development of the aircraft
gas turbine by 6rank 4hittle resulted in a similar 1ritish flight in -+$-.
6igure -. 5chematic for a) an aircraft jet engine= and b) a land>based gas turbine
The name ?gas turbine? is somewhat misleading, because to many it implies a turbine engine that uses
gas as its fuel. Actually a gas turbine (as shown schematically in 6ig. -) has a
.ompressorto draw in and compress gas (most usually air)= acombustor(or burner) to add fuel to heat the
compressed air= and aturbineto e2tract power from the hot air flow. The gas turbine is an
internal combustion (I.) engine employing a continuous combustion process. This differs from
the intermittent combustion occurring in @ieseland automotive I. engines
Gas Turbine Cycles:-
3
%as turbine cycles relate to brayton cycles which is of two types
-. 9pen loop cycle.
!. .losed loop cycle.
The 1rayton cycle was first proposed by %eorge 1rayton for use in the reciprocating oil>burning engine
that he developed around -)(;. Today, it is used for gas turbines only where both the compression and
e2pansion processes take place in rotating machinery. %as turbines usually operate on an open cycle,
as shown in fig(a).6resh air at ambient conditions is drawn into the compressor, where its temperature
and pressure are raised. The highpressure air proceeds into the combustion chamber, where the fuel is
burned at constant pressure. The resulting high temperature gases then enter the turbine, where they
e2pand to the atmospheric pressure while producing power. The e2haust gases leaving the turbine are
thrown out (not recirculated), causing the cycle to be classified as an open cycle. The open gas>turbine
cycle described above can be modeled as a closed cycle, as shown in fig(b)., by utili8ing the air>
standard assumptions. #ere the compression and e2pansion processes remain the same, but the
combustion process is replaced by a constant>pressure heat>addition process from an e2ternal source,
and the e2haust process is replaced by a constantpressure heat>rejection process to the ambient air.
The ideal cycle that the working fluid undergoes in this closed loop is the 1rayton cycle, which is made
up of four internally reversible processes3
->! Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
!>" .onstant>pressure heat addition
">$ Isentropic e2pansion (in a turbine)
$>- .onstant>pressure heat reject.
Gas Turbines Cycles:-
4
6ig(a)>(open loop cycle of %T) fig(b)>(close loop cycle of %T)
P-V & T-S diagram of Gas Turbine:-
5
Major comonents of gas turbine:-
'ajor components of gas turbine are as follows.
-. .ompressor.
!. .ombustor.
". Turbine.
.ompressor3
'ounted on the same shaft or coupled to the turbine.@elivery pressure is increased by multistage
construction of compressor. #owever the efficiency of multistage compressor is lower than single stage
compressor due to losses.
.ombustor3
#igh>pressure air from the compressor then enters a combustion chamber where it is
mi2ed with fuel and ignited, increasing the temperature of the air to as much as -$;;A.,
or higher in some of the latest machines to appear. The gas turbine combustion chamber
is specially designed to produce the minimum Buantity of 79x. This 79xis produced at
high temperature by a reaction between o2ygen and nitrogen in air, but this can be
controlled by controlling the combustion process so that all the o2ygen is used during
combustion, leaving none to react with nitrogen.
Turbine:
Turbineemploys vans or blades mounted on the shaft and enclosed in a casing. 5tages are always
preferred in gas turbine power plant because it helps to reduce the stresses in the bladesand
increases overall efficiency.It is essential to cool the blades for long life as these are continuously
subjected to high temperature gases. The common method is to pass cool air through holes in the
blades.
!lications of Gas Turbine:-
6
Industrialgas turbines for o"er generation:
Industrial gas turbines for mec#anical dri$e
%as Turbine in surface vehicles
%as Turbine in Aircraft
%ecent de$eloments:-
7
%as turbine technology has steadily advanced since its inception and continues to evolve.
@evelopment is active in producing both smaller gas turbines and more powerful and efficient engines.
'ain drivers are computer design (specifically .6@ and finite element analysis) and development of
advanced materials 1ase materials with superior high temperature strength (e.g., single
crystal superalloys that e2hibit yield strength anomaly) or thermal barrier coatings that protect the
structural material underneath from ever higher temperatures. These advances allowed
highercompression ratios and turbine inlet temperatures, more efficient combustion and better cooling
of engine parts.
The simple>cycle efficiencies of early gas turbines were practically doubled by incorporating inter>
cooling, regeneration (or recuperation), and reheating. These improvements, of course, come at the
e2pense of increased initial and operation costs, and they cannot be justified unless the decrease in
fuel costs offsets the increase in other costs. The relatively low fuel prices, the general desire in the
industry to minimi8e installation costs, and the tremendous increase in the simple>cycle efficiency to
about $; percent left little desire for opting for these modifications.
9n the emissions side, the challenge in technology is increasing turbine inlet temperature while
reducing peak flame temperature to achieve lower 792 emissions to cope with the latest regulations. In
'ay !;--, 'itsubishi #eavy Industries achieved a turbine inlet temperature of -,0;; A. on a "!;
megawatt gas turbine, $0; '4 in gas turbine combined>cycle power generation applications in which
gross thermal efficiency e2ceeds 0;C.
&fficiencies of Gas Turbines:-
8
Calculation of various parameter of GT from
diferent pressure ratios

!upplied data"
The gas turbine used for this investigation operates on a closed cycle with air in compressor.
./ of air D -.;;&EFGkg %amma (H) for air D -.$
Temperature at start of compression (T-)D ";;E
Temperature before turbine work (T") D -";;E
@ifferent /ressure ratios D &, 0, (, ), +,-;
#ressu
re
ratio
Temp$
2%
$&%
Temp$
4%
$&%
'(cien
c)
$*%
Tur+
,or&
-./&0
Comp
,or&
-./&0
1eat
suppli
ed
-./&0
2et
,or&
-./&0
3or&
ratio
5 475.13
5
820.81

36.86 481.5
76
176.0
1
828.
8
305.5
6
.634
6 500.54
0
77.15
8
40.06 523.4
36
201.5
4
803.4
57
321.
0
.614
7 523.07
7
745.58

42.64 557.1
84
224.1

780.8
07
332.
7
.57
8 543.41
8
717.67

44.7 585.2
32
244.6
3
760.3
64
340.5

.581
562.01
5
63.3
1
46.62 60.0

263.3
2
741.6
74
345.7
7
.567
10 57.1
0
673.35
3
48.20 62.7
7
280.5
8
724.4
13
34.1

.554
10
Grap4 +/, pressure ratio 5! ,or&
ratio6e(cienc)7 tur+ine ,or&
11
'nvironmental efects of GT models"
Tur+ine
model
!GT8
100
!GT8
200
!GT8
400
!GT8
500
!GT8
600
!GT8
700
29:emmisi
on
;
<25pp
mv
;
<15pp
mv
;
<15pp
mv
;
<42pp
mv
;
<25pp
mv
;
<15pp
mv
Comments"
6rom calculated data we conclude that by increasing the pressure ratio we can increase the
efficiency of gas turbine.given table show that turbine work related to efficiency if turbine work is
ma2imum then we take efficiency of gas turbine is ma2imum.
It can be concluded from the data if heat supplied is very high then efficiency of %T is
low.because energy in the form of heat is ma2imum loss.
5o by controlling the temperature and pressure we can control the turbine work and efficiency.
An enviorement effect of gas turbine is very important to study and overcome this problem.for
this purpose to prevent the formation of carbon mono o2ide (.9) and hydro carbons
(#.),formation of nitrogen o2ide (792),and formation of sulpherdi o2ide (59!) in combusture
chamber.
6rom study we conclude that the efficiency and controlling of constant pressure %T is effective
as compared to constant volume %T.
=eferences/>i+lio0rap4)"
%as turbine Available(http3GGen.wikipedia.orgGwikiG%asIturbineJ*eferences)
%as turbine topic Available3 (http3GGen.wikipedia.orgGwikiG%asIturbineJ#istory)
The gas turbine cycle Availablehttp3GGwww.yildi8.edu.trGKdagdasG1raytonC!;cycle.pdf)
.omponents of gas turbine (http3GGwww.britannica.comG:1checkedGtopicG!!0$)-Ggas>
turbine>engineJtoc$&(-+)
Application of gas turbine available3
$http3GGen.wikipedia.orgGwikiG%asIturbineJIndustrialIgasIturbinesIforIpowerIgeneration)
12
Advantages of gas turbine available3
$http3GGen.wikipedia.orgGwikiG%asIturbineJAdvantagesIofIgasIturbineIengines.)
@evelopment of gas turbine Available3
(http3GGen.wikipedia.orgGwikiG%asIturbineJAdvancesIinItechnology)
Turbine models Available(:&;;;->%$";>A-;;>L->$A;;>%as TurbineI1rochuereI:IM*)
?ma0e references"
1raytonIcycle.svgGsourceDen3image3braytoncycle.svg
www.skybrary.aeroGbookshelfGbooksG-0!-.pdf
www.a8om.com.
www.scientificdirect.com
%eto>photos.blogspot.com
@ppendices
!pecimen Calculations"
!upplied data"
The gas turbine used for this investigation operates on a closed cycle with air in compressor.
./ of air D -.;;&EFGkg, %amma (H) for air D -.$
Temperature at start of compression (T-)D ";;E
Temperature before turbine work (T") D -";;E
13
/ressure ratios D 0
Aind"T2BT4B3tB3cB3netBCsupB'(cienc)B3rBD
!olution"
A9= T'E#'=@TF='$2% "
T2 /T1B$#2/#1%G81/
T2B$6%G1.481/1.4H300B500.5-
A9= T'E#'=@TF='$4%"
T3/T4B$#3/#4%G -1/
T4B$1/6%G.285*1300B77.158-
A9= TF=>?2' 39=-"
3TBC#$T38T2%
3TB1.005$1300877.158%B523.44-I/-0
A9= C9E#'='!!9= 39=-"
3CBC#$T28T1%
3CB1.005$500.548300%B201.54-./-0
A9= 2'T 39=-"
3netB3T83C
3netB523.448201.54B321.84-./-0
14
A9= 1'@T !F##J?'K"
CsBC#$T38T2%
CsB1.005$13008500.54%B803.457-./-0
A9= 'AA?C?'2CL"
'B3net/Cs
'B321.84/803.457B40.96*
A9= 39=- =@T?9"
3=B3net/3tB321.84/523.44B.614
15
16

Anda mungkin juga menyukai