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This paper is intended as an investigation of the relationship between preoperative findings and short-term outcome in third molar surgery. The amount of facial swelling varied depending on age and sex. Severe pain was associated with depth and preoperative index of difficulty.
This paper is intended as an investigation of the relationship between preoperative findings and short-term outcome in third molar surgery. The amount of facial swelling varied depending on age and sex. Severe pain was associated with depth and preoperative index of difficulty.
This paper is intended as an investigation of the relationship between preoperative findings and short-term outcome in third molar surgery. The amount of facial swelling varied depending on age and sex. Severe pain was associated with depth and preoperative index of difficulty.
British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (2004) 42, 209214
Clinical postoperative ndings after removal
of impacted mandibular third molars: prediction of postoperative facial swelling and pain based on preoperative variables Hidemichi Yuasa a,b, *, Masayuki Sugiura c a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Central Hospital of Tokai Medical Institute, 1, Marune, Arao-tyou, Tokai City 476-8511, Japan b The Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aich-Gakuin University, 2-11, Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan c Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya City Jyohoku Municipal Hospital 2-15, Kaneda-tyou, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-0033, Japan Accepted 9 February 2004 KEYWORDS Impacted mandibular third molar; Surgical removal; Informed consent; Postoperative ndings; Prediction Summary Purpose: This paper is intended as an investigation of the relationship between preoperative ndings and short-term outcome in third molar surgery. Ma- terial and methods: We assessed 153 consecutive surgical extractions of mandibular third molars performed in 140 patients between April 1998 and March 2001. Results: Fifty-four (35%) of the 153 extractions were performed in male subjects and 99 (65%) in female subjects. The median age was 27 years. The amount of facial swelling varied depending on age and sex. Severe pain was associated with depth and preoperative index of difculty. Average pain was associated with preoperative index of difculty. Conclusion: In conclusion, we consider that the short-term outcomes of third molar operations (swelling and pain) differ depending on patients characteristics (age and sex) and preoperative index of difculty. Further mega-trial studies of the association between preoperative ndings and short-term outcome will help to elucidate the true nature and magnitude of the association. 2004 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction The removal of lower third molars is the most com- mon oral operation, and the postoperative course *Corresponding author. Present address: 8U-102room, a-banrafure hosigaoka, 1-23-4, Hosigaoka, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0801, Japan. Tel.: +81-52-781-4045; fax: +81-52-781-4045. E-mail address: MXE05064@nifty.ne.jp (H. Yuasa). can be complicated. 16 There have been few at- tempts to study patients expectations of outcome although patients perception of recovery after third molar surgery has been reported. 7,8 Berge and Boe attempted to predict the extent of postoperative morbidity by multiple regression analysis. 9 Their study did not, however, correlate the extent of postoperative facial swelling and pain with preoperative variables, but with overall 0266-4356/$ see front matter 2004 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2004.02.005 210 H. Yuasa, M. Sugiura predictive factors. It is more informative from a patients point of view to relate outcome to factors that can be measured preoperatively than to rely on an overall probability. In the present paper we present the results of an investigation into the cor- relation between preoperative factors (patients characteristics, anatomical position of the tooth, and index of operative difculty) and postoper- ative morbidity (short-term outcome: pain and swelling on the rst day) after extraction of third molars. Patients and methods Between April 1998 and March 2001 in the rst oral surgery clinic of the Nagoya City Jyouhoku Munici- pal Hospital, Japan, we studied prospectively 140 consecutive patients who had 153 extractions of mandibular third molars. Thirteen patients who needed bilateral extractions had their teeth re- moved on separate occasions. The study was re- stricted to healthy Japanese people who had no serious medical disorder or bleeding dyscrasia. Only one lower third molar was removed at each operation. All teeth were partially or completely covered by mucosa and the root was fully formed in all cases. Exclusion criteria included patients who required admission to the hospital or who were pregnant. No patient had acute pericoronitis or severe periodon- tal disease at the time of operation. Patients were not given preoperative antimicrobial drugs or other medication that might inuence healing. Three pa- tients with swelling or pain as a result of unusual events were excluded from the analysis (two sub- cutaneous emphysema and one haemorrhage). All operations were done under local anaesthe- sia by the same oral surgeon (H.Y., who has more than 10 years experience) in the same operating room and under similar conditions. Analgesia was achieved by an inferior alveolar and buccal nerve block, together with inltration of the mucosa of the retromolar trigone with two 1.8-ml capsules of 2% lignocaine containing 1:80,000 adrenaline. The mucoperiosteal ap extended from the mesial corner of the rst molar distally to the retromo- lar region. Bone was removed with a round bur, and the tooth was sectioned with a ssure bur in a high-speed handpiece. The wound was irrigated with cool sterile physiologic saline solution. A 4-0 nylon suture was used to close the wound with- out tension. One suture was placed interdentally between the second and rst molars, and three su- tures were used to close the distal part of the inci- sion. A small rubber tube drain was inserted in the distal part of the incision to avoid accumulation of haematoma that could result in excessive swelling. For the rst 3 postoperative days all patients were given antibiotics (amoxycillin or cefaclor 750 mg three times daily), drugs for peptic ul- cer (ranitidine 300 mg three times daily) and an anti-inammatory drug (loxoprofen sodium 120 mg every 6 h). In Japan, medical insurance does not allow dentists to give prophylactic antibiotics. The following variables were recorded before the operation: Clinical: Age (continuous and categorical vari- ables: 029, 3039, and over 40 years); sex (male, female); side operated on (right, left); maximum interincisal distance (continuous and categorical: 3039, 4049, and over 50 mm 029 mm is none); history of pericoronitis (yes, no); degree of eruption (partial eruption, non-eruption); and facial measurements, hori- zontal (distance from the corner of the mouth to the attachment of the ear lobe following the bulge of the cheek) and vertical (distance from the outer canthus of the eye to the angle of the mandible). Radiographic: Position of tooth 10,11 (position A: highest portion of the tooth on a level with or above the occlusal line; position B: highest portion of the tooth below the occlusal line, but above the cervical line of the second mo- lar; position C: highest portion of the tooth on a level with or below the cervical line of the second molar); relative depth of tooth; relation of tooth to the ramus of the mandible (relation to ramus and space available) (class 1: sufcient space between the ramus and the distal surface of the second molar for the ac- commodation of the mesiodistal diameter of the crown of the third molar; class 2: space between the ramus and the distal surface of the second molar is less than the mesiodis- tal diameter of the crown of the third molar; class 3: all or most of the third molar is within the ramus); position of tooth in relation to the long axis of the second molar (spatial relation) (angulations were dened as distal or mesial divergence of the occlusal surface from the oc- clusal plane established by the rst and second molars, horizontal, mesioangular, vertical, dis- toangular); relative horizontal position of the third molar (centre, lingual deection, buccal deection); periodontal membrane space (all ndings, partial ndings, or no ndings); and preoperative index of difculty using rotational panoramic tomograms and oral ndings 12 (po- sition C or class 3 or thick (singular-middle root Removal of impacted mandibular third molars 211 is wider than the neck and the roots do not separate), incomplete roots excluded) on ro- tational panoramic images predicts difculty. The measures of outcome that we used as sur- rogate measures of morbidity (Table 2) were facial swelling dened by the distance from the corner of the mouth to the ear lobe and the outer canthus of the eye to the angle of the mandible measured by a thread which was then transferred to a ruler. Fa- cial swelling was calculated as horizontal measure plus vertical measurement divided by 2, and per- centage of facial swelling as preoperative measure- ment minus postoperative measurement divided by preoperative measurement times 100. These measurements and those of interincisal opening were made on postoperative days 1 and 7 by the same person. Trismus was calculated as preoperative measurement minus postoperative measurement divided by preoperative measure- ment multiplied by 100. In addition, each patient was given a questionnaire that included the revised Table 1 Univariate analysis on postoperative day 1. Variable Number of patients Swelling (mm) Severe pain (0100 VAS) Average pain (0100 VAS) Age 029 95 18 51 40 3039 39 18 50 39 Over 40 19 28 * 50 42 Sex Male 54 24 50 40 Female 99 15 * 50 40 Maximum interincisal distance 3039 23 18 60 45 4049 101 18 46 38 Over 50 29 28 52 42 Degree of eruption Partial 97 19 48 36 Unerupted 56 19 51 40 Depth Position A 42 19 44 34 Position B 80 19 51 39 Position C 31 19 62 * 49 * Relation to ramus, space available Class 1 23 28 48 49 Class 2 111 19 50 38 Class 3 19 10 * 64 45 Preoperative index of difculty Easy 99 19 46 36 Difcult 54 19 60 * 45 * Figures are medians. * Signicantly different from others in that group. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) instrument to be completed on postoperative days 1 and 7. 7 The amount of pain was assessed by the patients on visual analogue scales (VAS) that ran from 0 to 100 mm. The amount was arbitrarily divided into average and severe. Statistical analysis The MannWhitney U test was used to calculate the signicance of continuous preoperative variables. The variables that were signicant predictors were used in a logistic regression model with facial swelling, severe pain, and average pain as the de- pendent variables. In doing the logistic analysis, continuous variables and dependent variables were ranked according to their median value. The post- operative difculty rank excluded the predictive model for the self-completed outcome measure- ment. In addition, variables with correlations of 0.3 or over were excluded from the model. We then analysed the position of the tooth (depth, relation 212 H. Yuasa, M. Sugiura to ramus, and space available) and preoperative index of difculty in two models. Calculations were made with the statistical soft- ware package STATISTICA 2000 (Stat Soft Inc. USA, 2000). For all tests a probability of less than 0.05 was considered signicant. Results Of the 153 extractions, 54 (35%) were in male and 99 (65%) in female. The median age was 27 years (range: 1767). The clinical indications for removal were pericoronitis in 88 (58%), pain in 17 (11%), caries in second molar in 11 (7%), orthodontic rea- sons in 8 (5%), impaction in 19 (12%), and request by the patient in 10 (6%). Univariate analysis showed that the factors that predicted swelling on day 1 on were age, sex, and relation to ramus (space available). Those that pre- dicted severe pain were depth of impaction and preoperative index of difculty (Table 1). On day 7 the factors predictive of continued swelling were age and horizontal position. Those Table 2 Univariate analysis on postoperative day 7. Variable Number of patients Swelling (mm) Severe pain (0100 VAS) Average pain (0100 VAS) Age 029 95 0 12 10 3039 39 0 15 10 Over 40 19 10 * 14 11 Maximum interincisal distance preoperative 3039 23 0 20 13 4049 101 0 15 10 Over 50 29 0 10 10 Degree of eruption Partial 97 0 10 10 Unerupted 56 0 20 * 12 Depth Position A 42 0 9 6 Position B 80 0 12 10 Position C 31 0 20 * 11 Horizontal position Centre 111 0 12 10 Lingual 1 0 0 0 Buccal 11 15 * 28 11 Preoperative index of difculty Easy 99 0 10 8 Difcult 54 0 21 * 16 * Figures are medians. * Signicantly different from others in that group. predictive of persistent severe pain were degree of eruption, depth of impaction, and preoperative index of difculty (Table 2). If the three outcome factors (swelling, severe pain, and average pain) were considered collec- tively as a measure of morbidity then on day 1 they were predicted by these variables: age, sex, depth, relation to ramus, and preoperative index of dif- culty. The independent variables that predicted swelling were age and sex (P < 0.04 for age and P = 0.04 for sex). Severe pain was signicantly correlated with depth (P = 0.03) and preoperative index of difculty (P = 0.01). Average pain was signicantly correlated with preoperative index of difculty (P = 0.02). Discussion The amount of facial swelling varied depending on age and sex. Severe pain was associated with depth of tooth and preoperative index of difculty. Av- erage pain was associated with preoperative index Removal of impacted mandibular third molars 213 of difculty. It is quite likely that facial swelling is affected by individual characteristics such as age and sex. Facial swelling was also associated with the relation to the ramus and space available in the univariate analysis. Unlike other factors, severe swelling was seen with easier extractions, which were associated with a wide relation to ramus and space available. We think that the relation to the ramus and space available may show the form of the patients face. Severe pain and average pain were related to the depth of teeth and the difculty of extraction. Whereas swelling was more common in patients over 40 years of age, pain did not vary with age. The preoperative index of difculty described by Yuasa et al. has been useful in predicting postop- erative pain. 12 Signicant variables on multivariate analysis are shown in Fig. 1 (with the exception of depth). For swelling, this diagram tells us that the strengths of correlation of age group (40 years or over) and sex (male) are larger than the rest. We did not examine the ndings on day 7 because of the small size of the effects. We did not discuss oral health, routine activities, overall health, and other symptoms included in the HRQL report 7 be- cause they had little connection with swelling or pain. Further studies will be required to conrm the predictive factors described in this paper, and we cannot assume causal inferences between preoper- ative ndings and outcome. We consider it unlikely, Age (year) S w e l l i n g 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0-29 30-29 over 40 Gender S w e l l i n g 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Male Female Preoperative difficulty index W o r s t
p a i n
( V A S ) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Easy Difficult Preoperative difficulty index A v e r a g e
p a i n
( V A S ) 0 20 40 60 80 100 Easy Difficult (b) (d) (a) (c) Figure 1 Box and whisker plots of signicant variables: (a) swelling and age; (b) swelling and sex; (c) worst pain and preoperative difculty index; and (d) average pain and preoperative difculty index. The black central symbol indicates the median, the bars indicate the range, and the horizontal edges of the boxes the interquartile range. however, that these biases will affect the internal validity of the main result, particularly because of the internal consistency in univariate and multi- variate analysis. Potential problems derived from somewhat arbitrary assessments of swelling and pain were addressed by using univariate analysis and arbitrary cut-off points, in addition to logistic regression analysis. We had few complications. 1,3 There were no cases of dysaesthesia, fracture, secondary infec- tion, or dry socket (alveolar osteitis). However, two patients had subcutaneous emphysema and one ex- cessive bleeding. Compared with other reports, the postoperative complications that we encountered were minor. 7,13,14 In conclusion, we consider that the short-term outcomes of third molar operations (swelling and pain) differ depending on patients characteristics (age and sex) and preoperative index of difculty. It would help to identify a group of patients at high risk of severe swelling and pain and to design ran- domised trials to evaluate the effectiveness of new surgical methods. For instance, subjects who have extractions should not be viewed as a uniform pop- ulation when postoperative analgesia is evaluated, but should be stratied by operating time and pre- operative index of difculty. However, because of the observational nature of the study, our results should be interpreted with caution. Further stud- ies of the association between preoperative nd- ings and short-term outcome will help to elucidate the true nature and magnitude of the association. 214 H. Yuasa, M. Sugiura References 1. Chiapasco M, De Cicco L, Marrone G. Side effects and com- plications associated with third molar surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993;76:41220. 2. Lopes V, Mumenya R, Feinmann C, Harris M. Third mo- lar surgery: an audit of the indications for surgery, post- operative complaints and patient satisfaction. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995;33:335. 3. Oikarinen K, Rasanen A. Complications of third molar surgery among university students. J Am Coll Health 1991;39:2815. 4. Garcia Garcia A, Gude Sampedro F, Gandara Rey J, Gallas Torreira M. Trismus and pain after removal of impacted lower third molars. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;55:12236. 5. Renton T, McGurk M. Evaluation of factors predictive of lin- gual nerve injury in third molar surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;39:4238. 6. Renton T, Smeeton N, McGurk M. Factors predictive of difculty of mandibular third molar surgery. Br Dent J 2001;190:60710. 7. Shugars DA, Benson K, White Jr RP, et al. 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