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Condenser Heat Load

thread391-238347
dkm0038 (Mechanical) 23 Feb 09 17:12
I am designing an air cooled heat exchanger for a steam condenser. The specs that i have recieved for
steam is a flow rate of 99,800 lb/hr, 969.89 BTU/lb, and at 4.6 inHg. The heat load given is 86,958,734.

The heat load was calculated by the flow rate times the difference between the enthalpy of vaporization
(969.89) and the enthalpy of the condensate (98.56).

My question is why was the heat load calculated as shown above? It seems that the necessary heat load
would be the flow rate times the enthalpy of vaporization, which i thought was the energy transfer
needed to condense the steam.

Thank You for any help anyone may have.

Montemayor (Chemical)
23 Feb 09 17:43

The heat load is calculated using 969.89 Btu/lb as the latent heat of condensation --- and that is the
correct figure to use. Actually, I get 969.74 Btu/lb using the online NIST database - but that nit-
picking.

You obviously have your enthalpies mixed up. The enthalpy of the saturated condensate at 4.6 in Hg =
181.96 Btu/lb

The enthalpy of the saturated steam at 4.6 in Hg = 1,151.70 Btu/lb. The difference is the latent heat of
vaporization (or the latent heat of condensation, however you want to describe it). Check it out.

dkm0038 (Mechanical) 23 Feb 09 18:19
Thanks for your quick reply.

So the latent heat of vaporization equals the enthalpy of vaporization minus the enthalpy of saturated
liquid?

And also is it correct to get these values at the operating pressure (4.6 inHg), or would there ever be a
reason to get it at atmospheric pressure? Thats what I'm thinking he got the enthalpy of saturated
liquid from.

Thanks Again

Montemayor (Chemical)
23 Feb 09 19:58

dkm0038:

No, the latent heat of vaporization DOES NOT equal the enthalpy of vaporization minus the enthalpy
of saturated liquid. Your terminology is wrong and that's probably what's giving you the wrong idea
and/or concept of what takes place inside the condenser and on a Mollier (P-H) diagram. There is no
such thing as "enthalpy of vaporization". Enthalpy is the property of a substance and not of an action or
process. Allow me to explain in detail in order to make sure we both agree on what is happening.

I assume that the steam condenses in the condenser at a constant pressure of 4.6 inches of Hg (gauge).
Actually, this is not really true because there has to be a pressure drop within the condenser (otherwise,
there would be no flow), but it is what is done in practice and this assumption yields a conservative
answer. I also assume that the inlet steam is SATURATED (as opposed to superheated). I'm also
assuming that the formed condensate is also saturated (as opposed to supercooled). This means that you
must evacuate the condensate as fast as it is formed. Under these conditions, the thermodynamic
process is a horizontal line on the Mollier diagram that starts at the saturated vapor curve line on the
right hand side of the diagram and extends horizontally to the left portion of the curve that represents
the saturated liquid line. This horizontal line should be directly on top of the pressure value of 4.6
inches of Hg (gauge pressure don't forget to add atmospheric to convert it to absolute pressure) which
can be read on the Ordinate axis of the Diagram.

Note that the horizontal line defines what is happening in the condenser: you are taking saturated steam
and condensing it at constant pressure. The point at the saturated vapor curve defines the condenser
inlet and its enthalpy can be read directly below, on the Abscissa axis. The point on the saturated liquid
curve defines the product condensate and its enthalpy can also be read below, on the abscissa. The
definition of the load on the condenser is the heat removed from the steam in order to convert it to
condensate and this equates to the enthalpy of the vapor minus the enthalpy of the condensate as
represented by the length of the horizontal line. If you use the Mollier Diagram, you have the
enthalpies of both streams. You can also use the NIST free database which you can find at:
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/. Either way, you should find that the difference between the
enthalpies is the 969.74 Btu/lb.

Additionally, I believe you either have a typo or someone made an error in the calculations' results you
were given. If you multiply the steam mass flow rate by the latent heat of vaporization you were given
(& which I confirmed as correct), then you obtain 96,795,022 Btu/hr and NOT 86,958,734 as the heat
load you report. Somewhere, something is amiss and I recommend you check it out.

I hope this helps to bolster your confidence in the correct calculated load.

chicopee (Mechanical) 23 Feb 09 19:38
As montamayor point out Q = m*(hv-hs) where m is mass flow rate

Montemayor (Chemical)
23 Feb 09 19:58

dkm0038:

No, the latent heat of vaporization DOES NOT equal the enthalpy of vaporization minus the enthalpy
of saturated liquid. Your terminology is wrong and that's probably what's giving you the wrong idea
and/or concept of what takes place inside the condenser and on a Mollier (P-H) diagram. There is no
such thing as "enthalpy of vaporization". Enthalpy is the property of a substance and not of an action or
process. Allow me to explain in detail in order to make sure we both agree on what is happening.

I assume that the steam condenses in the condenser at a constant pressure of 4.6 inches of Hg (gauge).
Actually, this is not really true because there has to be a pressure drop within the condenser (otherwise,
there would be no flow), but it is what is done in practice and this assumption yields a conservative
answer. I also assume that the inlet steam is SATURATED (as opposed to superheated). I'm also
assuming that the formed condensate is also saturated (as opposed to supercooled). This means that you
must evacuate the condensate as fast as it is formed. Under these conditions, the thermodynamic
process is a horizontal line on the Mollier diagram that starts at the saturated vapor curve line on the
right hand side of the diagram and extends horizontally to the left portion of the curve that represents
the saturated liquid line. This horizontal line should be directly on top of the pressure value of 4.6
inches of Hg (gauge pressure don't forget to add atmospheric to convert it to absolute pressure) which
can be read on the Ordinate axis of the Diagram.

Note that the horizontal line defines what is happening in the condenser: you are taking saturated steam
and condensing it at constant pressure. The point at the saturated vapor curve defines the condenser
inlet and its enthalpy can be read directly below, on the Abscissa axis. The point on the saturated liquid
curve defines the product condensate and its enthalpy can also be read below, on the abscissa. The
definition of the load on the condenser is the heat removed from the steam in order to convert it to
condensate and this equates to the enthalpy of the vapor minus the enthalpy of the condensate as
represented by the length of the horizontal line. If you use the Mollier Diagram, you have the
enthalpies of both streams. You can also use the NIST free database which you can find at:
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/. Either way, you should find that the difference between the
enthalpies is the 969.74 Btu/lb.

Additionally, I believe you either have a typo or someone made an error in the calculations' results you
were given. If you multiply the steam mass flow rate by the latent heat of vaporization you were given
(& which I confirmed as correct), then you obtain 96,795,022 Btu/hr and NOT 86,958,734 as the heat
load you report. Somewhere, something is amiss and I recommend you check it out.

I hope this helps to bolster your confidence in the correct calculated load.

speco (Industrial)
24 Feb 09 7:26
dkm0038,

If this is a real-world application, you need to consider two additional factors. First, there is a pressure
drop through the condenser which will lower the total pressure at the outlet. Secondly, there is always a
certain amount of air leakage into the system. At the outlet end, this affects the partial pressure of the
steam. Usually this is taken as about 80% (per HEI standards) of the total pressure at that point, further
reducing the condensing temperature at the outlet. The remaining mixture of steam and air is usually
taken to a jet-ejector system to maintain vacuum in the condenser and reduce back pressure in the steam
turbine. I'm assuming this is a steam turbine condenser based on the conditions you are starting with.

Regards,
Speco

25362 (Chemical)
24 Feb 09 1:25

BTW, as an aside, the accuracy of the estimated heat duty doesn't increase by expressing it in more
significant figures than those used for the enthalpies or the flow rates.


speco (Industrial)
24 Feb 09 7:26
dkm0038,

If this is a real-world application, you need to consider two additional factors. First, there is a pressure
drop through the condenser which will lower the total pressure at the outlet. Secondly, there is always a
certain amount of air leakage into the system. At the outlet end, this affects the partial pressure of the
steam. Usually this is taken as about 80% (per HEI standards) of the total pressure at that point, further
reducing the condensing temperature at the outlet. The remaining mixture of steam and air is usually
taken to a jet-ejector system to maintain vacuum in the condenser and reduce back pressure in the steam
turbine. I'm assuming this is a steam turbine condenser based on the conditions you are starting with.

Regards,
Speco

chicopee (Mechanical) 24 Feb 09 22:13
dkm0038,

Based on the original values you gave us, your answer is correct. The change in enthalpy between the
inlet and outlet flow times the mass flow rate is your original answer. That's how much heat (btu/hr)
was lost by the steam. Any thermo, heat transfer and engineering handbook will bear that answer.

25362 (Chemical)
25 Feb 09 6:40

To dkm0038, if this is exhaust steam from a turbine, what was the quality assumed? The heat duty
given to you may have been the result of assuming a certain steam quality.

See please, thread666-143727: Turbine exhaust steam quality.

sailoday28 (Mechanical)
25 Feb 09 9:51
dkm0038 (Mechanical) did not state that the exhaust is from a turbine. If the only exhaust is from a
turbine, the correct heat balance would include the KE of steam. If the condensed exhaust is the only
condensate, the condensate can be subcooled and its enthalpy should be considered. (KE of the
condensate will be small compared to KE of steam.

Regards

dkm0038 (Mechanical) 25 Feb 09 10:43
Thanks again for everyones help.

Let me see if I can summarize all of this I think my trouble is in the different names the same physical
quantity.

This is for a 9.50 MW steam turbine generator operating at4.6 inHg(A) with a mass flow rate of 99,800
lbm. I was always under the impression that for pure condensing (no desuper heating or subcooling)the
latent heat load is just the mass flow rate times the latent heat of vaporization.

is it true to say that the latent heat of vaporization is the enthalpy of vaporization (hfg) which is further
the difference between enthalpy of saturated vapor (hg) and the enthalpy of saturated liquid (hf)?


dkm0038 (Mechanical) 25 Feb 09 10:43
Thanks again for everyones help.

Let me see if I can summarize all of this I think my trouble is in the different names the same physical
quantity.

This is for a 9.50 MW steam turbine generator operating at4.6 inHg(A) with a mass flow rate of 99,800
lbm. I was always under the impression that for pure condensing (no desuper heating or subcooling)the
latent heat load is just the mass flow rate times the latent heat of vaporization.

is it true to say that the latent heat of vaporization is the enthalpy of vaporization (hfg) which is further
the difference between enthalpy of saturated vapor (hg) and the enthalpy of saturated liquid (hf)?


25362 (Chemical)
25 Feb 09 11:32

To sailoday28. It seems that the kinetic energy of steam entering a condenser at 200-250 f/s should be a
very small amount of the steam enthalpy at 4.6 in Hg (A). Would you confirm ?

To dkm0038. This site may give you some ideas about air-cooled turbines exhaust steam condensers:
www.hudsonproducts.com/products/stacflo/may22_78.pdf

sailoday28 (Mechanical)
25 Feb 09 11:53
Check with turbine mfgrs (if still in business) such as GE. Velocities can be 1000 fps on large nuclear
power plant turbine exhaust hoods. My experience however, was on power plant water cooled
condensers.

stgrme (Mechanical) 25 Feb 09 12:28
Typically, a turbine vendor will state the exhaust enthalpy as the Used Energy End Point (UEEP) or
Turbine End Point (TEP). This enthalpy accounts for the total energy in the steam. Also, the exhaust
pressure, when given in "inch Hg", is typically an absolute pressure.

Therefore, for the conditions you state above, I would consider the UEEP equal to 969.89 Btu/lb at an
absolute pressure of 4.6 inch Hg. The corresponding liquid enthalpy is 98.56 Btu/lb and the heat load is
the mass flow times the difference in these two enthalpies.

Best of luck!

dkm0038 (Mechanical) 23 Feb 09 17:12
I am designing an air cooled heat exchanger for a steam condenser. The specs that i have recieved for
steam is a flow rate of 99,800 lb/hr, 969.89 BTU/lb, and at 4.6 inHg. The heat load given is 86,958,734.

The heat load was calculated by the flow rate times the difference between the enthalpy of vaporization
(969.89) and the enthalpy of the condensate (98.56).

My question is why was the heat load calculated as shown above? It seems that the necessary heat load
would be the flow rate times the enthalpy of vaporization, which i thought was the energy transfer
needed to condense the steam.

Thank You for any help anyone may have.

Montemayor (Chemical)
23 Feb 09 17:43

The heat load is calculated using 969.89 Btu/lb as the latent heat of condensation --- and that is the
correct figure to use. Actually, I get 969.74 Btu/lb using the online NIST database - but that nit-
picking.

You obviously have your enthalpies mixed up. The enthalpy of the saturated condensate at 4.6 in Hg =
181.96 Btu/lb

The enthalpy of the saturated steam at 4.6 in Hg = 1,151.70 Btu/lb. The difference is the latent heat of
vaporization (or the latent heat of condensation, however you want to describe it). Check it out.

dkm0038 (Mechanical) 23 Feb 09 18:19
Thanks for your quick reply.

So the latent heat of vaporization equals the enthalpy of vaporization minus the enthalpy of saturated
liquid?

And also is it correct to get these values at the operating pressure (4.6 inHg), or would there ever be a
reason to get it at atmospheric pressure? Thats what I'm thinking he got the enthalpy of saturated
liquid from.

Thanks Again

Montemayor (Chemical)
23 Feb 09 19:58

dkm0038:

No, the latent heat of vaporization DOES NOT equal the enthalpy of vaporization minus the enthalpy
of saturated liquid. Your terminology is wrong and that's probably what's giving you the wrong idea
and/or concept of what takes place inside the condenser and on a Mollier (P-H) diagram. There is no
such thing as "enthalpy of vaporization". Enthalpy is the property of a substance and not of an action or
process. Allow me to explain in detail in order to make sure we both agree on what is happening.

I assume that the steam condenses in the condenser at a constant pressure of 4.6 inches of Hg (gauge).
Actually, this is not really true because there has to be a pressure drop within the condenser (otherwise,
there would be no flow), but it is what is done in practice and this assumption yields a conservative
answer. I also assume that the inlet steam is SATURATED (as opposed to superheated). I'm also
assuming that the formed condensate is also saturated (as opposed to supercooled). This means that you
must evacuate the condensate as fast as it is formed. Under these conditions, the thermodynamic
process is a horizontal line on the Mollier diagram that starts at the saturated vapor curve line on the
right hand side of the diagram and extends horizontally to the left portion of the curve that represents
the saturated liquid line. This horizontal line should be directly on top of the pressure value of 4.6
inches of Hg (gauge pressure don't forget to add atmospheric to convert it to absolute pressure) which
can be read on the Ordinate axis of the Diagram.

Note that the horizontal line defines what is happening in the condenser: you are taking saturated steam
and condensing it at constant pressure. The point at the saturated vapor curve defines the condenser
inlet and its enthalpy can be read directly below, on the Abscissa axis. The point on the saturated liquid
curve defines the product condensate and its enthalpy can also be read below, on the abscissa. The
definition of the load on the condenser is the heat removed from the steam in order to convert it to
condensate and this equates to the enthalpy of the vapor minus the enthalpy of the condensate as
represented by the length of the horizontal line. If you use the Mollier Diagram, you have the
enthalpies of both streams. You can also use the NIST free database which you can find at:
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/. Either way, you should find that the difference between the
enthalpies is the 969.74 Btu/lb.

Additionally, I believe you either have a typo or someone made an error in the calculations' results you
were given. If you multiply the steam mass flow rate by the latent heat of vaporization you were given
(& which I confirmed as correct), then you obtain 96,795,022 Btu/hr and NOT 86,958,734 as the heat
load you report. Somewhere, something is amiss and I recommend you check it out.

I hope this helps to bolster your confidence in the correct calculated load.

chicopee (Mechanical) 23 Feb 09 19:38
As montamayor point out Q = m*(hv-hs) where m is mass flow rate

Montemayor (Chemical)
23 Feb 09 19:58

dkm0038:

No, the latent heat of vaporization DOES NOT equal the enthalpy of vaporization minus the enthalpy
of saturated liquid. Your terminology is wrong and that's probably what's giving you the wrong idea
and/or concept of what takes place inside the condenser and on a Mollier (P-H) diagram. There is no
such thing as "enthalpy of vaporization". Enthalpy is the property of a substance and not of an action or
process. Allow me to explain in detail in order to make sure we both agree on what is happening.

I assume that the steam condenses in the condenser at a constant pressure of 4.6 inches of Hg (gauge).
Actually, this is not really true because there has to be a pressure drop within the condenser (otherwise,
there would be no flow), but it is what is done in practice and this assumption yields a conservative
answer. I also assume that the inlet steam is SATURATED (as opposed to superheated). I'm also
assuming that the formed condensate is also saturated (as opposed to supercooled). This means that you
must evacuate the condensate as fast as it is formed. Under these conditions, the thermodynamic
process is a horizontal line on the Mollier diagram that starts at the saturated vapor curve line on the
right hand side of the diagram and extends horizontally to the left portion of the curve that represents
the saturated liquid line. This horizontal line should be directly on top of the pressure value of 4.6
inches of Hg (gauge pressure don't forget to add atmospheric to convert it to absolute pressure) which
can be read on the Ordinate axis of the Diagram.

Note that the horizontal line defines what is happening in the condenser: you are taking saturated steam
and condensing it at constant pressure. The point at the saturated vapor curve defines the condenser
inlet and its enthalpy can be read directly below, on the Abscissa axis. The point on the saturated liquid
curve defines the product condensate and its enthalpy can also be read below, on the abscissa. The
definition of the load on the condenser is the heat removed from the steam in order to convert it to
condensate and this equates to the enthalpy of the vapor minus the enthalpy of the condensate as
represented by the length of the horizontal line. If you use the Mollier Diagram, you have the
enthalpies of both streams. You can also use the NIST free database which you can find at:
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/. Either way, you should find that the difference between the
enthalpies is the 969.74 Btu/lb.

Additionally, I believe you either have a typo or someone made an error in the calculations' results you
were given. If you multiply the steam mass flow rate by the latent heat of vaporization you were given
(& which I confirmed as correct), then you obtain 96,795,022 Btu/hr and NOT 86,958,734 as the heat
load you report. Somewhere, something is amiss and I recommend you check it out.

I hope this helps to bolster your confidence in the correct calculated load.

speco (Industrial)
24 Feb 09 7:26
dkm0038,

If this is a real-world application, you need to consider two additional factors. First, there is a pressure
drop through the condenser which will lower the total pressure at the outlet. Secondly, there is always a
certain amount of air leakage into the system. At the outlet end, this affects the partial pressure of the
steam. Usually this is taken as about 80% (per HEI standards) of the total pressure at that point, further
reducing the condensing temperature at the outlet. The remaining mixture of steam and air is usually
taken to a jet-ejector system to maintain vacuum in the condenser and reduce back pressure in the steam
turbine. I'm assuming this is a steam turbine condenser based on the conditions you are starting with.

Regards,
Speco

25362 (Chemical)
24 Feb 09 1:25

BTW, as an aside, the accuracy of the estimated heat duty doesn't increase by expressing it in more
significant figures than those used for the enthalpies or the flow rates.


speco (Industrial)
24 Feb 09 7:26
dkm0038,

If this is a real-world application, you need to consider two additional factors. First, there is a pressure
drop through the condenser which will lower the total pressure at the outlet. Secondly, there is always a
certain amount of air leakage into the system. At the outlet end, this affects the partial pressure of the
steam. Usually this is taken as about 80% (per HEI standards) of the total pressure at that point, further
reducing the condensing temperature at the outlet. The remaining mixture of steam and air is usually
taken to a jet-ejector system to maintain vacuum in the condenser and reduce back pressure in the steam
turbine. I'm assuming this is a steam turbine condenser based on the conditions you are starting with.

Regards,
Speco

chicopee (Mechanical) 24 Feb 09 22:13
dkm0038,

Based on the original values you gave us, your answer is correct. The change in enthalpy between the
inlet and outlet flow times the mass flow rate is your original answer. That's how much heat (btu/hr)
was lost by the steam. Any thermo, heat transfer and engineering handbook will bear that answer.

25362 (Chemical)
25 Feb 09 6:40

To dkm0038, if this is exhaust steam from a turbine, what was the quality assumed? The heat duty
given to you may have been the result of assuming a certain steam quality.

See please, thread666-143727: Turbine exhaust steam quality.

sailoday28 (Mechanical)
25 Feb 09 9:51
dkm0038 (Mechanical) did not state that the exhaust is from a turbine. If the only exhaust is from a
turbine, the correct heat balance would include the KE of steam. If the condensed exhaust is the only
condensate, the condensate can be subcooled and its enthalpy should be considered. (KE of the
condensate will be small compared to KE of steam.

Regards

dkm0038 (Mechanical) 25 Feb 09 10:43
Thanks again for everyones help.

Let me see if I can summarize all of this I think my trouble is in the different names the same physical
quantity.

This is for a 9.50 MW steam turbine generator operating at4.6 inHg(A) with a mass flow rate of 99,800
lbm. I was always under the impression that for pure condensing (no desuper heating or subcooling)the
latent heat load is just the mass flow rate times the latent heat of vaporization.

is it true to say that the latent heat of vaporization is the enthalpy of vaporization (hfg) which is further
the difference between enthalpy of saturated vapor (hg) and the enthalpy of saturated liquid (hf)?


dkm0038 (Mechanical) 25 Feb 09 10:43
Thanks again for everyones help.

Let me see if I can summarize all of this I think my trouble is in the different names the same physical
quantity.

This is for a 9.50 MW steam turbine generator operating at4.6 inHg(A) with a mass flow rate of 99,800
lbm. I was always under the impression that for pure condensing (no desuper heating or subcooling)the
latent heat load is just the mass flow rate times the latent heat of vaporization.

is it true to say that the latent heat of vaporization is the enthalpy of vaporization (hfg) which is further
the difference between enthalpy of saturated vapor (hg) and the enthalpy of saturated liquid (hf)?


25362 (Chemical)
25 Feb 09 11:32

To sailoday28. It seems that the kinetic energy of steam entering a condenser at 200-250 f/s should be a
very small amount of the steam enthalpy at 4.6 in Hg (A). Would you confirm ?

To dkm0038. This site may give you some ideas about air-cooled turbines exhaust steam condensers:
www.hudsonproducts.com/products/stacflo/may22_78.pdf

sailoday28 (Mechanical)
25 Feb 09 11:53
Check with turbine mfgrs (if still in business) such as GE. Velocities can be 1000 fps on large nuclear
power plant turbine exhaust hoods. My experience however, was on power plant water cooled
condensers.

stgrme (Mechanical) 25 Feb 09 12:28
Typically, a turbine vendor will state the exhaust enthalpy as the Used Energy End Point (UEEP) or
Turbine End Point (TEP). This enthalpy accounts for the total energy in the steam. Also, the exhaust
pressure, when given in "inch Hg", is typically an absolute pressure.

Therefore, for the conditions you state above, I would consider the UEEP equal to 969.89 Btu/lb at an
absolute pressure of 4.6 inch Hg. The corresponding liquid enthalpy is 98.56 Btu/lb and the heat load is
the mass flow times the difference in these two enthalpies.

Best of luck!

99,800 lb/hr
4.6 in Hg Absolute = 2.26 psia
1,118.4 Btu/lb
98.628 Btu/lb
1,019.8 Btu/lb
101,773,246 Btu/hr
Vapor Phase Data
Data on Saturation Curve
Temperature
(F)
Pressure
(psia)
Density
(lbm/ft3)
Volume
(ft3/lbm)
Internal Energy
(Btu/lbm)
Enthalpy
(Btu/lbm)
Entropy
(Btu/lbm*R)
Cv
(Btu/lbm*R)
Cp
(Btu/lbm*R)
129.56 2.2 0.006296 158.83 1053.3 1118 1.9128 0.35167 0.467
129.73 2.21 0.006323 158.16 1053.3 1118.1 1.9124 0.3517 0.46704
129.9 2.22 0.00635 157.49 1053.4 1118.1 1.9121 0.35173 0.46708
130.07 2.23 0.006377 156.82 1053.4 1118.2 1.9117 0.35175 0.46712
130.24 2.24 0.006404 156.17 1053.5 1118.3 1.9113 0.35178 0.46716
130.4 2.25 0.00643 155.51 1053.5 1118.3 1.9109 0.35181 0.4672
130.57 2.26 0.006457 154.87 1053.6 1118.4 1.9106 0.35184 0.46724
130.73 2.27 0.006484 154.23 1053.7 1118.5 1.9102 0.35187 0.46728
130.9 2.28 0.006511 153.59 1053.7 1118.5 1.9098 0.35189 0.46732
131.06 2.29 0.006538 152.96 1053.8 1118.6 1.9095 0.35192 0.46736
131.23 2.3 0.006565 152.34 1053.8 1118.7 1.9091 0.35195 0.4674
Liquid Phase Data
Data on Saturation Curve
Temperature
(F)
Pressure
(psia)
Density
(lbm/ft3)
Volume
(ft3/lbm)
Internal Energy
(Btu/lbm)
Enthalpy
(Btu/lbm)
Entropy
(Btu/lbm*R)
Cv
(Btu/lbm*R)
Cp
(Btu/lbm*R)
129.56 2.2 61.557 0.016245 97.614 97.621 0.18112 0.9574 0.99973
129.73 2.21 61.554 0.016246 97.783 97.79 0.18141 0.95729 0.99974
129.9 2.22 61.551 0.016247 97.952 97.959 0.1817 0.95718 0.99974
130.07 2.23 61.548 0.016247 98.12 98.127 0.18198 0.95707 0.99975
130.24 2.24 61.545 0.016248 98.288 98.295 0.18227 0.95696 0.99976
130.4 2.25 61.542 0.016249 98.455 98.462 0.18255 0.95685 0.99977
130.57 2.26 61.54 0.01625 98.621 98.628 0.18283 0.95674 0.99978
130.73 2.27 61.537 0.01625 98.787 98.793 0.18311 0.95663 0.99978
130.9 2.28 61.534 0.016251 98.952 98.958 0.18339 0.95652 0.99979
131.06 2.29 61.531 0.016252 99.116 99.123 0.18367 0.95641 0.9998
131.23 2.3 61.529 0.016253 99.28 99.287 0.18395 0.9563 0.99981
steam flow rate =
Saturated Steam enthalpy =
Condenser Heat Load =
Saturated condensate enthalpy =
Latent Heat of Condensation =
condenser pressure =
Sound Spd.
(ft/s)
Joule-
Thomson
(F/psia)
Viscosity
(cP)
Therm. Cond.
(W/m*K)
Phase
1462.9 1.713 0.010749 0.020703 vapor
1463.1 1.7097 0.010752 0.020711 vapor
1463.2 1.7065 0.010755 0.020718 vapor
1463.4 1.7033 0.010758 0.020726 vapor
1463.6 1.7001 0.010761 0.020734 vapor
1463.8 1.6969 0.010764 0.020741 vapor
1464 1.6937 0.010767 0.020749 vapor
1464.2 1.6906 0.01077 0.020756 vapor
1464.4 1.6875 0.010773 0.020764 vapor
1464.6 1.6844 0.010775 0.020771 vapor
1464.8 1.6813 0.010778 0.020779 vapor
Sound Spd.
(ft/s)
Joule-
Thomson
(F/psia)
Viscosity
(cP)
Therm. Cond.
(W/m*K)
Surf. Tension
(dyn/cm)
Phase
5074 -0.0025303 0.51043 0.64835 67.234 liquid
5074.3 -0.0025296 0.50966 0.64845 67.218 liquid
5074.5 -0.002529 0.5089 0.64855 67.202 liquid
5074.8 -0.0025283 0.50814 0.64865 67.186 liquid
5075 -0.0025277 0.50738 0.64876 67.17 liquid
5075.3 -0.0025271 0.50663 0.64886 67.154 liquid
5075.6 -0.0025264 0.50588 0.64896 67.138 liquid
5075.8 -0.0025258 0.50514 0.64906 67.123 liquid
5076.1 -0.0025251 0.50441 0.64916 67.107 liquid
5076.3 -0.0025245 0.50367 0.64925 67.092 liquid
5076.6 -0.0025239 0.50295 0.64935 67.076 liquid
99,800 lb/hr
4.6 in Hg Gauge = 16.96 psia
1,153.8 Btu/lb
187.66 Btu/lb
966.1 Btu/lb
96,420,772 Btu/hr
Vapor Phase Data
Data on Saturation Curve
Temperature
(F)
Pressure
(psia)
Density
(lbm/ft3)
Volume
(ft3/lbm)
Internal Energy
(Btu/lbm)
Enthalpy
(Btu/lbm)
Entropy
(Btu/lbm*R)
Cv
(Btu/lbm*R)
Cp
(Btu/lbm*R)
219.09 16.9 0.04252 23.518 1080.1 1153.7 1.7465 0.37441 0.50109
219.12 16.91 0.042543 23.505 1080.1 1153.7 1.7465 0.37442 0.50111
219.15 16.92 0.042567 23.492 1080.1 1153.7 1.7464 0.37443 0.50113
219.18 16.93 0.042591 23.479 1080.1 1153.7 1.7464 0.37444 0.50115
219.21 16.94 0.042614 23.466 1080.1 1153.8 1.7464 0.37445 0.50116
219.24 16.95 0.042638 23.453 1080.2 1153.8 1.7463 0.37446 0.50118
219.27 16.96 0.042661 23.441 1080.2 1153.8 1.7463 0.37447 0.5012
219.3 16.97 0.042685 23.428 1080.2 1153.8 1.7462 0.37449 0.50122
219.33 16.98 0.042708 23.415 1080.2 1153.8 1.7462 0.3745 0.50123
219.36 16.99 0.042732 23.402 1080.2 1153.8 1.7461 0.37451 0.50125
219.39 17 0.042755 23.389 1080.2 1153.8 1.7461 0.37452 0.50127
Liquid Phase Data
Data on Saturation Curve
Temperature
(F)
Pressure
(psia)
Density
(lbm/ft3)
Volume
(ft3/lbm)
Internal Energy
(Btu/lbm)
Enthalpy
(Btu/lbm)
Entropy
(Btu/lbm*R)
Cv
(Btu/lbm*R)
Cp
(Btu/lbm*R)
219.09 16.9 59.649 0.016765 187.43 187.48 0.32301 0.89574 1.0087
219.12 16.91 59.648 0.016765 187.46 187.51 0.32305 0.89572 1.0087
219.15 16.92 59.648 0.016765 187.49 187.54 0.3231 0.8957 1.0087
219.18 16.93 59.647 0.016765 187.52 187.57 0.32315 0.89568 1.0087
219.21 16.94 59.646 0.016766 187.55 187.6 0.32319 0.89566 1.0087
219.24 16.95 59.645 0.016766 187.58 187.63 0.32324 0.89563 1.0087
219.27 16.96 59.645 0.016766 187.61 187.66 0.32328 0.89561 1.0087
219.3 16.97 59.644 0.016766 187.64 187.69 0.32333 0.89559 1.0087
219.33 16.98 59.643 0.016766 187.67 187.73 0.32337 0.89557 1.0087
219.36 16.99 59.642 0.016767 187.7 187.76 0.32342 0.89555 1.0087
219.39 17 59.641 0.016767 187.73 187.79 0.32346 0.89553 1.0087
steam flow rate =
Saturated Steam enthalpy =
Condenser Heat Load =
Saturated condensate enthalpy =
Latent Heat of Condensation =
condenser pressure =
Sound Spd.
(ft/s)
Joule-
Thomson
(F/psia)
Viscosity
(cP)
Therm.
Cond.
(W/m*K)
Phase
1555.7 0.78871 0.012404 0.02554 vapor
1555.7 0.78855 0.012404 0.025542 vapor
1555.8 0.78839 0.012405 0.025544 vapor
1555.8 0.78823 0.012406 0.025546 vapor
1555.8 0.78806 0.012406 0.025547 vapor
1555.8 0.7879 0.012407 0.025549 vapor
1555.9 0.78774 0.012407 0.025551 vapor
1555.9 0.78758 0.012408 0.025553 vapor
1555.9 0.78742 0.012409 0.025555 vapor
1556 0.78726 0.012409 0.025557 vapor
1556 0.7871 0.01241 0.025559 vapor
Sound Spd.
(ft/s)
Joule-
Thomson
(F/psia)
Viscosity
(cP)
Therm.
Cond.
(W/m*K)
Surf. Tension
(dyn/cm)
Phase
5050.8 -0.002182 0.2705 0.68025 58.15 liquid
5050.7 -0.002182 0.27045 0.68026 58.146 liquid
5050.6 -0.002182 0.27041 0.68026 58.143 liquid
5050.6 -0.002182 0.27036 0.68027 58.14 liquid
5050.5 -0.002182 0.27031 0.68027 58.136 liquid
5050.5 -0.002181 0.27027 0.68028 58.133 liquid
5050.4 -0.002181 0.27022 0.68028 58.13 liquid
5050.4 -0.002181 0.27017 0.68029 58.126 liquid
5050.3 -0.002181 0.27013 0.68029 58.123 liquid
5050.3 -0.002181 0.27008 0.6803 58.12 liquid
5050.2 -0.002181 0.27004 0.6803 58.117 liquid

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