[5]
The concept went to finding a larger carrier that could support both deck armor and a sufficiently large air group.
Unlike the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers, for which the armored deck was part of the ship structure, the Midway class
retained their "strength deck" at the hangar deck level and the armored flight deck was part of the superstructure. The
weight-savings needed to armor the flight deck were achieved by removing the planned cruiser-caliber battery of
8-inch (203mm) guns and reducing the 5-inch antiaircraft battery from dual to single mounts. They would be the last
USN carriers to be so designed; the size of the Forrestal class supercarriers would require the strength deck to be
located at flight deck level.
The resulting carriers were very large, with the ability to accommodate more planes than any other carrier in the U.S.
fleet (3040 more aircraft than the Essex class). In their original configuration, the Midway class ships had an
airwing of almost 130 aircraft. Unfortunately, it was soon realized that the coordination of so many planes was
beyond the effective command and control ability of one ship.
While the resulting ships featured excellent protection and unprecedented airwing size, they also had several
undesirable characteristics. Internally, the ships were very cramped and crowded. Freeboard was unusually low for
such large carriers; in heavy seas, they shipped large amounts of water (only partially mitigated by the fitting of a
hurricane bow during the SCB-110/110A upgrades) and corkscrewed in a manner that hampered landing operations.
Midway-class aircraft carrier
188
In addition, in contrast with the earlier Lexington, Yorktown and Essex-classes, the beam (width) of the Midway-class
carriers meant that they could not pass through the Panama Canal.
Although they were intended to augment the US Pacific fleet during World War II, the lead ship of the class, USS
Midway (CV-41), was not commissioned until 10 September 1945 (eight days after the Surrender of Japan). None of
the class went on war cruises during the Korean War. They were mainly deployed to the Atlantic and Mediterranean.
During the 1950s, all three ships underwent the SCB-110 modernization program, which added angled decks, steam
catapults, mirror landing systems, and other modifications that allowed them to operate a new breed of large, heavy
naval jets.
All three of the Midway class made combat deployments in the Vietnam War. Coral Sea deployed to the Gulf of
Tonkin six times, Midway deployed on three occasions, and Franklin D. Roosevelt made one combat deployment
before returning to the Mediterranean.
In the late 1960s, Midway underwent an extensive modernization and reconstruction program, which proved to be
controversial and expensive and thus was not repeated on the other ships. By the 1970s, Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Coral Sea were showing their age. All three retained the F-4 Phantom II in their air wings, being too small to operate
the new F-14 Tomcat fleet defense fighter or the S-3 Viking anti-submarine jet. In 1977, Franklin D. Roosevelt was
decommissioned. On her final deployment, Roosevelt embarked AV-8 Harrier jump jets to test the concept of
including VSTOL aircraft in a carrier air wing.
Coral Sea was rescued from imminent decommissioning by the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. Reagan's
proposed 600-ship Navy gave the remaining ships a new lease on life. Coral Sea underwent extensive refits to
address the ship's poor condition. When the F/A-18 Hornet became operational in the mid-1980s, the Navy quickly
deployed them to the Midway and Coral Sea to replace the older F-4's. A 1986 refit for Midway removed her 6"
armor belt and bulged her hull to try to increase freeboard. While successful in this regard, the bulges also resulted in
a dangerously fast rolling period that prevented Midway from operating aircraft in heavy seas. The bulging was
therefore not repeated on Coral Sea.
The Reagan era reprieve could not last indefinitely. In 1990, Coral Sea, which had long since earned the nickname
"Ageless Warrior", was decommissioned. Midway had one last war in which to participate, and was one of the six
aircraft carriers deployed by the U.S. against Iraq during Operation Desert Storm.
[6]
A few months after the
campaign, the last of the class left Navy service.
Coral Sea was slowly scrapped in Baltimore as legal and environmental troubles continually delayed her fate.
Midway spent five years in the mothball fleet at Bremerton, Washington before being rescued by a museum group.
The ship is now open to the public as a museum in San Diego, California.
Ships in class
Name Builder Laid Down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Fate
Midway Newport News Shipbuilding and
Dockyard Co., Newport News
27 October
1943
20 March
1945
10 September
1945
11 April 1992 Museum ship at
San Diego
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
(ex-Coral Sea)
New York Naval Shipyard, New
York City
1 December
1943
29 April
1945
27 October 1945 30 September
1977
Broken up at
Kearny, 1978
Coral Sea Newport News Shipbuilding and
Dockyard Co., Newport News
10 July 1944 2 April 1946 1 October 1947 26 April 1990 Broken up at
Baltimore, 2000
Midway-class aircraft carrier
189
References
[1] AR 600-8-27 p. 26 paragraph 914, p. 28 para 214
[2] Friedman, U.S. Aircraft Carriers,p.213: "Table 9-1. Evolution of Schemes for the Midway Design 1940-41". Design CV-D displaced 28000
tons and had a nominal complement of 64 aircraft.
[3] Roberts, John, The Aircraft Carrier Intrepid., p.8. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1982.
[4] Friedman, U.S. Aircraft Carriers,p.138: Friedman discusses how the proposed Essex class carriers were designed for a nominal complement
of 74 aircraft in 4 squadrons of aircraft, but these numbers were constantly revised due to changes in aircraft weight and dimensions, and the
perceived increased need for fighters which had smaller dimensions than strike aircraft.
[5] Bureau of Ships, Navy Dept CV13 Damage Report (http:/ / www. researcheratlarge. com/ Ships/ CV13/ 1946DamageReport. html)
[6] AR 600-8-27 p. 26 paragraph 914, p. 28 paragraph 214
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
190
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
USS Forrestal
Class overview
Name: Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
Builders: New York Navy Yard
Newport News Shipbuilding
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Midwayclass
Succeededby: Kitty Hawkclass
In commission: 1 October 1955 30 September 1998
Completed: 4
Laid up: 4
General characteristics
Displacement: 60,000 tons
Length: 1,070ft (330m) 990ft (300m) waterline
Beam: 129ft 4in (39.42m) waterline
Draft: 35ft 9in (10.90m)
Propulsion: Steam turbines
280,000shp
Speed: 34 knots (63km/h)
Complement: 4,378
Armament: Original armament:
8 5 in/54 caliber Mark 42 guns
Refit armament:
3 8 cell NATO Sea Sparrow Mark 29 missile launcher launchers
3 20 mm Phalanx CIWS Mark 15 guns
Aircraft carried: Up to 90
Aviation facilities: 326 77m flight deck
The Forrestal-class aircraft carriers were a four-ship class designed and built for the United States Navy in the
1950s. It was the first class of so-called supercarriers, combining high tonnage, deck-edge elevators and an angled
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
191
deck. The first ship was commissioned in 1955, the last decommissioned in 1998.
Design
A 1952 design study.
The Forrestal class was the first completed class of "supercarriers" of
the Navy, so called because of their then-extraordinarily high tonnage
(75,000tons, 25% larger than the post-World War II-era Midway
class), full integration of the angled deck (Forrestal and Saratoga were
laid down as axial deck carriers and converted to angled deck ships
while under construction; Ranger and Independence were laid down as
angled deck ships and had various minor improvements compared to
the first two), a very large island and most importantly their extremely
strong air wing (80100 jet aircraft, compared to 6575 for the
Midway class and fewer than 50 for the Essex class). Compared to the
Midway class, the Forrestals were 100 feet (30m) longer and nearly
20 feet (6m) wider abeam, resulting in a far more stable and comfortable aircraft platform even in very rough
weather. When commissioned, the Forrestal-class ships had the roomiest hangar decks and largest flight decks of
any carrier ever built. Because of their immense size they were built to a new, deep-hulled design that incorporated
the armored flight deck
[1][2]
into the hull (previous American design practice was to design the flight deck as
superstructure). This was a very similar structural design as used on British "armored" carriers, and grew out of the
requirement for such a very large carrier, because carrying the strength deck at the flight deck level produced a
stronger and lighter hull.
[3]
The Midway-class ships sat very low in the water and were poor sea boats through their
long careers; they were very wet forward and their aviation characteristics were poor. The deeper Forrestal hull
allowed the ships more freeboard and better seakeeping. The Forrestal-class carriers, like the Midway class that
preceded it, were designed with armored flight decks.
[4][5][6][7]
1962 deck plan of the Forrestal class, showing
the port side elevator at the forward end of the
angled deck, in the path of both aircraft being
launched from the waist catapults, and aircraft
being recovered; and the arrangement of the
starboard elevators, with only one forward of the
island serving the two forward catapults.
Saratoga (top) cruising with John F. Kennedy;
note the arrangement of the elevators.
Forrestal-class ships were the first examples of supercarriers and thus
not quite a perfected design; their elevators in particular were badly
arranged for aircraft handling. The portside elevator, a relic of the
original axial-deck design, was especially poorly suited, as it was
located at the fore end of the angled deck, in the landing path as well as
the launch path of aircraft from the #3 and #4 catapults. The
subsequent Kitty Hawk class moved the portside elevator to the aft end
of the angle and reversed the position of the island and the second
starboard elevator, vastly improving aircraft handling. The
sponson-mounted guns suffered from poor range and complicated
firing arcs, and were located in very wet and thus nearly useless
positions in the bow and stern. They were removed after only a few
years and were later replaced by missiles and much later by close-in
weapon systems (CIWS). The aft guns in Forrestal lasted until the fire
in 1967, then were removed and eventually replaced by missiles in the
mid-70s.
The original design of the Forrestal-class ships would have had a very
small, retractable island; this design had numerous problems (the
mechanism to raise and lower the island was never perfected before the
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
192
angled deck was added to the design) and smoke fouling of the deck was expected to be a severe problem due to lack
of adequate venting. The redesign to an angled deck allowed a very large island, much larger than on previous
carriers, giving unprecedented flexibility and control in air operations.
All four ships have been struck from the Naval Vessel Register. One, ex-Ranger, was on donation hold as a potential
museum ship, but as of September 2012, all four have been designated for dismantling.
[8]
Ships in class
Name Builder Ordered Laid Down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Fate Source
Forrestal Newport News
Shipbuilding and
Drydock Co., Newport
News
12 July
1951
14 July
1952
11
December
1954
1 October 1955 11 September
1993
Broken up at
Brownsville,
2014
Saratoga New York Naval
Shipyard, New York
City
23 July
1952
16
December
1952
8 October
1955
14 April 1956 20 August 1994 Broken up at
Brownsville,
2014
[9]
Ranger Newport News
Shipbuilding and
Drydock Co., Newport
News
1 February
1954
2 August
1954
29
September
1956
10 August
1957
10 July 1993 Awaiting
disposal
Independence New York Naval
Shipyard, New York
City
2 July
1954
1 July 1955 6 June 1958 10 January
1959
30 September
1998
Awaiting
disposal
Gallery
USS Forrestal (CVA-59) USS Saratoga (CVA-60) USS Ranger (CVA-61) USS Independence (CVA-62)
Forrestal (left) and Saratoga
(right) laid up awaiting disposal
at NS Newport in 2003
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
193
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
[1] USS FORRESTAL (CVA-59) (http:/ / www.virtualwall. org/ units/ forrestal. htm):"Over a dozen 1,000 and 500 pound bombs detonated
within the first few minutes of the fire, punching holes through the 3" armor plating of the flight deck."
[2] Cracknell, W.H, Cmdr USN, Warship Profile 15, USS Enterprise (CVAN 65) Nuclear Attack Carrier, p.56: "The main armor carried on
Enterprise is the heavy armored flight deck. This was to prove a significant factor in the catastrophic fire and explosions that occurred on
Enterprise's flight deck in 1969. The US Navy learned its lesson the hard way during World War II when all its carriers had only armored
hangar decks. All attack carriers built since the Midway class have had armored flight decks."
[3] Friedman, Norman, U.S. aircraft carriers: an illustrated design history, Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-739-9, P.250
[4] CV-59 FORRESTAL class (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ cv-59. htm):"As the first aircraft carrier designed
specifically for jet aircraft, she featured an armored flight deck."
[5] Forrestal class attack aircraft carriers (http:/ / www.hazegray. org/ navhist/ carriers/ us_super. htm#for-cl):"Armor: hangar, flight deck and
magazines protected"
[6] Forrestal Class (http:/ / www. nationalcoldwarexhibition. org/ explore/ ship. cfm?ship=Forrestal Class)
[7] USS Forrestal Memorial (CVA/CV/AVT-59) July 29, 1967 (http:/ / www. forrestalmemorial. com/ id6. html): "The explosions tore large
holes in the armored flight deck..."
[8] http:/ / www. navsea. navy.mil/ teamships/ Inactiveships/ pdf/ Inactive_Fleet_Inventory10Dec2012. pdf
[9] Navy pays 1 cent to scrap ex-carrier Saratoga (http:/ / www. navytimes. com/ article/ 20140508/ NEWS04/ 305080053/
Navy-pays-1-cent-scrap-ex-carrier-Saratoga). Navy Times. May 8, 2014. Accessed May 8, 2014.
External links
http:/ / ban. org/ library/ ForrestalSubmission. pdf
Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier
194
Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier
USS Kitty Hawk
Class overview
Name: Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier
Builders: New York Shipbuilding
New York Navy Yard
Newport News Shipbuilding
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Forrestalclass
Succeededby: Enterpriseclass and Nimitzclass
Subclasses: John F. Kennedy class
In commission: 21 April 1961 31 January 2009
Completed: 4
Active: 0
Retired: USSKitty Hawk(CV-63)
USSConstellation(CV-64)
USSAmerica(CV-66)
USSJohn F. Kennedy(CV-67)
General characteristics
Displacement: 60,933tons light
81,780tons full load
Length: 1,069ft (326m) overall
990ft (300m) waterline
Beam: 130ft (40m) waterline
282ft (86m) extreme
Draft: 38ft (12m)
Installed power: 280,000 shaft horsepower
Propulsion: Westinghouse geared steam turbines, eight steam boilers, four shafts; 280,000 shp
Speed: 32 knots (59 km/h)
Range: 12,000miles (19,300 km)
Crew: 3150 - Air Wing Crew=2,480
Armament: 24 Sea Sparrows and RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles
3-4 Phalanx CIWSs
Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier
195
Aircraft carried: Up to 90 aircraft
The Kitty Hawk-class supercarriers of the United States Navy were an incremental improvement on the
Forrestal-class vessels. Four were built, all in the 1960s, Kitty Hawk(CV-63) (19612009), Constellation(CV-64)
(19612003), America(CV-66) (19651996) and John F. Kennedy(CV-67) (19672007). All are now
decommissioned.
Improved Forrestal carriers
The biggest differences from the Forrestals are greater length, and a different placement of elevators; two are
forward of the island, one is aft of the island and another on the portside stern. The movement of the #4 elevator
from the forward to the after end of the angle made it useful for aircraft movement, since the forward-end elevator
was useless as it was in both the landing path and in the launch path of the #3 and #4 catapults.
Three different shipyards were used to construct the ships. Kitty Hawk was built at New York Shipbuilding
Corporation, Constellation at New York Naval Shipyard, America and John F. Kennedy at Newport News
Shipbuilding. John F. Kennedy is similar to the earlier units in flightdeck arrangement and propulsion, but has
enough differences that she is often placed in her own class. Propulsion consisted of four Westinghouse geared
turbines, 280,000 shp, four shafts with eight 1,200 pounds per square inch (8,300kPa) Foster Wheeler boilers.
Construction and design differences
The first three units were constructed with a Terrier surface to air missile system. The supporting missile launchers
and AN/SPG-55 radars consumed a large amount of space, while at the same time duplicating the capabilities of the
air defence escorts, and were later removed. John F. Kennedy did not have Terrier and was built with the shorter
ranged Sea Sparrow, Basic Point Defense Missile System (BPDMS). All were eventually equipped with NATO Sea
Sparrow (NSSM) and Phalanx CIWS for self-defense.
[1]
In 2001, Kitty Hawk received two Rolling Airframe Missile
launchers replacing the forward Sea Sparrow and Phalanx CIWS equipment.
[2]
The SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare
Suite was added as part of the Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) on Kitty Hawk and Constellation.
[3]
America had several differences from the lead units of the class. Instead of two forward anchors, one on each side,
America had no starboard anchor and an additional anchor astern, a change made to accommodate the AN/SQS-23
sonar. America was the only post-World War II U.S. carrier to be built with sonar, though it was removed in the
early 1980s. She also had a narrow smokestack compared to prior units.
John F. Kennedy class
John F. Kennedy(CV-67) was originally scheduled to be the fourth Kitty Hawk-class carrier,
[4]
but because she
received so many modifications during construction, she formed her own ship class and is often listed as a
single-vessel class. Kennedy had similar design changes regarding the anchors to accommodate a sonar array, but the
sonar was never installed. There were also plans to make her nuclear powered, but since Congress would not
authorize it, Kennedy was constructed as a conventionally powered carrier. Her smokestack is also different and tilts
outboard to send stack gas away from the flight deck. The angled end of the waist is also different from the other
Kitty Hawks, bearing a closer resemblance to that of the Nimitz class. Kennedy is also 17 feet (5.2 m) shorter in
length than the other Kitty Hawk-class carriers.
Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier
196
Decommission
From 1987 to 1991 Kitty Hawk was overhauled for $785 million under the Service Life Extension Program (SLEP)
at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.
[5]
From 1990 to 1992, Constellation received her $800 million service life extension
also in Philadelphia.
[6]
The program was intended to add 15 years to the life of the ships. John F. Kennedy was not
overhauled as part of SLEP. Instead, from 1993 to 1995, she received a $491 million overhaul. It was the final
project of Philadelphia Naval Shipyard prior to its closing.
[7]
America had been scheduled to be overhauled under the
service life extension program after Constellation, but she was decommissioned 9 August 1996 instead, during a
time of budget cuts after the Cold War. America was in very poor condition when she was decommissioned, and
therefore despite her historical significance was not held as a donation asset. She was expended as a live-fire target
and sunk on 14 May 2005.
Constellation was decommissioned 7August2003. John F. Kennedy was decommissioned on 23March2007. Only
Kitty Hawk remained in service as of early 2008 and was replaced by USSGeorge Washington (CVN-73) as the
forward-deployed carrier in Japan. Kitty Hawk returned to the United States after the turnover.
[8]
She was
decommissioned on 31 January 2009.
[9]
Ships in class
Name Builder Ordered Laid Down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Fate Source
Kitty Hawk subclass
Kitty Hawk New York
Shipbuilding
Corporation, Camden,
New Jersey
1 October
1955
27
December
1956
21 May
1960
29 April 1961 31 Jan 2009 Awaiting
Disposal
[10]
Constellation New York Naval
Shipyard, New York
City
1 July 1956 14
September
1957
8 October
1960
27 October
1961
7 August 2003 Broken up at
Brownsville,
2014
[11]
America Newport News
Shipbuilding, Newport
News, Virginia
25
November
1960
9 January
1961
1 February
1964
23 January
1965
9 August 1996 Sunk as target,
14 May 2005
[12]
John F. Kennedy subclass
John F.
Kennedy
Newport News
Shipbuilding, Newport
News, Virginia
30 April
1964
22 October
1964
27 May
1967
7 September
1968
1 August 2007 On donation
hold
[13]
Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier
197
Gallery
John F.
Kennedy's
smokestack
tilts outboard
to send stack
gas away
from the
flight deck.
America's island in the mid
1970s, still equipped with
AN/SPG-55 radar for Terrier.
Constellation's island in the
early 1980s, note the different
stack configuration from
America and John F. Kennedy
and alternate mounting of
Terrier fire control radars
2007 bow view of Kitty Hawk.
Note the position of forward
anchors and Rolling Airframe
Missile launchers on either side
instead of CIWS and NSSM.
America showing bow anchor
which previous units did not
have.
Aerial view of
Constellation showing
flightdeck shape and
arrangement.
Stern view of the port side of
John F. Kennedy showing the
elevator and self defense
AAW equipment.
USS Independence (CV-62), left,
a Forrestal-class carrier next to
(right)
and , a Forrestal-class carrier.
Note the differences in aircraft
elevator configuration.
References
[1] Modern naval combat. David Miller, Chris Miller, pp. 11617. London; New York: Salamander Books, c1986. ISBN 0-86101-231-3.
[2] Doug Huddy. USS Kitty Hawk gets upgrade with Rolling Airframe Missile weapon system (http:/ / www. stripes. com/ 01/ jul01/ ed072501f.
html). Stars and Stripes. Wednesday, 25 July 2001.
[3] AN/SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare (EW) system (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ ship/ weaps/ an-slq-32. htm)
[4] Navy Announces Availability of ex-John F. Kennedy for Donation (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ search/ display. asp?story_id=49825)
[5] A somber farewell to the Kitty Hawk; the job done, the carrier leaves. But clouds hang over the yard. Laurie Hollman. Philadelphia Inquirer.
Philadelphia, PA: 31 July 1991, p. B.1
[6] Revamped Aircraft Carrier Sails For 10-Day Sea Trial. Orlando Sentinel. Orlando, FL: 7 November 1992, p. A.14
[7] Shipyard's Closing Uproots 4,400 Workers: Philadelphia Naval Shipyard Scheduled To Close Sept. 15. Associated Press. The Plain Dealer.
Cleveland, Ohio: 2 May 1995, p. 12.C.
[8] United States Navy. Kitty Hawk Command FAQ (http:/ / www. kitty-hawk. navy. mil/ command/ faq. html). Accessed 12 January 2008.
[9] Fox News. Kitty Hawk decommissioning news (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ story/ 0,2933,359065,00. html). Accessed 28 May 2008.
[10] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ CV63. htm
[11] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ CV64. htm
Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier
198
[12] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ CV66. htm
[13] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ CV67. htm
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kitty Hawk class aircraft carriers.
Federation of American Scientists Kitty Hawk Class (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ ship/ cv-63.
htm)
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
For other ships of the same name, see USS Enterprise (disambiguation).
USS Enterprise underway in the Atlantic Ocean
Class overview
Name: Enterprise-class aircraft carrier
Builders: Newport News Shipbuilding
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier
Succeededby: Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier and Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
Built: 19581961
In service: 19622012
Completed: 1
Active: 0
Laid up: 1
Lost: 0
Retired: 1
Career (U.S.)
Name: USS Enterprise
Ordered: 15 November 1957
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
199
Builder: Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
Cost: $451.3 million
Laid down: 4 February 1958
Launched: 24 September 1960
Christened: 24 September 1960
Acquired: 29 October 1961
Commissioned: 25 November 1961
In service: 12 January 1962
Out of service: 1 December 2012
Reclassified: CVN-65 from CVA(N)-65
Homeport: Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia
Motto: We are Legend;
Ready on Arrival;
The First, the Finest;
Eight Reactors, None Faster
Nickname: Big E
Status: Inactive, in commission- no longer fit for service due to inactivation process
Badge:
General characteristics
Class & type: Enterprise-class aircraft carrier
Displacement: 93,284 long tons (94,781t) Full Load
Length: 1,123ft (342m)
Beam: 132.8ft (40.5m) (waterline)
257.2ft (78.4m) (extreme)
Draft: 39ft (12m)
Propulsion: 8 Westinghouse A2W nuclear reactors
four sets Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 shafts
280,000shp (210MW)
Speed: 33.6kn (38.7mph; 62.2km/h)
Range: Unlimited distance; 20-25 years
Complement: 5,828 (maximum)
Ship's company: 3,000 (2,700 Sailors, 150 Chiefs, 150 Officers) Air wing: 1,800 (250 pilots, and 1,550 support
personnel)
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
200
Sensors and
processing
systems:
AN/SPS-48 3D air search radar
AN/SPS-49 2D air search radar
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
AN/SLQ-32
Mark 36 SRBOC
Armament: 2 NATO Sea Sparrow launchers
2 20 mm Phalanx CIWS mounts
2 RAM launchers
Armor:
8in (20cm) aluminum belt (equivalent to 4in (10cm) rolled homogeneous steel armor), armored flight deck,
hangar, magazines and reactor
[1]
Aircraft carried: Hold up to 90
60+ (normally)
Aviation
facilities:
Flight deck: 1,123ft (342m)
Notes: The ship has 4 steam powered catapults.
USS Enterprise (CVN-65), formerly CVA(N)-65, is a retired United States Navy aircraft carrier. She was the
world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier and the eighth United States naval vessel to bear the name. Like her
predecessor of World War II fame, she is nicknamed "Big E". At 1,123ft (342m), she was the longest naval vessel
in the world. Her 93,284-long-ton (94,781t) displacement ranked her as the 11th-heaviest supercarrier, after the 10
carriers of the Nimitzclass. Enterprise had a crew of some 4,600 service members.
The only ship of her class, Enterprise was the third oldest commissioned vessel in the United States Navy after the
wooden-hulled USSConstitution and USSPueblo. She was originally scheduled for decommissioning in 2014 or
2015, depending on the life of her reactors and completion of her replacement, USSGerald R. Ford, but the National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 slated the ship's retirement for 2013, when she would have served
for 51 consecutive years, longer than any other U.S. aircraft carrier.
Enterprise's home port was Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia as of September 2012.
[2]
Her final deployment, the last
before her decommissioning, began on 10 March 2012 and ended 4 November 2012. She was inactivated on 1
December 2012, with her official decommissioning taking place sometime after the completion of an extensive
terminal offload program currently underway.
[3]
The name has been adopted by the future Gerald R. Ford-class
aircraft carrier USSEnterprise(CVN-80).
Enterprise is a commissioned navy ship, but is inactive.
[4]
She has undergone enough of the four-year long
inactivation process to render her unfit for further service. Inactivation removes fuel, fluids, furnishings, tools,
fittings, and oil and de-energizes the electrical system. Enterprise has already been cut open to allow the removal of
useable systems.
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
201
Design
Enterprise (yellow) compared to large ships and
buildings:The Pentagon, 1,414 feet, 431mRMS Queen
Mary 2RMSQueen Mary 2, 1,132 feet, 345mUSS
Enterprise, 1,123 feet, 342mLZ 129
HindenburgHindenburg, 804 feet, 245mJapanese
battleship YamatoYamato, 863 feet, 263mEmpire State
Building, 1,454 feet, 443mKnock Nevis, ex-Seawise
Giant, 1,503 feet, 458m
Enterprise in 1967, showing the ship's
SCANFAR anntennae
Enterprise was meant to be the first of a class of six, but
construction costs ballooned and the remaining vessels were
never laid down. Because of the huge cost of her construction,
Enterprise was launched and commissioned without the
planned RIM-2 Terrier missile launchers. These were never
installed and the ship's self-defense suite instead consisted of
three shorter-range RIM-7 Sea Sparrow, Basic Point Defense
Missile System (BPDMS) launchers.
[5]
Later upgrades added
two NATO Sea Sparrow (NSSM) and three Mk 15 Phalanx
CIWS gun mounts.
[6]
One CIWS mount was later removed and
two 21-cell RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers were
added.
Enterprise is also the only aircraft carrier to house more than
two nuclear reactors, having an eight-reactor propulsion
design, with each A2W reactor taking the place of one of the
conventional boilers in earlier constructions. She is the only
carrier with four rudders, two more than other classes, and
features a more cruiser-like hull.
Enterprise also had a phased array radar system known as
SCANFAR. SCANFAR was intended to be better at tracking
multiple airborne targets than conventional rotating antenna
radars. SCANFAR consisted of two radars, the AN/SPS-32 and
the AN/SPS-33. The AN/SPS-32 was a long-range air search
and target acquisition radar developed by Hughes for the US
Navy. The AN/SPS-32 operated together with the AN/SPS-33,
which was the square array used for 3D tracking, into one
system. It was installed on only two vessels, Enterprise and the
cruiser USSLong Beach, placing a massive power drain on the
ship's electric system. The technology of the AN/SPS-32 was
based on vacuum tubes and the system required constant
repairs. The SPS-32 was a phased array radar which had a
range of 400 nautical miles against large targets, and 200
nautical miles against small, fighter-size targets. These early
phased arrays, replaced around 1980, were responsible for the distinctive square-looking island. The AN/SPS-32 and
AN/SPS-33 radars, while ahead of their time, suffered from issues relating to electrical beam steering mechanism
and were not pursued in further ship classes. While they are considered to be an early form of "phased array" radar,
they were ahead of their time and it would take the later technology of the Aegis phased array AN/SPY-1 with its
electronically controlled beam steering to make phased array radars both reliable and practical for the
USN.Wikipedia:Citation needed
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
202
History
Commissioning and trials
In 1958, Enterprise's keel was laid at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. On 24 September 1960,
the ship was launched, sponsored by Mrs. W. B. Franke, wife of the former Secretary of the Navy. On 25 November
1961, Enterprise was commissioned, with Captain Vincent P. de Poix, formerly of Fighting Squadron 6 on her
predecessor,
[7]
in command. On 12 January 1962, the ship made her maiden voyage conducting a three-month
shakedown cruise and a lengthy series of tests and training exercises designed to determine the full capabilities of the
nuclear powered super carrier.
1960s
On 20 February 1962, Enterprise was a tracking and measuring station for the flight of Friendship 7, the Project
Mercury space capsule in which Lieutenant Colonel John H. Glenn, Jr. made the first American orbital spaceflight.
In August, the carrier joined the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, returning to Norfolk, Virginia in
October.Wikipedia:Citation needed
1962 Cuban missile crisis
Main article: Cuban missile crisis
In October 1962, Enterprise was dispatched to her first international crisis. Following revelations that the Soviet
Union was constructing nuclear missile launch sites on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy ordered the United States
Department of Defense to conduct a large-scale buildup. Among the preparations, the U.S. Atlantic Fleet readied
large numbers of its ships. On 22 October, President Kennedy ordered a naval and air "quarantine" (blockade) on
shipment of offensive military equipment to Cuba, and demanded the Soviets dismantle the missile sites there. Five
United States Second Fleet carriers participated in the blockade Enterprise (as part of Task Force 135),
Independence, Essex, Lake Champlain, and Randolph, backed by shore-based aircraft. By 28 October, the crisis was
averted, after the US secretly agreed to remove nuclear missiles from Italy and Turkey.
Second and third deployments
Task Force 1, the world's first nuclear-powered
task force. Enterprise, Long Beach and
Bainbridge in formation in the Mediterranean, 18
June 1964. Enterprise has Einstein's massenergy
equivalence formula E=mc spelled out on its
flight deck. Note the distinctive phased array
radars in the superstructures of Enterprise and
Long Beach.
On 19 December 1962, a Grumman E-2 Hawkeye was catapulted off
Enterprise in the first shipboard test of a nose-wheel launch bar
designed to replace the catapult bridle. Minutes later, a second launch
with a launch bar was made by a Grumman A-6A Intruder,
demonstrating one of the primary design goals of reducing launch
intervals.
In 19631964, Enterprise made her second and third deployments to
the Mediterranean. During her third deployment, the carrier was part of
Operation Sea Orbit, the world's first nuclear-powered task force with
the cruisers Long Beach and Bainbridge, together forming a convoy to
sail around the world. On 25 February 1964, a crewman of the Finnish
merchant ship Verna Paulin was injured in a fall while the ship was in
the vicinity of Souda Bay, Greece. Enterprise answered her call for
assistance. A surgeon was transferred to Verna Paulin by helicopter. In
October 1964, Enterprise returned to Newport News Shipbuilding and
Dry Dock Company for her first Refueling and Overhaul.
Vietnam deployments
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
203
In November 1965, the Big E was transferred to the Seventh Fleet, home-ported at NAS Alameda California. The
following month, on 2 December, she became the first nuclear-powered ship to engage in combat when she launched
aircraft against the Viet Cong near Bin Ha. The ship led Carrier Division Three, with Enterprise (redesignated
CVAN-65), which had Carrier Air Wing Nine aboard, Bainbridge; Barry; and Samuel B. Roberts. Enterprise
launched 125 sorties on the first day, unleashing 167 short tons (151t) of bombs and rockets on the enemy's supply
lines. On 3 December, she set a record of 165 strike sorties in a single day.Wikipedia:Citation needed
In January 1966, the carrier was continuing operations as a unit of Task Force 77 in the Gulf of Tonkin, as the flag
ship of Rear Admiral Henry L. Miller, Commander Carrier Division Three. Under the command of Captain James L.
Holloway III, she was carrying a complement of approximately 350 officers and 4,800 men. Four West coast
squadrons of Carrier Air Wing Nine, commanded by Commander FT Brown, were embarked; Fighter Squadron 92,
under Commander EA Rawsthorne, and Fighter Squadron 96, under Commander RD Norman, flying F-4B Phantom
IIs; Attack Squadron 93 under Commander AJ Monger, and Attack Squadron 94, under Commander OE Krueger,
flying A-4C Skyhawks. With these squadrons were three others based on the East Coast; Attack Squadron 36, under
Commander JE Marshall, Attack Squadron 76, under Commander J.B. Linder, flying A-4C Skyhawks; and
Reconnaissance Attack Squadron 7, under Commander K Enny, flying RA-5C Vigilantes. Rear Admiral Miller was
relieved as Commander Carrier Division Three by Rear Admiral TJ Walker on 16 February 1966. During the change
of command ceremony on the flight deck, Rear Admiral Miller praised the ship's performance in his farewell
remarks, and presented air medals to more than 100 pilots and flight officers.
The ship tied up at Leyte Pier, Subic Bay, on the evening of 8 December 1966. Loading of supplies for the first line
period was started immediately. Rear Admiral Walter L Curtis, Jr, Commander Carrier Division Nine, broke his flag
aboard. In company with Manley, Gridley and Bainbridge, Enterprise sailed for Yankee Station on 15 December,
and took up her position there three days later.
When Enterprise departed the Gulf of Tonkin on 20 June 1967, her pilots had flown more than 13,400 battle
missions during 132 combat days of operations.(Enterprise Command History 1967, 29) As Vice Admiral Hyland
stated in his congratulatory statement, "the entire Air Wing Nine has earned a resounding 'Well Done'." The carrier
had steamed 67,630 miles in operations with the Seventh Fleet. She arrived in Subic Bay 22 June and departed the
25th for return to Alameda 6 July 1967.
Sailors aboard Enterprise battle a massive
ordnance fire triggered by a Zuni rocket. 14
January 1969
At Alameda, Enterprise began an overhaul. Captain Kent L. Lee
relieved Captain James L. Holloway as commanding officer in
ceremonies on 11 July 1967. Shipyard work completed, Enterprise
steamed south from San Francisco Bay to San Diego to reembark
Carrier Air Wing Nine and get underway for refresher training off the
California coast.
In January 1968, the capture of Pueblo by a North Korean patrol boat
led to a diplomatic crisis. Enterprise was ordered to operate near South
Korean waters for almost a month.
During the morning of 14 January 1969, while being escorted by the
destroyers Benjamin Stoddert and Rogers, a MK-32 Zuni rocket loaded
on a parked F-4 Phantom exploded due to ordnance cook off after
being overheated by an aircraft start unit. The explosion set off fires and additional explosions across the flight deck.
The fires were brought under control relatively quickly (when compared with previous carrier flight deck fires), but
27 hands were lost and an additional 314 sailors were injured. The fire destroyed 15 aircraft, and the resulting
damage forced Enterprise to put in for repairs at Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, primarily to repair the flight deck's
armored plating. On 1 March 1969, repairs to the ship were completed at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and the ship
proceeded on her scheduled 'WestPac' deployment to Vietnam and the Tonkin Gulf. These destinations would be
delayed by events in the eastern Sea of Japan.
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
204
View of Enterprise's stern during the fire, January
1969
On 14 April 1969, tensions with North Korea flared again as a North
Korean aircraft shot down a Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star that was
on a reconnaissance patrol over the eastern Sea of Japan from its base
at Atsugi, Japan. The entire 31-man crew was killed. The US
responded by activating Task Force 71 (TF 71) to protect future such
flights over those international waters. Initially, the Task Force was to
comprise Enterprise, Ticonderoga, Ranger, and Hornet with a screen
of cruisers and destroyers. Enterprise arrived on station with TF 71 in
late April after completion of repairs. The ships for TF 71 came mostly
from Southeast Asia duty. This deployment became one of the largest
shows of force in the area since the Korean War.Wikipedia:Citation
needed
In all, Enterprise made six combat deployments to Southeast Asia from 1965 to 1975.
1970s
In 19691970, Enterprise returned to Newport News Shipbuilding and went through an overhaul and her second
refitting. In January 1971, she completed sea trials with newly designed nuclear reactor cores that contained enough
energy for 10 years. Enterprise then left for Vietnam, again to provide air support for American and South
Vietnamese units.
Southeast Asia
In Vietnam, Enterprise, Oriskany and Midway launched a total of 2,001 strike sorties by 30 July 1971. Strike
operations in July were disrupted when the carriers on station evaded three typhoons: Harriet, Kim and Jean. A slight
increase in South Vietnam strike sorties occurred during the month. These were mainly visual strikes against enemy
troop positions and in support of U.S. helicopter operations. From AugustNovember 1971, Enterprise was in
operations on Yankee Station.
In December 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, Enterprise was deployed to the Bay of Bengal as
a show of strength against India's naval blockade by INS Vikrant. India tactically used INS Vikrant and Indian
Airbase at Andaman & Nikobar Islands to deter USS Enterprise. Later a Soviet Navy submarine was also trailing the
US task force. A confrontation was averted when the Americans moved towards South East Asia, away from the
Indian Ocean.
In October 1972, the U.S. ended tactical air sorties into North Vietnam above the 20th parallel and brought
Linebacker I operations to a close, a gesture designed to promote peace negotiations being held in Paris. Enterprise
and the other carriers had flown a total of 23,652 tactical air attack sorties into North Vietnam from MayOctober
and U.S. tactical air sorties during Linebacker I operations helped to stem the flow of supplies into North Vietnam,
thereby limiting the operating capabilities of the North Vietnamese Army.Wikipedia:Citation needed
From October to December, Enterprise alternated with other carriers on Yankee Station during the bombing halt and
remained on station. As a result of the bombing halt above the 20th parallel in North Vietnam, no MiG kills or U.S.
aircraft losses were recorded during this time.Wikipedia:Citation needed
On 18 December 1972, the U.S. resumed bombing campaigns above the 20th parallel under the name Linebacker II.
During Linebacker II operations, Enterprise and other carriers on station reseeded the mine fields in Haiphong
harbor and conducted concentrated strikes against surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft artillery sites, enemy army
barracks, petroleum storage areas, Haiphong naval and shipyard areas, and railroad and truck stations. Navy tactical
air attack sorties under Linebacker II were centered in the coastal areas around Hanoi and Haiphong. There were 705
Navy sorties in this area during Linebacker II. Between 18 and 22 December, the Navy conducted 119 Linebacker II
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
205
strikes in North Vietnam, with the main limiting factor on airstrikes being bad weather.
In December 1972, the North Vietnamese returned to the peace table and Linebacker II ended. In January 1973, the
Vietnam cease fire was announced and American carriers ceased all combat sorties into North and South Vietnam.
From 28 January 1973, aircraft from Enterprise and Ranger flew 81 combat sorties against lines-of-communication
targets in Laos. The corridor for overflights was between Hu and Da Nang in South Vietnam. These combat support
sorties were flown in support of the Laotian government, which had requested this assistance. Laos had no
relationship with the cease-fire in Vietnam.
Post-Vietnam
After the cease-fire in Vietnam in 1973, Enterprise proceeded to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton,
Washington, where the carrier was altered and refitted to support the Navy's newest fighter aircraft the Grumman
F-14 Tomcat. Two of four jet blast deflectors were enlarged to accommodate the Tomcat. The No. 4 propulsion shaft
was replaced; it had been bent when its screw became fouled in a discarded arresting gear cable.
In the 1970s, Enterprise was refitted to handle Grumman
F-14 Tomcats, which operated from the ship from 1974
to 2001.
On 18 March 1974, the first operational Tomcats of VF-1
Wolfpack and VF-2 Bounty Hunters made their maiden takeoffs
and landings from the carrier. In September 1974, Enterprise
became the first carrier to deploy with the new fighter plane
when she made her seventh western Pacific (WESTPAC)
deployment.
In February 1975, Typhoon Gervaise struck the island nation of
Mauritius, and Enterprise was ordered to provide disaster relief.
Arriving at Port Louis, carrier personnel spent more than 10,000
man-hours rendering such assistance as restoring water, power
and telephone systems, clearing roads and debris, and providing
helicopter, medical, food and drinkable water support to the
stricken area.
Operation Frequent Wind
In April 1975, Enterprise, Midway, Coral Sea, Hancock, and
Okinawa were deployed to waters off Vietnam for possible
evacuation contingencies as North Vietnam, in violation of the
Paris Peace Accords, launched a conventional invasion of South
Vietnam. On 29 April, Operation Frequent Wind was carried out
by U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps helicopters from the 7th
Fleet. The Operation involved the evacuation of American
citizens and "at-risk' Vietnamese from Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam under heavy attack from the invading
forces of North Vietnam.
President Gerald Ford ordered helicopter evacuation when PAVN shelling forced the cessation of fixed-wing
evacuation from Tan Son Nhut Airport. With fighter cover provided by carrier aircraft, the helicopters landed at the
US Embassy, Saigon and the DAO Compound to pick up evacuees. The last helicopter lifted off the roof of the US
Embassy at 07:53 on 30 April 1975 carrying the last 11 Marine Security Guards. During Operation Frequent Wind,
aircraft from Enterprise flew 95 sorties.
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
206
Eighth and ninth deployments
In July 1976, Enterprise began her eighth Western Pacific deployment.
In February 1977, Idi Amin, the President of Uganda, made derogatory remarks against the United States in public
and Americans in Uganda were taken hostage. This was several months after the Israeli raid at Entebbe airport.
Enterprise and her escort ships, having just left Mombasa after a port call, were directed to remain in the area and
operated off the east African coast for about one week. At that point, the ships were scheduled to transit home after a
seven-month deployment. The ship's Marine detachment and air wing prepared for a possible mission to rescue and
evacuate the Americans, but Amin eventually released all the hostages. The ships then steamed across the Indian
Ocean at high speed to make a previously scheduled final port call at NAS Cubi Point in the Philippines before
returning to NAS Alameda.
In 1978, Enterprise underwent her ninth Western Pacific deployment, including port calls in Hong Kong, Perth,
Australia, and Singapore. In January 1979, the carrier sailed into Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for a comprehensive
36-month overhaul. This overhaul modified the ship's superstructureremoving the SCANFAR radars and the
unique inverted cone-shaped top section, which was three stories high. During the lengthy overhaul, Navy and
shipyard personnel referred to Enterprise as Building 65.
1980s
In 1982, the carrier made her 10th WESTPAC deployment. In April 1983, Enterprise ran aground on a sandbar in
San Francisco Bay while returning from deployment and remained stuck there for several hours. Coincidentally,
George Takei, who played Mr. Sulu, helmsman of the fictional starship Enterprise, was aboard at the time as a
Distinguished Visitor of the Navy. Even though groundings and collisions are usually career-enders for U.S. warship
captains, the captain at the time, Robert J. Kelly, who had already been selected for promotion to commodore,
eventually became a four-star admiral and commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet.
In 1984, the Enterprise began training for her 11th WESTPAC deployment. Late at night on 2 November 1985 with
Captain Robert Leuschner on the bridge, she struck Bishop Rock on the Cortes Bank during flight exercises,
damaging the outer hull with a gash more than 100 feet in length and knocking out of one propeller a chip whose
size was illustrated with a photograph of a Navy diver stretched out and reclining inside the notch. She took on water
and the ensuing list to port reached more than 20 degrees. Although there were no fatalities and miraculously few
injuries, the incident stands out as particularly embarrassing for the US Navy due to the breathtaking recklessness
demonstrated by one of its senior commanding officers. While driving a nuclear aircraft carrier with 6,500 sailor's
lives at risk and planes in the air around it he ignored ample, credible, warning that he was about to drive over a rock
which he knew was nearby. Well before the collision personnel operating on the side of the carrier began delivering
repeated strident warnings of lights on the water and imminent collision danger. At that time the Enterprise was
operating in the immediate vicinity of a shallow sea mount marked with lights. Those warnings were ignored, with
the expected result. After a several day delay to deploy divers and otherwise assess the damage, decisions were made
to save what was left of the Captains career and avoid a decidedly less than macho climb down for the Navy. Thus
the ship continued operations, exacerbating the damage for several weeks until completion of the peace time
pre-deployment training. She then proceeded to dry dock for in excess of $17 million of structural repairs. In the
days immediately after the collision hand drawn pictures titled Leuschners Landing were surreptitiously posted
around the ship, lampooning it as perched atop the sea mount. They were quickly snatched down lest they bring
embarrassment to the "chain of command".
In 1986, the carrier made her 12th WESTPAC deployment, leaving on 15 January 1986. She led Battle Group
FOXTROT, including Truxtun, Arkansas, O'Brien, Reasoner, Lewis B. Puller, McClusky, and David R. Ray. The
Battle Group sailed directly for the Indian Ocean, with stops in Hawaii, Naval Station Subic Bay, and Singapore. On
28 April 1986, Enterprise became the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to transit the Suez Canal. She went from
the Red Sea to the Mediterranean to relieve Coral Sea, on station with America off the coast of Libya. Enterprise
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
207
entered the Mediterranean to support "Operation El Dorado Canyon", the US bombing of Libya. It was the ship's
first visit to the Mediterranean in more than 22 years. During the deployment, Rear Admiral J.T. Howe was relieved
as Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group 3 by Rear Admiral Paul David Miller.
In February 1988, Enterprise underwent her 13th deployment and was assigned to Operation Earnest Will, escorting
reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf. On 14 April, another Earnest Will ship, Samuel B. Roberts, struck
an Iranian mine in international waters. In response, the U.S. launched Operation Praying Mantis against Iranian
targets, starting with two Iranian oil platforms that were being used as support bases for Iranian attacks on merchant
shipping. Aircraft from Enterprise's CVW-11 bombed two Iranian frigates, helping to sink one and damaged the
other, and provided other air support for the strike.
In September 1989, Enterprise left Alameda and began her 14th overseas deployment, an around-the-world cruise
that would end at the ship's new homeport of Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. In early December 1989, Enterprise
and Midway participated in Operation Classic Resolve, President George H. W. Bush's response to Philippine
President Corazon Aquino's request for air support during the rebel coup attempt. Enterprise remained on station
conducting flight operations in the waters outside Manila Bay until the situation subsided.
1990s
In April 1990, Enterprise completed her around-the-world deployment, arriving in Norfolk, Virginia, after having
steamed more than 43,000mi (69,000km) (nautical). In October, the carrier moved to Newport News Shipbuilding
for refueling and the Navy's largest complex overhaul refit ever attempted. On 27 September 1994, Enterprise
returned to sea for sea trials, during which she performed an extended full power run as fast as when she was new.
On 28 June 1996, Enterprise began her 15th overseas deployment. The carrier enforced no-fly zones in Bosnia as
part of Operation Joint Endeavor and over Iraq as part of Operation Southern Watch. The deployment ended in
December 1996, which also marked the end of active service for the Grumman A-6 Intruder from the Navy. In
February 1997, Enterprise entered Newport News Shipbuilding for an extended selective restrictive availability
lasting four-and-a-half months.
Enterprise patrols the Persian Gulf in support of
Operation Desert Fox
In November 1998, following workups, Enterprise departed on her
16th overseas deployment, with CVW-3 embarked. On the night of 8
November, shortly after the start of the deployment, a Northrop
Grumman EA-6B Prowler crashed into a Lockheed S-3 Viking on the
carrier's flight deck. The mishap occurred as the EA-6B was landing
during night carrier qualifications, striking the folded wings of the S-3,
which had not yet cleared the landing area of the flight deck. The four
crew of the EA-6B perished when the aircraft hit the water, but the two
crew members of the S-3 ejected. A fire broke out on the flight deck,
but was quickly extinguished by the flight deck crew. Three of the four
members of the Prowler crew were lost at sea, and the remains of the
fourth were recovered shortly after the crash. The crew of the Viking were rushed to the Naval Medical Center
Portsmouth, Virginia. There were no other significant injuries. An exhaustive search for three missing EA-6B
Prowler crew members was suspended after nearly 24 hours.
On 23 November 1998, Enterprise relieved Dwight D. Eisenhower in the Persian Gulf. During a port call in Dubai,
the carrier hosted former President George H. W. Bush and a live concert by Grammy Award-winning rock group
Hootie & the Blowfish. In December 1998, Enterprise battlegroup spearheaded Operation Desert Fox, destroying
Iraqi military targets with more than 300 Tomahawk land attack missiles and 691,000lb (346 short tons; 313t) of
ordnance. The 70-hour assault was carried out by Enterprise, Gettysburg, Stout, Nicholson and Miami.
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
208
Shortly after the Raak massacre and failure of Yugoslavian peace talks in Rambouillet, France, Enterprise quickly
left a port visit in Cannes, France to return to the Adriatic.
In early March 1999, Enterprise returned to the Persian Gulf to relieve Carl Vinson in support of Operation Southern
Watch, returning to Norfolk in May 1999.
During the 19981999 deployment, Enterprise steamed more than 50,000nmi (93,000km; 58,000mi) and spent
151 days underway. Enterprise Battle Group was the first to deploy with IT-21, which allowed unprecedented
internal and external communication capabilities, including Internet, email, and television.
2000s
Enterprise, the world's first nuclear-powered
carrier (left) with what was then the newest:
French carrier Charles de Gaulle, 16 May 2001
On 25 April 2001, Enterprise began her 17th overseas deployment
with CVW-8. From 1828 June, the carrier and four escorts
participated in an exercise with the Royal Navy in a joint and
combined warfare training exercise in the North Sea, near the Hebrides
and in Scotland.
Enterprise was beginning her voyage home from the Persian Gulf
when the September 11 attacks were carried out. Without orders, the
carrier returned to the waters off Southwest Asia near the Persian Gulf,
outrunning her escorts.Wikipedia:Citation needed In October 2001, the
United States launched air attacks against Al-Qaeda training camps and
Taliban military installations in Afghanistan. The actions were
designed to disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a base for terrorist operations and to attack the military capability of the
Taliban regime. Over three weeks, aircraft from Enterprise flew nearly 700 missions and dropped over 800,000lb
(400 short tons; 360t) of ordnance over Afghanistan. On 10 November, the carrier arrived at her home port of
Norfolk, Virginia, 16 days later than originally planned. During her last day at sea, the ship hosted a live two-hour
broadcast of ABC's Good Morning America. Garth Brooks performed a concert with Jewel from Enterprise on 21
November while she was docked in Norfolk, Virginia. The concert was carried live on CBS. On Pearl Harbor Day
(December 7, 2001), President George W. Bush addressed the sailors of Enterprise from its flight deck.
In January 2002, Enterprise entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia for a scheduled one-year
Extended Dry Docking Selected Restricted Availability.
Iraq War
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Members assigned to USS Enterprise Damage
Control Team test their fire-fighting agent prior
to entering the simulator round of the Damage
Control Olympics during Fleet Week 2004.
From September 2003 to February 2004, the ship deployed to relieve
the four carriers that were on station during the invasion of Iraq.
Enterprise's role was to provide continued air support for Operation
Iraqi Freedom. This also was the last deployment for the F-14 Tomcat.
The fully repaired Cole was a member of her escort group at this time.
A USO tour was held aboard while at sea, with WWE superstar Kurt
Angle, NASCAR racer Mike Wallace, and comedian Robin Williams
giving talks and performances. The ship made several port-calls to
Jebel Ali, a stop in Bahrain (during which actor Ben Affleck visited the
ship), and Naples, Italy and Cartegna, Spain on the way home. Admiral
James Stavridis commanded the battle group at this time with Captain
Eric Neidlinger as Enterprise's commanding officer.
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
209
In April 2004, Enterprise participated in the Fleet Week celebration in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Enterprise's
Damage Control team won the Damage Control Olympics at that event, setting several records in the process. In
June and July 2004, the ship participated in Summer Surge 2004 and several multinational exercises. She
participated in photo ops of a multinational battle group and was anchored at Portsmouth, England on 4 July.
USS Enterprise (CVN 65) Sailors of the Year
appeared on the set of the Paramount Television
series Enterprise to present the cast and crew
with an American flag in 2003. The flag was
flown in their honor as gratitude for the support
the cast, and crew of the TV series have given the
Sailors of the carrier.
2005 saw the ship in for another routine shipyard overhaul at Newport
News Shipyard in Newport News, Virginia. Departing the dock after
this yard period, Enterprise ran through a sand bar causing all eight
reactors to shutdown, leaving the ship adrift on emergency power for
nearly three hours before she was tugged back to her pier at Norfolk
Naval Base. It took approximately three days for the ship's nuclear
machinists to clear her condensers of river mud.
In May 2006, Enterprise departed for a six-month deployment,
operating in the 6th, 5th and 7th Fleet areas in a world-tour, supporting
Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom, and visiting ports in Dubai,
Hong Kong, and crossing the line. She returned to Norfolk 18
November 2006.
On 19 December 2007, the carrier returned home after a six-month
deployment in the Persian Gulf.
In April 2008, Enterprise entered the Northrop-Grumman Newport
News shipyard for a scheduled 18-month Extended Docking Selected Restricted Availability, with a projected
completion date of September 2009. As maintenance was performed, costs continued to rise above projections and
the completion date repeatedly slid. Enterprise, the oldest active combat vessel in the Navy, was scheduled to be
decommissioned as late as 2014. On 6 April 2009, Admiral Gary Roughead, Chief of Naval Operations, stated that
he was seeking a congressional dispensation to speed up the process to decommission Enterprise. Under this new
timetable, the ship would complete one final deployment before being decommissioned in late 2012 or early 2013.
This would temporarily reduce the U.S. Navy to having only ten active aircraft carriers through the launch of the
Gerald R. Ford in 2015. In October 2009, the House and Senate Armed Services Committees agreed with the
recommendation, approving the decommissioning of Enterprise in 2013 after 51 years of service.
2010s
In April 2010, the Navy announced that the cost of refurbishing the carrier had risen to $655 million and was
scheduled to be completed the same month.
[8]
On 19 April 2010, Enterprise left the Northrop Grumman shipyard to
conduct sea trials in preparation for return to the fleet. The total cost of refurbishing the carrier was $662 million,
which was 46% over budget. Also, it took eight months longer than scheduled. The Navy said it planned to use the
carrier for two six-month deployments before her scheduled 2013 decommissioning date.
[9]
On 1 January 2011, the Virginian-Pilot leaked highlights from the final video of a set entitled "XO Movie Night" that
was filmed on Enterprise and aired via closed circuit television on select Saturday evenings. The videos, which were
not meant for release outside the command, were produced by Captain Owen Honors when he was executive officer
(XO) of the ship in the 20067 timeframe and included profanity, anti-gay slurs, and sexually suggestive scenes.
Captain Honors received public support from Navy personnel, but on 4 January 2011, Admiral John C. Harvey, Jr.,
the commander of the United States Fleet Forces Command in Norfolk removed Honors for demonstrating poor
judgment. Captain Dee Mewbourne was appointed as replacement commander. Forty officers and enlisted sailors,
including six flag officers, were later disciplined to varying extents over the incident.
[10]
The carrier and her strike group deployed on 13 January 2011. Accompanying the carrier on the cruise to the Persian
Gulf and Mediterranean were Carrier Air Wing One, guided missile cruiser Leyte Gulf, and guided missile destroyers
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
210
Barry, Bulkeley, and Mason.
[11]
In February 2011, Enterprise was involved in an incident with Somali pirates, an
event that ended in the deaths of four American citizens and two pirates.
The carrier returned to Norfolk on 15 July 2011. During its deployment, it had participated in operations that
captured 75 Somali pirates and its strike group made missile strikes against the Libyan government.
[12]
On 9 April 2012, the Navy announced that Enterprise and her group, Carrier Strike Group Twelve, would be
assigned to join Abraham Lincoln in the Persian Gulf. The mission was described as routine, not a response to a
specific threat. Upon completion of this mission in fall 2012, Enterprise was scheduled to be deactivated.
In October 2012, Enterprise transited the Suez Canal for the final time. She paid her last foreign port call when she
visited Naples, Italy, between 1621 October, which had been the Big E's first foreign port-of-call fifty years earlier.
On 4 November 2012, Enterprise returned to her homeport at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, for the last time.
While on her last journey, the carrier cruised nearly 81,000 miles in a 238-day deployment to the Persian Gulf and
her aircraft flew more than 2,000 sorties in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.
Decommissioning
Enterprise was inactivated on 1 December 2012 at Norfolk Naval Station, Virginia. The deactivation of Enterprise
will result in a one-time increase of approximately $857.3 million in depot maintenance costs for the U.S. Navy's
operation and maintenance budget for Fiscal Year 2013.
Enterprise will be the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to be decommissioned. Naval enthusiasts have requested
that Enterprise be converted into a museum. While the costs of doing so regarding her nuclear reactors has yet to be
calculated by the United States Department of Defense, by 2012 they had been deemed too expensive to make such
an effort practical. A petition had also been set up for the next carrier (CVN-80) to be named as the ninth USS
Enterprise. At her inactivation ceremony, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced in his taped message that the
next Ford Class Carrier, CVN-80 would indeed be named "Enterprise".
Speaking at the ceremony was Chaplain John Owen, CAPT William C. Hamilton, Jr. (CO), VADM David H. Buss
(Commander, Naval Air Force Pacific), ADM John Richardson (Director, Naval Reactors), Matt Mulherin
(President, Newport News Shipbuilding), ADM Jonathan W. Greenert (Chief of Naval Operations), a video speech
from Ray Mabus, and the M.C. was the ship's Executive Officer. SECNAV had to deliver his speech via taped video
as he was in China at the time. VIPs present for the ceremony included several former Commanding Officers, a
granddaughter of the ship's sponsor, and a former A-6 pilot who had been captured in North Vietnam returning to the
ship for the first time that day since he launched. He received a standing ovation at his introduction. Actor William
Shatner was scheduled to appear but canceled. During the ceremony, the representative of the ship's sponsor received
a flag flown from the ship during its last underway and a piece of wooden railing leading to the CO's inport cabin.
Also the CNO was presented with a time capsule produced by ship's crew with artifacts and pieces of the ship.
Enterprise crew and visitors were encouraged to add the items or messages the week before inactivation. While
presenting the capsule, Commanding Officer William C. "Boomer" Hamilton informed the CNO that the only
stipulation would be that the capsule could only be opened by the crew of the next ship to be named Enterprise.
When it was announced shortly after that CVN-80 would be the 9th Navy vessel to carry the name "Enterprise", the
entire crowd cheered and gave a standing ovation.
Newport News Shipbuilding will deactivate and de-fuel the ship, which will then be formally decommissioned once
all nuclear fuel has been removed. The process is scheduled to begin in mid-2013 and be completed in 2015. Once
the Navy dismantles and recycles the ship's reactors, there will be very little left to turn into a museum; virtually
everything two decks below the hangar bay would have to be cut apart. What remains of Enterprise following 2015
is currently scheduled to be taken to Washington state for scrapping. It remains possible the ship's island could be
removed and used as a memorial. As of June 2013[13], the ship has had all antennas, radars (including the
main-mast on top of the island), weapons launchers, anchors, and other miscellaneous items removed from her
exterior. Additionally, the inside of the ship has been removed of much gear that can be reused on other ships, and
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
211
all fluids systems drained. She has been towed to Newport News Shipyard for continued dismantling.
On 8 February 2013, the United States Department of Defense announced that a number of nuclear projects would
have to be postponed until the upcoming budget sequestration issue was resolved. These include the planned
de-fuelling of Enterprise as well as mid-life overhauls (including nuclear refuelling) for two Nimitz class ships.
[14]
Overhauls
April 1962 to June 1962 - Post Shakedown Availability
November 1964 to July 1965 - Refueling and Complex Overhaul - mast raised, second yardarm added.
June 1966 to September 1966 - Overhaul - waste catapult bridal catcher removed; 2 Mk-25 BPDM added.
July 1967 to September 1967 - Limited Availability
July 1968 to September 1968 - Overhaul
January 1969 to March 1969 - Repairs - repairs to explosion and fire damage.
August 1969 to January 1971 - Refueling and Complex Overhaul
March 1972 to May 1972 - Selected Restricted Availability
July 1973 to February 1974 - Selected Restricted Availability
July 1975 to November 1975 - Selected Restricted Availability
May 1977 to July 1977 - Selected Restricted Availability
January 1979 to February 1982 - Complex Overhaul - mast replaced; ECM dome removed; SPS-32/33 arrays
replaced with SPS-48/49; 3 CIWS added; forward port sponson added; forward starboard sponson with Mk-29
added; aft port BPDM replaced with Mk-29; aft starboard BPDM removed.
May 1983 to September 1983 - Selected Restricted Availability
November 1985 to January 1986 - Repairs - hull/keel/propeller repairs from collision with Cortes Bank, Channel
Islands, CA.
September 1986 to March 1987 - Selected Restricted Availability
October 1988 to April 1989 - Selected Restricted Availability
October 1990 to September 1994 - Refueling and Complex Overhaul - aft boarding dock added.
February 1997 to August 1997 - Selected Restricted Availability
June 1999 to December 1999 - Selected Restricted Availability
January 2002 to May 2003 - Selected Restricted Availability
September 2004 to October 2005 - Selected Restricted Availability - RAM replaces CIWS at forward port
sponson; RAM added to aft starboard sponson.
May 2006 to November 2006 - Selected Restricted Availability
April 2008 to April 2010 - Selected Restricted Availability
List of Commanding officers
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
212
Commanding Officers of the USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
Order Name Eventual Flag Rank Picture Assumed Command Relieved
1 Vincent Paul DePoix VADM 25 November 1961 20 July 1963
2 Frederick Hayes ("Mike") Michaelis ADM 20 July 1963 17 July 1965
3 James Lemuel Holloway III ADM 17 July 1965 11 July 1967
4 Kent Liston Lee VADM 11 July 1967 8 July 1969
5 Forrest Silas Petersen VADM 8 July 1969 3 December 1971
6 Ernest Eugene ("Gene") Tissot, Jr. RADM 3 December 1971 9 April 1974
7 Carol Castleman Smith, Jr. VADM 9 April 1974 10 December 1976
8 James Willis Austin RADM 10 December 1976 23 February 1980
9 Robert Joseph ("Barney") Kelly ADM 23 February 1980 17 June 1983
10 Robert Lee Leuschner, Jr. RADM 17 June 1983 27 January 1986
11 Robert Johnson Spane VADM 27 January 1986 28 October 1988
12 Harry Taylor Rittenour RADM 28 October 1988 7 August 1991
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
213
13 Daniel Clark Roper 7 August 1991 27 August 1993
14 Richard Joseph Naughton VADM 27 August 1993 2 February 1996
15 Michael Dennis Malone VADM 2 February 1996 10 November 1997
16 Evan Marthy ("Marty") Chanik VADM 10 November 1997 10 March 2000
17 James Alexander ("Sandy") Winnefeld, Jr. ADM 10 March 2000 15 February 2002
18 Eric Christian Neidlinger 15 February 2002 10 December 2004
19 Lawrence Scott ("Larry") Rice RADM 10 December 2004 17 May 2007
20 Ronald Horton RADM 17 May 2007 6 May 2010
21 Owen Paul Honors, Jr. 6 May 2010 4 January 2011
22 Dee Leon Mewbourne RADM 4 January 2011 17 August 2011
23 William Christopher Hamilton, Jr. 17 August 2011 1 December 2012
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
214
Awards and Decorations
Joint Meritorious Unit Award Navy Unit Commendation with three stars Meritorious Unit Commendation with
six stars
Navy E Ribbon with three Battle "E" devices Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal with nine stars Navy Expeditionary Medal with one star
Armed Forces Service Medal with one star Humanitarian Service Medal with one star Vietnam Service Medal with ten stars
Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
with four stars
Republic of Vietnam Meritorious Unit Citation
(Gallantry Cross)
Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Unit
Citation
In popular culture
Enterprise first appeared in the 1968 movie Yours, Mine and Ours. Henry Fonda played the role of Frank Beardsley,
a U.S. Navy officer detached from the ship.
Enterprise was a principal setting of the popular movie Top Gun released in 1986. Director Tony Scott filmed actual
flight operations aboard ship and incorporated them into the film's plot. Some interior scenes taking place aboard
Enterprise were actually filmed on USSRanger(CV-61).
In 1986, Enterprise was a setting of scenes in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. The ship was unavailable for filming,
so scenes depicting Enterprise were again filmed aboard USS Ranger.
[15]
More important for Star Trek lore, the first
nuclear aircraft carrier was in position to inspire naming of Starship USSEnterprise(NCC-1701). The original
premise by Gene Roddenberry dated March 1964 describes a starship USS Yorktown. As USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
was then one of the newest and most celebrated ships of the US Navy, occupying a similar status as the fictional
Starship Enterprise, the aircraft carrier may have inspired a name change. One of Art Director Matt Jefferies' original
drawings depicts the Starship Enterprise with Enterprise (CVN-65) for scale.
[16]
Many of the subsequent Star Trek
television shows and movies have been set aboard a ship named Enterprise, and the USSEnterprise of the show Star
Trek: The Next Generation has a relief of five Enterprise starship models and a model of CVN-65 on the wall of its
observation lounge. In the subsequent prequel series Star Trek: Enterprise, a quartet of portraits depicting vessels
named Enterprise adorns the wall of Captain Jonathan Archer's ready room, the second of which is the CVN-65. A
similar display is seen on the recreation deck of the Enterprise in Star Trek: The Motion Picture. The Space Shuttle
Enterprise (OV-101), originally slated to be named Constitution, was renamed after the Starship Enterprise
following a write-in campaign to President Gerald Fordthus the Space Shuttle Enterprise is indirectly named after
the aircraft carrier.
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
215
References
Citations
[1] Cracknell, p. 56: "The main armor carried on Enterprise is the heavy armored flight deck. This was to prove a significant factor in the
catastrophic fire and explosions that occurred on Enterprise's flight deck in 1969. The US Navy learned its lesson the hard way during World
War II when all its carriers had only armored hangar decks. All attack carriers built since the Midway class have had armored flight decks."
[2] "USS Enterprise repair bill now $605 million" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110713114608/ http:/ / www. dailypress. com/ topic/ ).
dailypress.com, 22 October 2009
[3] "World's First Nuclear-powered Aircraft Carrier, the Big E, makes final voyage" (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ us/ 2012/ 03/ 10/
worlds-first-nuclear-powered-aircraft-carrier-big-e-makes-final-voyage). foxnews.com, 10 March 2012.
[4] http:/ / www. public. navy. mil/ bupers-npc/ reference/ messages/ Documents/ NAVADMINS/ NAV2012/ NAV12087. txt
[5] Jane's American fighting ships of the 20th century, p. 89. New York: Mallard Press, 1991. ISBN 0-7924-5626-2.
[6] Cullen, Tony. Encyclopedia of World Sea Power, p. 68. ISBN 0-517-65342-7.
[7] [7] Battle 360, "The Empire's Last Stand." Dir. Tony Long. History Channel. 2 May 2008 (2 May 2008)
[8] Frost, Peter, "USS Enterprise Delayed Again; Cost of Maintenance Balloons 44.5 Percent", Newport News Daily Press, 1 April 2010.
[9] Frost, Peter. "USS Enterprise: After Spending 2 Years in Newport News, Enterprise Returned to Navy" (http:/ / articles. dailypress. com/
2010-04-20/ news/ dp-local_enterprise_0420apr20_1_uss-enterprise-first-nuclear-powered-carrier-aircraft-carrier). Newport News Daily
Press, 20 April 2010.
[10] Military Times, " 40 faulted in Enterprise video investigation (http:/ / www. navytimes. com/ news/ 2011/ 03/
navy-harvey-honors-investigation-030311w/ )", 3 March 2011; Retrieved 4 March 2011.
[11] Lessig, Hugh, "Enterprise Carrier Group To Deploy Next Week", Newport News Daily Press, 8 January 2011.
[12] Wilson, Todd Allen, "USS Enterprise Returns To Norfolk", Newport News Daily Press, 16 July 2011.
[13] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)& action=edit
[14] [14] and
[15] Okuda, Denise & Michael (1999). The Star Trek Encyclopedia, p. 90. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-53609-5.
[16] Whitfield, Stephen and Roddenberry, Gene (1968). The Making of Star Trek, p. 167. New York, Ballantine Books. ISBN 345-24691-8-195.
Bibliography
Cracknell, WH, Warship Profile 15, USS Enterprise (CVAN 65) Nuclear Attack Carrier, USN.
United States Naval Aviation, 19101995, Naval Historical Center.
USS Enterprise (CVN 65) public affairs office
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
USS Enterprise (CVN-65) (category)
External media
Images
"USS Enterprise (CVN-65)" (http:/ / www.maritimequest. com/ warship_directory/ us_navy_pages/ aircraft_carriers/ enterprise_cvn_65/
uss_enterprise_cvn_65_page_1.htm). Maritime quest.
Video
"Enterprise in War. Nuclear Carrier Joins 7th Fleet, 1965/08/30 (1965)" (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ 1965-08-30_Enterprise_in_War).
Internet Archive (Universal Studios). 1965.
"Vietnam Action. Enterprise Planes Support Troops, 1965/12/09 (1965)" (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/ 1965-12-09_Vietnam_Action).
Internet Archive (Universal Studios). 1965.
Official USS Enterprise website (http:/ / www. enterprise. navy. mil/ )
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
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"Enterprise (CVN 65) (ex-CVAN 65)" (http:/ / www. nvr. navy. mil/ nvrships/ details/ CVN65. htm). Naval
Vessel Register.
"USS Enterprise (CVN 65) Story Archive" (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ local/ story_archive. asp?id=7). Navy News
Service.
"Enterprise" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ e4/ enterprise-viii. htm). Dictionary of American Naval
Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command.
19611965 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ e4/ enterprise-viiia. htm)
19661970 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ e4/ enterprise-viiib. htm)
19711975 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ e4/ enterprise-viiic. htm)
19761980 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ e4/ enterprise-viiid. htm)
19811985 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ e4/ enterprise-viiie. htm)
19861990 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ e4/ enterprise-viiif. htm)
19911995 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ e4/ enterprise-viiig. htm)
19962000 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ e4/ enterprise-viiih. htm)
20012004 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ e4/ enterprise-viiii. htm)
"USS Enterprise CVAN/CVN-65 Association" (http:/ / www. cvan-cvn-65. org/ ).
"AO3 Smitty's Enterprise Page" (http:/ / www. sizor. com/ cvn65/ ).
"USS Enterprise (CVN 65)" (http:/ / www. navysite. de/ cvn/ cvn65. html). Navy site.
"USS Enterprise CVN-65" (http:/ / www. uscarriers. net/ cvn65history. htm). US Carriers.
USS Enterprise (CVAN-65/CVN-65) command histories from Naval History & Heritage Command
1963 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1963. pdf)
1964 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1964. pdf)
1965 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1965. pdf)
1966 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1966. pdf)
1967 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1967. pdf)
1968 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1968. pdf)
1969 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1969. pdf)
1970 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1970. pdf)
1971 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1971. pdf)
1972 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1972. pdf)
1973 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1973. pdf)
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1975 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1975. pdf)
1976 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1976. pdf)
1977 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1977. pdf)
1978 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1978. pdf)
1979 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1979. pdf)
1980 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1980. pdf)
1981 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1981. pdf)
1982 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1982. pdf)
1983 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1983. pdf)
1984 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1984. pdf)
1985 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1985. pdf)
1986 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1986. pdf)
1987 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1987. pdf)
1988 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1988. pdf)
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1989 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1989. pdf)
1990 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1990. pdf)
1991 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1991. pdf)
1992 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1992. pdf)
1993 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1993. pdf)
1994 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1994. pdf)
1995 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1995. pdf)
1996 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1996. pdf)
1997 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1997. pdf)
1998 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1998. pdf)
1999 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 1999. pdf)
2001 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 2001. pdf)
2003 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 2003. pdf)
2004 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 2004. pdf)
2005 (http:/ / liveweb. archive. org/ http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ shiphist/ e/ cvn-65/ 2005. pdf)
Precededby
CV-6
USS
Enterprise
1961-2013
Succeededby
CVN-80
Precededby
USSKitty Hawk(CV-63)
Oldest active combat ship of the United States
Navy
2009 2012
Succeededby
USSNimitz(CVN-68)
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
218
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
"Nimitz Class" redirects here. For 1997 novel, see Nimitz Class (novel).
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
Nimitz sailing through Canadian waters
Class overview
Name: Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
Builders: Newport News Shipbuilding Company
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Kitty Hawkclass and
Enterpriseclass
Succeededby: Gerald R. Fordclass
Subclasses: Theodore Roosevelt class and
Ronald Reagan class
In commission: 3 May 1975
Planned: 10
Completed: 10
Active: 9 (USS Abraham Lincoln undergoing RCOH)
General characteristics
Type: Aircraft carrier
Displacement:
100,000to 104,600 long tons (101,600106,300t)
[1]
Length: Overall: 1,092 feet (332.8m)
Waterline: 1,040 feet (317.0m)
Beam: Overall: 252 ft (76.8 m)
Waterline: 134 ft (40.8 m)
Draft: Maximum navigational: 37 ft (11.3 m)
Limit: 41 ft (12.5 m)
Propulsion: 2 Westinghouse A4W nuclear reactors
4 steam turbines
4 shafts
260,000 shp (194 MW)
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
219
Speed: 30+ knots (56+km/h; 35+mph)
Range: Unlimited distance; 20-25 years
Complement: Ship's company: 3,200
Air wing: 2,480
Sensors and
processing systems:
AN/SPS-48E 3-D air search radar
AN/SPS-49(V)5 2-D air search radar
AN/SPQ-9B target acquisition radar
AN/SPN-46 air traffic control radars
AN/SPN-43C air traffic control radar
AN/SPN-41 landing aid radars
4 Mk 91 NSSM guidance systems
4 Mk 95 radars
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
SLQ-32A(V)4 Countermeasures suite
SLQ-25A Nixie torpedo countermeasures
Armament: 1624 RIM-7 Sea Sparrow or NATO Sea Sparrow missiles
3 or 4 Phalanx CIWSs or RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles
Armor: 2.5in (64mm) Kevlar over vital spaces
Aircraft carried: 8590 fixed wing and helicopters
The Nimitz-class supercarriers are a class of ten nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in service with the United States
Navy. The lead ship of the class is named for World War II United States Pacific Fleet commander Fleet Admiral
Chester W. Nimitz, the U.S. Navy's last fleet admiral. With an overall length of 1,092ft (333m) and full-load
displacements of over 100,000 long tons, they have been the largest warships built and in service, although they are
being eclipsed by the upcoming Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers. Instead of the gas turbines or diesel-electric
systems used for propulsion on many modern warships, the carriers use two A4W pressurized water reactors which
drive four propeller shafts and can produce a maximum speed of over 30 knots (56km/h) and maximum power of
around 260,000shp (190MW). As a result of the use of nuclear power, the ships are capable of operating for over 20
years without refueling and are predicted to have a service life of over 50 years. They are categorized as
nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and are numbered with consecutive hull numbers between CVN-68 and CVN-77.
[2]
All ten carriers were constructed by Newport News Shipbuilding Company in Virginia. USSNimitz, the lead ship of
the class, was commissioned on 3 May 1975, and USSGeorge H.W. Bush, the tenth and last of the class, was
commissioned on 10 January 2009. Since the 1970s, Nimitz-class carriers have participated in many conflicts and
operations across the world, including Operation Eagle Claw in Iran, the Gulf War, and more recently in Iraq and
Afghanistan.
The angled flight decks of the carriers use a CATOBAR arrangement to operate aircraft, with steam catapults and
arrestor wires for launch and recovery. As well as speeding up flight deck operations, this allows for a much wider
variety of aircraft than with the STOVL arrangement used on smaller carriers. An embarked carrier air wing
consisting of up to around 90 aircraft is normally deployed on board. After the retirement of the F-14 Tomcat, the air
wings' strike fighters are primarily F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornets and F/A-18A+ and F/A-18C Hornets. In
addition to their aircraft, the vessels carry short-range defensive weaponry for anti-aircraft warfare and missile
defense.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
220
Description
The Nimitz-class carriers have an overall length of 1,092ft (333m) and a full-load displacement of about
100,000104,000 long tons (102,000106,000 metric tons). They have a beam at the waterline of 135ft (41m), and
the maximum width of their flight decks is 251ft 10in to 257ft 3in (77.76m to 78.41m) (depending on the
variant). The ships' companies can number up to 3,200, not including an air wing of 2,480.
Design
The Nimitz-class aircraft carriers were ordered to supplement the aircraft carriers of the Kitty Hawk class and
Enterprise class, maintaining the strength and capability of the U.S. Navy after the older carriers were
decommissioned. The ships were designed to be improvements on previous U.S. aircraft carriers, in particular the
Enterprise and Forrestal-class supercarriers, although the arrangement of the ships is relatively similar to that of the
Kitty Hawk class.
[3]
Among other design improvements, the two reactors on Nimitz-class carriers take up less space
than the eight reactors used on Enterprise. Along with a more generally improved design, this means that
Nimitz-class carriers can carry 90% more aviation fuel and 50% more ordnance when compared to the Forrestal
class.
The U.S. Navy has stated that the carriers could withstand three times the damage sustained by the Essex class
inflicted by Japanese air attacks during World War II. The hangars on the ships are divided into three fire bays by
thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire. This addition has been present on U.S. aircraft
carriers since World War II, after the fires caused by Kamikaze attacks.
The first ships were designed around the time of the Vietnam War, and certain aspects of the design were influenced
by operations there. To a certain extent, the carrier operations in Vietnam demonstrated the need for increased
capabilities of aircraft carriers over their survivability, as they were used to send sorties into the war and were
therefore less subject to attack. As a result of this experience, Nimitz carriers were designed with larger stores of
aviation fuel and larger magazines in relation to previous carriers, although this was partly as a result of increased
space available by the new design of the ships' propulsion systems.
[4]
A major purpose of the ships was initially to support the U.S. military during the Cold War, and they were designed
with capabilities for that role, including using nuclear power instead of oil for greater endurance when deployed in
blue water, and the ability to make adjustments to the carriers' weapons systems on the basis of new intelligence and
technological developments.
[5]
They were initially categorized only as attack carriers, but ships have been
constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since USSCarl Vinson. As a result, the ships and their aircraft are now
able to participate in a wide range of operations, which can include sea and air blockades, mine laying, and missile
strikes on land, air and sea.
Because of a design flaw, ships of this class have inherent lists to starboard when under combat loads that exceed the
capability of their list control systems. The problem appears to be especially prevalent on some of the more modern
vessels. This problem has been previously rectified by using damage control voids for ballast, but a solution using
solid ballast which does not affect the ship's survivability has been proposed.
[]
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
221
Construction
All ten Nimitz-class aircraft carriers were constructed between 1968 and 2006 at Newport News Shipbuilding
Company, in Newport News, Virginia, in the largest drydock in the western hemisphere, dry dock 12, now 2,172 feet
(662m) long after a recent expansion.
Since USSTheodore Roosevelt, the carriers were manufactured in modular construction (USS George H.W. Bush
was constructed from 161 'super-lift' modules). This means that whole sections could be welded together with
plumbing and electrical equipment already fitted, improving efficiency. Using gantry cranes, the modules were lifted
into the dry dock and welded. In the case of the bow section, these can weigh over 1,500,000 pounds (680t). This
method was originally developed by Ingalls Shipbuilding and increases the rate of work because much of the fitting
out does not have to be carried out within the confines of the already finished hull.
The total cost of construction for each ship was around $4.5 billion.
[6]
Propulsion
One of 4 propellers of George
Washington
All ships of the class are powered by two A4W nuclear reactors, kept in
separate compartments. They power four propeller shafts and can produce a
maximum speed of over 30 knots (56km/h) and maximum power of
260,000bhp (190MW). The reactors produce heat through nuclear fission
which heats water. This is then passed through four turbines (manufactured by
General Electric) which are shared by the two reactors. The turbines power the
four bronze propellers, each with a diameter of 25 feet (7.6m) and a weight of
66,000 pounds (30t). Behind these are the two rudders which are 29 feet
(8.8m) high and 22 feet (6.7m) long, and each weigh 110,000 pounds (50t).
The Nimitz-class ships constructed since USSRonald Reagan also have
bulbous bows in order to improve speed and fuel efficiency by reducing
hydrodynamic drag. As a result of the use of nuclear power, the ships are
capable of operating continuously for over 20 years without refueling and are
predicted to have a service life of over 50 years.
Armament and protection
Firing of a Sea Sparrow missile from
Theodore Roosevelt. A Phalanx CIWS
is in the left of the image.
In addition to the aircraft carried on board, the ships carry defensive equipment
for use against missiles and hostile aircraft. These consist of either three or four
NATO RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missile launchers designed for defense against
aircraft and anti-ship missiles as well as either three or four 20mm Phalanx
CIWS missile defense cannon. USSRonald Reagan has none of these, having
been built with the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile system, two of which
have also been installed on USSNimitz and USSGeorge Washington. These
will be installed on the other ships as they return for Refueling Complex
Overhaul (RCOH). Since USS Theodore Roosevelt, the carriers have been
constructed with 2.5in (64mm) Kevlar armor over vital spaces, and earlier
ships have been retrofitted with it: Nimitz in 19831984, Eisenhower from
19851987 and Vinson in 1989.
[7]
The other countermeasures the ships use are four Sippican SRBOC (super rapid bloom off-board chaff) six-barrel
MK36 decoy launchers, which deploy infrared flares and chaff to disrupt the sensors of incoming missiles; an
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
222
SSTDS torpedo defense system; and an AN/SLQ-25 Nixie torpedo countermeasures system. The carriers also use
AN/SLQ-32(V) electronic warfare systems to detect and disrupt hostile radar signals in addition to the electronic
warfare capabilities of some of the aircraft on board.
[8][9]
The presence of nuclear weapons on board U.S. aircraft carriers since the end of the Cold War has neither been
confirmed nor denied by the U.S. government. As a result of this, as well as concerns over the safety of nuclear
power, the presence of a U.S. aircraft carrier in a foreign port has occasionally provoked protest from local people,
for example when USS Nimitz docked in Chennai, India, in 2007. At that time, the Strike Group commander Rear
Admiral John Terence Blake stated that: "The U.S. policy is that we do not routinely deploy nuclear weapons on
board Nimitz."
Carrier air wing
The flight deck of Harry S. Truman
Main article: Carrier air wing
In order for a carrier to deploy, it must embark one of ten Carrier Air
Wings (CVW).
[10]
The carriers can accommodate a maximum of 130
F/A-18 Hornets
[11]
or 8590 aircraft of different types, but current
numbers are typically 64 aircraft. Although the air wings are integrated
with the operation of the carriers they are deployed to, they are
nevertheless regarded as a separate entity. As well as the aircrew, the
air wings are also made up of support personnel involved in roles
including maintenance, aircraft and ordnance handling and emergency
procedures. Each person on the flight deck wears color-coded clothing
to make their role easily identifiable.
A typical carrier air wing can include 1214 F/A-18E or F Super Hornets as strike fighters; two squadrons of 1012
F/A-18C Hornets, with one of these often provided by the U.S. Marine Corps (VMFA), also as strike fighters; 46
EA-6B Prowlers for electronic warfare; 46 E-2C Hawkeyes and ES.3 Sea Shadows used for airborne early warning;
C-2 Greyhounds used for logistics; and a Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron of 68 SH-60F & HH-60H Seahawks.
Aircraft that have previously operated from Nimitz-class carriers include F-4 Phantoms, RA-5C Vigilantes, RF-8G
Crusaders, F-14 Tomcats, S-3 Vikings, A-7 Corsair II and A-6E Intruder aircraft.
[12]
Flight deck and aircraft facilities
Hangar of George Washington during a
replenishment at sea, 2009
The flight deck is angled at nine degrees, which allows for aircraft to
be launched and recovered simultaneously. This angle of the flight
deck was reduced slightly in relation to previous carriers, as the current
design improves the air flow around the carrier. Four steam catapults
are used to launch fixed-wing aircraft, and four arrestor wires are used
for recovery. The two newest carriers, Ronald Reagan and George
H.W. Bush, only have three arrestor wires each, as the fourth was used
infrequently on earlier ships and was therefore deemed unnecessary.
This CATOBAR arrangement allows for faster launching and recovery
as well as a much wider range of aircraft that can be used on board
compared with smaller aircraft carriers, most of which use a simpler
STOVL arrangement without catapults or arrestor wires. The ship's aircraft operations are controlled by the air boss
from Primary Flight Control or Pri-Fly. Four large elevators transport aircraft between the flight deck and the
hangars below. These hangars are divided into three bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread
of fire.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
223
Strike groups
Main article: Carrier Strike Group
George Washington carrier strike group in the
Caribbean Sea in April 2006
When an aircraft carrier deploys, it takes a Strike Group, made up of
several other warships and supply vessels which allow the operation to
be carried out. The armament of the Nimitz class is made up only of
short range defensive weapons, used as a last line of defense against
enemy missiles and aircraft. The other vessels in the Strike Group
provide additional capabilities, such as long range Tomahawk missiles
or the Aegis Combat System, and also protect the carrier from attack.
A typical Strike Group may include, in addition to an aircraft carrier:
up to six surface combatants, including frigates, guided missile cruisers
and guided missile destroyers (used primarily for anti-aircraft warfare
and anti-submarine warfare); one or two attack submarines (for seeking
out and destroying hostile surface ships and submarines); and an ammunition, oiler, and supply ship of Military
Sealift Command to provide logistical support.
[13]
The precise structure and numbers of each type of ship can vary
between groups depending on the objectives of the deployment.
[14]
Design differences within the class
While the designs of the final seven ships (beginning with USSTheodore Roosevelt) are slightly different from those
of the earlier ships, the U.S. Navy considers all ten carriers as a single class. When the older carriers come in for
Refueling and Complex Overhaul (RCOH), their nuclear power plants are refueled and they are upgraded to the
standards of the later carriers. Other modifications may be performed to update the ships' equipment. The ships were
initially classified only as attack carriers but have been constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since USS Carl
Vinson. These improvements include better radar systems and facilities which enable the ships to operate aircraft in a
more effective anti-submarine role, including the fitting of common undersea picture (CUP) technology which uses
sonar to allow for better assessment of the threat from submarines. The changes included better support for S-3
Viking ASW patrol planes and SH-60F Seahawk helicopters with dipping sonar systems.
Ronald Reagan in the Strait of Magellan in 2004
USS Theodore Roosevelt and later carriers have slight structural
differences from the earlier Nimitz carriers such as improved protection
for ordnance stored in their magazines. Other improvements include
upgraded flight deck ballistic protection, first installed on USS George
Washington, and the high-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA-100) used
for constructing ships starting with USS John C. Stennis. More
recently, older ships have had their flight decks upgraded with a
non-slip material fitted on new-build ships, to improve safety for both
crew members and aircraft.
The final carrier of the class, USS George H.W. Bush, was designed as a "transition ship" from the Nimitz class to
the replacement Gerald R. Ford class. Bush incorporates new technologies including improved propeller and
bulbous bow designs, a reduced radar signature and electronic and environmental upgrades. As a result, the ship's
cost was $6.2billion, higher than that of the earlier Nimitz-class ships which each cost around $4.5 billion. To lower
costs, some new technologies and design features were also incorporated into the USSRonald Reagan, the previous
carrier, including a redesigned island.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
224
Ships in class
The United States Navy lists the following ten ships in the Nimitz class:
Ship Hull
Number
Laid down Launched Commissioned Refuel,
Overhaul
Homeport References
Nimitz subclass
Nimitz CVN-68 22 June 1968 13 May 1972 3 May 1975 19982001 Naval Air Station North Island,
San Diego, California
Naval Station Everett, Everett,
Washington (2011)
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
(ex-Eisenhower)
CVN-69 15 August
1970
11 October
1975
18 October 1977 20012005 Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk,
Virginia
Carl Vinson CVN-70 11 October
1975
15 March
1980
13 March 1982 20052009 Naval Air Station North Island,
San Diego, California
Theodore Roosevelt subclass
Theodore
Roosevelt
CVN-71 31 October
1981
27 October
1984
25 October 1986 20092013 Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk,
Virginia
Abraham Lincoln CVN-72 3 November
1984
13 February
1988
11 November
1989
2013 Naval Station Everett, Everett,
Washington
Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk,
Virginia (2011)
George
Washington
CVN-73 25 August
1986
21 July 1990 4 July 1992 Yokosuka Naval Base,
Yokosuka, Japan
John C. Stennis CVN-74 13 March
1991
11 November
1993
9 December
1995
Naval Base Kitsap, Bremerton,
Washington
Harry S. Truman
(ex-United States)
CVN-75 29 November
1993
7 September
1996
25 July 1998 Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk,
Virginia
Ronald Reagan subclass
Ronald Reagan CVN-76 12 February
1998
4 March 2001 12 July 2003 Naval Air Station North Island,
San Diego, California
George H.W. Bush CVN-77 6 September
2003
9 October
2006
10 January 2009 Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk,
Virginia
Service history
19751989
One of the first major operations in which the ships were involved was Operation Eagle Claw launched by USS
Nimitz in 1980 after she had deployed to the Indian Ocean in response to the taking of hostages in the U.S. embassy
in Tehran. Although initially part of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, Eisenhower relieved Nimitz in this operation after her
service in the Mediterranean Sea. Nimitz conducted a Freedom of Navigation exercise alongside the aircraft carrier
USS Forrestal in August 1981 in the Gulf of Sidra, near Libya. During this exercise, two of the ship's F-14 Tomcats
shot down two Libyan aircraft in what became known as the Gulf of Sidra incident. In 1987, Vinson participated in
the first U.S. carrier deployment in the Bering Sea,
[15]
and Nimitz provided security during the 1988 Olympic Games
in Seoul.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
225
19902000
USN RH-53D Sea Stallion helicopters aboard
Nimitz in early 1980, prior to execution of
Operation Eagle Claw
The two most significant deployments the Nimitz class was involved in
during the 1990s were the Gulf War and its aftermath, and Operation
Southern Watch in southern Iraq. All active vessels were engaged in
both of these to some extent, with Operation Southern Watch
continuing until 2003.
[16]
However, most carriers in operation in
Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm played supporting
roles, with only Roosevelt playing an active part in combat operations.
Throughout the 1990s and more recently, Nimitz-class carriers have
been deployed as part of humanitarian missions. While deployed in the
Gulf War, Lincoln was diverted to the Indian Ocean to participate
alongside 22 other ships in Operation Fiery Vigil, evacuating civilians
following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo on Luzon Island in the Philippines. In October 1993, Lincoln deployed to
Somalia to assist UN humanitarian operations there, spending four weeks flying patrols over the area around
Mogadishu while supporting U.S. troops during Operation Restore Hope. The same ship also participated in
Operation Vigilant Sentinel in the Persian Gulf in 1995. Roosevelt flew patrols in support of the Kurds over northern
Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort in 1991. In 1996, George Washington played a peacekeeping role in
Operation Decisive Endeavor in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1999, Roosevelt was called to the Ionian Sea to support
Operation Allied Force alongside other NATO militaries.
2001present
Abraham Lincoln in drydock during
1990
Harry S. Truman's maiden deployment was in November 2000. The carrier's air
wing flew 869 combat sorties in support of Operation Southern Watch, including
a strike on Iraqi air defense sites on 16 February 2001, in response to Iraqi
surface-to-air missile fire against United Nations coalition forces.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
226
Crew of Abraham Lincoln filling water containers
while deployed to assist humanitarian efforts in
the aftermath of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
After the 11 September attacks, Carl Vinson and Theodore Roosevelt
were among the first warships to participate in Operation Enduring
Freedom in Afghanistan. Carl Vinson sailed towards the Persian Gulf
intending to support Operation Southern Watch in July 2001. This
changed in response to the attacks, and the ship changed course to
travel towards the North Arabian Sea, where she launched the first
airstrikes in support of the operation on 7 October 2001. Following the
attacks, John C. Stennis and George Washington participated in
Operation Noble Eagle, carrying out homeland security operations off
the West Coast of the United States. All active ships have been
involved to some extent in Iraq and Afghanistan since that time. This
included the invasion in 2003, as well as providing subsequent support
for Operation Iraqi Freedom since then.
The carriers have also provided aid after natural disasters; in 2005,
Abraham Lincoln supported Operation Unified Assistance in Indonesia
after the December 2004 tsunami, and Truman provided aid after
Hurricane Katrina later in 2005. The Reagan Carrier Strike Group
performed humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations in the
Philippines in June 2008 after Typhoon Fengshen, which killed
hundreds from the central island regions and the main island of Luzon. In January 2010 Vinson operated off Haiti,
providing aid and drinking water to earthquake survivors as part of the U.S. led Operation Unified Response,
alongside other major warships and hospital ship Comfort. In 2013, the USS Nimitz and other Nimitz class carriers
are near Syria.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Refueling Complex Overhaul
In order to refuel their nuclear power plants, the carriers each undergo a Refueling Complex Overhaul (RCOH) once
in their service lives. This is also the most substantial overhaul the ships undergo while in service and involves
bringing the vessels' equipment up to the standards of the newest ships. The ship is placed in dry dock, and essential
maintenance is carried out including painting of the hull below the waterline and replacement of electrical and
mechanical components such as valves. Because of the large time periods between the ships' constructions, the
armament and designs of the newer ships are more modern than those of the older ships. In RCOH, the older ships
are refitted to the standards of the newer ships, which can include major upgrades to the flight deck, aircraft catapults
and combat systems as well as other upgrades such as improved radar systems, although precise details can vary
significantly between the ships. The improvements normally take around four years to complete. The RCOH for
USS Theodore Roosevelt, which began in 2009, will reportedly cost US$2.4billion. Planned Incremental
Availability is a similar procedure, although it is less substantial and does not involve refueling of the nuclear power
plants.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
227
Symbolic and diplomatic roles
Senior officers of the Reagan strike
group in Busan, Korea.
Because of their status as the largest warships in the U.S. Navy, the deployment
of an aircraft carrier can fulfill a symbolic role, not just in terms of a deterrent to
an enemy, but often as a diplomatic tool, in strengthening relations with allies
and potential allies. The latter of these functions can take place either as a single
visit to a country, in which senior naval officers are allowed to observe the
operating of the carrier and to interact with its senior officers, or as part of an
international task force. This can be in combat operations, such as Operation
Allied Force in 1999, or other deployments involving training, such as RIMPAC.
In addition, carriers have participated in international Maritime Security
Operations, combating piracy in the Persian Gulf and off the coast of Somalia.
Accidents and incidents
As on most large warships, there have been several incidents involving the death or injury of one or more crew
members, although most have involved freak accidents or failures, such as a man overboard as a result of poor
weather. One of the highest-profile incidents was on 26 May 1981, when an EA-6B Prowler crashed on the flight
deck of Nimitz, killing 14 crewmen and injuring 45 others. Forensic testing of the personnel involved showed that
several tested positive for marijuana. While this was not in itself found to have directly caused the crash, the findings
of the investigation provoked the introduction of mandatory drug testing of all service personnel.
In cases of ditched aircraft, pilots have been able to eject safely in several cases. However, fatal aircraft crashes have
occurred; in 1994, Lt. Kara Hultgreen, the first female F-14 Tomcat pilot, was killed while attempting to land on
board Abraham Lincoln during a training exercise.
Fires have also caused damage to the ships; in May 2008, while rotating through to her new homeport at Yokosuka
Naval Base in Yokosuka, Japan, George Washington suffered a serious fire which cost $70million in repairs, injured
37 sailors and led to the ship undergoing three months of repairs at San Diego; this led to it having to miss the 2008
RIMPAC exercises and delayed the final withdrawal from service of USSKitty Hawk. The fire was caused by
unauthorized smoking in an area near improperly stored flammable refrigerant.
Future
Artist's impression of the Gerald R. Ford class
Nimitz-class carriers were designed to have a 50-year service life. At
the end of the service life, ships will be decommissioned. This process
will first take place on Nimitz and is estimated to cost from $750 to
$900million. This compares with an estimate of $53million for a
conventionally powered carrier. Most of the difference in cost is
attributed to the deactivation of the nuclear power plants and safe
removal of radioactive material and other contaminated equipment.
[17]
A new class of carriers, the Gerald R. Ford class, is being constructed
to replace previous vessels after decommissioning. Ten of these are
expected, and the first will enter service in 2016 to replace the previous
USS Enterprise (CVN-65). Most of the rest of these new carriers are to
replace the oldest Nimitz ships as they reach the end of their service lives. The new carriers will have a similar design
to George H.W. Bush (using an almost identical hull shape) and technological and structural improvements.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
228
Notes
Footnotes
[1] [1] Polmar, p. 112
[2] The letters CVN denote the type of ship: "CV" is the hull classification symbol for aircraft carriers, and "N" indicates nuclear-powered
propulsion. The number after the CVN means that this is the 68th "CV", or large aircraft carrier.
[3] [3] Polmar, p. 113
[4] [4] Friedman, p. 316
[5] Jim Wilson "21st Century Carrier Force" Popular Mechanics October 1998, pp. 5866
[6] [6] All monetary values are adjusted for inflation to 2000s figures
[7] [7] Wertheim, p. 884
[8] [8] Wertheim, p. 885
[9] [9] Polmar, p. 108
[10] Although there are ten carrier air wings in the U.S. Navy, they are numbered between CVW-1 (USS Enterprise) and CVW-17 (USS Carl
Vinson)
[11] " Navy Aircraft Carriers: Cost Effectiveness of Conventionally and Nuclear-powered Carriers (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ gao/ nsiad98001/
ns98001.pdf)
[12] [12] Lambeth, p. 89
[13] [13] Stevens, p. 24
[14] [14] Polmar, p. 37
[15] " 1987 Command History (http:/ / www. history.navy. mil/ shiphist/ c/ cvn-70/ 1987. pdf)" U.S. Navy report. 6 December 1988.
[16] [16] Lambeth, p. 6
[17] [17] Stevens, p. 10
Citations
References
Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval
Institute Press. ISBN978-0-87021-739-5.
Lambeth, Benjamin (2005). American Carrier Air Power at the Dawn of a New Century. Santa Monica,
California: RAND Corporation. ISBN978-0-8330-3842-5.
Polmar, Norman (2004). The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet. Annapolis,
Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN978-1-59114-685-8.
Stevens, Ted (1998). Navy Aircraft Carriers: Cost-effectiveness of Conventionally and Nuclear-powered
Carriers: Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C.: Government Accountability Office.
ISBN1-4289-7664-7.
Wertheim, Eric (2007). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft and
Systems. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN978-1-59114-955-2.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
229
Further reading
Schank, John F.; Mark V. Arena; Denis Rushworth; John Birkler; James Chiesa (2002). Refueling and Complex
Overhaul of the USS Nimitz (CVN 68): Lessons for the Future (http:/ / www. rand. org/ pubs/
monograph_reports/ MR1632/ index. html). Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation. ISBN0-8330-3288-7.
Retrieved 2010-12-04.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nimitz class aircraft carriers.
U.S. Navy website (http:/ / www. nvr. navy. mil/ nvrships/ active/ fleet_02. htm)
Discovery channel video (http:/ / military. discovery. com/ videos/ top-ten-fighting-ships-nimitz-aircraft-carrier.
html)
Naval Vessel Register page for USS Nimitz (http:/ / www. nvr. navy. mil/ nvrships/ details/ CVN68. htm)
Busting the speed myth of USS Enterprise and Nimitz-class nuclear-powered supercarrier (http:/ / www.
navweaps. com/ index_tech/ tech-028. htm), a special report by NavWeaps.Com
CVN-68 Nimitz-class Modernization (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ cvn-68-mods.
htm) GlobalSecurity.org
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
230
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
"Ford class" redirects here. For the 1950s Royal Navy vessels, see Ford-class seaward defence boat.
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
Gerald R. Ford on the James River in November 2013.
Class overview
Name: Gerald R. Fordclass aircraft carrier
Builders: Newport News Shipbuilding
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Nimitzclass
Cost:
$11.3384 billion (FY14)
[1]
Building: 2
Planned:
10
[2]
General characteristics
Type: Aircraft carrier
Displacement: Approximately 100,000 long tons (110,000 short tons; 100,000 tonnes) (full load)
Length: 1,106ft (337m)
Beam: 256ft (78m) (flight deck)
134ft (41m) (waterline)
Height: 250 feet (76m)
Draft: 39ft (12m)
Decks: 25
Installed power: Two A1B nuclear reactors
Propulsion: Four shafts
Speed: In excess of 30 knots (56km/h; 35mph)
Complement: 508 officers
3,789 enlisted
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
231
Armament: Anti-aircraft missiles:
2 RIM-162 ESSM
2 RIM-116 RAM
Guns:
2 Phalanx CIWS
4 M2 12.7mm machine guns
Aircraft carried: 75+
Aviation facilities: 1,092ft 256ft (333m 78m) flight deck
Gerald R. Ford class (or Ford class) is a class of supercarriers currently being built to replace some of the United
States Navy's existing Nimitz-class carriers. The new vessels will have a hull similar to the Nimitz carriers, but will
introduce technologies developed since the initial design of the previous class (such as the Electromagnetic Aircraft
Launch System), as well as other design features intended to improve efficiency and running costs, including
reduced crew requirement. The first ship of the class, the Gerald R. Ford, has hull number CVN-78.
[3]
Features summary
Carriers of the Ford-class will incorporate design features including:
Advanced arresting gear.
Automation, which reduces crew requirements by several hundred from the Nimitz-class carrier.
The updated RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missile system.
[4]
AN/SPY-3 dual-band radar (DBR), as developed for Zumwalt-class destroyers.
An Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) in place of traditional steam catapults for launching
aircraft.
A new nuclear reactor design (the A1B reactor) for greater power generation.
Stealth features to help reduce radar profile.
The ability to carry up to 90 aircraft, including the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Boeing EA-18G Growler,
Grumman C-2 Greyhound, Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, and Lockheed Martin F-35C Lightning II,
Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopters, and unmanned combat air vehicles such as the Northrop Grumman X-47B.
The navy believes that with the addition of the most modern equipment and extensive use of automation, it will be
able to reduce the crew requirement and the total cost of future aircraft carriers.
[5]
The primary recognition feature
compared to earlier supercarriers will be the more aft location of the navigation island to make aircraft movements
more efficient. The Ford class are intended to sustain 160 sorties per day for 30+ days, with a surge capability of 270
sorties/day, but the Director of Operational Testing Michael Gilmore has criticised the unrealistic assumptions used
in these forecasts and has indicated sortie rates similar to the 120/240 per day of the Nimitz class would be
acceptable.
Design and development
The Nimitz-class aircraft carrier has been an integral part of United States power projection strategy since Nimitz was
first commissioned. Displacing approximately 100,000 tons when fully loaded, a Nimitz-class carrier is capable of
steaming faster than thirty knots, self-sustaining for up to ninety days, and launching aircraft to strike targets
hundreds of miles away.
[6]
The endurance of this class is exemplified by USS Theodore Roosevelt, which spent
159days underway in support of Operation Enduring Freedom without the need to visit a port or be refueled.
[7]
Over
the lifespan of the class many new technologies have been successfully integrated into the design of this vessel.
However, with the technical advances made in the past decade the ability of the navy to make improvements to this
class of ship has become more limited. "The biggest problems facing the Nimitz class are the limited electrical power
generation capability and the upgrade-driven increase in ship weight and erosion of the center-of-gravity margin
needed to maintain ship stability."
[8]
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
232
With these constraints in mind the navy developed what was initially known as the "CVN-21" program, which
ultimately evolved into CVN-78, Gerald R. Ford. Improvements were made through developing technologies and
more efficient design. Major design changes include a larger flight deck, improvements in weapons and material
handling, a new propulsion plant design that requires fewer personnel to operate and maintain, and a new smaller
island that has been pushed aft. Technological advances in electromagnetics have led to the development of an
Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), and an Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG). An integrated warfare
system, the Ship Self-Defense System (SSDS), has been developed to support flexibility in adapting the
infrastructure of the ship to future mission roles. The new Dual Band Radar (DBR) combines S-band and X-band
radar in a single system.
[9]
With new design and technology the Ford will have a 25% increase in sortie generation,
threefold increase in electrical generating capacity, increased operational availability, and a number of quality-of-life
improvements.
[10]
Requirements for a higher sortie rate of around 160 exits a day with surges to a maximum of 270
sorties a day in times of crisis and intense air warfare activity, have led to design changes in the flight deck, which
enable greater aircraft launch capabilities.
Flight deck
Artist's concept of CVN-78
Changes to the flight deck are the most visible of the differences
between the Nimitz and Gerald R. Ford classes. Several sections have
been altered from the layout of the Nimitz-class flight deck to improve
aircraft handling, storage, and flow. Catapult number four on the
Nimitz-class cannot launch fully loaded aircraft because of a deficiency
of wing clearance along the edge of the flight deck.
[11]
CVN-78 will
have no catapult-specific restrictions on launching aircraft, but still
retains four catapults, two bow and two waist,
[12]
and the number of
aircraft lifts from hangar deck to flight deck level was reduced from
the earlier ships from four to three. The design changes to the flight
deck are instrumental in the maximization of sorties launched.
The route of weapons to the aircraft stops on the flight deck has been replanned to accommodate higher rearming
rates, and in turn higher potential sortie rates.
Another major change: a smaller, redesigned island will be pushed further back relative to the older classes of
carriers. Moving the island creates deck space for a centralized rearming and refueling location. This reduces the
number of times that an aircraft will have to be moved after landing before it can be launched again. Fewer aircraft
movements require, in turn, fewer deck hands to accomplish them, reducing the size of the ship's crew. A similar
benefit is realized by altering the path and procedures for weapons movement by redshirts from storage to flight
deck, again potentially allowing the new ship to support a higher sortie rate than the Nimitz-class ship while using
fewer crew members than the Nimitz requires. On Nimitz-class carriers the time that it takes to launch a plane after it
has landed is set by the time needed to rearm and refuel it. To minimize this time, ordnance will be moved from
storage areas to the centralized rearming location via relocated, higher capacity weapons elevators, utilizing linear
motors.
[13]
The new path that ordnance follows does not cross any areas of aircraft movement, thereby reducing
traffic problems in the hangars and on the flight deck. According to Rear Admiral Dennis M. Dwyer, these changes
will make it hypothetically possible to rearm the airplanes in "minutes instead of hours".
[14]
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
233
Power generation
The propulsion and power plant of the Nimitz-class carriers was designed in the 1960s. Technological capabilities of
that time did not require the same quantity of electrical power that modern technologies do. "New technologies
added to the Nimitz-class ships have generated increased demands for electricity; the current base load leaves little
margin to meet expanding demands for power."
[15]
Increasing the capability of the U.S. Navy to improve the
technological level of the carrier fleet required a larger capacity power system.
The new A1B reactor plant is a smaller, more efficient design that provides approximately three times the electrical
power of the Nimitz-class A4W reactor plant. The modernization of the plant led to a higher core energy density,
lower demands for pumping power, a simpler construction, and the use of modern electronic controls and displays.
These changes resulted in a two-thirds reduction of watch standing requirements and a significant decrease of
required maintenance.
A larger power output is a major component to the integrated warfare system. Engineers took extra steps to ensure
that integrating unforeseen technological advances onto a Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier would be possible.
The U.S. Navy projects that the Gerald R. Ford-class will be an integral component of the fleet for ninety years into
the future (the year 2105). One lesson learned from that is that for a ship design to be successful over the course of a
century, a great deal of foresight and flexibility is required. Integrating new technologies with the Nimitz-class is
becoming more difficult to do without any negative consequences. To bring the Gerald R. Ford-class into
dominance during the next century of naval warfare requires that the class be capable of seamlessly upgrading to
more advanced systems.
Launch and landing systems
The Nimitz-class aircraft carriers use steam-powered catapults to launch aircraft. Steam catapults were developed in
the 1950s and have been exceptionally reliable. For over fifty years at least one of the four catapults has been able to
launch an aircraft 99.5% of the time.
[16]
However, there are a number of drawbacks. "The foremost deficiency is that
the catapult operates without feedback control. With no feedback, there often occurs large transients in tow force that
can damage or reduce the life of the airframe."
[17]
The steam system is massive, inefficient (46%),
[18]
and hard to
control.
Control problems with the system results in minimum and maximum weight limits. The minimum weight limit is
above the weight of all UAVs. An inability to launch the latest additions to the Naval air forces is a restriction on
operations that cannot continue into the next generation of aircraft carriers. The Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch
System (EMALS) provides solutions to all these problems .Wikipedia:Citation needed An electromagnetic system is
more efficient, smaller, lighter, more powerful, and easier to control. Increased control means that EMALS will be
able to launch both heavier and lighter aircraft than the steam catapult. Also, the use of a controlled force will reduce
the stress on airframes, resulting in less maintenance and a longer lifetime for the airframe. Unfortunately the power
limitations for the Nimitz class make the installation of the recently developed EMALS impossible.
Electromagnetics will also be used in the new Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG) system. The current system relies on
hydraulics to slow and stop a landing aircraft. While effective, as demonstrated by more than fifty years of
implementation, the AAG system offers a number of improvements. The current system is unable to capture UAVs
without damaging them due to extreme stresses on the airframe. UAVs do not have the necessary mass to drive the
large hydraulic piston used to trap heavier manned planes. By using electromagnetics the energy absorption is
controlled by a turbo-electric engine. This makes the trap smoother and reduces shock on airframes. Even though the
system will look the same from the flight deck as its predecessor, it will be more flexible, safe, and reliable, and will
require less maintenance and manning.
[19]
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
234
Sensors
Another addition to the Gerald R. Ford-class is an integrated search and tracking radar system. The dual-band radar
was being developed for both the Zumwalt-class guided missile destroyers and the Ford-class aircraft carriers. The
island can be kept smaller by replacing six to ten radar antennas with a single six-faced radar. The DBR works by
combining the X-Band AN/SPY-3 multifunction radar with the S-band volume search radar.
[20]
The S-band radar
was later deleted from the Zumwalt class destroyers as a cost saving measure.
[21]
The three faces dedicated to the
X-band radar are responsible for low altitude tracking and target illumination, while the other three faces dedicated
to the S-band are responsible for target search and tracking regardless of weather. "Operating simultaneously over
two electromagnetic frequency ranges, the DBR marks the first time this functionality has been achieved using two
frequencies coordinated by a single resource manager." This new system has no moving parts, therefore minimizing
maintenance and manning requirements for operation.
Possible upgrades
Each new technology and design feature integrated into the Ford-class aircraft carrier improves sortie generation,
manning requirements, and operational capabilities. New defense systems, such as free-electron laser
directed-energy weapons, dynamic armor, and tracking systems will require more power. "Only half of the electrical
power-generation capability on CVN78 is needed to run currently planned systems, including EMALS. CVN78
will thus have the power reserves that the Nimitz-class lacks to run lasers and dynamic armor."
[22]
The addition of
new technologies, power systems, design layout, and better control systems results in an increased sortie rate of 25%
over the Nimitz-class and a 25% reduction in manpower required to operate.
[23]
Breakthrough waste management technology will be deployed on Gerald R. Ford. Co-developed with the Carderock
Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, PyroGenesis Canada Inc., was in 2008 awarded the contract to outfit
the ship with a Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System (PAWDS). This compact system will treat all combustible
solid waste generated on board the ship. After having completed factory acceptance testing in Montreal, the system
was scheduled to be shipped to the Huntington Ingalls shipyard in late 2011 for installation on the carrier.
[24]
Construction
Gerald R. Ford under construction at Newport News
Construction began on components of CVN-78 in
early 2007 and is planned to finish in 2015. It is
under construction at Newport News Shipbuilding,
a division of Huntington Ingalls Industries
(formerly Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding) in
Newport News, Virginia. This is the only shipyard
in the United States capable of building
nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. In 2005, it was
estimated to cost at least $8billion excluding the
$5billion spent on research and development
(though that was not expected to be representative
of the cost of future members of the class). A 2009
report said that the Ford would cost $14billion
including research and development, and the actual
cost of the carrier itself would be $9billion. The daily operating cost of a carrier strike group is estimated at $6.5
million.
[25]
A total of three carriers have been authorized for construction, but if the Nimitz-class carriers and Enterprise were to
be replaced on a one-for-one basis, eleven carriers would be required over the life of the program. However, the last
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
235
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier is not scheduled to be decommissioned until 2058.
In a speech on 6 April 2009, then Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that the program would shift to a
five-year building program so as to place it on a "more fiscally sustainable path". Such a measure would result in ten
carriers after 2040.
In 2013 a GAO report cast doubts on the delivery schedule.
[26]
As of 2013, construction costs are estimated at $12.8
billion, 22% over the 2008 budget, plus $4.7 billion in research and development costs. Because of budget
difficulties, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Jonathan Greenert, has warned there may be a two year delay
beyond 2016 in completing the Ford.
Naming
There was a movement by the USSAmerica Carrier Veterans' Association to have CVN-78 named after America
rather than after President Ford. Eventually, the amphibious assault ship LHA-6 was named America.
On 27 May 2011, the Department of Defense announced the name of CVN-79 would be USS John F. Kennedy.
On 1 December 2012, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced that CVN-80 would be named USS Enterprise.
The information was delivered during a prerecorded speech as part of the deactivation ceremony for the previous
USS Enterprise (CVN-65). The future Enterprise (CVN-80) will be the ninth U.S. Navy ship to bear this name.
Ships in class
There are expected to be ten ships of this class. To date, three have been announced:
Ship Hull classification
symbol
Laid down Launched Commissioned Scheduled to replace References
Gerald R. Ford CVN-78 13 November
2009
November
2013
2016
(scheduled)
Enterprise(CVN-65)
John F.
Kennedy
CVN-79 2014
(scheduled)
2018
(scheduled)
2020
(scheduled)
Nimitz(CVN-68)
Enterprise CVN-80 2018
(scheduled)
2023
(scheduled)
2025
(scheduled)
Dwight D.
Eisenhower(CVN-69)
Notes
[1] FY14 cost of CVN-79 (procured in FY13) in then-year dollars; the same budget puts the cost of CVN-78 (procured in FY08) at $12,829.3
million but that includes ~$3.3bn of development costs. CVN-80 is estimated at $13,874.2m, making the total cost of the first three Fords
$38,041.9m, or $12.68bn each.
[2] [2] Combat fleet of the world 2012
[3] Before its redesignation to Ford-class (CVN-78), the new carrier was known as the CVNX carrier program ("X" meaning "in development")
and then as the CVN-21 carrier program. (Here, the "21" is not a hull number, but rather it is common in "future" plans in the U.S. military,
alluding to the 21st century.)
[4] http:/ / www. naval-technology. com/ projects/ cvn-21/
[5] [5] Covers the costs of the CVN-21 program, how those are calculated, and where the $5billion savings on operational costs is expected to come
from over the ship's planned 50-year lifetime.
[6] "Ship Information". USS Nimitz Homepage. 4March 2008.
[7] "Our Ship". USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN71) Web Page. 4March 2008.
[8] [8] Schank, John. Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet: Accelerating CVN21 Production Versus Mid-Life Refueling. Santa Monica: Rand
Corporation, 2005. p.76.
[9] [9] Larrabee, Chuck. DDG 1000 Dual Band Radar (DBR). Raytheon. 1March 2008.
[10] [10] Aircraft Carriers - CVN 21 Program Fact File. United States Navy. 8October 2007. 4March 2008.
[11] Schank, John. Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet, p.77.
[12] (http:/ / www. navy.mil/ navydata/ fact_display.asp?cid=4200& tid=250& ct=4) Navy Fact File for CVN-21 program
[13] http:/ / military. federalequipment. com/ node/ 9
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
236
[14] [14] Keeter, Hunter. "New carrier island is a heart of higher sortie rates for CVN21". BNET Business Management Network. 4March 2008.
[15] Schank, John. Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet p.78.
[16] Schank, John. Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet, p.80.
[17] [17] Doyle, Michael, Douglas Samuel, Thomas Conway, and Robert Klimowski. "Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System - EMALS". Naval
Air Engineering Station Lakehurst. 1March. p.1.
[18] [18] Doyle, Michael, "Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System - EMALS". p.1.
[19] [19] Rodriguez, Carmelo. "Launch and Recovery Testing". ITEA-SAN. Turboelectric Arresting Gear. Mission Valley Hotel, San Diego. 16June
2005.
[20] [20] Larrabee, Chuck. "Raytheon Successfully Integrates Final Element of Dual Band Radar for DDG 1000 Zumwalt Class Destroyer". Raytheon
News Release. 4March 2008.
[21] http:/ / www.fas.org/ sgp/ crs/ weapons/ RL32109.pdf
[22] Schank, John. Modernizing the U.S. Aircraft Carrier Fleet p.83.
[23] Taylor, Leslie. "CVN21 MS&A Overview". NDIA. 7June 2006. 1March 2008.
[24] [24] | page= 13
[25] http:/ / www.cnas.org/ files/ documents/ publications/ CNAS%20Carrier_Hendrix_FINAL. pdf
[26] "Lead Ship Testing and Reliability Shortfalls Will Limit Initial Fleet Capabilities." (http:/ / www. gao. gov/ products/ GAO-13-396)
References
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gerald R. Ford class aircraft carriers.
Aircraft Carriers CVN (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ fact_display. asp?cid=4200& tid=200& ct=4) US
Navy Fact File
Design & Preparations Continue for the USA's New CVN-21 Super-Carrier (updated) (http:/ / www.
defenseindustrydaily. com/ design-preparations-continue-for-the-usas-new-cvn21-supercarrier-01494/ ), Defense
Industry Daily. Provides an extensive briefing re: the new ship class, and adds entries for many of the contracts
under this program.
Gerald R. Ford Class (CVN-78) Aircraft Carrier(Navy recognition) (http:/ / www. navyrecognition. com/ index.
php?option=com_content& task=view& id=809)
237
AMPHIBIOUS
Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ship
USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2)
Class overview
Builders: Puget Sound Naval Shipyard
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
Ingalls Shipbuilding
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Essexclass (some ships converted)
Succeededby: Tarawaclass
In commission: 19612002
Completed: 7
Active: 0
Laid up: 1
Retired: 7
General characteristics
Type: Amphibious Assault Ship (LPH)
Displacement: 18,474tons (full)
11,000tons (light)
Length: 592ft (180m)
Beam: 84ft (26m)
Draft: 27ft (8.2m)
Propulsion: 2 600psi (4.1MPa) boilers,
one geared steam turbine,
one shaft,
22,000 shaft horsepower (16MW)
Speed: 22 knots (41km/h)
Troops: 2,157
Complement: 667
Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ship
238
Armament: Initially:
4 3-inch (76mm) / 50caliber AA guns
Later:
2 3-inch (76mm) / 50caliber AA
guns,
8 cell Sea Sparrow BPDMS launchers,
2 Phalanx CIWS
Aviation facilities: 25 helicopters or AV-8 Harriers
Flight deck width: 105ft (32m)
The Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ships of the United States Navy were the first amphibious assault ships
designed and built as dedicated helicopter carriers, capable of operating up to 20 helicopters to carry up to 1,800
marines ashore. They were named for battles featuring the United States Marine Corps, starting with the Battle of
Iwo Jima. The first ship of the class was commissioned in 1961, and the last was decommissioned in 2002. Because
these ships bore the hull classification of LPH they have often been referred to as "Landing Platform, Helicopter".
Ships of the class:
USSIwo Jima(LPH-2)
USSOkinawa(LPH-3)
USSGuadalcanal(LPH-7)
USSGuam(LPH-9)
USSTripoli(LPH-10)
USSNew Orleans(LPH-11)
USSInchon(LPH-12)
Popular culture
One of the Iwo Jima class ships served as the fieldsite in Edwin Hutchins's classic cognitive science study Cognition
in the Wild. Although Hutchins does not mention the ship class by name, on p.7 he characterizes it as a 603-foot-long
(184m) amphibious helicopter carrier.
References
hazegray.org: Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ships (http:/ / www. hazegray. org/ navhist/ carriers/ us_assau.
htm#iwo-cl)
Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship
239
Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship
USSSaipan during Expeditionary Strike Group integration training in 2004
Class overview
Name: Tarawa
Builders: Ingalls Shipbuilding
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Iwo Jimaclass
Succeededby: Waspclass
Built: 15 November 1971 3 May 1980
In commission: 29 May 1976present
Planned: 9
Completed: 5
Cancelled: 4
Active: 1
Retired: 4
General characteristics
Class & type: Amphibious assault ship/LHA
Displacement: 39,967 tonnes (39,336 long tons; 44,056 short tons) full load
Length: 834 feet (254m)
Beam: 131.9 feet (40.2m)
Draft: 25.9 feet (7.9m)
Propulsion: 2 Combustion Engineering boilers
2 Westinghouse turbines
70,000 horsepower (52,000kW)
2 propeller shafts
1 bow thruster
Speed: 24 knots (44km/h; 28mph)
Range: 10,000 nautical miles (19,000km; 12,000mi) at 20 knots (37km/h; 23mph)
Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship
240
Boats & landing
craft carried:
4 LCU 1610
Or two LCU and two LCM-8
Or 17 LCM-6
Or 45 LVT
Troops: 1,703
Complement: 56 officers, 874 sailors (1998)
Armament: As of 1998:
Mark 49 RAM missile system
2 Vulcan Phalanx
6 25 mm automatic cannons
8 12.7 mm machine guns
Previous weapons:
2 8 cell MK- 25 NATO Sea Sparrow BPDMS launchers (replaced by Phalanx
units)
3 5-inch (127 mm) Mk 45 lightweight guns (deleted 19971998)
Aircraft carried: Up to 19 Sea Stallions, 26 Sea Knights, or mixed airgroup
6 Harrier jump-jets
Aviation facilities: 820-by-118.1-foot (249.9 by 36.0m) flight deck with 2 aircraft lifts
The Tarawa class is a ship class of amphibious assault ships/LHA operated by the United States Navy (USN). Five
ships were built by Ingalls Shipbuilding between 1971 and 1980; another four ships were planned, but later canceled.
As of April 2011, only one vessel is active, the USS Peleliu, and the class is due to be replaced by the America class
amphibious assault ships from 2014 onward.
Design
The vessels have a full load displacement of 39,967 tonnes (39,336 long tons; 44,056 short tons).
[1]
Each ship is 834
feet (254m) long, with a beam of 131.9 feet (40.2m), and a draft of 25.9 feet (7.9m).
Propulsion is provided by two Combustion Engineering boilers, connected to two Westinghouse turbines. These
supply 70,000 horsepower (52,000kW) to the ship's two propeller shafts. A Tarawa class vessel can reach a
maximum speed of 24 knots (44km/h; 28mph), and has a maximum range of 10,000 nautical miles (19,000km;
12,000mi) at 20 knots (37km/h; 23mph). In addition to the main propulsion system, the ships are fitted with a bow
thruster.
As of 1998, the ships' armament consists of a Mark 49 RAM surface-to-air missile system, two Vulcan Phalanx
close-in weapons systems, six Mark 242 25 mm automatic cannons, and eight 12.7 mm machine guns. Previously,
the amphibious warships were fitted with 2 Mark 25 Sea Sparrow missile systems (which were replaced by the
Phalanx units), and three 5-inch (127 mm) Mk 45 lightweight guns in bow sponsons and port aft sponson (the guns
were removed across the class during 1997 and 1998). Countermeasures and decoys include four Mark 36 SRBOC
launchers, a SLQ-25 Nixie towed torpedo decoy, a Sea Gnat unit, SLQ-49 chaff decoys.
The number of helicopters carried by each vessel was up to 19 Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallions, 26 Boeing Vertol
CH-46 Sea Knight, or a mix of the two. The 820-by-118.1-foot (249.9 by 36.0m) flight deck is fitted with two
aircraft lifts, and up to nine Sea Stallions or 12 Sea Knights can be operated simultaneously. With a small amount of
modification, the ships could carry and operate up to six McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II jump-jets.
Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship
241
A LCU returning to USSBelleau Wood's well
dock
The Tarawa class ships are designed to embark a reinforced battalion
of the United States Marine Corps and their equipment. Onboard
accommodation is provided for up to 1,703 marines, while 33,730
cubic feet (955m
3
) is provided for the battalion's vehicles, and
116,900 cubic feet (3,310m
3
) is allocated for stores and other
equipment. As well as deploying by helicopters, personnel and
equipment can be embarked or offloaded via a 268-by-78-foot (82 by
24m) well deck in each ship's stern. Up to four LCU 1610 landing
craft can be transported in and operated from the well deck, along with
other designs and combinations of landing craft (two LCU and two
LCM-8, or 17 LCM-6, or 45 LVT).
The Tarawa design was later repeated for the Wasp class amphibious assault ships, with some changes.
[2]
The main
changes to the latter eight-ship class include the lower placement of the ship's bridge aboard the Wasps, the
relocation of the command and control facilities to inside the hull, modifications to allow the operation of Harrier
jump-jets and Landing Craft Air Cushion hovercraft, and removal of the 5-inch guns and their sponsons to increase
the overall size of the flight deck.
Construction
All five warships were built by Ingalls Shipbuilding, at this company's shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. The
Tarawa was approved for construction during Fiscal Year 1969, with two more ships of this class ordered by
Congress in the 1970 and 1971 fiscal years. Nine ships of this class were originally contemplated for the Tarawa
class, but just five were ordered and built, and the other four ships were never ordered by the Navy.
Work on the first warship of this class, the USSTarawa, began on 15 November 1971, and she was commissioned
into the Navy on 29 May 1976. The last of the five ships, the USSPeleliu, was completed on 3 May 1980.
Decommissioning and replacement
Main article: America-class amphibious assault ship
The Tarawas began leaving service in 2005. By April 2011, four of the five amphibious assault ships had been
decommissioned, leaving only Peleliu in active service.
The Tarawa class is to be replaced by the America class amphibious assault ship.
[]
The first America class vessel is
scheduled to be delivered in 2013.Wikipedia:Citation needed Originally, four were planned (with the Wasp class
USSMakin Island built as a direct replacement for Belleau Wood), but the number has since been
reduced.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Ships
Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship
242
Name Laid down Launched Commissioned DecommissionedWikipedia:Citation
needed
FateWikipedia:Citation
needed
USSTarawa(LHA-1) 15
November
1971
1 December
1973
29 May 1976 31 March 2009 Awaiting disposal
USSSaipan(LHA-2) 21 July 1972 18 July 1974 15 October 1977 25 April 2007 Sold for scrap
USSBelleau
Wood(LHA-3)
5 March
1973
11 April
1977
23 September
1978
28 October 2005 Sunk as target ship on 13
July 2006
USSNassau(LHA-4) 5 March
1973
21 January
1978
28 July 1979 31 March 2011 In reserve
USSPeleliu(LHA-5) 12
November
1976
25
November
1978
3 May 1980 Active as of 2014
Citations
[1] Sharpe (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships 199899, p. 822
[2] Bishop & Chant, Aircraft Carriers, p. 230
References
Bishop, Chris; Chant, Christopher (2004). Aircraft Carriers: the world's greatest naval vessels and their aircraft
(http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=PY8CvlKC7kgC). London: MBI. ISBN0-7603-2005-5. OCLC
56646560 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 56646560).
Sharpe, Richard, ed. (1998). Jane's Fighting Ships 199899 (101st ed.). Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information
Group. ISBN0-7106-1795-X. OCLC 39372676 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 39372676).
Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2007). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and
Systems (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=TJunjRvplU4C) (15th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
ISBN978-1-59114-955-2. OCLC 140283156 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 140283156).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tarawa Class.
Wasp-class amphibious assault ship
243
Wasp-class amphibious assault ship
The USS Wasp (LHD-1), in March 2004.
Class overview
Name: Wasp
Builders: Ingalls Shipbuilding
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Tarawaclass
Succeededby: Americaclass
Cost:
$750 million each, average
[1]
In commission: 1989present
Completed: 8
Active: 8
General characteristics
Type: Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD) amphibious assault ship
Displacement: 40,500 long tons (41,150t) full load
Length: 831ft (253.2m)
Beam: 104ft (31.8m)
Draft: 27ft (8.1m)
Propulsion: Two boilers, two geared steam turbines, two shafts, 70,000 shaft-horsepower;
two General Electric LM2500 geared gas turbines, two shafts (USS Makin Island)
Speed: 22 knots (41km/h; 25mph)
Range: 9,500 nautical miles (17,600km; 10,900mi) at 18kn (33km/h; 21mph)
Boats & landing
craft carried:
3 Landing Craft Air Cushion or
12 Landing Craft Mechanized
Troops: 1,894 Marine Detachment
Complement: 1,208
Wasp-class amphibious assault ship
244
Sensors and
processing systems:
1 AN/SPS-49 2-D Air Search Radar
1 AN/SPS-48 3-D Air Search Radar
1 AN/SPS-67 Surface Search Radar
1 Mk23 Target Acquisition System (TAS)
1 AN/SPN-43 Marshalling Air Traffic Control Radar
1 AN/SPN-35 Air Traffic Control Radar
1 AN/URN-25 TACAN system
1 AN/UPX-24 Identification Friend Foe
Armament: Two Rolling Airframe Missile launchers
Two Sea Sparrow missile launchers
Three 20mm Phalanx CIWS systems (LHD 58 with two)
Four 25 mm Mk 38 chain guns (LHD 58 with three)
Four .50 BMG machine guns
Aircraft carried: Actual mix depends on the mission
Standard Complement:
6 AV-8B Harrier II attack aircraft
4 AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopter
12 CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters or 4+ MV-22 Osprey
4 CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopters
34 UH-1N Huey helicopters
Assault:
42 CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters
or
22+ MV-22 Osprey
Sea Control:
20 AV-8B Harrier II attack aircraft
6 SH-60F/HH-60H ASW helicopters
The Wasp class is a class of Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD) amphibious assault ships operated by the United States
Navy. Based on the Tarawa class, with modifications to operate more advanced aircraft and landing craft, the Wasp
class is capable of transporting almost the full strength of a United States Marine Corps Marine Expeditionary Unit
(MEU), and landing them in hostile territory via landing craft or helicopters. All Wasp-class ships were built by
Ingalls Shipbuilding, at Pascagoula, Mississippi, with the lead ship, USSWasp, commissioned on 29 July 1989.
Eight Wasp-class ships were built, and as of 2013[2], all eight are active.
Design
The Wasp class is based on the preceding Tarawa-class design.
[3]
The design was modified to allow for the operation
of AV-8B Harrier II aircraft and Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) hovercraft, making the Wasp class the first
ships specifically designed to operate these.
Wasp, left, and Tarawa-class Saipan, in 1993.
The main physical changes between the two designs are the lower
placement of the ship's bridge aboard the Wasps, the relocation of the
command and control facilities to inside the hull, the removal of the
5-inch Mk 45 naval guns and their sponsons on the forward edge of the
flight deck, and a lengthening of 24 feet (7.3m) to carry the
LCACs.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Each Wasp class ship has a displacement of 40,500 long tons (41,150t)
at full load, is 831 feet (253.2m) long, has a beam of 104 feet
(31.8m), and a draft of 27 feet (8.1m).
[4]
For propulsion, most of the
ships are fitted with two steam boilers connected to geared turbines,
Wasp-class amphibious assault ship
245
which deliver 70,000 shaft horsepower (33,849kW) to the two propeller shafts. This allows the LHDs to reach
speeds of 22 knots (41km/h; 25mph), with a range of 9,500 nautical miles (17,600km; 10,900mi) at 18 knots
(33km/h; 21mph). The last ship of the class, USSMakin Island, was instead fitted with two General Electric
LM2500 geared gas turbines.
[5]
The ship's company consists of 1,208personnel. The ships are the largest
amphibious warfare vessels in the world.
Amphibious operations
The LHDs can support amphibious landings in two forms: by landing craft, or by helicopter. In the 266-by-50-foot
(81 by 15.2m) well deck, the LHDs can carry three Landing Craft Air Cushion, twelve Landing Craft Mechanised,
or 40 Amphibious Assault Vehicles (AAVs), with another 21AAVs on the vehicle deck. The flight deck has nine
helicopter landing spots, and can operate helicopters as large as the Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion and Boeing Vertol
CH-46 Sea Knight. The size of the air group varies depending on the operation: a standard air group consists of six
Harriers and four Bell AH-1W SuperCobras for attack and support, twelve Sea Knights and four Sea Stallions for
transport, and three or four Bell UH-1N Iroquois utility helicopters. For a full assault, the air group can be maxed out
at 42 SeaKnights, while a Wasp operating in the sea control or 'harrier carrier' configuration carries 20Harriers
(though some ships of the class have operated as many as 24), supported by six Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopters
for anti-submarine warfare. The CH-46 is being replaced by the MV-22 Osprey on a squadron-by-squadron basis,
with the expected full conversion within all aviation combat elements by 2019.
[6]
Two aircraft elevators move
aircraft between the flight deck and the hangar; in order to transit the Panama Canal, these elevators need to be
folded in.
USS Essex performing a stern gate mating with a
landing craft
Each ship is capable of hosting 1,894 personnel of the United States
Marine Corps; almost the full strength of a Marine Expeditionary Unit
(MEU). A Wasp-class vessel can transport up to 30,800 square feet
(2,860m
2
) of cargo, and another 20,000 square feet (1,858m
2
) is
allocated for the MEU's vehicles, which typically consists of five M1
Abrams battle tanks, up to 25 AAVs, eight M198 howitzers, 68trucks,
and up to 12 other support vehicles. An internal monorail is used to
shift cargo from the cargo holds to the well deck.
Each Wasp-class ship has a hospital with 64 patient beds and six
operating rooms. An additional 536 beds can be set up in an "Overflow
Casualty Ward" as needed.
[7]
Armament and sensors
The armament of the first four Wasp class consists of two Mark29 octuple launchers for RIM-7 Sea Sparrow
missiles, two Mark49 launchers for RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles, three 20mm Phalanx CIWS systems, four
25 mm Mark 38 chain guns, and four .50 BMG machine guns. The next four ships, Bataan, Bonhomme Richard, Iwo
Jima and USSMakin Island(LHD-8), have a slightly reduced weapons outfit compared to their preceding sister
ships, with one Phalanx and one Mark38 gun removed.
Countermeasures fitted to the ships include four to six Mark 36 SRBOC launchers, an AN/SLQ-25 torpedo decoy,
AN/SLQ-49 chaff buoys, a Sea Gnat missile decoy, and an AN/SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite.
The sensor suite fitted to each ship comprises an AN/SPS-48 or AN/SPS-52 air-search radar backed up by an
AN/SPS-49 air-search radar, an SPS-67 surface search radar, an AN/URN-25 TACAN system, along with several
other radars for navigation and fire control.
Wasp-class amphibious assault ship
246
Construction
All Wasp-class ships were built by Ingalls Shipbuilding, at Pascagoula, Mississippi.
[8]
The first ship of the class,
USSWasp, was commissioned on 29 July 1989.
[9]
The fifth ship of the class, USSBataan, was constructed through a process of modular assembly and prefitting out,
which meant that the LHD was almost 75 percent complete when she was launched. The Bataan was also the first
LHD built to house females (as opposed to being modified after completion), with dedicated berths for up to 450
female sailors or Marines.
Ships and homeports
USSWasp(LHD-1), Norfolk, Virginia
USSEssex(LHD-2), San Diego, California
USSKearsarge(LHD-3), Norfolk, Virginia
USSBoxer(LHD-4), San Diego, California
USSBataan(LHD-5), Norfolk, Virginia
USSBonhomme Richard(LHD-6), Sasebo, Japan
USSIwo Jima(LHD-7), Norfolk, Virginia
USSMakin Island(LHD-8), San Diego, California
A Sea Sparrow missile being launched by USS Makin Island A CH-53E Super Stallion lifting pallets off USS Bataan
References
Citations
[1] http:/ / www. military-today. com/ navy/ wasp_class.htm
[2] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Wasp-class_amphibious_assault_ship& action=edit
[3] Bishop & Chant, Aircraft Carriers, p. 230
[4] Bishop & Chant, Aircraft Carriers, p. 231.
[5] Liewer, Steve. "Navy Goes Green With New Hybrid Ship" (http:/ / www3. signonsandiego. com/ stories/ 2009/ sep/ 15/
navy-goes-green-new-hybrid-ship/ ). San Diego Union-Tribune, 15 September 2009, p. 1.
[6] Anthony, Marian. "U.S. Marines Nostalgic Phrog Helicopters To Be Phased Out By MV22." (http:/ / www. businessinsider. com/
us-marines-nostalgic-phrogphased-out-by-mv22-2011-4) Business Insider, 12 April 2011.
[7] "USS KEARSARGE LHD-3 SHIP'S LOADING CHARACTERISTICS PAMPHLET." (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ ship/
docs/ slcp-lhd-3/ Secti. html)
[8] "Northrop Grumman Starts Fabrication on Eighth LHD 1 Wasp-class Ship" (http:/ / www. irconnect. com/ noc/ press/ pages/ news_releases.
html?d=40795) 27 May 2003
[9] "Wasp To 'Come Alive' today At Naval Yard" (http:/ / articles. dailypress. com/ 1989-07-29/ news/
8907290198_1_ship-amphibious-assault-aircraft-carrier) Daily press 29 July 1989
Bibliography
Wasp-class amphibious assault ship
247
Bishop, Chris; Chant, Christopher (2004). Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their
Aircraft (http:/ / books. google.com. au/ books?id=PY8CvlKC7kgC). London: MBI. ISBN0-7603-2005-5.
OCLC 56646560 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 56646560).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wasp class amphibious assault ships.
Extensive information on GlobalSecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ lhd-1.
htm)
America-class amphibious assault ship
248
America-class amphibious assault ship
Not to be confused with America-class steamshipor America-class ship of the line.
USS America (LHA-6) during trials in 2013
Class overview
Builders: Huntington Ingalls Industries
Ingalls Shipbuilding Division
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Wasp class
Cost: US$10,169.9m program cost for 3,
$3.4bn/unit (FY13)
Built: 2008
Building:
1
[1]
Planned:
11
[2]
Completed: 1
Active: 1
General characteristics
Type: Amphibious assault ship
Displacement: 44,971 long tons (45,693t) full load
Length: 844ft (257m)
Beam: 106ft (32m)
Propulsion: Two gas turbines, two shafts, with 70,000 total brake horsepower, and two 5,000hp (3,700kW) auxiliary
propulsion engines.
Speed: 20 knots (37km/h; 23mph) plus
Complement: 65 officers, 994 enlisted men
1,687 Marines
Sensors and
processing systems:
AN/SPQ-9B fire control radar
AN/SPS-48E air search radar
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
AN/SLQ-32B(V)2
two Mk53 Nulka decoy launchers
America-class amphibious assault ship
249
Armament: Two Rolling Airframe Missile launchers
two Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile launchers
two Phalanx CIWS
seven dual .50 caliber machine guns
Armor: none
Aircraft carried: F-35B Lightning II
MV-22B Osprey
CH-53E Super Stallions OR
Sikorsky CH-53K Super Stallion helicopters
UH-1Y Venom
AH-1Z Viper
MH-60S Knighthawk
Aviation facilities: hangar deck
The America-class amphibious assault ships (formerly the LHA(R) class) of the U.S. Navy was designed to put
ashore a Marine Expeditionary Unit using helicopters and MV-22B Osprey V/STOLs, supported by AV-8B Harrier
or F-35 Lightning II V/STOL fighter planes and various attack helicopters. The first of these warships should be
delivered to the U.S. Navy in 2013 to replace the USSPeleliu(LHA-5) of the Tarawa-class amphibious assault
ships. The design of the America class was based on that of the USSMakin Island(LHD-8), the last ship of the
Wasp class, but the "Flight 0" ships of the America class will not have well decks, and they have smaller on-board
hospitals in order to give more space for aviation uses.
Although they only carry helicopters and V/STOL aircraft, the USS America, with a displacement of about 45,000
long tons, is similar in size to the fixed wing aircraft carriers of France and India.
The America can be used as a small aircraft carrier with a squadron of jet fighters plus several multipurpose
helicopters, such as the SH-60 Seahawk. She can carry about 20 AV-8B Harriers, F-35Bs, or a mixture of the two,
but the future ships of this class, starting with LHA-8, will have smaller aircraft hangars to leave room for larger
amphibious warfare well decks.
[3]
Design
The design of the USS America is based on the USS Makin Island (LHD-8), herself an improved version of the
Wasp-class amphibious assault ships with gas turbine power. About 45 percent of the "Flight 0" design of this class
is based on that of the Makin Island, but with her well deck omitted to allow more room for aircraft, their spare parts
and weapons, and their fuel. Note that the gas turbines of the Makin Island, the America, and her possible successors
burn the same kind of fuel (JP-5) that is burned in the gas turbines of their helicopters, the jet engines of their AV-8B
Harrier and MV-22 Osprey fixed wing aircraft and, in future ships, the gas turbines of the Landing Craft Air
Cushions (LCACs) that they could carry in their well decks. All of this greatly simplifies the storage, distribution,
and use of the fuels for these craft.
The typical aircraft complement for the first two vessels is expected to be 12 MV-22B Osprey transports, six STOVL
F-35B Lightning II multirole jet aircraft, four CH-53K heavy transport helicopters, seven AH-1Z/UH-1Y attack
helicopters, and two Navy MH-60S Knighthawks for air-sea rescue. The exact make-up of the ship's aircraft
complements will vary according to her mission. She can carry about 20 AV-8Bs or F-35Bs, and two MH-60Ses to
serve as a small aircraft carrier as demonstrated by Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD) operations in Operation Iraqi
Freedom.
The U.S. Marine Corps is now more concerned about anti-ship missile attacks from fast attack craft, hence the
Commandant of the Marine Corps wants to keep the amphibious ships farther offshore. In that case, Marines would
be sent ashore in long-ranged MV-22 V/STOL aircraft. The MV-22 is significantly larger than the largest helicopters
used by the Marine Corps and the Navy in the past. Hence, the America has twice the displacement of the much
America-class amphibious assault ship
250
older Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ships (all of which are now decommissioned).
Setting the beam of the America at 106 feet is dictated by the need for these ships to pass through the Panama Canal.
The Congressional Budget Office found that LH(X)-class ships would be more cost-effective if they were built with
nuclear powerif the price of oil reached and stayed above $140 per barrel by 2040.
[4]
The America-class amphibious assault ships are engineered with a hybrid-electric propulsion system derived from
the one used on the USS Makin Island (LHD-8). The ships can use diesel-electric propulsion for slow speeds and use
gas-turbines for high speeds. The amphibious ships can utilize the diesel-electric engines when operating close to
shores in situations that require lower speeds.
[5]
A modified version of the design of the USS America, designated the MPF(F), LHA(R), or T-LHA(R), was proposed
for two ships of the Maritime Prepositioning Force (Future). The MPF(F) is the Navy's concept for a "sea base" to
support operations ashore starting in about 2025.
These two ships would hypothetically be manned by a civilian crew from the Military Sealift Command, and hence
not armed with weapons. Funding for the MPF(F) and the LHA(R) was tabled by the Senate Armed Services
Committee in the fiscal year 2008 budget. The U.S. Navy now intends to buy more ships of the America class for its
fleet of amphibious warfare ships.
The so-called "LHX" was a warship that was proposed in the late 1990s to replace the Tarawa-class ships, but with a
dry deck for hovercraft rather than a floodable "well deck". After the year 2000, the LHX, the so-called "Amphibious
Assault Ship Future Replacement", was put forward to replace all of the LHDs.
The new LHX could be a Flight 2 design of the America class built with a well deck and a smaller island
superstructure, which would give it 20 percent more capacity on the flight deck. This would remove the current
restriction on MV-22s to land on spots 5 and 6, and also giving room for four MV-22B, three F-35B Lightning IIs, or
three CH-53Ks to use the flight deck. In 2008, the procurement of Flight 2 ships was tentatively planned for 2024,
but that might not be practical or affordable by then.
In January 2014, the Navy began taking measures on the USS America in order to reduce damage from excessive
heat given off by the F-35B and MV-22 to prolong the life of the flight deck. The F-35B engine gives off much more
heat than the previous AV-8B Harrier STOVL fighter and the MV-22 Osprey's heat exhaust has been known to
damage flight decks. Plans include 14 different modifications to the ship and limiting the number of flight operations
that are conducted off the deck. The Navy is looking for cost-effective solutions that will not affect the combat
effectiveness of the America. Restricting the number of flight operations is not expected to decrease its usefulness as
amphibious assault ships are made to support quick assaults, while full-sized aircraft carriers have the mission of
conducting sustained air operations. Lessons learned from these measures will be applied to the USS Tripoli LHA-7
and LHA-8 ships under construction, which will allow them to perform "complete unrestricted operations."
[6]
Some
changes to the America are as small as putting covers over life rafts and refueling stations and moving antennas.
[7]
Well deck
Further warships in this class will have a well deck for amphibious warfare in their sterns to contain landing craft
(such as the Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) exactly as in the Tarawa-class amphibious assault ships (LHA)s and
the Wasp-class amphibious assault ships.
The addition of a well deck will leave less space for aircraft on board the ships, but the "Early Operational
Assessment" of 2005 criticized the "Flight 0" design because the expanded aviation facilities gave no space for a
well deck. Also, the USS America has reduced stowage space for military vehicles, and the size of her hospital was
reduced by two-thirds with respect to the Wasp-class ships.
Before he became the Under Secretary of the Navy, Robert O. Work also brought into question the usefulness of an
amphibious warfare ship without a well deck. The concept of the Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) had failed
when their helicopters met anti-aircraft systems off the coast of Lebanon during the late 1970s. In that case, Marines
America-class amphibious assault ship
251
first had to be moved onto warships that had well decks.
The third ship of the class (LHA-8) will be the first in its class with a well deck for deploying amphibious vehicles.
While there was emphasis on lighter ground vehicles in the late 1990s, up-armored and heavier vehicles were used
during operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Future counterinsurgency operations require ships that can carry and
deliver those vehicles, including through use of shore connectors; cargo lift requirements are met more expensively
by aircraft airlifting equipment. Adding the well deck will require the ship's island to be slightly smaller compared to
its two predecessors. Early design work with funds will begin in 2015, detailed design work and construction will
start in 2017, and the LHA-8 will enter service in 2024.
History
The program started in July 2001, with development beginning in October 2005, the production decision was made
in January 2006, and construction of LHA-6 began in December 2008. The keel-laying ceremony was on 17 July
2009 with delivery originally planned for August 2012. As of 2009, delivery was planned for February 2013 and
initial capability for February 2014, but delivery has now been further delayed into FY2014.
Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding was awarded $48.1m for "additional planning and advanced engineering services
in support of the LHA replacement (LHA[R]) Flight 0 amphibious assault ship (LHA 7)" on 28 October 2010, to run
until May 2012. It is tentatively scheduled for delivery in 2017. In January 2011 development problems led to the
F-35B program being placed on probation for two years, and plans for LHA-7 could change if the F-35B is canceled.
In April 2012, Contract N00024-10-C-2229 was issued to Huntington Ingalls Industries, in which funding for steel
plate purchase for LHA-7 is planned, and announced requirement for additional four ships (to LHA-10). LHA-7 will
be laid down in April 2013 and her commission is planned in 2018.
[8]
On 4 May 2012, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced the selection of USS Tripoli as the name for the
Navy's next large-deck amphibious assault ship (LHA-7).
[9]
On June 13, 2014 the U.S. Department of Defense announced on their website, that DOD had rewarded General
Dynamics National Steel and Shipbuilding Co., San Diego, California modification to the reward as part
design/development work on LHA-8 for $23,500,000.
[10]
On June 20, 2014, the PCU Tripoli's shipyard, Ingalls Shipyards, is set to authenticate the ship's keel in ceremony by
the ship's sponsor, Lynne Mabus, wife of Secretary of the Navy, Ray Mabus.
[11]
Ships in class
Ship Hull Number Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Fate
America LHA-6 Huntington Ingalls Industries, Pascagoula 17 July 2009 4 June 2012 Late 2014 Sea trials
Tripoli LHA-7 22 June 2014 Under construction
References
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. wlox. com/ story/ 25833222/ keel-laying-ceremony-held-for-amphibious-assault-ship-tripoli
[2] http:/ / defensetech.org/ 2013/ 06/ 04/ first-america-class-amphib-nears-completion/
[3] Freedberg, Sydney J. Jr. "Navy's Newest, LHA-6, A Dead End For Amphibious Ships?" (http:/ / defense. aol. com/ 2012/ 10/ 03/
navys-newest-lha-6-a-dead-end-for-amphibious-ships/ ?icid=related1) 3 October 2012.
[4] "The Cost-Effectiveness of Nuclear Power for Navy Surface Ships" (http:/ / www. cbo. gov/ doc. cfm?index=12169). CBO, May 2011.
[5] Navy to Test Hybrid-Propulsion on Destroyers (http:/ / defensetech. org/ 2013/ 08/ 06/ navy-to-test-hybrid-propulsion-on-destroyers/ ) -
Defensetech.org, 6 August 2013
America-class amphibious assault ship
252
[6] SNA 2014: Heat From F-35, MV-22 Continue to Plague Big Deck Amphibs (http:/ / news. usni. org/ 2014/ 01/ 15/
sna-2014-heat-f-35-mv-22-continue-plague-big-deck-amphibs) - News.USNI.org, 15 January 2014
[7] Navy Bringing Well Decks Back to Amphibs (http:/ / www. dodbuzz. com/ 2014/ 01/ 18/ navy-bringing-well-decks-back-to-amphibs/ ) -
DoDBuzz.com, 18 January 2014
[8] http:/ / flotprom. ru/ news/ ?ELEMENT_ID=109511
[9] http:/ / www. defense. gov/ releases/ release. aspx?releaseid=15247
[10] Defense.gov Contract Announcements include General Dynamic's award for LHA-8's development research for Flight I version of LHA-8.
(http:/ / www. defense. gov/ Contracts/ Contract.aspx?ContractID=5307)
[11] Tripoli's Keel Authentication Ceremony announced for June 20th, 2014. (http:/ / newsroom. huntingtoningalls. com/ News-Releases/
Media-Advisory-Navy-Secretary-Mabus-Mississippi-Gov-Bryant-to-Speak-at-Keel-Authentication-of-Tr-3de. aspx)
External links
US Navy.mil NewsStand LHA(R) page with image (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ fact_display.
asp?cid=4200& tid=400& ct=4)
LHA-6 America Global Security Info Page (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ lha-6. htm)
LHX/LHA(R) (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ lhx. htm)
America Class project on naval-technology.com (http:/ / www. naval-technology. com/ projects/
americaclassamphibio/ )
Landing Ship, Tank
A Canadian LST off-loads an M4 Sherman during the Allied
invasion of Sicily in 1943.
Landing Ship, Tank (LST) is the naval designation
for vessels created during World War II to support
amphibious operations by carrying significant
quantities of vehicles, cargo, and landing troops
directly onto an unimproved shore.
The first tank landing ships were built to British
requirements by converting existing ships. This was
followed by the development of a purpose built ship.
Thereafter, the British and US collaborated upon a joint
design with the majority of the construction carried out
by the US and supplied under lend-lease. The majority,
a thousand, were laid down in the United States during
World War II for use by the Allies. Eighty more were
built in the United Kingdom and Canada.
Landing Ship, Tank
253
LST Mk.1
Class overview
Name: LST Maracaibo class
Builders: Furness Shipbuilding Company, Haverton Hill-on-Tees
Operators: Royal Navy
Succeededby: Boxer
Completed: 3 (Misoa, Tasajera & Bachaquero)
General characteristics
Tonnage: 4,800 long tons (4,877t) GRT
Length:
382ft (116m)
[1]
Beam: 64 ft
Draught: Fully laden :
15ft (4.6m) aft
4ft (1.2m) forward
Ramps: Double hinged ramp, effective length of 100 ft (30 m)
Propulsion: Reciprocating steam engine, 2 shafts, 3,000 shp
Capacity: 18 30 ton tanks or 22 25 ton tanks or 33 3-ton trucks
Troops: Berths for 217 troops
Complement: 98 Combined Operations personnel
Armament: 1 twin 40 mm gun
6 20 mm guns
3 Lewis guns
2 4in (100mm) smoke mortars
Notes: Equipment: 2 50 ton derrick cranes
Boxer as Fighter Direction Ship
Class overview
Name: LST (1) Boxer class
Builders: Harland and Wolff
Operators: Royal Navy
Preceded by: Maracaibo
Landing Ship, Tank
254
Succeededby: LST (2)
Completed: 3 (Boxer, Bruiser, Thruster)
General characteristics
Type: Landing Ship, Tank Mark I
Displacement: 3,620 long tons (3,678t) standard
5,410 long tons (5,497t) full load
Length: 400ft (120m)
Beam: 49ft (15m)
Draught: 14ft 6in (4.42m)
Propulsion: Steam turbines, 2 shafts, 7,000shp (5,200kW)
Speed: 18 knots (33km/h; 21mph) laden to beaching draught
16.5 knots (30.6km/h; 19.0mph) at deep
Range: 9,000nmi (17,000km; 10,000mi) at 14kn (26km/h; 16mph)
Capacity: 13 Churchill tanks or 20 medium tanks, 27 vehicles on upper deck, 193 men
Complement: 169
Armament: 4 QF 2 pdr
8 20 mm Oerlikon
2 4-inch smoke mortars
Notes: Equipment: 1 40 ton crane
The British evacuation from Dunkirk in 1940 demonstrated to the Admiralty that the Allies needed relatively large,
ocean-going ships capable of shore-to-shore delivery of tanks and other vehicles in amphibious assaults upon the
continent of Europe. As an interim measure, three 4000 to 4800 GRT tankers, built to pass over the restrictive bars of
Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, were selected for conversion because of their shallow draft. Bow doors and ramps were
added to these ships, which became the first tank landing ships, "LST (1)": HMSMisoa, Tasajera and Bachaquero.
They later proved their worth during the invasion of Algeria in 1942, but their bluff bows made for inadequate speed
and pointed out the need for an all-new design incorporating a sleeker hull.
The first purpose-built LST design was HMSBoxer. It was a scaled down design from ideas penned by Churchill. To
carry 13 Churchill infantry tanks, 27 vehicles and nearly 200 men (in addition to the crew) at a speed of 18 knots, it
could not have the shallow draught that would have made for easy unloading. As a result, each of the three (Boxer,
Bruiser, and Thruster) ordered in March 1941 had a very long ramp stowed behind the bow doors.
[2]
The three ships were converted to "Fighter Direction Ships" for the invasion of Normandy.
The U.S. were to build seven LST(1) but in light of the problems with the design and progress with the LCT Mark II
the plans were cancelled. Construction of the LCT(1)s took until 1943 and the first US LCT(2) was launched before
them.
[3]
LST Mk.2
Landing Ship, Tank
255
Class overview
Name: LST (2)
Operators: United States Navy
Royal Navy
Royal Canadian Navy
Subclasses: LST-1 class
LST-491 class
LST-542 class
Completed: c. 1000
General characteristics
Displacement: 1,780 long tons (1,809t) light
3,880 long tons (3,942t) full load
Length: 327ft 9in (99.90m)
Beam: 50ft (15m)
Draught: Unloaded :
3ft 4in (1.02m) bow
7ft 6in (2.29m) stern
Loaded :
8ft 2in (2.49m) bow
14ft 1in (4.29m) stern
Propulsion: 2 General Motors 12-567 diesel engines, two shafts, twin rudders
Speed: 12 knots (14mph; 22km/h)
Boats &
landing
craft carried:
2 to 6 LCVPs
Troops: Approx. 140 officers and other ranks
Complement: 8 to 10 officers, 100 to 115 enlisted
Armament: 1 3in (76mm) gun
6 40 mm Bofors guns
6 20 mm guns
2 .50 cal (12.7 mm) machine guns
4 .30 cal (7.62 mm) machine guns
Development
At their first meeting at the Atlantic conference in Argentia, Newfoundland in August 1941, President Franklin D.
Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill confirmed the Admiralty's views. In November 1941, a small
delegation from the Admiralty arrived in the United States to pool ideas with the United States Navy's Bureau of
Ships with regard to development of ships and also including the possibility of building further Boxers in the US.
[4]
During this meeting, it was decided that the Bureau of Ships would design these vessels. As with the standing
agreement these would be built by the US so British shipyards could concentrate on building vessels for the Royal
Navy. The specification called for vessels capable of crossing the Atlantic and the original title given to them was
"Atlantic Tank Landing Craft" (Atlantic (T.L.C.)). Calling a vessel 300ft (91m) long a "craft" was considered a
misnomer and the type was re-christened "Landing Ship, Tank (2)", or "LST (2)".
The LST(2) design incorporated elements of the first British LCTs from their designer, Sir Rowland Baker, who was
part of the British delegation. This included sufficient buoyancy in the ships' sidewalls that they would float even
with the tank deck flooded.
[5]
The LST(2) gave up the speed of HMS Boxer at only 10 knots but had a similar load
Landing Ship, Tank
256
while drawing only 3 feet forward when beaching.
Design
Within a few days, John C. Niedermair of the Bureau of Ships
sketched out an awkward looking ship that proved to be the basic
design for the more than 1,000 LST (2) that were built during World
War II. To meet the conflicting requirements of deep draft for ocean
travel and shallow draft for beaching, the ship was designed with a
large ballast system that could be filled for ocean passage and pumped
out for beaching operations.
[6]
An anchor and mechanical winch
system also aided in the ship's ability to pull itself off the beach. The
rough sketch was sent to Britain on 5 November 1941 and accepted
immediately. The Admiralty then requested the United States to build 200 "LST (2)" for the Royal Navy under the
terms of lend-lease.
The preliminary plans initially called for an LST 280feet (85m) in length; but, in January 1942, the Bureau of Ships
discarded these drawings in favor of specifications for a ship 290 feet (88m) long. Within a month, final working
plans were developed that further stretched the overall length to 328 feet (100m) and called for a 50-foot (15m)
beam and minimum draft of 3.8feet (1.2m). This scheme distributed the ship's weight over a greater area, enabling
her to ride higher in the water when in landing trim. The LST could carry a 2,100-ton (1,900t) load of tanks and
vehicles. The larger dimensions also permitted the designers to increase the width of the bow door opening and ramp
from 12 to 14feet (3.7 to 4.3m) and thus accommodate most Allied vehicles. As the dimensions and weight of the
LST increased, steel plating thickness increased from 0.25-inch (6.4mm) to 0.375-inch (9.5mm) on the deck and
sides with 1-inch-thick plating under the bow.
[7]
By January 1942, the first scale model of the LST had been built
and was undergoing tests at the David Taylor Model Basin in Washington, D.C.
Provisions were made for the satisfactory ventilation of the tank space while the tank motors were running, and an
elevator was provided to lower vehicles from the main deck to the tank deck for disembarking. In April 1942 a
mock-up of the well-deck of an LST was constructed at Fort Knox, Kentucky to resolve the problem of ventilation
within the LST well-deck. The interior of the building was constructed to duplicate all the features found within an
actual LST. Being the home to the Armored Force Board, Fort Knox supplied tanks to run on the inside while Naval
architects developed a ventilation system capable of evacuating the well-deck of harmful gases. Testing was
completed in three months. This historic building remains at Fort Knox today.
Early LST operations required overcoming the 18th century language of the Articles for the Government of the
United States Navy: "He who doth suffer his ships to founder on rocks and shoals shall be punished..."
[8]
There were
some tense moments of concept testing at Quonset, Rhode Island in early 1943 when designer Niedermair
encouraged the commanding officer of the first U.S. LST to drive his ship onto the beach at full speed of 10 knots
(19km/h).
Landing Ship, Tank
257
Production
USSLST-983 with LST-601 in the background,
launches a Marine LVTP-5 for a waterborne
landing. When carrying amphibious tractors, an
LST could land her payload from offshore
without beaching.
USSLST-325 (left) and USSLST-388 unloading
while stranded at low tide during the Normandy
Invasion in June, 1944. Note: propellers, rudders
and other underwater details of these LSTs;
40mm single guns; "Danforth" style kedge
anchor at LST-325's stern.
USS LST-742 on 13 October 1950 at Wolmi-do
island, Inchon Harbor, loading supplies for the
upcoming Wonsan invasion.
In three separate acts dated 6 February 1942, 26 May 1943, and 17
December 1943, Congress provided the authority for the construction
of LSTs along with a host of other auxiliaries, destroyer escorts, and
assorted landing craft. The enormous building program quickly
gathered momentum. Such a high priority was assigned to the
construction of LSTs that the previously laid keel of an aircraft carrier
was hastily removed to make room for several LSTs to be built in her
place. The keel of the first LST was laid down on 10 June 1942 at
Newport News, Va., and the first standardized LSTs were floated out
of their building dock in October. Twenty-three were in commission by
the end of 1942.
The LST building program was unique in several respects. As soon as
the basic design had been developed, contracts were let and
construction was commenced in quantity before the completion of a
test vessel. Preliminary orders were rushed out verbally or by
telegrams, telephone, and air mail letters. The ordering of certain
materials actually preceded the completion of design work. While
many heavy equipment items such as main propulsion machinery were
furnished directly by the Navy, the balance of the procurement was
handled centrally by the Material Coordinating Agency an adjunct
of the Bureau of Ships so that the numerous builders in the program
would not have to bid against one another. Through vigorous follow-up
action on materials ordered, the agency made possible the completion
of construction schedules in record time.
The need for LSTs was urgent, and the program enjoyed a high priority
throughout the war. Since most shipbuilding activities were located in
coastal yards and were largely used for construction of large,
deep-draft ships, new construction facilities were established along
inland waterways. In some instances, heavy-industry plants such as
steel fabrication yards were converted for LST construction. This
posed the problem of getting the completed ships from the inland
building yards to deep water. The chief obstacles were bridges. The
Navy successfully undertook the modification of bridges and, through
a "Ferry Command" of Navy crews, transported the newly constructed
ships to coastal ports for fitting out. The success of these "cornfield"
shipyards of the Middle West was a revelation to the long-established
shipbuilders on the coasts. Their contribution to the LST building
program was enormous. Of the 1,051 LSTs built during World War II,
670 were constructed by five major inland builders. Chicago Bridge
and Iron shipyard in Seneca, Illinois launched 156 ships and was
specifically chosen because of their reputation and skills, particularly in welding. The most LSTs constructed during
World War II were built in Evansville, Indiana, by Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron, & International Steel Co.
Modifications
Landing Ship, Tank
258
By 1943, the construction time for an LST had been reduced to four months. By the end of the war, this had been cut
to two months. Considerable effort was expended to hold the ship's design constant, but, by mid-1943, operating
experience led to the incorporation of certain changes in the new ships.
The LST-491 class replaced the elevator installed in the original LST-1 class, to transfer equipment between the tank
deck and the main deck, with a ramp that was hinged at the main deck. This allowed vehicles to be driven directly
from the main deck into the tank deck, and then across the bow ramp to the beach or causeway, speeding the process
of disembarkation.
Changes in the later LST-542 class included the addition of a navigation bridge, the installation of a water
distillation plant with a capacity of 4,000 gallons per day, the removal of the tank deck ventilator tubes from the
center section of the main deck, the strengthening of the main deck to carry a smaller Landing Craft Tank (LCT),
and an upgrade in armor and armament, with the addition of a 3"/50 caliber gun.
LST Mk.3
Class overview
Name: LST (3)
Builders: R & W. Hawthorn, Leslie & Co. Ltd, Harland and Wolff, Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson Ltd,
Vickers-Armstrongs
Operators: Royal Navy
Royal Australian Navy
Hellenic Navy
Royal Netherlands Navy
Indian Navy
Planned: 119
Completed: UK:
31 LST (3)
2 LST (C)
2 LST (Q)
Canada:
26 LST (3)
Cancelled: 40 + 6 scrapped before completion
Active: 0
Preserved: 0
General characteristics
Displacement: 2,140 tons light
4,980 long tons (5,060t) full load
Length: 347ft (106m) o/a
Beam: 55ft 2in (16.81m)
Draught: Loaded :
4ft 7in (1.40m) bow
11ft 6in (3.51m) stern
Ramps: 23 feet by 14 feet ramp
Propulsion: Twin screws, steam reciprocating engines, 5,500hp (4,100kW), 10ft (3.0m) propeller
Speed: 13 knots (24km/h; 15mph)
Capacity: 10 tanks plus 15 vehicles
Troops: 13 officers and 150 men
Landing Ship, Tank
259
Complement: 14 officers and 90 men
Armament: 8 20 mm Oerlikon for A/A defence on some ships
Design
The LST (2) design was successful and production extensive but there was still a need for more LSTs for British
operations. As such it was decided to build a further 80 of them in UK and Canada to be available in the spring of
1945.
The British Staff drew up their own specification, requiring that the ship:
Be able to embark and disembark tanks, motor transport etc. on beaches of varying slopes, and amphibians and
DD Sherman tanks into deep water
Carry five Landing Craft Assault (LCA) or similar craft and one LCT (5) or LCT (6) on the upper deck in place of
transport and as an alternative to LCT (5) two NL causeway to be carried; the LCT (5) and NL causeways to be
capable of launching direct from the upper deck.
To carry 500 tons of military load and to beach with that and sufficient fuel and stores for 1,000mi (1,600km)
return journey at 10 knots (19km/h), on draughts 4ft 6in (1.37m) forward and 11ft 6in (3.51m) aft.
To carry a load of sixty tons over the main ramp and ten tons over the vehicle ramp (i.e., the 50ft (15m) ramp
from the upper deck to the bow door. After trials, this was removed from some vessels)
To be fitted for operations in the tropics and in cold climates
Two major problems made a redesign necessary. The preferred (locomotive type) light weight medium-speed
Electro-Motive Diesel 12-567 diesel engines were not immediately available. Staff wanted more power and higher
speeds if possible, which the EMD engines could have provided. However, the only engines available were very
heavy steam reciprocating engines from frigates that had been cancelled. These delivered two and a half times the
power of the diesels. So large were they that significant changes had to be made to accommodate them. Lack of
welded construction facilities meant that the hull had to be riveted. This combination of heavy hull and heavy
engines meant that speed was only 3 knots faster than the LCT(2)
At the same time, other improvements were madeas well as simplifications required so most of the structure could
be assembled with rivets. The cutaway hard chine that had been dropped in the American version of the Mark 2
vessels was restored. The tank deck, which was above the waterline, was made parallel to the keel, there was to be
no round down to the upper deck, and the ship was enlarged to accommodate the more bulky machinery.
Provision was made for carrying the British Landing Craft Assault (LCA) in gravity davits, instead of American
assault craft. Provision was also made for carrying Landing Craft Tank (LCT) and Landing Craft Mechanized
(LCM), and NL pontoon causeways.
When the design commenced, engineers knew that the beaches where the ships were expected to land would be very
flat, but it was not possible to produce a satisfactory vessel with a 3ft (0.91m) draught forward, and very little keel
slope, so the 1 in 50 keel slope was maintained. It was known that the 1:50 slope would often result in the LST
grounding aft on a shallow beach, resulting in the vehicles being discharged into comparatively deep water.
Various methods had been investigated to overcome the problem, but heavy grounding skegs and the N.L. pontoon
causeways were finally accepted as standard; the pontoon causeways were formed of pontoons 7ft (2.1m) 5ft
5ft (1.5m), made up into strings and rafts. When offloading, the rafts were secured to the fore end of the ship, and
the load discharged directly onto the shore, or towed on the raft to the shore.
The ships were fitted out for service in both very cold and tropical conditions. The accommodation provided for both
crew and army personnel was greatly improved compared with "LST (2)". The main hazard, apart from enemy
action, was fire on the tank deck. Fire sprinklers were provided, but the water drenching system installed in later
American vessels could not be provided.
Landing Ship, Tank
260
The bow door arrangements were similar to the LST (2), but the bow ramp was arranged in two parts in an attempt to
increase the number of beaches on which direct discharge would be possible. The machinery for operating the bow
doors and ramp were electrical, but otherwise, steam auxiliaries replaced the electrical gear on the LST (2). The
general arrangements of the tank deck were similar, but headroom was increased, and a ramp fitted to reach the top
deck, as in later "LST (2)"s. Provision was made for carrying LCA on gravity davits instead of the American built
assault boats. The arrangements were generally an improvement over the LST (2), but suffered from a deeper
draught, and, to some extent, from the haste in which they were built.
First orders were placed in December 1943, 45 with British builders, and 35 with Canadian builders. The first of
these ships was delivered by Swan Hunter in December 1944. During 1944, follow up orders were placed in Canada
for a further 36. These programmes were in full swing when the war ended, not all vessels were completed.
The ships were numbered numbers LST - 3001 to LST 3045 and LST -3501 to 3534. LST -3535 and later were
cancelled.
Fifteen 40-ton tanks or 27 25-ton tanks could be carried on the tank deck with an additional fourteen lorries on the
weather deck.
Propulsion
Steam was supplied by a pair of Admiralty pattern 3-drum water-tube type boilers, working at 225 pounds per square
inch. The main engines were of the 4-cylinder triple expansion 4-crank type, balanced on the Yarrow-Tweedy-Slick
system, the cylinders being as follows;
High pressure 18.5 in diameter
Medium pressure 31.0 in diameter
Forward low pressure 38.5 in diameter
Aft low pressure 38.5 in diameter
The common stroke was 30 inches (760mm). The piston and slide valve rods were all fitted with metallic packing to
the stuffing boxes, and all pistons fitted with packing rings and springs. The high-pressure valve was of the piston
type, whilst the remaining ones were of the balanced type. The main engines were designed to develop 2,750hp
(2,050kW) at 185 rpm continuously.
With the ships being twin screw, the engines were fitted with a shaft coupling to the crank shaft at the forward end,
allowing the engine to be turned end to end to suit either port or starboard side fitting.
Modifications for landing craft
When the LST (3)'s were ordered, the LST (2) programme was in full swing, and similar arrangements were made to
enable the LSTs to carry the 112 feet (34m) long LCT5 or LCT6 that were being built in America for the Royal
Navy.
The LCT needed lifting onto the deck of the ship, being carried on wedge-shaped support blocks; at the time of
launching she was set down on the "launch ways" by simply slacking off bolts in the wedge blocks, allowing the
launch way to take the weight. To carry out a launch, the LST was simply heeled over about 11 degrees by careful
flooding of tanks in the hull. The height of the drop was about 10ft (3.0m), and immediately after the launch the
craft's engines were started and they were ready for operation.
This method was used for moving LCT5s from Britain to the Far East, although there seems to be no reference to
LST (3)'s being used, most being completed late in or after the war.
Even at the end of the war there was a need for more ships able to carry minor landing craft, and two of the LST (3)'s
then completing were specially fitted to carry LCM (7). These craft, which were 58ft (18m) long and weighed
Landing Ship, Tank
261
about 28 tons, were carried transversely on the upper deck of the ship. They were hoisted on by means of a specially
fitted 30-ton derrick; This 30-ton derrick replaced a 15-ton derrick, two of which were the standard fit of the LST
(3). The 30-ton derrick was taller and generally more substantial than the 15 ton one.
The LCM (7)s were landed on trolleys fitted with hydraulic jacks. These ran on rails down each side of the deck, and
were hauled to and fro by means of winches. The stowage was filled from fore to aft as each craft was jacked down
onto fixed cradles between the rails. The ships completed to this standard were LST-3043/HMS Messina, and
LST-3044/HMS Narvik. While these ships were able to carry LCMs, they were only able to carry out loading and
unloading operations under nearly ideal weather conditions, and therefore could not be used for assault operations;
they also lacked the facilities to maintain the landing craft (which the Dock Landing Ships provided).
The Landing Craft Assault were developments at the very start of the war. They were wooden-hulled vessels plated
with armour, with a length of 41ft 6in (12.65m) overall including propeller guards, a beam of 10ft (3.0m), and a
displacement of 10 tons, rising to 13 tons fully loaded. Draught was 2ft 3in (0.69m), and normal load was 35
troops with 800lb (360kg) of equipment. A pair of Scripps marine conversions of Ford V8 marine engines,
producing 130bhp (97kW) at 2,800 rpm, provided propulsion producing 11 knots (20km/h) unloaded, 8 knots
(15km/h) service speed, 3 knots (5.6km/h) on one engine. Range was 5080 miles on 64 gallons. Armament was
typically a Bren light machine gun aft; with two Lewis Guns in a port forward position.
The LCM (7)'s that were carried on the LST (2) were considerably larger, 60ft 3in (18.36m) in length, 16ft (4.9m)
beam, with a hoisting weight of 28 tons, full load displacement of 63 tons. Beaching draught was 3ft 8in (1.12m),
and propulsion was provided by a pair of Hudson Invader petrol engines, later replaced with Grays diesels, both sets
providing 290bhp (220kW), giving a speed of 9.8 knots (18.1km/h).
The main requirement of the design was to carry a 40-ton Churchill tank or bulldozer at 10 knots (19km/h). 140 had
been completed when the war ended, and some saw service through to the 1970s.
Variants
Some LST(3) were converted to LST(A) (A for "assault") by adding stiffening so they could safely carry the heaviest
British tanks.
Two LST(3) were converted to command vessels, LST(C): LST 3043 and LST 3044. Post war they became HMS
Messina (L112) and HMS Narvik (L114). They were better armed with ten 20mm Oerlikons and four 40mm
Bofors.
Two LST(3) were converted during building into Headquarters command ships LST(Q). These were L3012, which
became L3101 (and later HMS Ben Nevis) and LST 3013, which became LST 3102, and then HMS Ben Lomond.
They acted as LST "mother ships", similar in most aspects to American ships based on the LST (2) hull. They had
two Quonset huts erected on the main deck to accommodate 40 officers. Berths on the tank deck berthed an extra
196 men. A bake shop and 16 refrigeration boxes for fresh provisions augmented the facilities normally provided for
the crew. Four extra distilling units were added, and the ballast tanks were converted for the storage of fresh water.
Landing Ship, Tank
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Service in World War II
U.S. LSTs carrying the Australian
26th Brigade from Morotai Island to
Tarakan Island in April 1945.
At the Armor Training School in Ft. Knox, Kentucky, buildings were erected as
exact mock-ups of an LST. Tank crews in training learned how to maneuver their
vehicles onto, in and from an LST with these facilities. One of these buildings
has been preserved at Ft. Knox for historic reasons and can still be seen.
From their combat dbut in the Solomon Islands in June 1943 until the end of the
hostilities in August 1945, the LSTs performed a vital service in World War II.
They participated in the invasions of Sicily (Operation Husky), Italy, Normandy,
and southern France in the European Theater and were an essential element in
the island-hopping campaigns in the Pacific that culminated in the liberation of
the Philippines and the capture of Iwo Jima and Okinawa.
Despite the large numbers produced, LSTs were a scarce commodity and
Churchill describes the difficulty in retaining sufficient LSTs in the
Mediterranean for amphibious work in Italy, and later the logistics of moving
large numbers to the eastern theatres, while still supplying the large armies in
Europe.
The LST proved to be a remarkably versatile ship. A number of them were converted to become landing craft repair
ships (ARL). In this design, the bow ramp and doors were removed, and the bow was sealed. Derricks, booms, and
winches were added to haul damaged landing craft on board for repairs, and blacksmith, machine, and electrical
workshops were provided on the main deck and tank deck. Another successful conversion was the LST "Mother
Ship". This version of the standard LST hull had two Quonset huts erected on the main deck to accommodate 40
officers. Bunks on the tank deck berthed an additional 196 men. A bake shop and 16 refrigeration boxes for fresh
provisions augmented the facilities normally provided the crew. Four extra distilling units were added, and the
ballast tanks were converted for storage of fresh water.
LSTs putting cargo ashore on one of the invasion
beaches, at low tide during the first days of the
Invasion of Normandy in June, 1944. Barrage
balloons are overhead and a US Army
"half-track" convoy forming up on the beach.
Thirty-eight LSTs were converted to serve as small hospital ships and
designated LSTH. They supplemented the many standard LSTs, which
removed casualties from the beach after landing tanks and vehicles.
LSTs had brought 41,035 wounded men back across the English
Channel from Normandy by D-Day+114 (28 September 1944). Other
LSTs, provided with extra cranes and handling gear, were used
exclusively for replenishing ammunition. They possessed a special
advantage in this role, as their size permitted two or three LSTs to go
simultaneously alongside an anchored battleship or cruiser to
accomplish replenishment more rapidly than standard ammunition
ships.
Three LST (2) were converted into British "Fighter Direction Tenders"
(FDT), swapping their landing craft for Motor Launches and outfitted
with AMES Type 11 and Type 15 fighter control radar to provide
Ground-controlled interception (GCI) coverage for air defence of the D-Day landing areas. Of these ships, HMS
FDT 216 was stationed off Omaha and Utah beaches, HMS FDT 217 was allocated Sword, Juno, and Gold beaches.
HMS FDT 13 was used for coverage of the overall main shipping channel. In the period 6th June to 26th June Allied
fighters controlled by the FDTs resulted in the destruction of 52 enemy aircraft by day, and 24 enemy aircraft by
night.
[9]
In the latter stages of World War II, some LSTs such as USSLST-906 were fitted with flight decks from which small
observation planes were sent up during amphibious operations.
[10]
Landing Ship, Tank
263
It has been estimated that, in the combined fleets assembled for the war on Japan, the tonnage of landing ships,
excluding landing craft, would have exceeded five million tons and nearly all built within four years.
Throughout the war, LSTs demonstrated a remarkable capacity to absorb punishment and survive. Despite the
sobriquets "Large Slow Target" and "Large Stationary Target," which were applied to them by irreverent crew
members, the LSTs suffered few losses in proportion to their number and the scope of their operations. Their
brilliantly conceived structural arrangement provided unusual strength and buoyancy; HMSLST 3002 was struck
and holed in a post-war collision with a Victory ship and survived. Although the LST was considered a valuable
target by the enemy, only 26 were lost due to enemy action, and a mere 13 were the victims of weather, reef, or
accident. A total of 1,152 LSTs were contracted for in the great naval building program of World War II, but 101
were cancelled in the fall of 1942 because of shifting construction priorities. Of 1,051 actually constructed, 113
LSTs were transferred to Britain under the terms of Lend-Lease, and four more were turned over to the Greek Navy.
Conversions to other ship types with different hull designations accounted for 116.
Post-War developments
United States
The USSGraham
County(LST-1176) beached at
Vieques, Puerto Rico in 1964.
Embarked troops on the Greek LST Lemnos
(L-158) ex-USS LST-36, around 1956
The end of World War II left the Navy with a huge inventory of
amphibious ships. Hundreds of these were scrapped or sunk, and most
of the remaining ships were put in "mothballs" to be preserved for the
future. Additionally, many of the LSTs were demilitarized and sold to
the private sector, along with thousands of other transport ships,
contributing to a major downturn in shipbuilding in the United States
following the war. Many LSTs were used as targets in aquatic nuclear
testing after the war, being readily available and serving no apparent
military applications. World War II era LSTs have become somewhat
ubiquitous, and have found a number of novel commercial uses,
including operating as small freighters, ferries, and dredges.
Consequently, construction of LSTs in the immediate post-war years
was modest. LST-1153 and LST-1154, commissioned respectively in
1947 and 1949, were the only steam-driven LSTs ever built by the
Navy. They provided improved berthing arrangements and a greater
cargo capacity than their predecessors.
The success of the amphibious assault at Inchon during the Korean
War showed the utility of LSTs once again. This was in contrast with
the earlier opinion expressed by many military authorities that the
advent of the atomic bomb had relegated amphibious landings to a
thing of the past. During the Korean War a number of LSTs were
converted to transport the much needed, but slow and short range LSU
from the United States to the Korean theater of war using the
piggy-back method. After arrival the LSU was slid off sideways from
the LST.
[11]
Additionally, LSTs were used for transport in the building
of an Air Force base at Thule, Greenland during the Korean War. Fifteen LSTs of what were later to be known as the
Terrebonne Parish-class were constructed in the early 1950s. These new LSTs were 56 feet (17m) longer and were
equipped with four, rather than two, diesel engines, which increased their speed to 15 knots (28km/h). Three-inch
Landing Ship, Tank
264
50-caliber twin mounts replaced the old twin 40-millimeter guns, and controllable pitch propellers improved the
ship's backing power. On 1 July 1955, county or, in as known in the case of Louisiana, parish names were assigned
to many LSTs, which up to then had borne only a letter-number hull designation.
In the late 1950s, seven LSTs of the De Soto County-class were constructed. These were an improved version over
earlier LSTs, with a high degree of habitability for the crew and embarked troops. Considered the "ultimate" design
attainable with the traditional LST bow door configuration, they were capable of 17.5 knots (32.4km/h).
United Kingdom
The LST (3) as commercial ferry
In 1946 a brand new concept of transport was developed in the UK. It was during World War II that a few
experienced men recognised the great potential of landing ships and craft. The idea was simple; if you could drive
tanks, guns and lorries directly onto a ship and then drive them off at the other end directly onto a beach, then
theoretically you could use the same landing craft to carry out the same operation in the civilian commercial market,
providing there were reasonable port facilities. From this idea grew the worldwide roll-on/roll-off ferry industry of
today. In the period between the wars Lt. Colonel Frank Bustard formed the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company,
with a view to cheap transatlantic travel, this never materialised, but during the war he observed trials on Brighton
Sands of an LST in 1943 when its peacetime capabilities were obvious.
In the spring of 1946 The Company approached the Admiralty with a request to purchase three of these vessels. The
Admiralty were unwilling to sell, but after negotiations agreed to let the ASN have the use of three vessels on
bareboat charter at a rate of 13 6s 8d per day. These vessels were LSTs 3519, 3534, and 3512. They were renamed
Empire Baltic, Empire Cedric, and Empire Celtic, perpetuating the name of White Star Line ships in combination
with the "Empire" ship naming of vessels in government service during the war.
The chartered vessels had to be adapted for their new role. First the accommodation on board had to be improved,
and alterations in the engine and boiler rooms had also to be made. Modified funnels and navigational aids had also
to be provided before they could enter service. On the morning of 11 September 1946 the first voyage of the Atlantic
Steam Navigation Company took place when the Empire Baltic sailed from Tilbury to Rotterdam with a full load of
64 vehicles for the Dutch Government. On arrival at Waalhaven the vessel beached using the method employed
during wartime landings, being held by a stern anchor. The vessel stayed on the beach overnight, returning at 08:00
the next morning. This leisurely pace of work was followed for the first few voyages, the beach being employed
possibly due to normal port facilities being unavailable due to wartime damage. Following the Rotterdam maiden
voyage, ASN used their new vessels to transfer thousands of vehicles for the Army from Tilbury to Hamburg, later
moved to Antwerp in 1955.
The original three LSTs were joined in 1948 by another vessel, LST 3041, renamed Empire Doric, after the ASN
were able to convince commercial operators to support the new route between Preston and the Northern Ireland port
of Larne. Originally Liverpool was chosen, but opposition from other operators led to a move to Preston in
Lancashire. However, special port facilities were constructed at both Preston and Larne before the new route could
be opened a wartime-built end loading ramp built by engineers during World War II at Preston, and a floating
pontoon from a Mulberry harbour connected via a bridge to the Quay at Larne.
The first sailing of this new route was on 21 May 1948 by Empire Cedric. After the inaugural sailing Empire Cedric
continued on the Northern Ireland service, offering initially a twice-weekly service. Empire Cedric was the first
vessel of the ASN fleet to hold a Passenger Certificate, and was allowed to carry fifty passengers. Thus Empire
Cedric became the first vessel in the world to operate as a commercial/passenger Roll-on/roll-off ferry, and the ASN
became the first commercial company to offer this type of service.
Some of the first cargo on this service were two lorry-loads of 65 gas cookers each on behalf of Messrs Moffats of
Blackburn, believed to be the first commercial vehicles carried in this way as freight. The PrestonLarne service
Landing Ship, Tank
265
continued to expand, so much so that in 1950 the service was expanded to include a service to Belfast. This service
opened in 1950 and sailings out of Preston were soon increased to six or seven a week to either Belfast or Larne.
In 1954, the British Transport Commission (BTC) took over the ASN under the Labour Governments nationalization
policy. In 1955 another two LSTs where chartered into the existing fleet, Empire Cymric and Empire Nordic,
bringing the fleet strength to seven. The Hamburg service was terminated in 1955, and a new service was opened
between Antwerp and Tilbury. The fleet of seven ships was to be split up with the usual three ships based at Tilbury
and the others maintaining the Preston to Northern Ireland service.
During late 1956, the entire fleet of ASN were taken over for use in the Mediterranean during the Suez Crisis, and
the Drive on/Drive off services were not re-established until January 1957. At this point ASN were made responsible
for the management of twelve Admiralty LST (3)'s brought out of reserve as a result of the Suez Crisis too late to see
service.
The LST (3) in Army service
A major task at the end of World War II was the redistribution of stores and equipment worldwide. Due to the
scarcity and expense of merchant shipping it was decided in 1946 that the Royal Army Service Corps civilian fleet
should take over seven LSTs from the Royal Navy, These were named after distinguished corps officers; Evan Gibb,
Charles Macleod, Maxwell Brander, Snowden Smith, Humphrey Gale, Reginald Kerr, Fredrick Glover.
The LSTs needed to comply with Board of Trade regulations, and to be brought up to merchant navy standards,
which involved lengthy alterations including extra accommodation. On completion, five vessels sailed for the
Middle East, and two for the Far East.
During the evacuation of Palestine, Humphrey Gale and Evan Gibb made fifteen voyages each between Haifa and
Port Said lifting between them 26,000 tons of vehicles and stores.
Similar work was done worldwide until 1952 when the ships were handed over to the Atlantic Steam Navigation
Company, and subsequently in 1961 to the British-India Steam Navigation Company, tasked by the War Office
directly, RASC having no further concern with their administration.
The LST (3) as aviation training ship
The rapid increase in the use of helicopters in the Royal Navy in the late 1950s and 1960s required an increase in the
training and support facilities ashore and afloat. Operational training for aircrew was carried out by naval air stations
at Portland and Culdrose. The scrapping of some carriers and conversion of others to commando carriers in the
mid-1950s left a shortage of suitable decks. This led to the ordering of the RFA Engadine in 1964; however she
would not be available till 1967, in the meantime it was decided to convert LST 3027 to serve as an interim training
ship.
This work was carried out at Devonport Dockyard in 1964. The deck forward of the cargo hatch was cleared of all
obstructions, and strengthened for helicopter use. A small deckhouse used to support the gun emplacements was
retained, although no guns were fitted, and it was used by the Flight Deck Officer as a helicopter control position.
Below deck, two 10,000 gallon aviation fuel tanks were installed at the fore end of the tank deck, and refuelling
positions provided at the fore end of the flight deck. The tanks were sealed off by a bulkhead and the rest of the
space used for stores, workshops and accommodation. Finally the bow doors were sealed, as they would no longer be
needed. The flight deck was large enough for two Westland Wessex helicopters with rotors turning, or six could be
parked with rotors folded. Renamed HMSLofoten she proved extremely useful in service, and many lessons were
learned that would be incorporated into Engadine.
Landing Ship, Tank
266
Last WWII survivors
HMS Stalker
HMSStalker, previously LST-3515, survived until 2010 at what was
formerly Pounds scrapyard at the northern end of Portsea Island.
USSLST-325, previously LST-120 and Hellenic Navy RHS Syros
(L-144) is one of the last operating survivors of World War II. It is
currently home ported at Evansville, Indiana at the USS LST Memorial museum. The ship is kept in navigable shape
and participated in a cruise from Evansville, Indiana to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for the Amphibious Reunion in
Pittsburgh from September 17, 2010. Upon completion of the reunion, the ship sailed from Pittsburgh to Marietta,
Ohio, to take part in the Sternwheel Festival.
USSLST-510 participated in the Invasion of Normandy and has operated as a ferry in New England for almost 30
years. She currently operates between New London, Connecticut and Orient Point, on the East End of Long Island,
New York.
USSLST-393, which participated in the landings on Sicily at Salerno, and the Invasion of Normandy is now located
in Muskegon, Michigan as a museum and undergoing restoration.
USS Maricopa County, previously USSLST-938, had been transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Navy, and after
the Fall of Saigon was captured by North Vietnamese forces. As of 2003[12], she is active and in commission with
the Vietnamese People's Navy as the Tran Khanh Du.
The Philippine Navy received 20+ units of the LST Mk.2 starting in the late 1940s, and still have 7 units on their
active list as of 2010. This includes BRP Laguna (LT-501) (ex-USS LST-230), BRP Zamboanga del Sur (LT-86)
ex-USS Marion County (LST-975), BRP Kalinga Apayao (LT-516) (ex-USS Garrett County (LST-786) and BRP
Benguet (LT-507) (ex-USS Daviess County (LST-692).
The Philippine Navy also has the BRP Sierra Madre (LT-57) (ex-USS Harnett County) permanently beached on the
Second Thomas Shoal. The ship serves as an advance outpost, and is currently at the center of a territorial dispute
between China and the Philippines.
Modern developments
The USSFrederick(LST-1184) at sea. Today's
Newport-class ships can debark amphibious
vehicles from their stern gates.
The commissioning of the Newport-class in 1969 marked the
introduction of an entirely new concept in the design of LSTs. She was
the first of a new class of 20 LSTs capable of steaming at a sustained
speed of 20 knots (37km/h). To obtain that speed, the traditional blunt
bow doors of the LST were replaced by a pointed ship bow. Unloading
is accomplished through the use of a 112-foot (34 m) ramp operated
over the bow and supported by twin derrick arms. A stern gate to the
tank deck permits unloading of LVTs into the water or the unloading
of other vehicles into a landing craft utility (LCU), onto a pier, or
directly into the water. Capable of operating with high-speed
amphibious squadrons consisting of LHAs, LPDs, and LSDs, the Newport-class LST can transport tanks, other
heavy vehicles, and engineering equipment that cannot readily be landed by helicopters or landing craft. The
Newport type has been removed from the U.S. Navy, but serves on in the navies of Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Mexico,
Morocco, Taiwan, Spain, in a modified form, Australia and soon with Peru. Indian Navy also maintains a fleet of
LSTs.
Landing Ship, Tank
267
Literature
The Ninety and Nine by William Brinkley, author of Don't Go Near the Water, portrays an LST running supplies to
Anzio during World War II. The title refers to the ship's company of ninety enlisted men and nine officers. The book
opens with a quotation attributed to Winston Churchill - "The destinies of two great empires ... seemed to be tied by
some god-damned things called LST's."
In the biography Man In Motion: Michigan's Legendary Senate Majority Leader, Emil Lockwood by Stanley C.
Fedewa and Marilyn H. Fedewa, Lockwood colorfully describes his World War II service aboard LST-478. "We
were always in the thick of it," Emil said, "because it was our job on the LSTs to carry personnel-operated tanks,
artillery, suppliesanything, you name itinto the heart of a war zone."
[13]
The novel Warm Bodies by Donald R. Morris portrays life on an LST in the 1950s. The title refers to the use of any
available body in port during overhaul for any duty necessary. "A Warm Body is man with at least one arm and two
fingers who can pick up something when he is told to." Although a work of fiction, the novel is based on Morris'
experience as an officer aboard an LST.
[14]
The Captain, the first novel by Russell Thacher (1919-1990), who later became a film producer, is set on board an
LST in the Pacific Arena during World War Two. The novel is notable for its early positive portrayal of
homosexuality, exemplified in the characters of two crew members, though male eroticism is undercurrent
throughout the book. It was published by Macmillan in New York in 1951 and Allan Wingate in London in 1952,
with subsequent paperback editions.
References
Notes
[1] Lenton & Colledge (1968) p.577
[2] Brown, D.K., Nelson to Vanguard pp. 142-143
[3] [3] Rottman p.6
[4] [4] Brown p.143
[5] [5] Brown, D.K. p.143
[6] [6] Niedermair (November 1982) p.58
[7] [7] Niedermair (November 1982) p.59
[8] [8] Wyckoff (November 1982) p.51
[9] http:/ / www. rquirk. com/ cdnradar/ cor/ chapter11. pdf
[10] "Flight Strip Makes Aircraft Out of Landing Craft." (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=gN8DAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA64& dq=Popular+
Mechanics+ Science+ installing+ linoleum& source=bl& ots=yzQ02csqDv& sig=Lse7JfsqahGNEIJnDq37RIszV2g& hl=en& sa=X&
ei=6r4DUJ-YIIb2rAHXu-SyDA& sqi=2& ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=true) Popular Mechanics, December 1944, p.66.
[11] "LSU rides big brother to work." (http:/ / books.google. com/ books?id=49gDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA94& dq=Popular+ Mechanics+
Science& source=bl& ots=wPfY03bHQE& sig=cm-xWdo-VtOnlEK9x6gfUnNseoc& hl=en& sa=X& ei=4cADUIjMAeKS2QXnp82wCw&
ved=0CDsQ6wEwAjgK#v=onepage& q& f=true) Popular Mechanics, September 1951, p. 94.
[12] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Landing_Ship,_Tank& action=edit
[13] Fedewa, Stanley C., Fedewa, Marilyn H. Man In Motion: Michigan's Legendary Senate Majority Leader, Emil Lockwood (Llumina/MSU
Press, 2003)
[14] Morris, Donald R. Warm Bodies (Simon & Schuster, 1957)
Bibliography
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
Lenton, H.T. & Colledge, J.J. (1968). British and Dominion Warships of World War II. Doubleday and Company.
Niedermair, John C. (November 1982). As I Recall...Designing the LST. United States Naval Institute
Proceedings.
Wyckoff, Don P., Colonel USMC (November 1982). Let There Be Built Great Ships... United States Naval
Institute Proceedings.
Selected Papers On British Warship Design In World War - From The Transactions Of The Royal Institute Of
Naval Architects, Conways Maritime Press, 1947, reprinted 1983. ISBN 0-85177-284-6
Landing Ship, Tank
268
Baker, R. (1947) Ships of the Invasion Fleet. Proceeding of the Royal Institute of Naval Architects, Vol. 89
pp.5972.
Brown, D.K. (Ed.), The Design And Construction Of British Warships 1939-1945, Vol 3 Amphibious Warfare
Vessels And Auxiliaries. ISBN 0-85177-675-2
Brown, D.K. (Ed.), The Design and Construction of British Warships 19391945 The Official Record, Conway
Maritime Press, London, 1996. pp 7380.
Carter, Geoffrey, Crises Do Happen - The Royal Navy And Operation Musketeer, Suez 1956, Maritime Books,
2006.
Cowsill, Miles, By Road Across The Sea - The History Of Atlantic Steam Navigation Company, Ferry
Publications 1990. ISBN 1-871947-07-3
Ladd, J.D., Assault From The Sea 1939-1945, ISBN 0-7153-6937-7
Lenton, H.T., Warships of the British and Commonwealth Navies 1966, Ian Allan Publishing, 1971.
Lovering, Tristan, Amphibious Assault, Manoeuvre from the sea, Seafarer Books. ISBN 9780955024351
Macdermott, Brian, Ships Without Names - The Story of The Royal Navys Tank Landing Ships In World War
Two, Arms & Armour 1992. ISBN 1-85409-126-3
Marriot, Leo, Royal Navy Aircraft Carriers 1945-1990, Ian Allan 1985. ISBN 0-7110-1561-9
Rottman, Gordon L., Landing Ship Tank (LST) 1942-2002, New Vanguard No. 115, Osprey Publishing 2005.
ISBN 1-84176-923-1
Speller, Ian, The Role of Amphibious warfare in British Defence Policy, 1945-56, Cormorant Security Series,
Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-80097-4
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tank landing ships.
HMS Misoa - Landing Ship Tank (LST) (http:/ / www. combinedops. com/ LST HMS Misoa. htm)
Ship Tour LST325 in Evansville, Indiana (http:/ / www. evansvillecvb. org/ attractions/ lst-325)
DANFS: Tank Landing Ships (LST) (http:/ / www. hazegray. org/ danfs/ amphib/ lst. htm)
NavSource Online: Tank Landing Ship (LST) Index (http:/ / www. navsource. org/ archives/ 10/ 16/ 16idx. htm)
InsideLST.com (http:/ / www.insidelst. com/ ) - a selection of information on the construction, complement, &c
of LSTs, mostly taken from LST-325
United States LST Association website (http:/ / www. uslst. org/ )
The American Amphibious Forces Association (http:/ / gatorforce. com/ ) - information about later classes of
LSTs
History of LSTs (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ lst. htm/ ) including description of
LSTs in use as aircraft carriers etc..
The US LST Ship Memorial (http:/ / www. lstmemorial. org/ ) - A preserved and operational LST from World
War II - LST 325
LST Story (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=OTSqhCdgwrI) Film: the building and launch of Tank Landing
Ship Coconino County (LST-603) during World War II.
Newport-class tank landing ship
269
Newport-class tank landing ship
USS Newport (LST-1179)
Class overview
Builders: Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
National Steel and Shipbuilding Company
Operators: Initial operator
United States Navy
Later operators (onsold after US service)
Royal Australian Navy
Brazilian Navy
Chilean Navy
Royal Malaysian Navy
Mexican Navy
Royal Moroccan Navy
Peruvian Navy (proposed)
Republic of China Navy
Spanish Navy
Preceded by: De Soto County-class tank landing ship
Succeededby: None
Built: 19661972
In commission: 19692002 (USN)
Completed: 20
Active: 0 (US)
Laid up: 4
Retired: 12
General characteristics
Type: Tank Landing Ship
Displacement: approx. 4,793tons light loaded,
8,500tons fully loaded
Length: 522ft (159m)
Beam: 70ft (21m)
Draft: 17.4ft (5.3m)
Newport-class tank landing ship
270
Propulsion: 6 ALCO diesels (3 per shaft)
16,000 shaft horsepower;
800hp GE bow thruster.
2 Hydraulically Controlled Variable Pitch Reversible Props and 1 Variable Pitch Bow
Thruster
3 ALCO/GE Generators (750kW, 1201 A each)
Speed: Over 20 knots (37km/h; 23mph)
Troops: Approximately 400 Marines, when embarked
Complement: 14 officers, 210 enlisted
Newport-class tank-landing ships are an improved class of tank-landing ship (LST) designed for the United States
Navy. The ships were intended to provide substantial advantages over their World War II-era predecessors. Of the
twenty completed, four were sunk as targets, four were retained as inactive reserves and the rest were sold to foreign
navies.
Class description
Twenty ships of the Newport tank landing ship class were built to replace the traditional bow door design LST.
The Newport class has higher speeds and trimmer lines than the LSTs of World War II. The vessels have two huge
derricks used to extend and retract a bow ramp. The 110-foot (34m) ramp has a 75-ton capacity.
The Newport class is the first amphibious ship to be fitted with an internal side propulsion unit located below the
waterline near the bow. The bow thruster allows the bow to be pushed from side to side while the stern remains
nearly stationary.
This class of LST also has a stern gate. It allows them to load and launch amphibious assault vehicles, and permits
sterngate matings with Landing Craft Utility (LCU) units.
Units
Ship Name Hull No. Builder USN
Commission
Decommission
Fate Link
Newport LST-1179 Philadelphia Naval
Shipyard
19691992 Sold to Mexican Navy as Papaloapan (ARM A-411)
[1]
Manitowoc LST-1180 Philadelphia Naval
Shipyard
19701993 Sold to Republic of China Navy as Chong ho (LST-232)
[2]
Sumter LST-1181 Philadelphia Naval
Shipyard
19701993 Sold to Republic of China Navy as ChongPing (LST-233)
[3]
Fresno LST-1182 National Steel & SB 19691993
Proposed for transfer to the Peruvian Navy from inactive
reserve
[4]
[5]
Peoria LST-1183 National Steel & SB 19701994 Disposed of in support of Fleet training exercise,
2004-12-07
[6]
Frederick LST-1184 National Steel & SB 19702002 Sold to Mexican Navy as Usumacinta (ARM A-412),
2002-11-22
[7]
Schenectady LST-1185 National Steel & SB 19701993 Disposed of in support of Fleet training exercise,
2004-11-23
[8]
Cayuga LST-1186 National Steel & SB 19701994 Sold to Brazilian Navy as NDCC Mattoso Maia (G-28)
[9]
Tuscaloosa LST-1187 National Steel & SB 19701993 Sunk as target, 2014-07.
[10][11]
Newport-class tank landing ship
271
Saginaw LST-1188 National Steel & SB 19711994 Sold to Royal Australian Navy as HMAS Kanimbla,
1994-2011
[12]
San Bernardino LST-1189 National Steel & SB 19711995 Sold to Chilean Navy to as Valdivia (LST 93),
decommissioned in 2010
[13]
Boulder LST-1190 National Steel & SB 19711994 Inactive reserve, 1994-02-28. Proposed for transfer to the
Royal Moroccan Navy.
[14][15]
Racine LST-1191 National Steel & SB 19711993 Proposed for transfer to the Peruvian Navy from inactive
reserve
[16]
Spartanburg
County
LST-1192 National Steel & SB 19711994 Sold to Royal Malaysian Navy as KD Sri Indera Pura
(A-1505)
[17]
Fairfax County LST-1193 National Steel & SB 19711994 Sold to Royal Australian Navy as HMAS Manoora,
1994-2011
[18]
La Moure County LST-1194 National Steel & SB 19712000 Disposed of in support of Fleet training exercise,
2001-07-10
[19]
Barbour County LST-1195 National Steel & SB 19721992 Disposed of in support of Fleet training exercise,
2004-04-06
[20]
Harlan County LST-1196 National Steel & SB 19721995 Sold to Spanish Navy as Pizarro (L-42), decommissioned in
2012
[21]
Barnstable
County
LST-1197 National Steel & SB 19721994 Sold to Spanish Navy as Hernn Corts (L-41),
decommissioned in 2009
[22]
Bristol County LST-1198 National Steel & SB 19721994 Sold to Moroccan Navy as Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah
(407)
[23]
Image gallery
USS San Bernardino
(LST-1189) during a landing
exercise in 1979.
The USS Frederick (LST-1184)
with its bow ramp dropped to
take on U.S. Marines and
equipment.
Aft view of Spartanburg
County returning from
Operation Desert Storm,
1991.
Racine bow view with bow
ramp sitting on deck.
References
[1] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1179. htm
[2] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1180. htm
[3] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1181. htm
[4] S. 3052: Naval Vessel Transfer Act of 2008 (http:/ / www. govtrack. us/ congress/ billtext. xpd?bill=s110-3052)
[5] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1182. htm
[6] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1183. htm
[7] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1184. htm
[8] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1185. htm
[9] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1186. htm
[10] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1187. htm
[11] http:/ / www.navy. mil/ view_image.asp?id=181415
[12] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1188. htm
[13] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1189. htm
Newport-class tank landing ship
272
[14] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1190. htm
[15] http:/ / www.opencongress. org/ bill/ 111-s3847/ text
[16] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1191. htm
[17] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1192. htm
[18] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1193. htm
[19] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1194. htm
[20] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1195. htm
[21] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1196. htm
[22] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1197. htm
[23] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LST1198. htm
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newport class tank landing ships.
Federation of American Scientists page on Newport class (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ ship/
lst-1179. htm).
Casa Grande-class dock landing ship
273
Casa Grande-class dock landing ship
USSCabildo
Class overview
Name: Casa Grande
Builders: Newport News
Boston Navy Yard
Gulf Shipbuilding
Philadelphia Naval Yard
Operators: Royal Navy
United States Navy
Spanish Navy
Hellenic Navy
French Navy
Republic of China Navy
Preceded by: Ashland-class dock landing ship
Succeededby: Thomaston-class dock landing ship
Planned: 19
Completed: 17
Cancelled: 2
Retired: 17
General characteristics
Type: dock landing ship
Displacement: 4,032tons (light)
7,930tons (seagoing)
Length: 454ft (138m) at waterline
457ft 9in (139.52m) oa
Beam: 72ft 2in (22.00m)
Draught: 15ft 10in (4.83m)
Propulsion: 2-shaft turbines, 2 boilers
7,000 shp (LSD13-21 and 25-27)
9,000 shp (LSD22-24)
Speed: 15.6 knots (18.0mph; 28.9km/h)
Range: 7,400nmi (13,700km) at 15kn (28km/h)
Casa Grande-class dock landing ship
274
Boats &
landing
craft carried:
One of the following arrangements:
3 LCT Mark V or VI or
2 LCT Mark III or IV or
14 LCM Mark III or
41 LVT or
47 DUKWs
Capacity: 1,500tons of cargo (if not carrying boats)
Complement: 17 officers and 237 men
Armament: 1 5"/38 guns
12 40 mm Bofors guns (2 2), (2 4)
16 20mm guns
The Casa Grande class was a class of dock landing ships used by the Royal Navy and the United States Navy during
the Second World War. Nineteen ships were planned, but two, USSFort Snelling and USSPoint Defiance were
cancelled before being completed.
Design
The 'Landing Ship Dock' or LSD developed from a British staff requirement for a type of self-propelled drydock to
transport beaching craft over long distances, that would in turn deliver trucks and supplies onto the beach. A
flooding deck aft capable of holding either two of the larger British Landing craft tanks (LCTs) or three of the new
US LCTs was included in the designs. With the option of fitting extra decks, large numbers of vehicles could be
transported, and loaded into landing craft via ramps. Despite an initial specification for a speed of 17 knots (20mph;
31km/h), the LSDs were capable of only 15.6 knots (18.0mph; 28.9km/h).
Service
The British initially ordered seven of the class from US dockyards, numbered LSD-9 to 15. Only four were
delivered, numbers 9 to 12, while 13 to 15 were retained by the US Navy, which ordered another twelve to the
design, but only built ten. In total thirteen of the ships served with the US Navy, while four ships served with the
Royal Navy.
Ships
HMS Highway
Royal Navy
HMSEastway(F140)
HMSHighway(F141)
HMSNorthway(F142)
HMSOceanway(F143)
US Navy
USSCasa Grande(LSD-13) (ex-HMS Portway, ex-Spear)
USSRushmore(LSD-14) (ex-HMS Swashway, ex-Sword)
USSShadwell(LSD-15) (ex-HMS Waterway, ex-Tomahawk)
USSCabildo(LSD-16)
USSCatamount(LSD-17)
Casa Grande-class dock landing ship
275
USSColonial(LSD-18)
USSComstock(LSD-19)
USSDonner(LSD-20)
USSFort Mandan(LSD-21)
USSFort Marion(LSD-22)
USSFort Snelling(LSD-23) (cancelled, completed as USNSTaurus(T-AK-273))
USSPoint Defiance(LSD-24) (cancelled)
USSSan Marcos(LSD-25)
USSTortuga(LSD-26)
USSWhetstone(LSD-27)
Spanish Navy
Spanish ship Galicia (L-31), ex-USS San Marcos (LSD-25)
Greek Navy
Greek ship Okeanos (ex-HMSOceanway(F143))
French Navy
French ship Foudre (ex-HMSOceanway(F143), ex-Greek ship Okeanos)
Republic of China Navy
ROCS Chung Cheng (LSD-191) (ex-USS Comstock (LSD-19))
Notes
References
Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships
of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN978-1-86176-281-8. OCLC 67375475 (http:/ /
www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 67375475).
Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger (1980). Conway's All the world's fighting ships, 19221946. Conway.
ISBN0-85177-146-7.
Jane's Fighting Ships of World War Two. New York: Crescent Books. 1996 [1989]. ISBN0-517-67963-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casa Grande class dock landing ships.
Casa Grande class at Uboat.net (http:/ / www. uboat. net/ allies/ warships/ class. html?ID=592)
"Mother of Minesweepers." (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=8dwDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA97& dq=1954+
Popular+ Mechanics+ January& hl=en& sa=X& ei=lYK0T7T1Es2dgQe5iMgH&
ved=0CDoQ6AEwAjgy#v=onepage& q& f=true) Popular Mechanics, February 1952, pp. 97-104.
Thomaston-class dock landing ship
276
Thomaston-class dock landing ship
USSThomaston(LSD-28)
Class overview
Builders: Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi
Operators: United States Navy
Brazilian Navy
Preceded by: Casa Grande-class dock landing ship
Succeededby: Anchorage-class dock landing ship
Built: 19531956
In commission: 19541990
Completed: 8
General characteristics
Type: Dock landing ship
Displacement: 11,800 long tons (11,989t) full load
Length: 510ft (160m)
Beam: 84ft (26m)
Propulsion: 2 600 psi boilers, 2 geared turbines, 2 shafts, 24,000shp (17,897kW)
Speed: 22 knots (41km/h; 25mph)+
Boats & landing
craft carried:
3 LCU or 9 LCM-8 or 50 AAV/LVTP-7 amphibious tractors
Troops: 325
Complement: 348 (18 officers, 330 enlisted)
Armament: 4 3in (76mm)/50 cal Mk.33 AA guns (2 twin mounts)
Aviation facilities: Helicopter landing area
The Thomaston class dock landing ship is a class of eight United States Navy dock landing ships.
The class of the ship is named after a town of Thomaston, Maine, which was the home of General Henry Knox, the
first Secretary of War to serve under the United States Constitution.
The class was designed and approved in the early 1950s. The lead ship of her class, the first to be built was the
Thomaston (LSD-28), which was laid down on 3 March 1953 at Pascagoula, Mississippi, by the Ingalls Shipbuilding
Corp.; launched on 9 February 1954, sponsored by Mrs. Mathias B. Gardner; and commissioned on 17 September
1954, Captain Marion F. Ramirez de Arellano in command.
Thomaston-class dock landing ship
277
Ships
Thomaston(LSD-28)
Plymouth Rock(LSD-29)
Fort Snelling(LSD-30)
Point Defiance(LSD-31)
Spiegel Grove(LSD-32)
Alamo(LSD-33)
Hermitage(LSD-34)
Monticello(LSD-35)
References
Anchorage-class dock landing ship
278
Anchorage-class dock landing ship
USS Anchorage (LSD-36)
Class overview
Operators: United States Navy
Republic of China Navy
Preceded by: Thomaston-class dock landing ship
Succeededby: Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship
Built: 19671972
In commission: 19692003
Completed: 5
General characteristics
Type: Dock landing ship
Displacement: 14,000 long tons (14,225t) Full
Length: 553ft (169m)
Beam: 85ft (26m)
Draft: 20ft (6.1m)
Propulsion: 2 geared steam turbines
2 boilers, 600 psi
2 shafts, 24,000shp (18,000kW) total
Speed: 22 knots (25mph; 41km/h)
Range: 14,800nmi (27,400km; 17,000mi) at 12kn (22km/h)
Boats &
landing
craft carried:
LCACs
Complement: 18 officers, 340 enlisted
Armament: 2 20 mm Phalanx CIWS
2 Mk-38 machine guns
4 .50 machine guns
The Anchorage class dock landing ships were a series of five dock landing ships (LSD) constructed and
commissioned by the United States Navy between 1965 and 1972. US Navy decommissioned all five of them by
Anchorage-class dock landing ship
279
2003. They are succeeded by Whidbey Island class LSDs and Harpers Ferry class LSDs.
Design and development
The Anchorage class of dock landing ships was built as a replacement for the remaining aging war-built LSDs of the
Ashland and Casa Grande classes. Their principal intended role was to carry additional landing craft to supplement
those carried by the Amphibious transport docks (LPD)s, which carried less landing craft in order to accommodate
more troops and cargo.
[1]
The Anchorage class was slightly larger than the preceding Thomaston class, but were of generally similar design,
with a large Well dock aft to accommodate landing craft, and a removable flight deck fitted above the well deck to
allow the operation of helicopters, although no hangar was provided. The well dock was 430 feet (130m) long and
40 feet (12m) wide, and could accommodate three Landing Craft Utilitys or nine LCM-8 Landing Craft
Mechanizeds.
[2]
The ship could carry 375 troops compared with the 345 carried by the Thomastons,
[3]
while 12,000
square feet (1,115m
2
) of vehicle parking space was provided.
[4]
The ships were propelled by two geared steam turbines driving two shafts and giving a total of 24,000 shaft
horsepower (18,000kW). This gave a speed of 20 knots (23mph; 37km/h), the standard speed of the postwar US
Navy amphibious fleet.
[5][6]
As built, the ships had a defensive armament of eight 3"/50 Mark 33 anti-aircraft guns in
four twin mounts, while major sensors included SPS-10 surface search radar and SPS-40 air-search radar.
Construction and service
The name ship of the class, USSAnchorage(LSD-36) was ordered under the Fiscal year 1965 (FY65) shipbuilding
program, with three more (USSPortland(LSD-37), USSPensacola(LSD-38) and USSMount Vernon(LSD-39))
ordered under the FY66 program and the final ship of the class, USSFort Fisher(LSD-40), under the FY67
programme.
[7]
They were laid down between 1967 and 1970 and entered service between 1969 and 1972.
The fire-control directors for the 3 in guns were removed in the late 1970s, while the ships' gun armament was
gradually reduced, with two mounts removed by 1990, and the remaining 3 inch guns removed by 1994.
[4]
Two
20mm Phalanx CIWS mounts to defend against anti-ship missiles and two 25 mm Bushmaster cannon to defend
against surface targets were fitted to replace these weapons.
[]
Ship List
Name
Builder
[]
Laid Down Launched Commissioned Fate
USSAnchorage(LSD-36) Ingalls Shipbuilding 13 March
1967
5 May 1968 15 March 1969 Decommissioned 1 October 2003
Sunk as target 17 July 2010
USSPortland(LSD-37) General Dynamics, Quincy,
Massachusetts)
21 September
1967
20 December
1969
3 October 1970 Decommissioned 4 August 2003
Sank as target 25 April 2004
USSPensacola(LSD-38) General Dynamics, Quincy 12 March
1969
11 July 1970 27 March 1971 Sold to Republic of China
(Taiwan) Navy in 2000
ROCSHsu Hai(LSD-193)
USSMount
Vernon(LSD-39)
General Dynamics, Quincy 29 January
1970
17 April 1971
13 May 1972
[]
Decommissioned 25 July 2003
Sank as target 16 June 2005
USSFort Fisher(LSD-40) General Dynamics (Quincy) 15 July 1970 22 April 1972 12 September
1972
Decommissioned 27 February
1998
Sold for scrapping 22 May 2009
Anchorage-class dock landing ship
280
References
[1] [1] Polmar 1981, pp. 144, 146.
[2] [2] Polmar 1981, p. 146.
[3] Polmar 1981, pp. 145146.
[4] [4] Baker 1998, p. 1046.
[5] [5] Polmar 1981, p. 125.
[6] Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, pp. 549550.
[7] [7] Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p. 619.
Baker, A. D. (1998). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 19981999. Annapolis, Maryland,
USA: U.S. Naval Institute. ISBN1-55750-111-4.
Blackman, Raymond V. B. (1971). Jane's Fighting Ships 197172. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd.
ISBN0-354-00096-9.
Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen (1995). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 19471995. Annapolis,
Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-132-7.
Polmar, Norman (1981). The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet (Twelfth ed.). London: Arms and Armour Press.
ISBN0-85368-397-2.
Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship
281
Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship
USSFort McHenry(LSD-43) conducting helicopter operations off the coast of Sumatra, (2005).
Class overview
Builders: Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Anchorage class
Succeededby: Harpers Ferry class
Cost: $250m
In commission: 1985 - Present
Planned: 8
Completed: 8
Active: 8
General characteristics
Displacement: 16,100tons
Length: 609ft (186m)
Beam: 84ft (26m)
Draft: 19ft 6in (5.0m)
Propulsion: 4 Colt Industries, 16-cylinder diesel engines, 2 shafts, 33,000 shp (25 MW)
Speed: 20+knots (37+km/h)
Boats & landing
craft carried:
4+1 LCACs or 21 LCM-6s or up to 36 Amphibious Assault Vehicles AAV or 3 LCUs.
Capacity: on deck: one LCM-6, two LCPL and one LCVP
Complement: 30 officers, 300+ enlisted Marine detachment: up to 504
Armament: 2 25 mm Mk 38 cannons
2 20 mm Phalanx CIWS mounts
1 / 2 Rolling Airframe Missile
6 .50 caliber M2HB machine guns
Aviation facilities: Large helicopter platform aft, no hangar
Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship
282
The Whidbey Island class dock landing ship is a dock landing ship of the United States Navy. Introduced to fleet
service in 1985, this class of ship features a massive well deck for the transport of US Marine Corps vehicles and a
large flight deck for the landing of helicopters or V-22 Ospreys. The well deck was designed to hold four LCAC
hovercraft, five if the vehicle ramp is raised, for landing Marines. Recent deployments have instead filled the well
deck with a combination of LCU(s), AAVs, Tanks, LARCs and other USMC vehicles and gear. The Whidbey Island
class of ship also uniquely benefits from multiple cranes and a shallow draft that further make it ideal for
participating in Amphibious operations.
All ships of the class are scheduled to undergo a midlife upgrade over the next five years to ensure that they remain
in service through to 2038. The ships will be upgraded each year through 2013, and the last ship will be modernized
in 2014. Ships homeported on the East Coast will undergo upgrades at Metro Machine Corp., while those on the
West Coast will receive upgrades at General Dynamics National Steel and Shipbuilding Company in San Diego.
Major elements of the upgrade package include diesel engine improvements, fuel and maintenance savings systems,
engineering control systems, increased air conditioning and chill water capacity, and replacement of air compressors.
The ships also replaced steam systems with all-electric functionality that will decrease maintenance effort and
expense.
Ships
Ship Hull No. Builder Commissioned Home Port NVR Page
Whidbey Island LSD-41 Lockheed, Seattle 1985 Little Creek, Virginia
LSD41
[1]
Germantown LSD-42 Lockheed, Seattle 1986 Sasebo, Japan
LSD42
[2]
Fort McHenry LSD-43 Lockheed, Seattle 1987 Little Creek, Virginia
LSD43
[3]
Gunston Hall LSD-44 Avondale, New Orleans 1989 Little Creek, Virginia
LSD44
[4]
Comstock LSD-45 Avondale, New Orleans 1990 San Diego, California
LSD45
[5]
Tortuga LSD-46 Avondale, New Orleans 1990 Little Creek, Virginia
LSD46
[6]
Rushmore LSD-47 Avondale, New Orleans 1991 San Diego, California
LSD47
[7]
Ashland LSD-48 Avondale, New Orleans 1992 Sasebo, Japan
LSD48
[8]
The Whidbey Island (LSD 41) and Tortuga (LSD 46) are to be decommissioned during the FYDP 2013-2018 and the
remaining ships of the class are to be retired before the end of their service lives.
[9]
However, recent unofficial
reports state that the Whidbey Island (LSD 41) decommissioning date has been changed to 2021.Wikipedia:Citation
needed
Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship
283
Sources
[1] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LSD41. htm
[2] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LSD42. htm
[3] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LSD43. htm
[4] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LSD44. htm
[5] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LSD45. htm
[6] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LSD46. htm
[7] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LSD47. htm
[8] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LSD48. htm
[9] IHS Janes Fighting Ships Executive Summary 2012
US Navy Type Information (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ fact_display. asp?cid=4200& tid=1000& ct=4)
Hutchinson, R. (ed.) (2002) Jane's Warship Recognition Guide, London : HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-713722-2
This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government
publication, is in the public domain. The entry can be found here (http:/ / www. nvr. navy. mil/ nvrships/ s_LSD.
htm).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whidbey Island class dock landing ships.
Federation of American Scientists (FAS): LSD-41 Whidbey Island class (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/
sys/ ship/ lsd-41. htm)
GlobalSecurity.org: LSD-41 Whidbey Island class (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/
lsd-41. htm)
Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ship
284
Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ship
USS Carter Hall (LSD-50)
Class overview
Name: Harpers Ferry
Builders: Avondale Shipyard
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship
Succeededby: San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock
Cost: $324.2 million
In commission: 1995 present
Planned: 4
Completed: 4
Active: USSHarpers Ferry(LSD-49),
USSCarter Hall(LSD-50),
USSOak Hill(LSD-51),
USSPearl Harbor(LSD-52)
General characteristics
Displacement: 16,708tons
Length: 609ft (186m)
Beam: 84ft (26m)
Draft: 21ft (6.4m)
Propulsion: Four Colt Industries, 16-cylinder diesels, two shafts, 33,000 shaft horsepower (25MW)
Speed: 20 knots (37km/h; 23mph)
Boats &
landing
craft carried:
2 LCACs
Complement: 22 officers, 391 enlisted
Armament: 2 25 mm Mk 38 cannons
2 20 mm Phalanx CIWS mounts
2 RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) launchers
6 .50 caliber M2HB machine guns
Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ship
285
The Harpers Ferry-class of the United States Navy is a class of dock landing ships completed in the early 1990s.
Modified from the Whidbey Island class, it sacrifices landing craft capacity for more cargo space, making it closer to
an amphibious transport dock type, but was not designated as such. Externally, the two classes can be told apart by
the order of weapons. The Harper's Ferry type has the Phalanx CIWS mounted forward, and the RAM launcher on
top of the bridge, while the Whidbey Island has the opposite arrangement.
All ships of the class are scheduled to undergo a midlife upgrade to ensure they remain in service through 2038. The
ships will be upgraded each year through 2013, and the last ship will be modernized in 2014. Ships homeported on
the East Coast will undergo upgrades at Metro Machine Corp., and ships based on the West Coast will receive
upgrades at General Dynamics National Steel and Shipbuilding Company in San Diego.
Major elements of the upgrade package include diesel engine improvements, fuel and maintenance savings systems,
engineering control systems, increased air conditioning/chill water capacity, and replacement of air compressors.
The ships also replaced steam systems with all-electric functionality that will decrease maintenance.
The Harpers Ferry class ships
Ship Name Hull No. Builder Commissioned Homeport
Harpers Ferry LSD-49 Avondale Shipyard 7 January 1995 Naval Base San Diego (CA)
Carter Hall LSD-50 Avondale Shipyard 30 September 1995 Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek (VA)
Oak Hill LSD-51 Avondale Shipyard 8 June 1996 Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek (VA)
Pearl Harbor LSD-52 Avondale Shipyard 30 May 1998 Naval Base San Diego (CA)
Sources
US Navy Type Information (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ fact_display. asp?cid=4200& tid=1000& ct=4)
Hutchinson, R. (2002) Jane's Warship Recognition Guide Harper Collins: London, New York.
Raleigh-class amphibious transport dock
286
Raleigh-class amphibious transport dock
USS Vancouver (LPD-2)
Class overview
Name: Raleigh-class amphibious transport dock
Builders: New York Naval Shipyard
Preceded by: None
Succeededby: Austin class
General characteristics
Type: Amphibious transport dock
The Raleigh class of amphibious transport docks served the United States Navy.
Ships
Ship Hull No. Builder Commissioned
Decommissioned
NVR Page
Raleigh LPD-1 New York Naval Shipyard 19621991
LPD-1
[1]
Vancouver LPD-2 New York Naval Shipyard 19631992
LPD-2
[2]
La Salle AGF-3 New York Naval Shipyard 19642005
AGF-3
[3]
References
[1] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD1. htm
[2] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD2. htm
[3] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ AGF3.htm
Austin-class amphibious transport dock
287
Austin-class amphibious transport dock
USS Austin (LPD-4)
Class overview
Name: Austin-class amphibious transport dock
Builders: New York Naval Shipyard,
Ingalls, Lockheed
Operators: United States Navy
Indian Navy
Preceded by: Raleigh class
Succeededby: San Antonio class
In commission: 1965
Completed: 12
Active: 2
General characteristics
Type: Amphibious transport dock
Tonnage: 7,713 tons dwt
Displacement: 9,201 tons (light)
16,914 tons (full)
Length: 548ft (167m)w/l
569ft (173m) o/a
Beam: 84ft (26m) w/l
105ft (32m) extreme
Draft: 22ft (6.7m) navigational,
34ft (10m) ballasted
Propulsion: 2 boilers, 2 steam turbines, 2 shafts, 24,000shp (18,000kW)
Speed: 21 knots (24mph; 39km/h)
Boats &
landing
craft carried:
1 LCAC, or
1 LCU, or
4 LCM-8, or
9 LCM-6, or
24 AAV
Complement: 24 officers, 396 enlisted, 900 marines
Austin-class amphibious transport dock
288
Armament: 2 25mm Mk38 guns
2 Phalanx CIWS
8 .50-calibre machine guns
Aircraft carried: Up to 6 CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters
The Austin class of amphibious transport dock followed the Raleigh class and was followed by the San Antonio
classes. Note that some sources consider Cleveland (seven built) and Trenton (two built) ships to be a part of the
Austin class, but the Naval Vessel Registry lists them as a separate class.
Ships
Ship Hull No. Builder Commissioned
Decommissioned
Homeport NVR page
Austin LPD-4 New York Naval Shipyard 19652006 Norfolk, Virginia
LPD04
[1]
Ogden LPD-5 New York Naval Shipyard 19652007 San Diego, California
LPD05
[2]
Duluth LPD-6 New York Naval Shipyard 19652005 San Diego, California
LPD06
[3]
Cleveland sub-class
Cleveland LPD-7 Ingalls Shipbuilding 19672011 San Diego, California
LPD07
[4]
Dubuque LPD-8 Ingalls Shipbuilding 19672011 San Diego, California
LPD08
[5]
Denver LPD-9 Lockheed Shipbuilding 1968 Sasebo, Japan
LPD09
[6]
Juneau LPD-10 Lockheed Shipbuilding 19692008 Sasebo, Japan
LPD10
[7]
Coronado LPD-11/
AGF-11
Lockheed Shipbuilding 19702005 San Diego, California
AGF11
[8]
Shreveport LPD-12 Lockheed Shipbuilding 19702007 Norfolk, Virginia
LPD12
[9]
Nashville LPD-13 Lockheed Shipbuilding 19702009 Norfolk, Virginia
LPD13
[10]
Trenton sub-class
Trenton LPD-14 Lockheed Shipbuilding 19712007 Norfolk, Virginia
LPD14
[11]
Ponce LPD-15 Lockheed Shipbuilding 1971 Norfolk, Virginia
LPD15
[12]
Cleveland class
Austin-class amphibious transport dock
289
USS Dubuque (LPD-8)
Class overview
Name: Cleveland-class amphibious transport dock
Preceded by: Austin-class amphibious transport dock
Succeededby: Trenton-class amphibious transport dock
Completed: Cleveland, Dubuque, Denver, Juneau, Coronado, Shreveport, Nashville
The Cleveland class of amphibious transport dock was a refinement of the Austin class. All earlier classes are being
replaced by the San Antonio class.
The Cleveland class was originally to consist of 10 ships, LPD-7 through LPD-16. Seven ships were actually
completed and listed in this class, with one being converted to a command ship, Coronado(AGF-11).
Trenton(LPD-14) and Ponce(LPD-15) were originally to be included in the Cleveland class, but were completed as
almost identical Trenton-class LPDs. The most noticeable difference between the Cleveland and Austin classes is the
extra level in the superstructure housing a flag bridge and command and control facilities for an embarked staff
which the earlier ships lack.
Ships
Ship Builder Homeport
USSCleveland(LPD-7)
(decommissioned)
Ingalls Shipbuilding San Diego, California
USSDubuque(LPD-8)
(decommissioned)
Ingalls Shipbuilding San Diego, California
USSDenver(LPD-9) Lockheed Shipbuilding Sasebo, Japan
USSJuneau(LPD-10)
(decommissioned)
Lockheed Shipbuilding San Diego, California
USS Coronado
(LPD/AGF-11)
(decommissioned)
Lockheed Shipbuilding San Diego, California
USSShreveport(LPD-12)
(decommissioned)
Lockheed Shipbuilding Norfolk, Virginia
USSNashville(LPD-13)
(decommissioned)
Lockheed Shipbuilding Norfolk, Virginia
Austin-class amphibious transport dock
290
Trenton class
USS Trenton (LPD-14)
Class overview
Name: Trenton-class amphibious transport dock
Operators: United States Navy
Indian Navy
Preceded by: Cleveland-class amphibious transport dock
Succeededby: San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock
Completed: Trenton, Ponce
The Trenton class of amphibious transport dock was a refinement of the Austin and Cleveland classes. Note that
some sources consider Cleveland and later ships to be a part of the Austin class, but the Naval Vessel Registry lists
them as a separate class. All earlier classes are being replaced by the San Antonio class. LPD-16, while authorized,
was cancelled before being constructed.
As of August 2013[13] the above mentioned site Naval Vessel Registry lists the USS Trenton and the USS Ponce as
Austin class amphibious transport docks.[14]
Ships
Ship Builder Homeport
USS Trenton
(LPD-14)
(decommsioned)
Lockheed Shipbuilding Norfolk, Virginia
USS Ponce (LPD-15) Lockheed Shipbuilding Norfolk, Virginia
References
[1] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD4. htm
[2] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD5. htm
[3] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD6. htm
[4] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD7. htm
[5] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD8. htm
[6] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD9. htm
[7] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD10. htm
[8] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ AGF11.htm
[9] http:/ / www. nvr. navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD12. htm
[10] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD13.htm
[11] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD14.htm
[12] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ details/ LPD15.htm
[13] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Austin-class_amphibious_transport_dock& action=edit
[14] http:/ / www.nvr.navy.mil/ nvrships/ s_LPD. htm
Austin-class amphibious transport dock
291
External links
U.S. Navy Fact File: Amphibious Transport Dock - LPD (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ fact_display.
asp?cid=4200& tid=600& ct=4)
Federation of American Scientists: LPD 4 Austin class (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ ship/ lpd-4.
htm)
GlobalSecurity.org: LPD 4 Austin class (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ lpd-4. htm)
San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock
292
San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock
USSSan Antonio(LPD-17) and USSNew York(LPD-21) in June 2011.
Class overview
Builders: Northrop Grumman Ship Systems
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Austin-class amphibious transport dock
Newport-class tank landing ship
Charleston-class amphibious cargo ship
Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ship
Succeededby: N/Acurrent authorized amphibious transport dock line
Cost:
$1,602.5 million (ave. for class, FY2012)
[1]
$2,021.4million (last ship, FY2012)
Built: 20002017 (forecast)
In commission: 2006present
Building: 2
Planned: 12
Completed: 9
Cancelled: 1
Active: 9
General characteristics
Type: Amphibious transport dock
Displacement: 25,300 t (full)
Length: 684ft (208m)
Beam: 105ft (32m)
Draft: 23ft (7.0m), full load
Propulsion: Four sequentially turbocharged marine Colt-Pielstick diesel engines, two shafts, 41,600 shp
Speed: In excess of 22 knots (41km/h)
Boats & landing
craft carried:
Two LCACs (air cushion); or
1 LCU (conventional)
14 Amphibious Assault Vehicles
San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock
293
Complement: Crew: 28 officers, and 333 enlisted men
Landing force: 66 officers, and 633 enlisted men
Sensors and
processing systems:
AN/SPS-48G, AN/SPQ-9B
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
AN/SLQ-32
Armament: 2 Bushmaster II 30 mm close-in-guns
two Rolling Airframe Missile launchers
two Mk 41 eight-cell VLS for quad-packed ESSMs (if required)
Several twin M2 Browning machine gun turrets
Aircraft carried: Launch or land up to four CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters, or up to two MV-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft
simultaneously with room to place four MV-22s on the flight deck and one in the hangar deck
The San Antonio class is a class of amphibious transport dock (LPD) warships used by the United States Navy.
These warships replace the older Austin class LPDs (including Cleveland and Trenton sub-classes), as well as the
Newport class tank landing ships, and the Charleston class amphibious cargo ships that have already been retired.
Twelve ships of the San Antonio class were proposed, but only eleven funded, with one canceled due to budget cuts
and cost overruns. Their original target price was $890 million; as built, their average cost is $1.6 billion. As of
March 2014[2] nine warships of this class are in service with the U.S. Navy.
History
The San Antonio class was designed to provide the Navy and U.S. Marine Corps with modern, sea-based platforms
that are networked, survivable, and built to operate with 21st century transformational platforms, such as the MV-22
Osprey, the (since canceled) Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV), air-cushioned landing craft (LCACs), and future
means by which Marines are delivered ashore. The ship is more than 45 percent larger than the Austin class,
displacing more than 25,000 tons at full load. It carries fewer troops but has twice as much space for vehicles,
landing craft, and aircraft.
The project embraced a "Design for Ownership" philosophy; a concurrent engineering approach that injects operator,
maintainer, and trainer input into the design development process. The goal was to ensure that operational realities
are considered throughout the total ship design, integration, construction, test and life cycle support of the new ships
and their systems. This process was intended to improve combat readiness, enhance quality of life, and reduce Total
Ownership Costs, and resulted in numerous changes during the project.
The San Antonio class has significant survivability features and computer technology. In addition to Rolling
Airframe Missile (RAM) protection from air threats, the class was designed to minimize radar signature. Radar
cross-section (RCS) reduction techniques make the ships more difficult to locate and target. Enhanced survivability
features include improved nuclear blast and fragmentation protection and a shock-hardened structure. The fiber-optic
shipboard-wide area network (SWAN) connects onboard-integrated systems. The network will allow "plug in and
fight" configuration, updating and replacing hardware more easily when newer technology becomes available.
Moreover, the class has extensive communications, command, control, and intelligence systems to support current
and projected expeditionary warfare missions of the 21st century.
The Advanced Enclosed Mast/Sensors (AEM/S) System mast, a 93-foot-high hexagonal structure 35 feet in
diameter, is constructed of a multi-layer frequency-selective composite material. It is designed to permit the ship's
own sensor frequencies with very low loss while reflecting other frequencies. The tapered hexagonal shape of the
AEM/S is designed to reduce radar cross section, and enclosing the antennas provides improved performance and
greatly reduces maintenance costs.
San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock
294
The San Antonio class also incorporates the latest quality of life standards for the embarked Marines and sailors,
including sit-up berths, a ship services mall, a learning resource center, and a fitness center. Medical facilities
include two operating rooms and 124 beds. Additionally, they are the first USN ships designed to accommodate
sailors and Marines of both sexes as part of the crew and embarked troops.
Following the extended problems and incidents experienced by the USS San Antonio, the U.S. Department of
Defense's Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E), stated in 2010 that the ships are 'capable of operating
"in a benign environment," but not effective, suitable and not survivable in a combat situation'.
[3]
The DOT&E found
in 2011 that the class's first ship, USS San Antonio, had several deficiencies which rendered it "not operationally
effective, suitable, or survivable in a hostile environment".
[4]
U.S. senator Kay Hagan has asked if the LPD-17 construction line ought to be extended to a 12th ship as a bridge to
building the LX(R) (formerly LSD(X)) on the same hull, but the USN has indicated that the requirements of the
LX(R) have not yet been settled and that the LPD-17 hull might be too large for such a mission.
[5]
However
Commandant James F. Amos has also endorsed dropping LSD in favor of continued LPD production.
[6]
Chief of Naval Operations Greenert is considering using some of the extra space in the San Antonio class to mount
modular equipment in the same fashion as the Littoral combat ship.
[7]
As part of their bid to offer "Flight II"
LPD-17s for the Dock landing ship replacement contract, HII has suggested fitting out the ships to carry the Aegis
Ballistic Missile Defense System.
[8][9]
Ships of the class
Name Number Builder Launched Commissioned Home port Status
San Antonio LPD-17 Avondale, La. 12 July 2003 14 January 2006 Norfolk, Virginia Active
New Orleans LPD-18 Avondale, La. 11 December 2004 10 March 2007 San Diego, California Active
Mesa Verde LPD-19 Ingalls, Miss. 19 November 2004 15 December 2007 Norfolk, Virginia Active
Green Bay LPD-20 Avondale, La. 11 August 2006 24 January 2009 San Diego, California Active
New York LPD-21 Avondale, La. 19 December 2007 7 November 2009 Mayport, Florida Active
San Diego LPD-22 Ingalls, Miss. 7 May 2010 19 May 2012 San Diego, California Active
Anchorage LPD-23 Avondale, La. 12 February 2011 4 May 2013 San Diego, California Active
Arlington LPD-24 Ingalls, Miss. 23 November 2010 8 February 2013 Norfolk, Virginia Active
Somerset LPD-25 Avondale, La. 14 April 2012 1 March 2014 San Diego, California Active
John P. Murtha LPD-26 Ingalls, Miss. Under construction
Portland LPD-27 Ingalls, Miss. Under construction
Gallery
during construction at
Avondale, 2002
Port-bow view of . Port-quarter view of . Steel from the World Trade
Center is poured for construction
of
San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock
295
Elevation of LPD-17 class ship. Cutaway illustration of the
U.S. Navy's San
Antonio-class amphibious
transport dock ship (LPD).
References
[1] [1] LPD-27 is the last scheduled member of the class, bought with $2,021.4M (FY2012)
[2] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=San_Antonio-class_amphibious_transport_dock& action=edit
[3] Capaccio, Tony Northrop Navy Ships `Not Survivable' in Combat, Official Says (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ news/ 2010-10-28/
northrop-navy-ships-not-survivable-in-combat-u-s-defense-official-says. html) Bloomberg, 28 October 2010
[4] "LPD-17 San Antonio Class Amphibious Transport Dock" (http:/ / www. dote. osd. mil/ pub/ reports/ FY2011/ pdf/ navy/ 2011lpd17. pdf).
DOT&E
[5] O'Rourke, Ronald. "Navy LPD-17 Amphibious Ship Procurement: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress." (http:/ / opencrs. com/
document/ RL34476/ 2011-03-16/ ?26236) Congressional Research Service, 16 March 2011.
[6] "Navy League Conference 2013 speeches on the future of the maritime services." (http:/ / www. c-spanvideo. org/ program/ 311966-1)
[7] Freedberg, Sydney J. Jr. "Modular 'Trucks' Will Rule The Waves: CNO." (http:/ / defense. aol. com/ 2012/ 04/ 18/
modular-trucks-will-rule-the-waves-cno/ ) Aol Defense. 18 April 2012.
[8] "HII Pitching BMD Role For LPD-17 Hull." (http:/ / www. defensedaily. com/ free/ HII-Pitching-BMD-Role-For-LPD-17-Hull_20355. html)
[9] "LPD Flight II." (http:/ / www. huntingtoningalls.com/ flight2/ index)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Antonio class amphibious transport docks.
The San Antonio class's Web site (http:/ / www. pms317. navy. mil/ )
San Antonio Class Landing Platform Dock, United States of America(Naval technology) (http:/ / www.
naval-technology. com/ projects/ lpd17/ )
San Antonio class Amphibious transport dock(Military today) (http:/ / www. military-today. com/ navy/
san_antonio_class. htm)
San Antonio Class (LPD 17) Amphibious Transport Dock (http:/ / www. navyrecognition. com/ index.
php?option=com_content& task=view& id=1627) (navyrecognition.com)
Charleston-class amphibious cargo ship
296
Charleston-class amphibious cargo ship
USS Charleston (LKA-113) in 1988
Class overview
Builders: Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co.
Built: 19661969
In commission: 19681994
Completed: 5
Laid up: 5
General characteristics
Type: Amphibious cargo ship
Displacement: ~9,000 tons (light)
~18,500 tons (full load)
Length: 576ft (176m)
Beam: 82ft (25m)
Draft: 26ft (7.9m)
Propulsion: Steam Turbine
Speed: 20 knots (37km/h)
Boats & landing
craft carried:
Up to 18 landing craft
Complement: 50 officers, 592 men
Armament: 4 twin 3"/50 caliber guns
Aviation facilities: Helicopter landing platform
The Charleston-class amphibious cargo ships were a class of amphibious cargo ships in service with the United
States Navy. These ships served in Amphibious Readiness Groups between 1968 and 1994. The ships were the last
amphibious cargo ships built for the U.S. Navy, their role having been taken over by amphibious transport docks.
Charleston-class amphibious cargo ship
297
Service
Built in the late 1960s, these ships participated in the Vietnam War. Four of the five ships in the class had been
transferred to the reserve fleet in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The need for additional sealift capacity resulted in
all four being returned to the active fleet in 1982. They are among the first Navy ships to have a fully automated
main propulsion plant (600-pound pressure with superheat, known as a "Super Six."). The lead ship of the class,
Charleston was decommissioned in 1992, and was joined by St. Louis in November 1992. The remaining ships were
decommissioned in 1994. All ships are mothballed for possible activation in the future.
[1]
Design
USS EL Paso shows the general layout of the
Charleston-class.
The assigned mission of the amphibious cargo ship was to transport
and land combat equipment and material with attendant personnel in an
amphibious assault. To optimize their capability for combat loading,
they provided considerable flexibility in cargo stowage methods. The
cargo elevators servicing holds 1, 3, and 4 make all categories of
supplies and all levels available simultaneously to either the main deck
or the helicopter platform. Use of the ship's forklifts and pallet
transporters speed the maneuvering of cargo in the holds and enable
delivery to various debarkation stations via the main deck
passageways, which run the length of the ship. The arrangement and
quantity of booms and cargo elevators make it possible to
simultaneously embark/debark vehicles and cargo.
Vehicles in upper stowage spaces can be embarked/debarked through the hatches with cargo booms, while pallets are
embarked/debarked in lower stowage spaces by elevators. The main deck hatch of hold 2 is unobstructed and can be
opened for embarking/debarking of vehicles without the delay of unloading landing craft stowed on the hatch. Hold
4 is well suited for high priority cargo because of its direct access to the flight deck or main deck via elevator
number 5.
[2]
Ships
Three LKAs tied up at Philadelphia Naval
Shipyard, Jan 2008
USSCharleston(LKA-113). Launched 2 December 1967.
Commissioned 14 December 1968. Decommissioned 27 April
1992.
[3]
USSDurham(LKA-114). Launched 29 March 1968.
Commissioned 24 May 1969. Decommissioned 25 February
1994.
[4]
USSMobile(LKA-115). Launched 19 October 1968.
Commissioned 29 September 1969. Decommissioned 25 February
1994.
[5]
USSSt. Louis(LKA-116). Launched 4 January 1969.
Commissioned 22 November 1969. Decommissioned 2 November 1992.
[6]
USSEl Paso(LKA-117). Launched 17 May 1969. Commissioned 17 January 1970. Decommissioned 21 April
1994.
[7]
Charleston-class amphibious cargo ship
298
References
[1] Stefan Terzibaschitsch 50 Jahre Amphibische Schiffe der U.S. Navy. Leonberg (Germany), p.65
[2] Stefan Terzibaschitsch Seemacht USA. Bechtermuenz, Augsburg (Germany), p. 602. ISBN 3-86047-576-2
[3] http:/ / www. navsource. org/ archives/ 10/ 02/ 02113.htm
[4] http:/ / www. navsource. org/ archives/ 10/ 02/ 02114.htm
[5] http:/ / www. navsource. org/ archives/ 10/ 02/ 02115.htm
[6] http:/ / www. navsource. org/ archives/ 10/ 02/ 02116.htm
[7] http:/ / www. navsource. org/ archives/ 10/ 02/ 02117.htm
Landing Craft Air Cushion
299
Landing Craft Air Cushion
For LCAC as a generic term for military assault hovercraft, see LCAC (disambiguation).
LCAC
A US Navy LCAC maneuvers to enter the well deck of the amphibious assault ship USS Kearsarge
Type Landing Craft
Placeoforigin United States
Service history
Inservice 1986present
Production history
Manufacturer Textron Marine and Land Systems/Avondale Gulfport Marine
Numberbuilt 91
Specifications
Weight 182 long tons (185 t) full load
Length 87 feet 11 inches (26.4 meters)
Width 47 feet (14.3 meters)
Crew 5
Main
armament
two 12.7 mm (.50 in) machine guns. Gun mounts will support: M2HB .50 in cal machine gun; Mk 19 Mod 3
40 mm grenade launcher; M60 machine gun. Tests conducted with GAU-13 30 mm gatling gun.
Engine 4 gas turbines
Payloadcapacity 60 tons (up to 75 tons in an overload condition)(54/68 metric tons)
Operational
range
200 nmi at 40 kt (370 km at 75 km/h) with payload
300 nmi at 35 kt (550 km at 65 km/h)with payload
Speed 40+ knots (46+ mph; 74 km/h) with full load, 70+ knots maximum speed
The Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) is a class of air-cushion vehicle (hovercraft) used as landing craft by the
United States Navy's Assault Craft Units and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). They transport
weapons systems, equipment, cargo and personnel of the assault elements of the Marine Air/Ground Task Force both
from ship to shore and across the beach.
Landing Craft Air Cushion
300
Design and development
Concept design of the present day LCAC began in the early 1970s with the full-scale Amphibious Assault Landing
Craft (AALC) test vehicle. During the advanced development stage, two prototypes were built. JEFF A was designed
and built by Aerojet General in California, with four rotating ducted propellers. JEFF B was designed and built by
Bell Aerospace in New Orleans, Louisiana. JEFF B had two ducted rear propellers similar to the proposed SK-10
which was derived from the previous Bell SK-5 / SR.N5 hovercraft tested in Vietnam. These two craft confirmed the
technical feasibility and operational capability that ultimately led to the production of LCAC. JEFF B was selected
as the design basis for todays LCAC.
[1]
USMC LAV-25s and HMMWVs are offloaded
from a USN LCAC craft at Samesan RTMB,
Thailand
The first 33 were included in the FY82-86 defense budgets, 15 in
FY89, 12 each in FY90, FY91 and FY92, while seven were included in
FY93. The first LCAC was delivered to the Navy in 1984 and Initial
Operational Capability (IOC) was achieved in 1986. Approval for full
production was granted in 1987. After an initial 15-craft competitive
production contract was awarded to each of two companies, Textron
Marine & Land Systems (TMLS) of New Orleans, La, and Avondale
Gulfport Marine, TMLS was selected to build the remaining craft. A
total of ninety-one LCAC have now been built. The final craft, LCAC
91, was delivered to the U.S. Navy in 2001.
On June 29, 1987, LCAC was granted approval for full production.
Forty-eight air-cushion landing craft were authorized and appropriated through FY 89. Lockheed Shipbuilding
Company was competitively selected as a second source. The FY 1990 budget request included $219.3 million for
nine craft. The FY 1991 request included full funding for 12 LCACs and advance procurement in support of the FY
1992 program (which was intended to be nine craft). The remaining 24 were funded in FY92.
[2]
The LCAC first deployed in 1987 aboard USS Germantown (LSD-42). LCACs are transported in and operate from
all the U.S. Navy's amphibious-well deck ships including LHA, LHD, LSD and LPD. Ships capable of carrying the
LCAC include the Wasp (3), Tarawa (1), Anchorage (4), Austin (1), Whidbey Island (4-5), Harper's Ferry (2), and
San Antonio (2) classes. All of the planned 91 craft have been delivered to the Navy. Of these 91 LCACs, seven of
these have been disassembled for FGE, ten are in deep Reduced Operation Status (ROS), two are held for R&D, and
36 are in use on each coast at Little Creek, Virginia and Camp Pendleton, California. Eight minesweeping kits were
acquired in 1994-1995.
The craft operates with a crew of five. In addition to beach landing, LCAC provides personnel transport, evacuation
support, lane breaching, mine countermeasure operations, and Marine and Special Warfare equipment delivery. The
four main engines are all used for lift and all used for main propulsion. The craft can continue to operate, at reduced
capability, with two engines inoperable. They are interchangeable for redundancy. A transport model can seat 180
fully equipped troops. Cargo capacity is 1,809sqft (168.1m
2
). The LCAC is capable of carrying a 60 ton payload
(up to 75 tons in an overload condition), including one M-1 Abrams tank, at speeds over 40 knots. Fuel capacity is
5000 gallons. The LCAC uses an average of 1000 gallons per hour. Maneuvering considerations include requiring
500 yards or more to stop and 2000 yards or more turning radius. The bow ramp is 28.8ft (8.8m) wide while the
stern ramp is 15ft (4.6m) wide. Noise and dust levels are high with this craft. If disabled the craft is difficult to tow.
In recent years spray suppression has been added to the craft's skirt to reduce interference with driver's vision.
The LCAC is a dramatic innovation in modern amphibious warfare technology. It provides the capability to launch
amphibious assaults from points over the horizon (OTH) from up to 50 nautical miles offshore, thereby decreasing
risk to ships and personnel and generating greater uncertainty in the enemy's mind as to the location and timing of an
assault, thereby maximizing its prospects of success. The LCAC propulsion system makes it less susceptible to
mines than other assault craft or vehicles. Due to its tremendous over-the-beach capability, the LCAC is accessible to
Landing Craft Air Cushion
301
more than 80% of the world's coastlines. Previously, landing craft had a top speed of approximately eight knots and
could cross only 17% of the world's beach area. Assaults were made from one to two miles off-shore.Its high speed
complements a joint assault with helicopters, so personnel and equipment can be unloaded beyond the beach in
secure landing areas. For 20 years, helicopters have provided the partial capability to launch OTH amphibious
assaults. Now, with LCAC, landing craft complement helos in speed, tactical surprise and without exposing ships to
enemy fire.
[3]
The similarities between a Navy LCAC and an airplane are substantial. The craftmaster sits in a "cockpit" or
command module with a headset radio on. He talks to air traffic control which for LCAC's is well-deck control
located near a ship's sterngate. The ride feels like a plane in high turbulence. The craftmaster steers with a yoke, his
feet are on rudder controls -- and he flies a lot like a hockey puck on an air hockey table, The LCAC is similar to a
helicopter in that it has six dimensions of motion. Operating the LCAC demands unique perceptual and psychomotor
skills. In addition, with a machine as expensive and inherently dangerous as the LCAC, sound judgment and
decision-making also play an important role. Concerns over escalating training cost, projections for an increased
number of LCAC vehicles and crew, and a high attrition rate in training highlighted the importance of developing a
more accurate means of selecting candidates. Attrition of operators and engineers has dropped from an initial high of
40% in 1988 to approximately 10-15% today.
[4]
In Fiscal Year 2000 the Navy started an LCAC Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) to add 10 years of design
life to each craft. The SLEP will be applied to 72 LCACs, extending their service life from 20 to 30 years, delaying
the need to replace these versatile craft.
[5]
Without a SLEP the first LCAC would face retirement in 2004, based on a 20-year lifespan. Naval Sea Systems
Command (NAVSEA) has been working with Textron Marine and Land Systems since April 1996 on LCAC SLEP
research and development. The actual SLEP modifications are planned to be conducted in two phases.
Phase I. Over a period of several years electronics system recapitalization will take place at each Assault Craft Unit
(ACU), where the craft are physically located. This will involve replacing current electronics components, which are
increasingly becoming obsolete and unsupportable, with an open electronics architecture using easily upgraded,
Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components. The new electronics suite will be more reliable and less costly to
operate and maintain.
Phase II. Buoyancy box replacement will be conducted at the Textron Marine and Land Systems facility in New
Orleans, LA, where Textron will use design changes, coatings, and changes in materials to increase the LCACs
resistance to corrosion. Phase II will also include the electronics upgrade of Phase I, until the entire active fleet is
outfitted with the new configuration. The new buoyancy box will incorporate improvements to damage stability and
trim control of the LCACs.
NAVSEA transitioned from the research and development effort to the SLEP in 1999. Concurrently NAVSEA also
considered additional SLEP options, including an enhanced engine to provide improved operation in excessively hot
environments and an advanced skirt that is more reliable and cost effective.
The Navy continued the LCAC Service Life Extension Program in Fiscal Year 2001. This program combines major
structural improvements with Command, Control, Communications, Computer and Navigation upgrades and adds 10
years to the service life, extending it to 30 years. In FY 2001, it was funded at $19.9 million and extended the service
life of 1 craft. The SLEP is planned for a total of 72 craft.
The near-term focus will be on the "C4N" [Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Navigation]
program, to replace the crafts' obsolete equipment. This will focus on replacement of LN-66 radars with modern,
high-power P-80 radar systems. Additionally, the SLEP will include an open-architecture concept, relying on
modern commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment, which will allow much easier incorporation of later
technology changes, such as the precision navigation system and communications systems fully interoperable with
in-service and near-term future Joint systems now planned. The C4N program is to complete by 2010.
Landing Craft Air Cushion
302
Through 2016, the Navy will look to incorporate other important service-life enhancements: Engine upgrades
(ETF-40B configuration) that will provide additional power and lift particular in hot (110-degrees F and higher)
environments, reduced fuel consumption, reduced maintenance needs, and reduced lift footprint; Replacement of the
buoyancy box to solve corrosion problems, incorporate hull improvements, and "reset" the fatigue-limit "clock";
Incorporation of a new (deep) skirt that will reduce drag, increase performance envelope over water and land, and
reduce maintenance requirements.
[6]
As of September 2012, there are 80 LCACs in the U.S. Navy inventory, and 39 of these LCACs have undergone the
SLEP conversion, 7 more SLEP conversions are in progress and 4 are awaiting induction. The FY 2013 budget
authorizes 4 SLEP conversions per year through to FY 2018. The last of the 72 SLEP conversions will be delivered
to the Navy in Fiscal Year 2020. A number of LCACs are currently under development and testing at the Naval
Support Activity Panama City in Panama City, Florida. As the first SLEP LCAC reaches its 30 years of design
service in 2015, they will gradually be retired. In 2019, at which point the inventory of LCACs will have fallen to 50,
the USN begin receiving the new Ship-to-Shore Connector (SSC), the LCAC-100..
[7]
The USN inventory of LCACs will continue to fall, as the SLEP LCACs are retired, until 2023 when the inventory
will reach a low of 40 SLEP LCACs and SSC LCAC-100s. The inventory will remain at 40 until 2026 when the
production of SSC LCAC-100s will begin to outnumber the retirement of SLEP LCACs. Current projections foresee
the inventory rising to 60 SSC LCAC-100s in 2031 and 72 SSC LCAC-100s on 2034.
[8]
Ship-to-Shore Connector
Main article: Ship-to-Shore Connector
The SSC LCAC-100 will have an increased payload of 73 short tons. It will have Pilot/Co-Pilot Dual Controls with a
smaller crew (5) and a new Command, Control, Communications, Computers & Navigation (C4N) suite. It will also
have engines offering 20% more power with new Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC), a simpler and
more efficient drive train with one gearbox per side, and a new Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
system. It will be constructed out of aluminum 5083 with better corrosion resistance and an immersion grade wet
deck coating system, and its gear shaft and fan blades will be constructed with extensive composites. It will be able
to operate with a 74 short ton load at a sustained speed of 35 knots (40 mph) in NATO Sea State 3-4 (waves heights
of 4.1 to 8.2 feet, averaging 6.2 feet).
[9][10][11][12]
Japanese operations
A JMSDF LCAC At Naval Review
Six LCAC are in use by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.
Approval for the sale was given by the United States Government on 8
April 1994. The craft were built by Textron Marine & Land Systems in
New Orleans, Louisiana. Purchase of the first craft was included in the
FY93 budget, second in FY95, third in FY99 and fifth and sixth in
FY00.
Operators
Japan
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (6 units)
United States
United States Navy (74 units)
Assault Craft Unit 4
Assault Craft Unit 5
Landing Craft Air Cushion
303
Specifications (LCAC 1)
A USN LCAC approaches the
USSWasp(LHD-1)
US Marines loading onto a LCAC within the well
deck of USSWasp(LHD-1), 2004.
Builder: Textron Marine and Land Systems/Avondale Gulfport
Marine
Date Deployed: 1982
Propulsion:
Legacy: 4 Lycoming/AlliedSignal TF-40B gas turbines (2 for
propulsion / 2 for lift); 16,000hp sustained; 2-shrouded
reversible pitch airscrews; 4-double-entry fans, centrifugal or
mixed flow (lift)
SLEP: 4 Vericor Power Systems ETF-40B gas turbines with Full
Authority Digital Engine Control
Length: 87 feet 11inches (26.4 meters)
Beam: 47 feet (14.3 meters)
Displacement: 87.2 tons (88.6 metric tons) light; 170182 tons
(173185 metric tons) full load
Speed: 40+ knots (46+ mph; 74km/h) with full load, 70+ knots
maximum speed
Range: 200 nmi at 40 kt (370km at 75km/h) with payload
300 nmi at 35 kt (550km at 65km/h) with payload
Crew: Five
Load: 60 tons/75 ton overload (54/68 metric tons)
Military lift: 24 troops or 1 MBT
Armament: two 12.7mm machine guns. Gun mounts can support the M2HB .50 cal machine gun, Mk 19 Mod 3
40mm grenade launcher, or the M60 machine gun. Tests conducted with GAU-13 30 mm gatling gun.
Radar: Navigation: Marconi LN-66; I-band
Source: LCAC U.S. Navy Fact File
References
[1] LCAC U.S. Navy Fact File (http:/ / www. navy.mil/ navydata/ fact_display. asp?cid=4200& tid=1500& ct=4)
[2] Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC), GlobalSecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ lcac. htm)
[3] Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC), GlobalSecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ lcac. htm)
[4] Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC), GlobalSecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ lcac. htm)
[5] Surface Connector Outlook, N954 Expeditionary Preposition/Connector Branch, September 2012, CAPT Sean Geaney USN (http:/ / www.
dtic. mil/ ndia/ 2012expwar/ Geaney. pdf)
[6] Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC), GlobalSecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ lcac. htm)
[7] Surface Connector Outlook, N954 Expeditionary Preposition/Connector Branch, September 2012, CAPT Sean Geaney USN (http:/ / www.
dtic. mil/ ndia/ 2012expwar/ Geaney. pdf)
[8] Surface Connector Outlook, N954 Expeditionary Preposition/Connector Branch, September 2012, CAPT Sean Geaney USN (http:/ / www.
dtic. mil/ ndia/ 2012expwar/ Geaney. pdf)
[9] Expeditionary Preposition/Connector Branch, N954 Surface Connector Outlook, CAPT Sean Geaney USN, September 2012 (http:/ / www.
dtic. mil/ ndia/ 2012expwar/ Geaney. pdf)
[10] Ship to Shore Connector Industry Day (http:/ / www. fbodaily. com/ archive/ 2008/ 11-November/ 23-Nov-2008/ FBO-01708650. htm)
[11] SHIP-TO-SHORE CONNECTOR(SSC) ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES OVERVIEW (http:/ / www. dt. navy. mil/ cisd/ presentations/
01_04 AOA_Carlson. pdf)
[12] SHF SATCOM Terminal Ship-Motion Study, Technical Report 1578, March 1993, M. McDonald, page 11. (http:/ / www. spawar. navy.
mil/ sti/ publications/ pubs/ tr/ 1578/ tr1578. pdf)
General
Saunders, Stephen (RN). Jane's Fighting Ships, 2003-2004. ISBN 0-7106-2546-4.
Landing Craft Air Cushion
304
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LCAC.
LCAC U.S. Navy Fact File (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ fact_display. asp?cid=4200& tid=1500& ct=4)
Textron Marine & Land Systems LCAC page (http:/ / www. textronmarineandland. com/ products/ lcac. php)
LCAC specifications on GlobalSecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ lcac-specs.
htm)
LCAC page on Fas.org (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ ship/ lcac. htm)
Landing Craft Utility
Dutch and American LCUs.
French EDA-R catamaran on exercises in October 2012 with a more traditional
design, the British LCU Mk10, in the foreground.
The Landing Craft Utility (LCU) is a type
of boat used by amphibious forces to
transport equipment and troops to the shore.
They are capable of transporting tracked or
wheeled vehicles and troops from
amphibious assault ships to beachheads or
piers.
France
The Engin de dbarquement amphibie
rapide (EDA-R) landing catamaran or
L-CAT, entered service in January 2011.
They can carry a main battle tank like other
European LCUs, but are capable of much
higher speeds, up to 30 knots (56km/h;
35mph).
Germany
Only two Barbe class utility landing craft
(Type 520), dating from the mid-1960s,
remain in service with SEK-M Naval
Special Forces command, but Germany is
looking to buy more. Five Barbe were
transferred to Greece at the end of the Cold
War.
Landing Craft Utility
305
Netherlands
Class overview
Name: LCU Mk.II (NL) class
Operators: Royal Netherlands Navy, Netherlands Marine Corps
General characteristics
Type: Ro-Ro landing craft
Displacement: 255 tonnes (251 long tons)
Length: 36.3m (119ft 1in)
Beam: 6.85m (22ft 6in)
Draft: .85m (2ft 9in) forward, full load
1.4m (4ft 7in) aft, full load
Capacity: 65 tonnes (64 long tons)
Complement: 7
Armament: 2 Browning .50 calibre (12.7 mm) machine guns
With the launch of the amphibious transport ship HNLMSRotterdam in 1998 there was a need for LCUs. The Dutch
LCUs are similar to the British LCU Mk.10 with the bridge being set to one side allowing for a roll-on roll-off
design. Until 2005 the Netherlands Marine Corps used the LCU Mark I (NL).
In 2005 and 2006 the five vessels were modernized to the type Mark II. The vessels have been stretched by 9 meters
to decrease their draft, which increased their load carrying capacity by 20 tons and allows them to come closer to
shore. In addition they were fitted with a strengthened bow ramp, and they can now accommodate the Royal
Netherlands Army Leopard 2A6 main battle tank. Because of the lengthening of the Mark II, the Rotterdam can only
take two LCU (plus three LCVPs) in its dock. The dock of Rotterdam's sister ship, Johan de Witt, has only enough
capacity to transport two LCU, but carries four LCVPs in davits.
United Kingdom
LCU Mk.9 (now retired)
Class overview
Name: Landing Craft Utility
Operators: Royal Navy, Royal Marines
Subclasses: LCU Mk.9 and LCU Mk.10
Landing Craft Utility
306
Active: 10 LCU Mk.10s
Retired: LCU Mk.9s
General characteristics
Displacement: 240t (240 long tons; 260 short tons)
Length: 97ft 7in (29.74m)
Beam: 24ft 3in (7.39m)
Draught: 5ft 7in (1.70m)
Propulsion: 2 diesel engines
Speed: 10 knots (19km/h; 12mph)
Range: 600 nautical miles (1,100km)
Capacity: 1 main battle tank, 4 large vehicles, or 120 troops
LCU Mk.9
The LCU Mk.9 was built for use on the LPDs Fearless and Intrepid where they were operated from the dock in the
rear of the ships.
[1]
Each ship carried four LCUs and four davit mounted LCVPs. The Mk.9 was to see many changes
and upgrades during its service including a move from propeller to jet in many cases. The Mk.9 was capable of
traveling as an ocean-going vessel and a number would be converted into a version, affectionately known as the
"Black Pig", for use in Norway. The crew had full living quarters aboard with galley and heads. The opinion that the
successful British amphibious operations during the Falklands War were only possible because of the two LPDs and
their landing craft is well documented.Wikipedia:Citation needed The Mk.9, like the LPDs, served longer than ever
anticipated, providing the backbone of Britain's amphibious assault capabilities.
Three Mk.9s, pennant numbers 701, 705, and 709, remained in service by 2012.
[2]
However by 2014, they had all
been withdrawn from service.
LCU Mk.10
The LCU Mk.10 class vessels are operated by the Royal Marines. They are intended for use on board the new assault
ships Albion and Bulwark and can use the Bay class landing ships. Deliveries of the class started from 1998 and the
fleet currently consists of ten vessels, bearing pennant numbers 1001 to 1010. Both Albion and Bulwark are capable
of carrying 4 LCU's. These vessels are capable of operating independently for up to 14 days with a range of 600
nautical miles. They are capable of operating world-wide, from Arctic operating areas to tropical operating areas.
The Mk.10 differs greatly from the Mk.9 with the bridge being set to the side allowing for a roll-on roll-off design.
This greatly increases efficiency over the old Mk.9 as loading of the rear LCUs can take place without the LCUs
being launched, the LPD having to dock down to do so, to change over and load up, which was a problem prior to
the Falklands landings. The LCU Mk.10 has a 7 man crew and can carry up to 120 Marines or alternatively 1 battle
tank or 4 lorries. British assault ships also carry smaller LCVPs on davits to transport troops and light vehicles.
All ten Mk.10s, pennant numbers 1001 to 1010, remain in service as of 2012.
Landing Craft Utility
307
United States
LCU 1610, 1627 and 1646
LCU-1627
Class overview
Name: LCU 1610, 1627 and 1646 classes
Operators: United States Navy
Active: 32
General characteristics
Displacement: 200 long tons (203t) light
375 long tons (381t) full load
Length: 134ft 11in (41.12m)
Beam: 29ft (8.8m)
Draft: 3ft 6in (1.07m) forward, full load
6ft 10in (2.08m) aft, full load
Propulsion: 2 Detroit 12V-71 diesel engines
2 shafts
680hp (507kW) sustained
Kort nozzles
Speed: 12 knots (22km/h; 14mph)
Range: 1,200nmi (2,200km) at 8kn (15km/h)
Endurance: 10 days
Capacity: 125 tons of cargo, trucks, tanks, 350 troops or 400 passengers
Complement: 10
Sensors and
processing systems:
LN 66 or SPS-53 I band navigation radar
Armament: 2 12.7 mm machine guns
The LCU 1610, 1627 and 1646 class vessels are operated by the United States Navy. They are a self-sustaining craft
complete with living accommodations and messing facilities for a crew of thirteen. They have been adapted for
many uses including salvage operations, ferry boats for vehicles and passengers, and underwater test platforms. Each
LCU is assigned a non-commissioned-officer-in-charge (NCOIC) (Craft Master) who is either a Chief Petty Officer
or Petty Officer First Class in the Boatswains Mate, Quartermaster or Operations Specialist rating. These vessels
Landing Craft Utility
308
have bow ramps for onload/offload, and can be linked bow to stern gate to create a temporary pier-like structure. Its
welded steel hull provides high durability with deck loads of 800 pounds per square foot. Arrangement of machinery
and equipment has taken into account built-in redundancy in the event of battle damage. The craft features two
engine rooms separated by a watertight bulkhead to permit limited operation in the event that one engine room is
disabled. An anchor system is installed on the starboard side aft to assist in retracting from the beach. These vessels
are normally transported to their areas of operation onboard larger amphibious vessels such as LHDs and LHAs. The
40-year-old craft will be replaced under the Surface Connector (X) Recapitalization, or SC(X)R, project starting in
FY2017.
LCU 2000
Class overview
Name: LCU 2000 class
Operators: United States Army
General characteristics
Displacement: 575 long tons (584t) light
1,087 long tons (1,104t) full load
Length: 174ft (53m)
Beam: 42ft (13m)
Draft: 9ft (2.7m) light
8ft (2.4m) loaded
4ft (1.2m) beaching draft at the bow
Range: 10,000nmi (19,000km) at 12kn (22km/h) light
6,500nmi (12,000km) at 10kn (19km/h) loaded
Capacity: 350 short tons (318t) (15 C-141 loads)
3 M1 main battle tanks or 12 (24 double-stacked) 20-foot (6 m) ISO containers
Complement: 13
The Runnymede class large landing craft or LCU 2000 class vessels are operated by the United States Army.
[3]
They
transport rolling and tracked vehicles, containers, and outsized and general cargo from ships offshore to shore, as
well as to areas that cannot be reached by oceangoing vessels (coastal, harbor, and intercoastal waterways). It can be
self-deployed or transported aboard a float-on/float-off vessel. It is classed for full ocean service and one-man engine
room operations and is built to U.S. Coast Guard standards. The vessel can sustain a crew of 2 warrant officers and
11 enlisted personnel for up to 18 days, and 10,000 miles. This class is also equipped with an aft anchor to assist in
retracting from the beach.
Landing Craft Utility
309
LCU 2008 being loaded as deck cargo on a chartered vessel.
In literature
Cap'n Fatso is the second book in a series of
three by Daniel V. Gallery that feature
Boatswains Mate First Class John "Fatso"
Gioninni. Fatso is the commander of an
LCU that, while on a special supply errand
for his LSD's captain, is left behind in the
Mediterranean Sea when the whole Sixth
Fleet unexpectedly leaves for Vietnam.
Through a series of accidents and
misunderstandings Fatso and his crew are
left without orders or attachment to any fleet
and decide to "search the Mediterranean Sea
for the Sixth Fleet". Hilarity ensues when
they play practical jokes on the Russian fleet and make an "official" visit to Israel during the Six-Day War.
[4]
References
[1] [1] The Royal Navy Handbook, page 106
[2] "The Military Balance 2012", International Institute for Strategic Studies, pp. 170-171
[3] http:/ / www. army.mil/ -news/ 2007/ 09/ 06/ 4712-army-boat-supports-dive-teams-trying-to-raise-russian-sub/
[4] [4] Cap'n Fatso (Norton, 1969)
External links
Royal Marines - Landing Craft (http:/ / www. royalnavy. mod. uk/ the-equipment/ commando/ landing-craft)
(royalnavy.mod.uk)
Media related to Landing craft utility at Wikimedia Commons
310
SUBMARINES
Tench-class submarine
Class overview
Builders: Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Electric Boat Company, Boston Navy Yard
Operators: United States Navy
Turkish Navy
Pakistan Navy
Republic of China Navy
Preceded by: Balaoclass
Succeededby: Barracuda class
Subclasses: Corsair class
Built: 19441951
In commission: 19441975
Completed: 29
Cancelled: 51
Active: 1
Lost: 0
Retired: 28
Preserved: 3
General characteristics
Type: Diesel-electric submarine
Displacement: 1,570tons (1,595t) surfaced
2,4162,429tons (2,4552468t) submerged
Length: 311ft 8in 311ft 9in (95.0m)
Beam: 27ft 3in 27ft 4in (8.3m)
Draft: 17ft (5.2m) maximum
Tench-class submarine
311
Propulsion: 4 diesel engines driving electrical generators (Fairbanks-Morse or General
Motors)
2 126-cell Sargo batteries
2 low-speed electric motors (Elliott Company, General Electric, or Westinghouse)
two propellers
5,400shp (4.0MW) surfaced
2,740shp (2.0MW) submerged
Speed:
20.25 knots (38km/h) surfaced
[]
8.75 knots (16km/h) submerged
Range: 11,000 nautical miles (20,000km) surfaced at 10 knots (19km/h)
Endurance: 48 hours at 2 knots (3.7km/h) submerged
75 days on patrol
Test depth: 400ft (120m)
Complement: 10 officers, 71 enlisted
Armament:
10 21-inch (533mm) torpedo tubes
(six forward, four aft)
28 torpedoes
[]
1 5-inch (127mm) / 25caliber deck gun
Bofors 40mm and Oerlikon 20mm cannon
two .3 or .5in (7.62 or 12.70mm) machineguns
[1]
Tench-class submarines were a type of submarine built for the United States Navy (USN) between 1944 and 1951.
They were an evolutionary improvement over the Gato and Balao classes, only about 35 to 40tons larger, but more
strongly built and with a slightly improved internal layout. Further improvements were made beginning with SS-435,
which are sometimes referred to as Corsair class.
Initial plans called for 146 to be built, but 115 were cancelled in 1944 and 1945 when it became apparent that they
would not be needed to defeat Japan. The remaining 31 were commissioned between October 1944 (Tench) and
February 1951 (Grenadier).
The as-built diesel-electric propulsion layout was the same as the last few Balao class, with four Fairbanks-Morse or
General Motors two-stroke diesel engines supplying two low-speed double-armature electric motors to drive two
shafts. The direct-drive electric motors were much quieter than the reduction gear arrangement of previous classes.
Two 126-cell Sargo-type lead-acid batteries provided submerged power to the electric motors.
Many targets in the Pacific War were sampans or otherwise not worth a torpedo, so the deck gun was an important
weapon. Due to war experience, most Tench class were armed with a 5 inch (127 mm)/25 caliber gun, and some
boats had two of these. Additional anti-aircraft guns included single 40mm Bofors and twin 20mm Oerlikon mounts,
usually one of each.
The Tench class submarine ex-Cutlass was transferred along with the Balao-class ex-Tusk to the Republic of China
Navy as Hai Shih and Hai Pao in 1973. Two Tench-class boats went to Italy as the Gianfranco Gazzana-Priaroggia
class. USSArgonaut(SS-475) was sold to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1968, renamed HMCS Rainbow, and
decommissioned in 1974.
Some of the class were updated through the GUPPY (The Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program),
primarily by increasing the battery capacity and streamlining the submarine's exterior. The difference is noticeable
by the level foredeck and the rounded bow.
[2]
Tench-class submarine
312
Sailor in his bunk aboard a typical wartime fleet
boat.
Museums
Three Tench Class submarines are on display for the general public.
USSRequin(SS-481) at the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh,
PA.
USSTorsk(SS-423), moored at Pier Three, Baltimore's Inner
Harbor, (alongside the National Aquarium in Baltimore) in
Maryland.
USSThornback(SS-418), on display at Rahmi M. Ko Museum,
Golden Horn in Istanbul.
References
[1] Lenton, H. T. American Submarines (Doubleday, 1973), p.101.
[2] http:/ / www. globalsecurity.org/ military/ systems/ ship/ guppy. htm
Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program
USSGreenfish(SS-351) after GUPPY III modernization
The Greater Underwater Propulsion Power
Program (GUPPY) was initiated by the United States
Navy after World War II to improve the submerged
speed, maneuverability, and endurance of its
submarines. (The "Y" in the acronym was added for
pronounceability.)
The navy began the program by testing and reverse
engineering two captured German Type XXI U-boats:
U-2513 and U-3008. That analysis led to four
goalsincreasing the submarines' battery capacity,
streamlining the boats' structures, adding snorkels, and
improving fire control systems. The navy immediately
focused on designing a new class of submarines, but
the Bureau of Ships believed that the vast fleet of
existing Gato, Balao, and Tench class submarines could be modified to incorporate the desired improvements. In
June 1946, the Chief of Naval Operations approved the GUPPY project. The initial two boat test program,
implemented by the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, eventually grew into several successive conversion programs.
Those upgrades proceeded in seven variants, in the following order: GUPPY I, GUPPY II, GUPPY IA, Fleet
Snorkel, GUPPY IIA, GUPPY IB, and GUPPY III. Some boats that went through an early phase were then upgraded
further in a later phase.
A similar programme for the Royal Navy involved modifications to 24 wartime and post-war British T-class and
A-class submarines, which were provided with streamlined hulls, sail-type conning towers, and increased underwater
performance during 1948-60.
Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program
313
GUPPY I program
Pomodon after GUPPY I.
The prototype GUPPYs, Odax and Pomodon (both Portsmouth-built
Tench boats), appeared in 1947. Externally, they featured improved
streamlining of the bridge and shears structures, and periscope and
radar mast supports. To reduce hydrodynamic drag, one of the
periscopes was deleted. No snorkel was fitted, due to difficulties in
adapting the snorkel to the fleet boat. Deck guns and their associated
containers were removed. An SV radar aerial was added to the top of
the sail, creating a distinctive side bulge. All capstans, cleats, and rail
stanchion supports were redesigned so they could be retracted or
removed when rigged for dive. Most notably, the sharp V-shaped "fleet
boat bow" was replaced with a distinctive rounded "Guppy bow" that
improved submerged performance.
These modifications changed not only the boats' appearance, but also their terminology: After a GUPPY conversion,
the faired structure around the boat's conning tower and mast supports was called the "sail".
Internally, the boats underwent considerable rearrangement to accommodate larger battery wells and batteries of
greatly increased electrical power. The batteries were of a new design. Compared with the original Sargo battery, the
Guppy battery used a greater number of thinner plates that would generate higher current for a longer time. However,
these batteries had a shorter life, 18 months versus the five years of the Sargo battery, and took longer to charge.
They also required ventilation to remove hydrogen gas, and required cooling water to the battery terminals and
termination bars. Four 126-cell batteries were installed in enlarged battery wells that replaced former storage,
ammunition, and refrigeration spaces. These four batteries could be connected in series or parallel, providing a wide
range of voltages and currents, and thus a wide range of speeds.
In the maneuvering room, two or four of the earlier high-speed motors and reduction gears were replaced by
slow-speed motors. All open-front switchboards were replaced with enclosed splash-proof cabinets. Lighting and
other "hotel" electrical loads were converted to use 120 volt 60 hertz alternating current, and ship electronics to use
120 volt 400 hertz AC. A new air conditioning system of greatly increased capacity was also installed.
In service, these boats offered greatly improved underwater performance. Pomodon reached 17.8 knots surfaced and
18.2 knots (33.7km/h) submerged as compared to the previous performance of 20.25 knots surfaced and 8.75 knots
(16.21km/h) submerged, Odax slightly less.
Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program
314
GUPPY I boats
Odax
Pomodon
GUPPY II program
USS Cubera (SS-347), after GUPPY II modernization
The GUPPY II conversion (SCB 47), implemented
from 1947 to 1951, was generally similar to the
GUPPY I, except for retention of both periscopes and
introduction of the recently perfected snorkel. The
addition of three new mastssnorkel induction,
snorkel exhaust, and ESM mastrequired more room
in the upper portion of the sail. BuShips approved two
different sail designs:
The "Electric Boat Sail" had a straight trailing
edge, round windows, a wider top and a more
rounded forward edge.
The "Portsmouth Sail" had a thinner top, curved
trailing edge, square windows and a sharper lower
forward edge. It was put on all boats that used the government plans for the conversion.
Some boats with a Portsmouth Sail had an SV radar and needed extra room to house the aerial, thus had a bulge at
the sail top. Later modifications put the SS or SS2 radars on these and other boats that had a smaller aerial and had
an indicator with interlocks, allowing the mast to be housed only with the aerial in certain angular positions. Also,
some GUPPY II and GUPPY III boats had their sails extended higher above the waterline, the "Northern Sail", to
raise the bridge, allowing it to be manned in more severe weather.
All boats converted during the GUPPY II program that originally had high-speed drive motors with reduction gears
had these replaced with low-speed direct-drive motors, producing 2500 horsepower (1.9 MW) per shaft.
The two GUPPY I boats, Odax and Pomodon, were modified to GUPPY II standard.
GUPPY II boats
Catfish (became ARA Santa Fe (S-21) Argentine Navy)
Clamagore
Cobbler
Cochino
Corporal
Cubera (became ARV Tiburn (S-12) Venezuelan Navy)
Diodon
Dogfish (became Guanabara (S-10) Brazilian Navy)
Greenfish
Halfbeak
Tiru
Trumpetfish (became Gois (S-15) Brazilian Navy)
Tusk (became Hai Pao (SS-792) Republic of China Navy) Active in service
Cutlass (became Hai Shih (SS-791) Republic of China Navy) Active in service
Amberjack (became Cear (S-14) Brazilian Navy)
Odax (became Rio de Janeiro (S-13) Brazilian Navy)
Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program
315
Sirago
Pomodon
Remora
Volador
Sea Leopard (became Bahia (S-12) Brazilian Navy)
Grampus (became Rio Grande do Sul (S-11) Brazilian Navy)
Pickerel
Grenadier (became ARV Pica (S-22) Venezuelan Navy)
GUPPY IA program
BuShips devised the GUPPY IA (SCB 47A) program of 1951 as a cheaper alternative to the GUPPY II conversion.
While the GUPPY IA conversion included most features of the GUPPY II, it omitted the four-cell battery
configuration and extensive internal rearrangement associated with it. Instead, the GUPPY IA retained the original
battery wells, fitted with more powerful Sargo II batteries. These batteries featured electrolyte agitation, battery
cooling, and open tank ventilation. They also had a longer life than the Guppy batteries, though shorter than the
original Sargo battery. The sonar room was relocated from the forward torpedo room to a space under the galley.
Compared to the GUPPY II, the GUPPY IA offered lower cost, better habitability, and easier maintenance at the
expense of underwater performance.
GUPPY IA boats
Becuna
Blackfin
Caiman (became TCG Dumlupinar (S-339) Turkish Navy)
Blenny
Chivo (became ARA Santiago del Estero (S-22) Argentine Navy)
Chopper
Atule (became BAP Pacocha (SS-48) Peruvian Navy)
Sea Poacher (became BAP La Pedrera (SS-49) Peruvian Navy)
Sea Robin
Tench
Fleet Snorkel Program
USS Piper (SS-409) with BQR-4A bow sonar
When the navy realized that it would not be able to
fund all the GUPPY conversions it desired, it devised
the Fleet Snorkel Program (SCB 47B) as a means of
adding the minimum necessary modifications to fleet
boats. This modernization added a snorkel, a
streamlined sail, a higher capacity air-conditioning
system, and a more powerful electrical system. The
deck guns and auxiliary diesel were removed. Unlike
the GUPPY conversions, these boats retained their
original deck structure, bow, and storage batteries.
Submerged performance of the Fleet Snorkel boats was
therefore significantly inferior to any GUPPY
Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program
316
conversion. Despite their limited features, the Fleet Snorkel boats served almost as long as the more modern GUPPY
boats. Three boats, Piper, Sea Owl, and Sterlet, received a large BQR-4A bow sonar. The ex-USS Chub (S-329) and
ex-USS Brill (S-330), both transferred to Turkey in 1948 as TCG Gr (S 334) and TCG 1. nn (S 330), were
converted to a Fleet Snorkel Submarine in 1953, the work being done first in Turkey's Glck Navy Yard and
completed in the United States.
Fleet Snorkel boats
Sabalo
Sablefish
Bergall (became TGC Turgutreis (S-342) Turkish Navy)
Besugo (became Francesco Morosini (S 508) Marina Militare)
Charr
Bugara
Carbonero
Carp
Cusk
Guitarro (became TGC Preveze (S-340) Turkish Navy)
Kraken (became Almirante Garca de los Reyes (S-31) Spanish Navy)
Lizardfish (became Evangelista Torricelli (S 512) Marina Militare)
Mapiro (became TGC Pirireis (S-343) Turkish Navy)
Mero (became TGC Hizirreis (S-344) Turkish Navy)
Sterlet
Scabbardfish (became Traina (S-86) Hellenic Navy)
Segundo
Sea Cat
Sea Owl
Sennet
Spinax
Piper
Torsk
Argonaut (became HMCS Rainbow (S 75) Royal Canadian Navy)
Runner
Diablo (became PNS Ghazi Pakistan Navy)
Medregal
Requin
Irex
TCG Gr (S 334) (ex-USS Chub)
TCG 1. nn (S 330) (ex-USS Brill)
Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program
317
GUPPY IIA program
USS Thornback (SS-418) after GUPPY IIA modernization
The GUPPY IA program was succeeded by the nearly
identical GUPPY IIA program (SCB 47C),
implemented from 1952 to 1954. The GUPPY IIA,
however, further alleviated the cramped internal
conditions of earlier conversions by removing one
forward engine and replacing it with pumps and air
conditioning machinery. Some boats had the
high-pressure air compressors relocated to the lower
level of the forward engine room. The freezer and
refrigerator units were moved to the space under the
galley, and the sonar room was relocated to the
forward end of the pump room. Sargo II batteries were installed in the existing battery wells.
Externally, the GUPPY IIA differed from the GUPPY II and IA by having only three diesel exhaust outlets, whereas
the earlier conversions had four.
GUPPY IIA boats
Entemedor (became TGC Preveze (S-345) Turkish Navy)
Diodon
Hardhead (became Papanikolis (S-114) Hellenic Navy)
Jallao (became Narciso Monturiol (S-35) Spanish Navy)
Menhaden
Picuda (became Narciso Monturiol (S-33) Spanish Navy)
Bang (became Cosme Garca (S-34) Spanish Navy)
Pomfret (became TGC Orureis (S-337) Turkish Navy)
Razorback (became TGC Muratreis (S-336) Turkish Navy)
Ronquil (became Isaac Peral (S-32) Spanish Navy)
Sea Fox (became TGC Burakreis (S-335) Turkish Navy)
Threadfin (became TCG I. Inn (S-346) Turkish Navy)
Stickleback
Thornback (became TGC Ulualireis (S-338) Turkish Navy)
Tirante
Trutta (became TGC Cerbe (S-340) Turkish Navy)
Quillback
Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program
318
GUPPY IB program
GUPPY IB was an informal designation for a limited upgrade and modernization given to four boats for transfer to
foreign navies. These boats had snorkels and were generally similar to the GUPPY IA, except that they were not
equipped with the modern sonar, fire control systems, or ESM. The two Italian boats were of the thin-skinned Gato
class.
GUPPY IB boats
Barb (became Enrico Tazzoli (S 511) Marina Militare)
Dace (became Leonardo da Vinci (S 510) Marina Militare)
Hawkbill (became HNLMS Zeeleeuw (S-803) Royal Netherlands Navy)
Icefish (became HNLMS Walrus (S-802) Royal Netherlands Navy)
GUPPY III program
USS Clamagore (SS-343) after GUPPY III modernization
The GUPPY II conversions suffered from very
cramped internal conditions due to the four-battery
configuration. The GUPPY III program (SCB 223)
was devised to address this problem. In 1959, Tiru
became the prototype conversion. It was cut in half
and lengthened with a 12.5 foot (3.8 m) section
forward of the control room to create space for a new
sonar room, berthing, electronics, and storerooms. The
removal of the sonar room from the forward torpedo
spaces allowed an increase in the number of reloads.
Crew spaces were also refurbished. As in the GUPPY
IIA conversion, one diesel engine was removed. The
tall sail (or "North Atlantic Sail", as they were
sometimes called) was a singular characteristic of the
GUPPY III boats, distinct from the so-called "step sail" of all of the other GUPPY submarine classes.
From 1961 to 1963, eight more GUPPY II boats were upgraded to GUPPY III standard. These boats differed from
Tiru by adding a 15 foot (4.6 m) section forward of the control room. They also retained all four diesel engines. This
increased the boat's length to 322 feet (98m) and raised surfaced displacement to approximately 1,975 tons.
All boats received the BQG-4 PUFFS passive ranging sonar, identifiable by the three fin-like sonar domes added to
the superstructure. The conning tower in the sail gained an additional five foot (1.5 m) section to accommodate the
Mk 101 fire control system and Mk 37 director. All GUPPY III boats received a plastic sail.
The GUPPY III conversion was part of the Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) program. All 24
GUPPY II boats were originally slated to receive the GUPPY III upgrade, but budgetary constraints limited the
program to a total of nine boats. Despite their extensive modifications and upgrades, the GUPPY III boats served
only slightly longer than the rest of the GUPPY fleet.
Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program
319
GUPPY III boats
Clamagore
Cobbler (became TGC anakkale (S-341) Turkish Navy)
Corporal (became TCG 2. Inn (S-333) Turkish Navy)
Greenfish (became Amazonas (S-16) Brazilian Navy)
Tiru
Trumpetfish (became Goias (S-15) Brazilian Navy)
Remora (became Katsonis (S-115) Hellenic Navy)
Volador (became "Gianfranco Gazzana-Priaroggia" (S 502) Marina Militare)
Pickerel (became "Primo Longobardo" (S 501) Marina Militare)
References
External links
"New Subs Are Undersea Aircraft" , June 1949, Popular Science (http:/ / books. google. com/
books?id=WCQDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA99& dq=popular+ science+ 1949+ "U. S. S. + Tusk& hl=en&
ei=U-zgTNfqO4vonQeX9Y2xDw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2&
ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q& f=true) detailed article on the new Guppy Class
GUPPY and other diesel boat conversions page (http:/ / guppysubmarinetribute. homestead. com/ Tribute. html)
USS Albacore (AGSS-569)
For other ships of the same name, see USS Albacore.
USS Albacore off the coast of Rhode Island
Career (US)
Name: Albacore
Namesake: Albacore
Ordered: 24 November 1950
Builder: Portsmouth Naval Shipyard of Kittery, Maine
Laid down: 15 March 1952
Launched: 1 August 1953
Sponsored by: Mrs. J.E. Jowers, the widow of Chief Motor Machinist's Mate Arthur L. Stanton, lost with the second Albacore
(SS-218)
Commissioned: 6 December 1953
USS Albacore (AGSS-569)
320
Decommissioned: 9 December 1972
Struck: 1 May 1980
Motto: Praenuntius Futuri
(Forerunner of the Future)
Status: Donated as a museum and memorial in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Badge:
General characteristics
Displacement: 1240 tons light, 1540 tons full, 300 tons dead
Length: 62.1 meters (204 ft) overall, 60.9 meters (200 ft) waterline
Beam: 8.2 meters (27 ft)
Draft: 6.7 meters (22 ft)
Propulsion: Two Diesels, one electric motor
Speed: Surfaced : 25 knots
Submerged : 33 knots
Range: varied with configuration
Complement: 5 officers, 49 men
Armament: none
Launching
USS Albacore (AGSS-569) was a unique research submarine that
pioneered the American version of the teardrop hull form (sometimes
referred to as an "Albacore hull") of modern submarines. The
revolutionary design was derived from extensive hydrodynamic and
wind tunnel testing, with an emphasis on underwater speed and
maneuverability. She was the third ship of the United States Navy to be
named for the albacore, a small tuna found in temperate seas
throughout the world.
Her keel was laid down on 15 March 1952 by the Portsmouth Naval
Shipyard of Kittery, Maine. She was launched on 1 August 1953,
sponsored by Mrs. J.E. Jowers, the widow of Chief Motor Machinist's
Mate Arthur L. Stanton, lost with the second Albacore (SS-218), and commissioned on 6 December 1953 with
Lieutenant Commander Kenneth C. Gummerson in command.
The effectiveness of submarines in World War II convinced both the Soviets and the United States Navy that
undersea warfare would play an even more important role in coming conflicts and dictated development of superior
submarines. The advent of nuclear power nourished the hope that such warships could be produced. The effort to
achieve this goal involved the development of a nuclear propulsion system and the design of a streamlined
submarine hull capable of optimum submerged performance.
USS Albacore (AGSS-569)
321
Development
Late in World War II, committees on both sides of the Iron Curtain studied postwar uses of atomic energy and
recommended the development of nuclear propulsion for ships. Since nuclear power plants would operate without
the oxygen supply needed by conventional machinery, and since techniques were available for converting carbon
dioxide back to oxygen, submarine designers turned their attention to vessels which could operate for long periods
without surfacing. Veteran submariners visualized a new type of submarine in which surface performance
characteristics would be completely subordinated to high submerged speed and agility. In 1949 a special committee
began a series of hydrodynamic studies which led to a program within the IS Bureau of Ships to determine what hull
form would be best for submerged operation. The David Taylor Model Basin tested a series of designs. The best
twoone with a single propeller and the other with dual screwswere then tested in a wind tunnel at Langley Air
Force Base. The single-screw version was adopted, and construction of an experimental submarine to this design was
authorized on 25 November 1950. This ship was classified as an auxiliary submarine (AGSS-569) and named
Albacore.
Evaluations
Following preliminary acceptance trials, the new submarine departed Portsmouth on 8 April 1954 for shakedown
training. She began the first cycle of a career in which she experimented extensively with a given configuration and
then returned to Portsmouth for extensive modifications to evaluate different design concepts, to help the Navy
develop better hull configurations for future submarines. On this initial cruise, she operated out of New London,
Connecticut, before sailing for Key West, Florida, to conduct operations out of that port and in Cuban waters. She
returned to Portsmouth on 3 July for more than a year of trials in cooperation with the David Taylor Model Basin.
Throughout these operations, she underwent repairs and modification to eliminate technical problems. It was found
during these early sea trials Albacore could operate at the same maximum speed as the older modernized Guppy-type
submarines with half the shaft horsepower.
[1]
The submarine departed Portsmouth on 12 October 1955 and sailed via Block Island for Key West, Florida, where
she arrived on 19 October 1955 to commence antisubmarine warfare evaluation and to provide target services to the
Operational Development Force's Surface Antisubmarine Development Detachment. On 4 November 1955, Admiral
Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations, embarked on Albacore for a brief demonstration cruise. Lord
Mountbatten accompanied Admiral Burke on the cruise. Wikipedia:Citation needed On 19 November 1955,
Albacore sailed for a rendezvous point off the Bahamas where she conducted special operations until 24 November
1955 and then returned to Portsmouth.
From December 1955 to March 1956, Albacore underwent stern renewal. Until this time, her propeller had been
surrounded by the rudder and stern plane control surfaces. With her "new look", she resembled a blimp, with her
propeller aft of all control surfaces.
Operation with her new stern configuration started in April 1956 and continued until late in the year. In May,
Albacore visited New York City and participated in the television production Wide, Wide World, during which she
submerged, with an underwater camera mounted on her forecastle, the first live telecast of a submarine while diving.
USS Albacore (AGSS-569)
322
More tests
In November 1956, Albacore reentered the shipyard for engine conversion. She departed New London, Connecticut,
on 11 March 1957, for operations out of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Guantnamo Bay, Cuba. The submarine returned
to Boston, Massachusetts, on 2 April 1957 and operated locally out of Boston and Portsmouth until entering the
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard early in 1958 for an overhaul which lasted until June.
The ensuing tests emphasized sound reduction and included extensive evaluation of Aqua-Plas, a sound-damping
elastic which had been applied to the ship's superstructure and tank interiors. In October 1958, her bow planes were
removed to further reduce noise. The submarine ended the year with a fortnight's run to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and
back to serve as a target ship for Canadian warships.
In 1959, a newly designed 14-foot propeller was installed and tested. Albacore sailed south late in May and, after
operating in the British West Indies for two weeks, proceeded to Key West to serve as a target for the Surface
Antisubmarine Development Detachment. After returning north, she spent much of the remainder of 1959 and most
of 1960 undergoing widely varied tests for the David Taylor Model Basin. One of the more unusual consisted of
evaluating a concave bow sonar dome.
Subsequent post-1959 design went into the Barbel-class submarine design of which three boats were produced.
Testing more equipment
On 21 November 1960, the ship entered the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard for a major overhaul and conversion in
which she received: a new, experimental, "X"-shaped tail for increased control; 10 dive brakes around her hull, a
new bow which included modified forward ballast tanks, new sonar systems, and a large auxiliary rudder in the after
part of her sail. following the completion of this work in August 1961, she operated along the east coast learning the
effect of her new configuration and equipment upon her capabilities and performance.
In 1962, she received a newly developed DIMUS sonar system and, on 7 December 1962, work began on her fourth
major conversion which included the installation of concentric contra-rotating propellers, a high-capacity silver-zinc
battery and a larger main motor. New radio equipment, BQS and BQR sonars, an emergency recovery system, and a
new main ballast tank blow system were also added. After the work was completed in March 1965, Albacore
prepared for deployment to Florida waters to study the results of her changes. She returned to Portsmouth on 8
October 1962 and continued to evaluate her capabilities under the new configuration. On 1 August, she reentered the
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard to replace the silver-zinc battery and to shorten the distance between the contra-rotating
propellerswork which lasted into August 1967.
Standardization and machinery tests in the Gulf of Maine during September were followed by evaluation of towed
sonar arrays off Port Everglades, Florida, in October and November. Then came acoustics trials in the Tongue of the
Ocean, a deep channel in the Central Bahama Islands.
On 1 January 1968, the submarine returned to Portsmouth for a modification of her propulsion system which kept
her in the navy yard until 19 April. Then, following a month of trials in the Gulf of Maine, she headed south for
evaluation of her new MONOB I and AUTEC systems and of Fly-Around-Body (FAB), Phase I, equipment on
Tongue of the Ocean. She returned to Portsmouth on 24 August 1968 for AUTEC deinstrumentation and installation
of FAB Phase II equipment. Then, following evaluation of this new gear in the Gulf of Maine, the Albacore returned
to Portsmouth on 30 September and went into reduced operating status pending the results of further studies on the
feasibility of using her thereafter for further research.
The ship remained for the most part inactive until 2 February 1970 when she began an overhaul in drydock and
modifications to prepare her for Project Surpass, a research and development project sponsored by the Naval Ship
Research and Development Center at Carderock, Maryland. The ship left drydock on 16 April 1971, commenced sea
trials on 22 July 1971, and completed them on August 1971. Early in October, she operated off Provincetown,
Massachusetts, to calibrate her sonar and radar equipment.
USS Albacore (AGSS-569)
323
Decommissioning, becomes historic landmark
USS ALBACORE (Submarine)
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
USS Albacore on display in Portsmouth, NH, March 2006
Location Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Built 1949
Architect Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
Governing body Local
NRHPReference# 89001077
Significant dates
Added to NRHP 11 April 1989
DesignatedNHL 11 April 1989
After frequent diesel engine failures had caused repeated delays in her operations, her deployment in support of
Project SURPASS was canceled and preparations for her deactivation were begun. Albacore was decommissioned
on 9 December 1972 and laid up at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register
on 1 May 1980, and she was towed back to Portsmouth late in April 1984. When being towed to a permanent display
site, the Albacore became stuck in the mud of Portsmouth Harbor. In 1985, she was dedicated as a memorial.
USS Albacore's final tail (2011)
Albacore's service as an active experimental submersible for more than
two decades steadily increased the Navy's knowledge of both
theoretical and applied hydrodynamics which it used in designing
faster, quieter, more maneuverable and safer submarines. The Navy's
effort to build hulls capable of optimum operation while submerged
was wedded to its nuclear propulsion program in the submarine
Skipjack which was laid down in the spring of 1956, and these two
concepts have complemented each other in the design of all of the
Navy's subsequent submarines.
Albacore is located at the Port of Portsmouth Maritime Museum and
Albacore Park, 600 Market Street, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. She is listed on the National Register of Historic
Places, and was designated a National Historic Landmark on 11 April 1989.
[2]
USS Albacore (AGSS-569)
324
References
[1] "Streamline Sub Sets Under Water Speed Records." (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1t4DAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA73& dq=1954+
Popular+ Mechanics+ January& hl=en& sa=X& ei=VTQqT6rRIMbo2AX_39SHDw& ved=0CFQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage& q& f=true)
Popular Mechanics, June 1954, p. 73.
[2] [2] and
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Albacore (AGSS-569).
USSAlbacore.org (http:/ / www. ussalbacore. org/ )
Albacore Museum and Park (http:/ / portsmouthnh. com/ thingstodo), from Portsmouthnh.com
HNSA Web Page: USS Albacore (http:/ / www. hnsa. org/ ships/ albacore. htm)
USS Albacore (http:/ / www. williammaloney. com/ Aviation/ USSAlbacore/ index. htm) Photos on board the
Submarine USS Albacore in Portsmouth, NH
Coordinates: 43.082375N 70.766737W (http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.
php?pagename=USS_Albacore_(AGSS-569)& params=43. 082375_N_-70. 766737_E_region:US_type:landmark)
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
Barbel-class submarine
325
Barbel-class submarine
USSBlueback(SS-581) in Portland, Oregon
Class overview
Builders: Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine
Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Mississippi
New York Shipbuilding, Camden, New Jersey
Preceded by: Skate-class attack submarine
Succeededby: Skipjack-class fast attack submarine
Built: 1956 1959
In commission: 1959 1990
Completed: 3
Retired: 3
Preserved: 1
General characteristics
Type: Fast Attack Submarine
Displacement: 1,750tons (1,778t) light
2,146tons (2,180t) full
2,637tons (2,679t) submerged
402tons (408t) dead
Length: 219ft 6in (66.90m) overall
Beam: 29ft (8.8m)
Draft: 25ft (7.6m) max
Propulsion: Fairbanks-Morse diesel engines, total 9,450bhp (7.05MW)
2 General Electric electric motors, total 4,800bhp
(3.6MW)
one screw
Speed: 12knots (22km/h) surfaced
25knots (46km/h) submerged
Endurance: 90 minutes at full speed
102 hours at 3 knots (5.6km/h)
Test depth: 712ft (217m) operating
1,050ft (320m) collapse
Complement: 8 officers, 69 men
Armament: 6 21in (533mm) bow torpedo tubes, 18 torpedoes
Barbel-class submarine
326
The Barbel class of submarines, the last diesel-electric propelled attack submarines built by the United States Navy,
incorporated numerous, radical engineering improvements over previous classes. They were the first production
warships built with the teardrop-shape hull first tested on Albacore (SS-569), and the first to use an "attack center"
within the hull rather than a conning tower in the sail. This class of submarine became part of the United States
Navy's fleet in 1958 and was taken out of service between 1988 and 1990, leaving the Navy with an entirely
nuclear-powered submarine fleet.
The Barbel class' design is considered to be very effective.
[1]
The Zwaardvis class submarine of the Netherlands and
the Hai Lung class submarine of the Republic of China (built and sold by the Netherlands) were based on the Barbel
class design.
General characteristics
Displacement: 1,745 tons light, 2,316 tons full, 2,644 tons submerged
Length: 66.47 m (218ft 1 in)
Beam: 8.84m (29ft)
Draft: 8.92 m (29ft 3 in)
Armament: six 21inch (533mm) torpedo tubes (bow), with 18 reload torpedoes
Propulsion: three Fairbanks-Morse 38d(8 1/8)10 3150 shp (2.3 MW) diesel engines, two General Electric
motors, totaling 4800 shp (3.6 MW)
Speed: 15 knots (28km/h) surfaced, 12 knots (22km/h) snorkeling, 25.1 knots (46.5km/h) on battery for 90
minutes
Endurance: 1.5 hours at full speed, 102.0 hours at 3 knots (6km/h)
Range: 19,000 miles (31,000km) without refueling
Depth: 712ft (217 m)
Complement: 85 officers and men
Boats
USSBarbel(SS-580)
USSBlueback(SS-581)
USSBonefish(SS-582)
Notes
[1] Polmar, Norman (2004). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, 1945-2001. Dulles: Brassey's.
ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1, p. 215
References
Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines since 1945. Annapolis, Naval Institute Press. ISBN
978-1-55750-260-5.
Polmar, Norman (2004). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines,
1945-2001. Dulles: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1.
Barbel-class submarine
327
External links
Barbel class at globalsecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ ss-580. htm)
Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI) page on the USS Blueback (http:/ / www. omsi. edu/ submarine)
USS Nautilus (SSN-571)
For other ships of the same name, see USS Nautilus and Ships named Nautilus.
The retired Nautilus heads for home on 8 May 2002, after preservation by the Electric Boat Division.
Career (U.S.)
Name: USS Nautilus
Operator: United States Navy
Awarded: 2 August 1951
Builder: General Dynamics
Laid down: 14 June 1952
Launched: 21 January 1954
Sponsored by: Mamie Eisenhower
Completed: 22 April 1955
Commissioned: 30 September 1954
Decommissioned: 3 March 1980
Struck: 3 March 1980
Status: Museum ship
General characteristics
Displacement: 3,533 tons surface, 4,092 tons submerged
Length: 320ft (98m)
Beam: 28ft (8.5m)
Draft: 26ft (7.9m)
Installed power: 13,400hp (10.0MW)
Propulsion: STR nuclear reactor (later redesignated S2W)
Speed: 23 knots (43km/h; 26mph)
USS Nautilus (SSN-571)
328
Complement: 13 officers, 92 enlisted
Armament: 6 torpedo tubes
Nautilus (Nuclear Submarine)
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
USS Nautilus docked at the Submarine Force Library and Museum
Location Groton, Connecticut
Built 1954
Architect General Dynamics Corporation
Architecturalstyle Other
Governing body Department of the Navy
NRHPReference# 79002653
Significant dates
Added to NRHP 16 May 1979
DesignatedNHL 20 May 1982
USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine. The vessel was the first
submarine to complete a submerged transit to the North Pole on 3 August 1958. Sharing names with the submarine
in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, and named after another USSNautilus(SS-168) that
served with distinction in World War II, Nautilus was authorized in 1951 and launched in 1954. Because her nuclear
propulsion allowed her to remain submerged far longer than diesel-electric submarines, she broke many records in
her first years of operation, and traveled to locations previously beyond the limits of submarines. In operation, she
revealed a number of limitations in her design and construction. This information was used to improve subsequent
submarines.
Nautilus was a component of SubRonTen (Submarine Squadron Ten). The squadron commander was stationed
aboard the USSFulton(AS-11), a submarine tender, stationed in New London, Connecticut. Nautilus and other
submarines in the squadron made their home tied up alongside the tender, where they received preventive
maintenance and, if necessary, repairs, from the well equipped Fulton and her crew of machinists, millwrights, and
other crafts.
Nautilus was decommissioned in 1980 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1982. The submarine has
been preserved as a museum of submarine history in Groton, Connecticut, where the vessel receives some 250,000
visitors a year.
USS Nautilus (SSN-571)
329
Planning and construction
Admiral Hyman G. Rickover aboard the Nautilus
Launching Nautilus
In July 1951 the United States Congress authorized the construction of
a nuclear-powered submarine for the U.S. Navy, which was planned
and personally supervised by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, known as
the "Father of the Nuclear Navy." On 12 December 1951 the US
Department of the Navy announced that the submarine would be called
Nautilus, the fourth U.S. Navy vessel officially so named. The boat
carried the hull number SSN-571.
Nautilus's reactor core prototype at
the S1W facility in Idaho
Nautilus's keel was laid at General Dynamics' Electric Boat Division in Groton,
Connecticut by Harry S. Truman on 14 June 1952, She was christened on 21
January 1954 and launched into the Thames River, sponsored by Mamie
Eisenhower. Nautilus was commissioned on 30 September 1954, under the
command of Commander Eugene P. Wilkinson, USN.
Nautilus was powered by the S2W naval reactor, a pressurized water reactor
produced for the US Navy by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Bettis Atomic
Power Laboratory, together with Westinghouse, developed the basic reactor plant
design used in Nautilus after being given the assignment on 31 December 1947
to design a nuclear power plant for a submarine. Nuclear power had the crucial
advantage in submarine propulsion because it is a zero-emission process that
consumes no air. This design is the basis for nearly all of the US
nuclear-powered submarine and surface combat ships, and was adapted by other
countries for naval nuclear propulsion. The first actual prototype (for Nautilus) was constructed and tested by
Argonne at the S1W facility in Idaho.Wikipedia:Citation needed
USS Nautilus (SSN-571)
330
"Underway on nuclear power"
Following her commissioning, Nautilus remained dockside for further construction and testing. At 11am on 17
January 1955 she put to sea for the first time and signaled her historic message: "Underway on nuclear power." On
10 May, she headed south for shakedown. Submerged throughout, she traveled 2,100 kilometres (1,100nmi;
1,300mi) from New London to San Juan, Puerto Rico and covered 2,223km (1,200nmi; 1,381mi) in less than
ninety hours. At the time, this was the longest submerged cruise by a submarine and at the highest sustained speed
(for at least one hour) ever recorded.
USS Nautilus during her initial sea trials, 20
January 1955.
From 1955 to 1957, Nautilus continued to be used to investigate the
effects of increased submerged speeds and endurance. The
improvements rendered the progress made in anti-submarine warfare
during the Second World War virtually obsolete. Radar and
anti-submarine aircraft, which had proved crucial in defeating
submarines during the War, proved ineffective against a vessel able to
quickly move out of an area, change depth quickly and stay submerged
for very long periods.
On 4 February 1957, Nautilus logged her 60,000th nautical mile
(110,000km; 69,000mi), matching the endurance of her namesake, the
fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand
Leagues Under The Sea. In May, she departed for the Pacific Coast to
participate in coastal exercises and the fleet exercise, operation "Home Run," which acquainted units of the Pacific
Fleet with the capabilities of nuclear submarines.
Nautilus passes under the George Washington
Bridge during a visit to New York Harbor in
1956
Nautilus returned to New London, Connecticut, on 21 July and
departed again on 19 August for her first voyage of 2,226 kilometres
(1,202nmi; 1,383mi) under polar pack ice. Thereafter, she headed for
the Eastern Atlantic to participate in NATO exercises and conduct a
tour of various British and French ports where she was inspected by
defense personnel of those countries. She arrived back at New London
on 28 October, underwent upkeep, and then conducted coastal
operations until the spring.
Operation Sunshine under the North Pole
In response to the nuclear ICBM threat posed by Sputnik, President
Eisenhower ordered the US Navy to attempt a submarine transit of the North Pole to gain credibility for the
soon-to-come SLBM weapons system. On 25 April 1958, Nautilus was underway again for the West Coast, now
commanded by Commander William R. Anderson, USN. Stopping at San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle, she
began her history-making polar transit, operation "Sunshine", as she departed the latter port on 9 June. On 19 June
she entered the Chukchi Sea, but was turned back by deep drift ice in those shallow waters. On 28 June she arrived at
Pearl Harbor to await better ice conditions. By 23 July her wait was over, and she set a course northward. She
submerged in the Barrow Sea Valley on 1 August and on 3 August, at 2315 (EDT) she became the first watercraft to
reach the geographic North Pole. The ability to navigate at extreme latitudes and without surfacing was enabled by
the technology of the North American Aviation N6A-1 Inertial Navigation System, a naval modification of the N6A
used in the Navaho cruise missile. (The N6A-1 had been installed on Nautilus and Skate after initial sea trials on the
USSCompass Island in 1957.) From the North Pole, she continued on and after 96 hours and 1,590nmi (2,940km;
1,830mi) under the ice, surfaced northeast of Greenland, having completed the first successful submerged voyage
around the North Pole. The technical details of this mission were planned by scientists from the Naval Electronics
USS Nautilus (SSN-571)
331
Laboratory including Dr. Waldo Lyon who accompanied Nautilus as chief scientist and ice pilot.
Navigator's report: Nautilus, 90N, 19:15U, 3
August 1958, zero to North Pole.
Navigation beneath the arctic ice sheet was difficult. Above 85N both
magnetic compasses and normal gyrocompasses become inaccurate. A
special gyrocompass built by Sperry Rand was installed shortly before
the journey. There was a risk that the submarine would become
disoriented beneath the ice and that the crew would have to play
"longitude roulette". Commander Anderson had considered using
torpedoes to blow a hole in the ice if the submarine needed to
surface.Wikipedia:Citation needed
The most difficult part of the journey was in the Bering Strait. The ice
extended as much as 60 feet (18m) below sea level. During the initial
attempt to go through the Bering Strait, there was insufficient room
between the ice and the sea bottom. During the second, successful
attempt to pass through the Bering passage, the submarine passed
through a known channel close to Alaska (this was not the first choice
as the submarine wanted to avoid detection).
The trip beneath the ice cap was an important boost to America as the
Soviets had recently launched Sputnik, but had no nuclear submarine
of their own. During the address announcing the journey, the president
mentioned that one day nuclear cargo submarines might use that route for trade.
As the Nautilus proceeded south from Greenland, a helicopter airlifted Commander Anderson to connect with
transport to Washington, D. C. At a White House ceremony on August 8, President Eisenhower presented him with
the Legion of Merit and announced that the crew had earned a Presidential Unit Citation.
[1]
At her next port of call, the Isle of Portland, England, she received the Unit Citation, the first ever issued in peace
time, from American Ambassador J.H. Whitney, and then crossed the Atlantic reaching New London, Connecticut,
USA on 29 October. For the remainder of the year Nautilus operated from her home port of New London.
Operational history
USS Nautilus c. 1965
Following fleet exercises in early 1959, Nautilus entered the
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, for her first complete
overhaul (28 May 1959 15 August 1960). Overhaul was followed by
refresher training and on 24 October she departed New London for her
first deployment with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea,
returning to her home-port 16 December.
Nautilus operated in the Atlantic, conducting evaluation tests for ASW
improvements, participating in NATO exercises and, during October 1962, in the naval quarantine of Cuba, until she
headed east again for a two-month Mediterranean tour in August 1963. On her return she joined in fleet exercises
until entering the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard for her second overhaul 17 January 1964.
On 2 May 1966, Nautilus returned to her homeport to resume operations with the Atlantic Fleet, and at some point
around that month, logged her 300,000th nautical mile (560,000km; 350,000mi) underway. For the next year and a
quarter she conducted special operations for ComSubLant and then in August 1967, returned to Portsmouth, for
another year's stay. During an exercise in 1966 she collided with the aircraft carrier USS Essex on 10 November,
while diving shallow. Following repairs in Portsmouth she conducted exercises off the southeastern seaboard. She
returned to New London in December 1968.
USS Nautilus (SSN-571)
332
In the springWikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Chronological items of 1979, Nautilus set out from
Groton, Connecticut on her final voyage under the command of Richard A. Riddell. She reached Mare Island Naval
Shipyard of Vallejo, California on 26 May 1979, her last day underway. She was decommissioned and stricken from
the Naval Vessel Register on 3 March 1980.
Noise
The hull and superstructure of Nautilus vibrated sufficiently that sonar became ineffective at more than 4 knots
(7.4km/h; 4.6mph) speed. Also, noise generation is extremely undesirable in submarines as this makes the vessel
vulnerable to detection. Lessons learned from this problem were applied to later nuclear submarines.
Awards and commendations
Presidential Unit Citation
For outstanding achievement in completing the first voyage in history across the top of the world, by cruising
under the Arctic ice cap from the Bering Strait to the Greenland Sea.During the period 22 July 1958 to 5
August 1958, U.S.S. NAUTILUS, the world's first atomic powered ship, added to her list of historic
achievements by crossing the Arctic Ocean from the Bering Sea to the Greenland Sea, passing submerged
beneath the geographic North Pole. This voyage opens the possibility of a new commercial seaway, a
Northwest Passage, between the major oceans of the world. Nuclear-powered cargo submarines may, in the
future, use this route to the advantage of world trade.The skill, professional competency and courage of the
officers and crew of NAUTILUS were in keeping with the highest traditions of the Armed Forces of the United
States and the pioneering spirit which has always characterized our country.
To commemorate the first submerged voyage under the North Pole, all Nautilus crewmembers who made the voyage
may wear a Presidential Unit Citation ribbon with a special clasp in the form of a gold block letter N (image above).
Museum
Nautilus was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Secretary of the Interior on 20 May
1982.
[2]
She was named as the official state ship of Connecticut in 1983. Following an extensive conversion at Mare Island
Naval Shipyard, Nautilus was towed back to Groton, Connecticut arriving on 6 July 1985. On 11 April 1986,
Nautilus opened to the public as part of the Submarine Force Library and Museum.
Nautilus now serves as a museum of submarine history, after undergoing a five-month preservation in 2002 at the
Electric Boat division of General Dynamics, at a cost of approximately $4.7 million ($6.16million in present-day
terms
[3]
). Nautilus attracts some 250,000 visitors annually to her present berth near Naval Submarine Base New
London.
Nautilus celebrated the 50th anniversary of her commissioning on 30 September 2004 with a ceremony that included
a speech from Vice Admiral Eugene P Wilkinson, the first Commanding Officer of Nautilus, and a designation of the
ship as an American Nuclear Society National Nuclear Landmark.
Visitors may tour the forward two compartments, with guidance from an automated system. Despite similar
alterations to exhibit the engineering spaces, tours aft of the control room are not permitted due to safety and security
concerns.
USS Nautilus (SSN-571)
333
References
[1] Atomic Sub Crosses North Pole, Richmond Times-Dispatch, Richmond, Virginia (August 9, 1952).
[2] and
[3] Consumer Price Index (estimate) 18002014 (http:/ / www. minneapolisfed. org/ community_education/ teacher/ calc/ hist1800. cfm).
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Nautilus (SSN-571).
US Navy Submarine Force Museum (http:/ / www. ussnautilus. org): Official home of USS Nautilus
Nautilus Alumni Association (http:/ / www. ussnautilus. us): Information for former Nautilus crewmembers
USS Nautilus (http:/ / www. williammaloney. com/ Aviation/ SubmarineUSSNautilus/ index. htm): Photos on
board the Nuclear Submarine USS Nautilus in Groton, CT
HNSA Ship Page (http:/ / www. hnsa. org/ ships/ nautilus. htm): USS Nautilus
Documents regarding the USS Nautilus (SSN-571) (http:/ / eisenhower. archives. gov/ research/
online_documents/ uss_nautilus. html), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
A film clip A-Sub Epic. Nautilus Pioneers North Pole Seaway, 1958/08/11 (1958)) (https:/ / archive. org/ details/
1958-08-11_A-Sub_Epic) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
Reagle, Jason (Summer 2009). "The First ICEX: A Historical Journey of USS Nautilus (SSN-571)" (http:/ / www.
navy. mil/ navydata/ cno/ n87/ usw/ usw_summer_09/ nautilus. html). Undersea Warfare. U.S. Navy. Retrieved
2010-03-03.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can
be found here (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ n2/ nautilus-iv. htm).
Coordinates: 41.387N 72.088W (http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.
php?pagename=USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)& params=41. 387_N_72. 088_W_)
Skate-class submarine
334
Skate-class submarine
USS Skate
Class overview
Builders: General Dynamics Electric Boat
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
Mare Island Naval Shipyard
Preceded by: USSNautilus(SSN-571)
USSSeawolf(SSN-575)
Succeededby: Skipjack-class submarine
Built: 19551959
In commission: 19571989
Completed: 4
Retired: 4
General characteristics
Type: Fast attack submarine
Displacement: 2,250 long tons (2,290t) surfaced
2,850 long tons (2,900t) submerged
Length: 267ft 7in (81.56m)
Beam: 25ft (7.6m)
Draft: 21ft 3in (6.48m)
Propulsion: Nuclear reactor
Speed: 18 knots (21mph; 33km/h) surfaced
22 knots (25mph; 41km/h) submerged
Test depth: 700ft (210m)
Complement: 84 officers and men
Armament: 8 21in (530mm) torpedo tubes (6 forward, 2 aft)
The Skate-class submarines were the United States Navy's first production run of nuclear-powered submarines.
They were an evolution of the Tang class in everything but their propulsion plants, which were based on the
experimental USSNautilus. The four Skate class boats re-introduced stern torpedo tubes. Although among the
smallest nuclear-powered attack submarines ever built, the Skate class served for many years, with the last being
Skate-class submarine
335
decommissioned in 1989. USS Skate was the first submarine to surface at the North Pole, on March 17, 1959.
Skate and Sargo were built with the S3W reactor, Swordfish and Seadragon also had the S3W reactor in the S4W
reactor plant (same machinery in an alternate arrangement).
Ships
USSSkate(SSN-578)
USSSwordfish(SSN-579)
USSSargo(SSN-583)
USSSeadragon(SSN-584)
Notes
References
Miller, David. The Illustrated Directory of Submarines of the World. Pg 366. ISBN 0-7603-1345-8.
USS Seawolf (SSN-575)
336
USS Seawolf (SSN-575)
For other ships of the same name, see USS Seawolf.
USS Seawolf (SSN-575)
Career (U.S.)
Awarded: 21 July 1952
Builder: Electric Boat division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut
Laid down: 7 September 1953
Launched: 21 July 1955
Commissioned: 30 March 1957
Decommissioned: 30 March 1987
Struck: 10 July 1987
Fate: Disposed of by submarine recycling
General characteristics
Displacement: 3260 tons surfaced,
4150 (?) tons submerged
Length: 350 ft (103 m)
Beam: 28 ft (8.5 m)
Draft: 23 ft (7.0 m)
Propulsion: S2G until S2Wa in '60
Speed: 23 knots (43 km/h) surfaced,
19 knots (35 km/h) submerged
Complement: 101 officers and men
Armament: 6 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes
USS Seawolf (SSN-575), a unique submarine, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the
seawolf, the second nuclear submarine, and the only U.S. submarine built with a liquid metal cooled (sodium)
nuclear reactor. This distinctive reactor was later replaced with a standard pressurized water reactor.
USS Seawolf (SSN-575)
337
Comparison to Nautilus
Seawolf was the same basic "double hull" twin-screw submarine design as her predecessor (USS
NAUTILUS/SSN-571), but her propulsion system was much more technologically advanced. Carrying a liquid
sodium, epithermal, superheated, more powerful, reactor and steam powerplant, rather than an alternative [light
water reactor/saturated steam plant], reduced the size of the machinery in the engineering spaces nearly 40%. Her
liquid-sodium cooled epithermal reactor was more efficient than a "light water"-cooled thermal system, quieter, and
presumably better system, but posed, presumably and arguably, several safety hazards for the ship and
crew.Wikipedia:Citation needed Primary system pressure was 15 psig and the only moving part in the primary
system was the liquid sodium which was magnetically pumped by electromagnets external to primary piping. The
phrase "Blue Haze" was often associated with the boat, which was Cherenkov radiation, visible on a dark night, in
the sea water surrounding the hull, outboard of the reactor compartment, during the decay of radioactive
24
Na in the
primary system over essentially the first half life (15 hrs). There was only one coolant leak ever noted, and that was
during fitting out in the yards.Wikipedia:Citation needed However the super-heaters suffered from tube sheet
welding cracks which allowed high pressure steam to leak into the low pressure primary system and react with the
sodium to form sodium hydroxide and H
2
. Sodium also has a small fission capture cross section which formed
3
H as
a free gas in the primary system. This complicated system operation since
3
H is radioactive, would mix with the H
2
from Na-H
2
O reaction and had to be contained.Wikipedia:Citation needed
The Atomic Energy Commission historians' account of the sodium-cooled reactor experience was:
Although makeshift repairs permitted the Seawolf to complete her initial sea trials on reduced power in
February 1957, Rickover had already decided to abandon the sodium-cooled reactor. Early in November
1956, he informed the Commission that he would take steps toward replacing the reactor in the Seawolf
with a water-cooled plant similar to that in the Nautilus. The leaks in the Seawolf steam plant were an
important factor in the decision but even more persuasive were the inherent limitations in sodium-cooled
systems. In Rickover's words they were "expensive to build, complex to operate, susceptible to prolong
shutdown as a result of even minor malfunctions, and difficult and time-consuming to repair."
Although fully armed, Seawolf, like the first nuclear submarine, Nautilus, was primarily an experimental vessel.
Seawolf was originally thought of publicly as a 'hunter-killer' sub, but in fact was intended to be a one-off test
platform for the LMSR(SG2) reactor and future sonar platforms. Her future uses, after the reactor plant was replaced
with a light water system, included covert operations in foreign waters.
Initial construction
Seawolf's keel was laid down 7 September 1953 by the Electric Boat division of General Dynamics Corporation in
Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 21 July 1955 sponsored by Mrs. W. Sterling Cole, and commissioned on
30 March 1957 with Commander R.B. Laning in command.
USS Seawolf
Like all of the original nuclear subs, the project manager at
Electric Boat was the General Manager of the company, Bill
Jones. During the parallel construction of the first nuclear
submarines, the Navy, the Atomic Energy Commission, its
independent labs, and the shipyard all worked together to
learn together.
For the yard, the Power Plant Project manager was a separate
function on these original nuclear subs. Dennis B. BoykinIII would lead EB's power plant installation, and return to
the project two years later for the conversion. His counterpart at the Office of Naval Reactors, Gardner Brown, did
the same.
USS Seawolf (SSN-575)
338
Lieutenant James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, the only US President to qualify in submarines, was to be her Engineering
Officer, but had resigned his commission upon the death of his father in 1953.
19571959
USS Seawolf
Seawolf departed New London, Connecticut, on 2 April for
her shakedown cruise off Bermuda and returned on 8 May.
Between 16 May and 5 August, she made two voyages to Key
West and participated in intensive training exercises. On 3
September, she steamed across the North Atlantic to
participate in NATO exercises. The submarine surfaced off
Newport, Rhode Island, on 25 September after cruising 6,331
nonstop miles. The next day, President of the United States
Dwight D. Eisenhower embarked and was taken for a short
cruise onboard her.
Seawolf cruised to the Caribbean Sea for an exercise in
November. In December, she began an availability period that
lasted until 6 February 1958. She then participated in
exercises along the east coast until early August.
Seawolf submerged on 7 August and did not surface again until 6 October. During this period, she logged over
13,700 nautical miles (25,400km). She received the Navy Unit Commendation for demonstrating the ability of the
nuclear-powered submarine to remain independent of the atmosphere for the period of a normal war patrol.
Seawolf returned to Electric Boat Company in Groton, Connecticut, on 12 December 1958, for conversion of her
power plant from a S2G sodium-cooled LMFR to a S2Wa PWR. She was out of commission until 30 September
1960. The Office of Naval Reactors had determined that the unique superheated steam powerplant was too difficult
to maintain, since the superheaters were rarely operational. Constructed of rolled steel (vice forged steel), the
superheaters were usually unable to allow the plant to operate at full capacity.
On 18 April 1959, the Navy disposed of the radioactive S2G plant by sealing it in a 30-foot high stainless steel
containment vessel, towing it out to sea on a barge, and then sinking the barge at a point about 120miles due east of
Maryland in 9,100feet of water. Twenty-one years later, the Navy was unable to relocate the container, but said that
the radioactive materials inside should decay before the containment vessel deteriorated.
[1][2][3]
19601966
Seawolf began a three-week period of independent operations on 25 October and returned to fleet operations in
November and December. On 9 January 1961, Seawolf sailed to San Juan, Puerto Rico, to participate in local
operations. On 25 January, she was ordered to locate and track the Portuguese passenger liner Santa Maria which
had been seized by pirates two days earlier. The submarine made contact with the liner off the coast of Brazil on 1
February. After Santa Maria surrendered in Recife, the submarine returned to San Juan and continued east coast
operations.
On 7 July, Seawolf began a two-month oceanographic voyage which took her to Portsmouth, England, before
returning her to New London on 19 September 1961.
In 1963, Seawolf participated in the search for the lost USS Thresher (SSN-593) and in various local and fleet
operations until April 1964. On 28 April, Seawolf stood out of New London en route to the Mediterranean Sea and a
three and one-half-month deployment with the Sixth Fleet. During the period, she operated with aircraft carrier
Enterprise (CVAN-65), guided missile cruiser Long Beach (CGN-9), and guided missile frigate Bainbridge
USS Seawolf (SSN-575)
339
(DLGN-25) as a part of the world's first nuclear task force. More local East Coast exercises followed until 5 May
1965. On that date, the submarine entered the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard for refueling and an extensive overhaul
bringing her up to the SUBSAFE standard put in place after the loss of Thresher. This overhaul lasted until
September 1966.
19671973
Seawolf sailed from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on 24 August 1967 for New London, Connecticut, which was
again her home port. The following month, she sailed to the Caribbean Sea for refresher training and weapons trials.
She had to have a propeller replaced at Charleston, South Carolina, in early October and then conducted sea trials in
the Bahama Islands for the remainder of the month. The end of the year 1967 found her back at her home port.
Seawolf was operating from that port when she grounded off the coast of Maine on 30 January 1968. She was towed
back to New London, Connecticut, for repairs and did not put to sea again until 20 March 1969, when she began sea
trials. The submarine was in the Caribbean Sea during June and July conducting underwater sound and weapons
systems tests. Seawolf was deployed with the Sixth Fleet from 29 September to 21 December 1969.
Seawolf operated along the East Coast until 9 November 1970 when her home port was changed to Vallejo,
California, and she sailed for the West Coast. The submarine transited the Panama Canal on 17 November and
changed operational control to Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet. She entered drydock at Mare Island Naval Shipyard
on 8 January 1971 for overhaul and conversion to a special project platform adding 52 feet to her length and
remained there until 21 June 1973, when she moved up the coast to Bangor, Washington. Seawolf returned to Mare
Island on 4 September 1973.
The euphemistic 'special project platform' description is explained by carefully examining photos of the ships from
before and after the yard period. The extended hull forward of the sail held intelligence gathering equipment that
supported covert operations. She would remain a special projects boat until her decommissioning.
19741978
In 1974, Seawolf completed post-conversion testing and evaluation period and conducted her first Pacific Fleet
deployment, operating independently for a period of three months. For her performance of duty, she was awarded a
second Navy Unit Commendation. In 1975, Seawolf came under the exclusive direction of Submarine Development
Group One, and for outstanding performance in 19741975, was awarded a Battle Efficiency "E."
In 1976, Seawolf received her second consecutive Battle Efficiency "E" and the Engineering "E" for Excellence.
During her second Pacific Fleet deployment, she conducted independent submerged operations for three months and
demonstrated superior endurance by remaining submerged for 89 consecutive days, a U.S. Navy record. She
received her third Navy Unit Commendation.
In 1977, Seawolf received her third Battle Efficiency "E" and her second Engineering "E" for Excellence. During her
third Pacific Fleet deployment, she conducted 79 consecutive days of independent submerged operations and
received her fourth Navy Unit Commendation and the Navy Expeditionary Medal. In 1978, Seawolf conducted her
fourth Pacific Fleet deployment.
Some of the above deployments are chronicled in the book Blind Man's Bluff by Sherry Sontag, Christopher Drew &
Annette Lawrence Drew. Published in 1998, the book details previously classified stories of espionage and Cold War
activities of American submarines, and specifically details one of Seawolf's missions into a Russian harbor.
USS Seawolf (SSN-575)
340
19811987
In August 1981, Seawolf deployed on her fifth Pacific Fleet deployment. She returned to homeport in October 1981
and received the Navy Expeditionary Medal. In 1983, Seawolf conducted her sixth Pacific Fleet deployment of
76days and returned to Mare Island Naval Shipyard in May 1983. She was awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal,
another Battle Efficiency "E," another Engineering"E," a Supply"E," and a Damage Control "DC." In 1984, Seawolf
conducted a 93-day deployment to the Western Pacific, returned in July, and continued her high operating tempo
with numerous local operations. She was awarded her third consecutive Supply"E," a Communications "C," and the
Deck Seamanship Award.
In April 1986, Seawolf conducted her last Western Pacific deployment and returned to Mare Island in June 1986 to
prepare for decommissioning. Decommissioned 30 March 1987, Seawolf was stricken from the Naval Vessel
Register the following 10 July. The former submarine began the Navy's Ship-Submarine Recycling Program on 1
October 1996 and completed it on 30 September 1997.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
[1] The Boston Globe, 17 May 1980
[2] [2] Facts on File 1980 Yearbook, p.458.
[3] http:/ / prop1. org/ 2000/ accident/ 1989/ 8907a1. htm Greenpeace July/August 1989
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Seawolf (SSN-575).
history.navy.mil: USS Seawolf (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ s9/ seawolf-ii. htm)
hazegray.org: USS Seawolf (http:/ / hazegray. org/ danfs/ submar/ ssn575. txt)
navsource.org: USS Seawolf (http:/ / www. navsource. org/ archives/ 08/ 08575a. htm)
bio of President James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (http:/ / www. submarinehistory. com/ PresidentCarter. html)
World War II Submarine Veterans History Project (http:/ / www. oralhistoryproject. com)
Skipjack-class submarine
341
Skipjack-class submarine
USS Skipjack
Class overview
Builders: General Dynamics Electric Boat
Mare Island Naval Shipyard
Ingalls Shipbuilding
Newport News Shipbuilding
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Skate-classsubmarine
Succeededby: Thresher-classsubmarine
Built: 19561961
In commission: 19591990
Completed: 6
Lost: 1
Retired: 5
General characteristics
Displacement: Surfaced: 3075 tons (3124 t) Submerged: 3513 tons (3600 t)
Length: 251.7 ft (77 m)
Beam: 31.5 ft (9.65 m)
Propulsion: 1 S5W PWR 15,000shp 1 shaft
Speed: 15 knots (28km/h; 17mph) surfaced
33 knots (61km/h; 38mph) submerged
Range: unlimited except by food.
Test depth: 700ft (210m)
Complement: 93
Armament: 6 21in (533mm) torpedo tubes in bow
24 Mark 37 torpedoes, Mark 14 torpedoes, Mark 16 torpedoes, Mark 27 torpedoes, or Mark 45 ASTOR
nuclear torpedoes
Skipjack-class submarine
342
The Skipjack class was a class of United States Navy nuclear submarines. This class was named after its lead ship,
the USSSkipjack. This new class introduced the teardrop hull and the S5W reactor to U.S. nuclear submarines. The
Skipjacks were the fastest U.S. nuclear submarines until the Los Angeles-classsubmarines.
Design
The Skipjack's design was based on the successful Barbel-classsubmarines that were based on the USS Albacore
design. The design of the Skipjacks was very different from the Skate-classsubmarines that preceded the Skipjacks.
Unlike the Skates, this new design was maximized for underwater speed by shaping the hull like a blimp. This
required that the single screw was aft of the rudders and dive planes. This so-called "body-of-revolution hull"
reduced her surface sea-keeping, but was essential for underwater performance. Skipjack's hull was also a single hull
design, where the pressure hull and outer hull are the same for most of the length of the ship.
The bow planes were moved to the massive sail to cut down on
flow-induced noise near the bow sonar array. This design feature
would be repeated on all U.S. nuclear submarines until the
improved Los Angeles-classsubmarine. The small "turtleback"
behind the sail was the exhaust piping of the auxiliary diesel
generator.
The Skipjacks also introduced the S5W reactor to U.S. nuclear submarines. The S5W was used on 98 U.S. nuclear
submarines and the first British nuclear submarine, HMSDreadnought.
The George Washington-classsubmarines were based on the Skipjack design. The hull of Scorpion was laid down
twice as the original hull was redesigned to become the first US ballistic missile submarine George Washington.
Also, the material for building Scamp was diverted into building Theodore Roosevelt, which delayed her progress.
Service
The first Skipjack class was authorized in the FY 1956 new construction programmed with the first of the class
commissioned in April 1959. Each hull cost around $40 million. The Skipjacks saw service in Vietnam and
throughout the Cold War. The Skipjack-class submarines were withdrawn from service in the late 1980s and early
1990s except for the Scorpion, which sank on 5 June 1968 in the south west Azores, while returning from a
Mediterranean deployment.
Boats
The gap in the hull-number sequence was taken by the two one of a kind submarines, USS Triton (SSRN-586) and
USS Halibut (SSGN-587).
USS Skipjack (SSN-585)
USS Scamp (SSN-588)
USS Scorpion (SSN-589)
USS Sculpin (SSN-590)
USS Shark (SSN-591)
USS Snook (SSN-592)
Skipjack-class submarine
343
References
Submarines, War Beneath The Waves, From 1776 To The Present Day, By Robert Hutchinson. Cold War
Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, by Norman Polmar and K. J. Moore.
Permit-class submarine
USS Greenling (SSN-614)
Class overview
Builders: Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
Mare Island Naval Shipyard
Ingalls Shipbuilding
New York Shipbuilding
General Dynamics Electric Boat
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Skipjack-classsubmarine
Succeededby: Sturgeon-classsubmarine
Built: 19581967
In commission: 19611994
Completed: 14
Lost: 1
Retired: 13
General characteristics
Type: Fast attack submarine
Displacement: 3,750 long tons (3,810t) surfaced
4,300 long tons (4,369t) submerged
Length: 278ft 5in (84.86m)
Beam: 31ft 7in (9.63m)
Draft: 25ft 2in (7.67m)
Propulsion: 1 S5W PWR
2 steam turbines, 15,000shp (11MW)
1 shaft
Permit-class submarine
344
Speed: 15 knots (28km/h; 17mph) surfaced
28 knots (52km/h; 32mph) submerged
Range: Unlimited, except by food supplies
Test depth: 1,300ft (400m)
Complement: 112
Sensors and
processing systems:
BQQ-2 sonar (later BQQ-5)
Mark 113 Fire-control system (later Mark 117)
Periscopes
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
ESM
Armament: 4 21in (533mm) torpedo tubes amidships
12-18 Mark 37 torpedoes, later replaced by Mark
48s
4-6 UUM-44 SUBROC anti-submarine missiles
4 UGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles
The Permit-class submarine, originally known as the Thresher class, was a class of nuclear-powered fast attack
submarines (hull classification symbol SSN) in service with the United States Navy from the 1960s until 1994. They
replaced the Skipjack class. They were used primarily in the 1960s and 1970s, until replaced by the Sturgeon and Los
Angeles classes.
The Permit class resulted from a study commissioned in 1956 by the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), Admiral
Arleigh Burke. In "Project Nobska," the Committee on Undersea Warfare of the United States National Academy of
Sciences considered the lessons learned from various prototypes and experimental platforms.
Design
The new class kept the proven S5W reactor plant from the immediately preceding Skipjacks, but were a radical
change in many other ways. The Threshers had the large bow-mounted sonar and angled, amidships torpedo tubes
pioneered by the Tullibee. Although it used the same HY-80 as the Skipjacks, the Threshers' pressure hulls were
made using an improved process that extended test depth to 1,300 ft. The engineering spaces were also redesigned,
with the turbines supported on "rafts" that were suspended from the hull on isolation mounts for acoustic quieting.
The small sail of "Thresher" (the smallest fitted to an American SSN) compensated for the increased drag of the
longer hull, giving Thresher a top speed of 33 knots, the same as the Skipjacks.
[1]
Only Thresher was fitted with a
five-bladed symmetric screw, very similar to the ones originally fitted to the "Skipjacks", which allowed her to reach
this speed. According to Norman Friedman, in his book U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History,
during trials of the Skipjack class, it was found that the propeller produced noise below cavitation depth. It was
determined that the source of this noise, called blade-rate, was the blades of the screw vibrating when they hit the
wake of the sail and control surfaces. This produced a noise that could carry for many miles and could be used by an
enemy submarine to set up a firing solution because the frequency of blade-rate was directly related to the speed of
the submarine (the RPM of the screw). The solution was to either make the screw smaller so it did not hit the wakes
of the sail and control surfaces, which would cavitate more easily because of its increased speed, or have a large
screw that gently interacted with these areas of disturbed water. The latter solution was chosen for all subsequent
American SSNs. Permit and later submarines of this class had seven-bladed skewback screws, which reduced the
problem of blade-rate, but reduced the submarines' top speed to 29-28 knots. Jack was designed with
counter-rotating screws, each of which were smaller than the standard seven-bladed screw, as an alternative solution
to the blade-rate problem.
[2]
Permit-class submarine
345
Armament
The ships had their torpedo tubes moved to the middle of the hull. This made available the required large space in
the bow for the BQQ-2, BQQ-5 in modernized boats, sonar system, a new and powerful detection low-frequency
sensor. Initially armed with Mark 37 torpedoes, they later carried the improved Mark 48, the UGM-84 Harpoon
(replacing four of the Mk-48s) and the UUM-44 SUBROC (replacing six Mk-48s, four after Harpoon was adopted).
The maximum weapons load was 23 torpedoes/missiles or, theoretically 46 Mk-57, 60 or 67 mines. Or a mix of
mines, torpedoes and missiles.
[3]
Construction
The first submarine commissioned in this class was the ill-fated Thresher, and so the class was known by her name.
When Thresher was lost, the class took the name of the second ship in the class, Permit, and the SUBSAFE program
began. SUBSAFE includes specific training of SUBSAFE quality assurance inspectors in the engine room crew, and
tracks extremely detailed information about every component of a submarine's engine room that contacts seawater.
Joints in any equipment carrying seawater must be welded (not brazed), and every hull penetration larger than a
specified size can be quickly shut by a remote hydraulic mechanism.
The engine room of Jack was lengthened by ten feet to accommodate an experimental direct-drive propulsion system
using concentric counter-rotating propellers. Although counter-rotating propellers produced impressive gains in
speed on the experimental Albacore, in Jack the results were disappointing because of the difficulty in sealing the
shaft. Jack was also used to test polymer ejection that could reduce flow noises that degraded sonar performance.
Flasher, Greenling, and Gato were fitted with heavier machinery and a larger sail, to house additional masts, and
made ten feet longer than the other units of the class to include more SUBSAFE features, additional reserve
buoyancy, more intelligence gathering equipment and improved accommodations.
Boats
The gaps in the hull-number sequence were taken by the unique Tullibee, and the George Washington, Ethan Allen,
and Lafayette fleet ballistic missile submarine classes.
USSThresher(SSN-593)
USSPermit(SSN-594)
USSPlunger(SSN-595)
USSBarb(SSN-596)
USSPollack(SSN-603)
USSHaddo(SSN-604)
USSJack(SSN-605)
USSTinosa(SSN-606)
USSDace(SSN-607)
USSGuardfish(SSN-612)
USSFlasher(SSN-613)
USSGreenling(SSN-614)
USSGato(SSN-615)
USSHaddock(SSN-621)
Permit-class submarine
346
References
Robert Hutchinson, Submarines, War Beneath The Waves, From 1776 To The Present Day
Norman Polmar, Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines
Karam, P. Andrew, Rig Ship for Ultra Quiet: Life on a nuclear attack boat at the end of the Cold War
Notes
[1] Polmar, Norman; Moore, K. J. (2004) Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, Potomac Books,
p. 363)
[2] Friedman, Norman (1994) U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History,Naval Institute Press, pp. 141-145)
[3] War Machines Encyclopedia, Aerospace Publishing Ltd., Italian version printed by De Agostini is p.526-527)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thresher/Permit class submarines.
SSN-594 Permit class (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ ssn-594. htm) at
GlobalSecurity.org
Sturgeon-class submarine
347
Sturgeon-class submarine
USS Sturgeon
Class overview
Builders: General Dynamics Electric Boat
General Dynamics Quincy
Ingalls Shipbuilding
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
New York Shipbuilding
Newport News Shipbuilding
Mare Island Naval Shipyard
Operators: United States of America
Preceded by: Thresher-class submarine
Succeededby: Los Angeles-class submarine
Built: 19631975
In
commission:
19672004
Completed: 37
Retired: 37
General characteristics
Displacement: 3,640 long tons (3,698t) surfaced
4,640 long tons (4,714t) submerged
Length: 292ft 3in (89.08m)
Beam: 31ft 8in (9.65m)
Propulsion: 1 S5W Pressurized water reactor
2 11.2 MW steam turbines
1 shaft
Speed: 15 knots (28km/h; 17mph) surfaced
26 knots (48km/h; 30mph) submerged
Range: Unlimited, except by food supplies
Test depth: 1,320ft (400m)
Complement: 107
Armament: 4 21in (533mm) amidship torpedo tubes with MK-48 and ADCAP torpedoes, plus 15 reloads, and 4 Harpoon
missiles or up to 8 Tomahawk missiles, instead of equivalent of number of Torpedoes or Harpoons.
In minelaying configuration:
Mark 67 Submarine Launched Mobile Mines and Mark 60 CAPTOR mines instead of torpedoes.
Sturgeon-class submarine
348
The Sturgeon-class (colloquially in naval circles, known as the 637-class) was a class of nuclear-powered fast attack
submarines (SSN) in service with the United States Navy from the 1960s until 2004. They were the "work horses" of
the submarine attack fleet throughout much of the Cold War. The boats were phased out in the 1990s and early 21st
century, as their successors, the Los Angeles, followed by the Seawolf and Virginia-class boats, entered service.
Design
Control room
The Sturgeons were essentially lengthened and improved variants of
the Thresher/Permit class that directly preceded them. The biggest
difference was the much larger sail, which permitted the return of
intelligence gathering masts to U.S. nuclear submarines. The fairwater
planes mounted on the sail could rotate 90degrees, allowing the
submarine to surface through thin ice. Because the S5W reactor was
used, the same as in the Skipjacks and Thresher/Permits, and the
displacement was increased, the Sturgeons' top speed was 26 knots
(48km/h), 2knots slower than the Thresher/Permits. The last nine
Sturgeons were lengthened 10 feet (3m) to provide more space for
intelligence-gathering equipment and to facilitate the use of dry deck shelters.
Armaments
They were equipped to carry the Harpoon missile, the Tomahawk cruise missile, the UUM-44 SUBROC, the MK37
SLMM and MK 60 CAPTOR mines, and the MK-48 and ADCAP torpedoes. Torpedo tubes were located amidships
to accommodate the bow-mounted sonar. The bow covering the sonar sphere was made from steel or glass
reinforced plastic (GRP), both varieties having been produced both booted and not booted. Booted domes are
covered with a half-inch layer of rubber. The GRP domes improved the bow sonar sphere performance; though for
intelligence gathering missions, the towed-array sonar was normally used as it was a much more sensitive array.
Noise reduction
Several Sturgeon boats were modifications of the original designs to test ways to reduce noise.
Narwhal, which was nearly a sub-class of its own, was completed with an S5G reactor which was cooled using
natural convection rather than pumps and did not have reduction gears, but utilized a sophisticated multi-stage
turbine in an attempt to reduce the noise footprint from the reduction gears. The turbine arrangement was not
considered successful because of its complex warm-up and cooldown procedures.
Glenard P. Lipscomb was completed using a large electric motor for main propulsion rather than direct drive from
the steam turbines. The Lipscombs trial of electric propulsion was not considered successful due to lack of
reliability and she was decommissioned in 1989.
Puffer was outfitted with Raytheon Harmonic Power Conditioners which eliminated an electrical bus noise
problem that was inherent in the class. This was done by harmonic conditioning of the power system. This
successful feature was later outfitted on the entire class.
Batfish was outfitted with SHT (special hull treatment) during a non-refueling overhaul, which reduced noise and
the submarine sonar profile.
Sturgeon-class submarine
349
Variants
Beginning with Archerfish, units of this class had a 10-foot (3 meter) longer hull, giving them more living and
working space than previous submarines. Parche received an additional 100-foot (30 meter) hull extension
containing cable tapping equipment that brought her total length to 401 feet (122 m). A number of the long hull
Sturgeon-class SSNs, including Parche, Rivers, and Russell were involved in top-secret reconnaissance missions,
including cable tap operations in the Barents and Okhotsk seas.
A total of seven boats were modified to carry the SEAL Dry Deck Shelter (DDS). The DDS is a submersible launch
hangar with a hyperbaric chamber attached to the ship's weapon shipping hatch. DDS-equipped boats were tasked
with the covert insertion of special forces troops.
Boats
Short Hull
Sturgeon(SSN-637)
Whale(SSN-638)
Tautog(SSN-639)
Grayling(SSN-646)
Pogy(SSN-647)
Aspro(SSN-648)
Sunfish(SSN-649)
Pargo(SSN-650)
Queenfish(SSN-651)
Puffer(SSN-652)
Ray(SSN-653)
Sand Lance(SSN-660)
Lapon(SSN-661)
Gurnard(SSN-662)
Hammerhead(SSN-663)
Sea Devil(SSN-664)
Guitarro(SSN-665)
Hawkbill(SSN-666)
Bergall(SSN-667)
Spadefish(SSN-668)
Seahorse(SSN-669)
Finback(SSN-670)
Pintado(SSN-672)
Flying Fish(SSN-673)
Trepang(SSN-674)
Bluefish(SSN-675)
Billfish(SSN-676)
Drum(SSN-677)
Long Hull
Archerfish(SSN-678) (DDS)
Silversides(SSN-679) (DDS)
William H. Bates(SSN-680) (ex-Redfish) (DDS)
Batfish(SSN-681) (DDS)
Tunny(SSN-682) (DDS)
Parche(SSN-683) (R&D)
Cavalla(SSN-684) (DDS)
L. Mendel Rivers(SSN-686) (DDS)
Richard B. Russell(SSN-687)
Derivatives
Two other Navy vessels were based on the Sturgeon hull, but were modified for experimental reasons:
Narwhal(SSN-671)
Glenard P. Lipscomb(SSN-685)
References
Submarines, War Beneath The Waves, From 1776 To The Present Day, By Robert Hutchinson.
This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government publication,
is in the public domain.
Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines, by Norman Polmar
The American Submarine, by Norman Polmar
Sturgeon-class submarine
350
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sturgeon class submarines.
fas.org: Sturgeon class (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ ship/ ssn-637. htm)
Bellona Report (http:/ / spb. org. ru/ bellona/ ehome/ russia/ nfl/ nfla. htm) (Russian)
Los Angeles-class submarine
351
Los Angeles-class submarine
The USSAsheville(SSN-758) arrives at Naval Base Point Loma, California in November 2005.
Class overview
Builders: Newport News Shipbuilding
General Dynamics Electric Boat
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Sturgeon-class attack submarine
Succeededby: Seawolf-class attack submarine
Built: 19721996
In commission: 1976present
Completed: 62
Active: 40
Laid up: 1
Retired: 21
General characteristics
Displacement: Surfaced: 6,082 tonnes (5,986 long tons) Submerged: 6,927 tonnes (6,818 long tons)
Length: 362ft (110m)
Beam: 33ft (10m)
Draft: 31ft (9.4m)
Propulsion: 1 GE PWR S6G nuclear reactor, 2 turbines 35,000 hp (26 MW), 1 auxiliary motor 325 hp (242 kW), 1 shaft
Speed: Surfaced:20 knots (23mph; 37km/h)
Submerged: +20 knots (23mph; 37km/h) (official), 33+ knots (reported)
Range:
Refueling required after 30 years
[1]
Endurance: 90 days
Test depth: 950ft (290m)
Complement: 129
Sensors and
processing systems:
BQQ-5 Suite which includes Active and Passive systems SONAR, BQS-15 detecting and ranging SONAR,
WLR-8V(2) ESM receiver, WLR-9 acoustic receiver for detection of active search SONAR and acoustic
homing torpedoes, BRD-7 radio direction finder,
[2]
BPS-15 RADAR
Los Angeles-class submarine
352
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
WLR-10 countermeasures set
Armament: 4 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes, 37x Mk 48 torpedo, Tomahawk land attack missile, Harpoon antiship
missile, Mk 67 mobile, or Mk 60 Captor mines (most boats in service as of 2011 have a 12-tube VLS)
The Los Angeles-class, sometimes called the LA-class or the 688-class, is a class of nuclear-powered fast attack
submarines that forms the backbone of the U.S. Navy's submarine force, with 62 submarines of this class being
completed. As of late 2013, 41 of the class are still in commission and 21 retired from service. Of the 21 retired
boats, 14 of them were laid up half way (approximately 17-18 years) through their projected lifespans due to their
midlife reactor refuelings being cancelled. One boat, USSMiami(SSN-755), was retired due to extensive fire
damage caused by arson when she was a few months into a maintenance period. A further four boats were proposed
by the Navy, but later cancelled.
The Los Angeles class contains more nuclear submarines than any other class in the world. The class was preceded
by the Sturgeonclass and followed by the Seawolf. Except for USSHyman G. Rickover(SSN-709), all submarines
of this class are named after American cities and a few towns (e.g. Key West, Florida, and Greeneville, Tennessee).
This system of naming broke a long-standing tradition in the U.S. Navy of naming attack submarines for creatures of
the ocean (e.g. USSNautilus(SSN-571)).
The final 23 boats of the Los Angeles class were designed and built to be quieter than their predecessors and also to
carry more-advanced sensor and weapons systems. Externally they can be recognized quickly as their retractable
diving planes were placed at their bows rather than on their sails.
Characteristics
The aft end of the control room for
the USSJefferson City(SSN-759) in
June 2009
Capabilities
According to the U.S. Department of Defense, the top speed of the submarines of
the Los Angeles class is over 25 knots (29 mph or 46 kph), although the actual
maximum is classified. Some published estimates have placed their top speed at
30 to 33 knots. In his book Submarine: A Guided Tour Inside a Nuclear Warship,
Tom Clancy estimated the top speed of Los Angeles-class submarines at about 37
knots.
The U.S. Navy gives the maximum operating depth of the Los Angeles class as
650ft (200m), while Patrick Tyler, in his book Running Critical, suggests a
maximum operating depth of 950ft (290m).
[3]
Although Tyler cites the 688-class design committee for this
figure,
[4]
the government has not commented on it. The maximum diving depth is 1,475ft (450m) according to
Jane's Fighting Ships, 20042005 Edition, edited by Commodore Stephen Saunders of the Royal Navy.
[5]
Los Angeles-class submarine
353
Weapons and fire control systems
A portside bow view of the fore
section of the USS Santa Fe
(SSN-763) tied up at the pier in
February 1994: The doors of the
Mark 36 vertical launch system for
the Tomahawk missiles are in the
"open" position.
Los Angeles class submarines carry about 25 torpedo tube-launched weapons and
all boats of the class are capable of launching Tomahawk cruise missiles
horizontally (from the torpedo tubes). The last 31 boats of this class also have 12
dedicated vertical launching system (VLS) tubes for launching Tomahawks.
Engineering and auxiliary systems
Two watertight compartments are used in the Los Angeles-class submarines. The
forward compartment contains crew living spaces, weapons-handling spaces, and
control spaces not critical to recovering propulsion. The aft compartment
contains the bulk of the submarine's engineering systems, power generation
turbines, and water-making equipment.
[6]
Some submarines in the class are
capable of delivering SEALs through either the dry deck shelter system or the
advanced SEAL delivery system (program canceled in 2006 and rendered unusable in 2009).
[7]
A variety of
atmospheric control devices are used to allow the vessel to remain submerged for long periods of time without
ventilating, including an electrolytic oxygen generator nicknamed "the bomb". It is called "the bomb" because it
electrically removes the bonds of hydrogen and oxygen which make up water. This produces oxygen for the crew
and hydrogen. The hydrogen is pumped overboard but there is always a risk of fire or explosion from this
process.
[1][8]
The USSGreeneville with an
attached ASDS
While on the surface or at snorkel depth, the submarine may use the submarine's
auxiliary or emergency diesel generator for power or ventilation
[9][10]
(e.g.,
following a fire).
[11]
The diesel engine in a 688 class can be quickly started by
compressed air during emergencies or to evacuate noxious (nonvolatile) gases
from the boat, although 'ventilation' requires raising a snorkel mast. During
nonemergency situations, design constraints call for operators to allow the engine
to reach normal operating temperatures before it is capable of producing full
power, a process that may take from 20 to 30 minutes. However, the diesel
generator can be immediately loaded to 100% power output, despite design
criteria cautions, at the discretion of the submarine commander on the recommendation of the submarine's engineer,
if necessity dictates such actions to a) restore electrical power to the submarine, b) prevent a reactor incident from
occurring or escalating, or c) to protect the lives of the crew or others as determined necessary by the commanding
officer.
Normally, steam power is generated by the submarine's nuclear reactor delivering pressurized hot water to the steam
generator, which generates steam to drive the steam-driven turbines and generators. While the emergency diesel
generator is starting up, power can be provided from the submarine's battery through the ship service motor
generators. Likewise, propulsion is normally delivered through the submarine's steam-driven main turbines that drive
the submarine's propeller through a reduction gear system. The submarine has no main drive shaft, unlike
conventional diesel electric submarines.
[12]
Los Angeles-class submarine
354
The USSKey West submerged at periscope depth
off the coast of Honolulu, Hawaii in July 2004
In popular culture
Los Angeles-class submarines have been featured prominently in
numerous Tom Clancy novels and film adaptations, most notably
the USSDallas(SSN-700) in The Hunt for Red October. Other
mentions include USSChicago(SSN-721) in Red Storm Rising
and USSCheyenne(SSN-773) in SSN.
The 2000 Australian television film On the Beach features a
fictional 688i Los Angeles-class submarine, the USS Charleston
(SSN-704).
In the 2009 film Terminator Salvation, Resistance Headquarters is
located aboard a LosAngeles-class submarine, called the USSWilmington according to the novelization and
several behind-the-scenes books.
The Los Angeles-class submarine is the focus of many submarine-related video games, such as the simulators
1989 688 Attack Sub, Electronic Arts' 1997 688(I) Hunter/Killer, and the 2005 Dangerous Waters.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 (2009) features the USSChicago(SSN-721) as the launching platform for
TF141's operations. Another Los Angeles -class submarine, the USS Dallas (SSN-700), can also be seen in the
level "The Only Easy Day... Was Yesterday".Wikipedia:Citation needed
The USSAlexandria(SSN-757) was used in filming Stargate: Continuum.
A fictional Los Angeles-class submarine named the USS Orlando appeared in the 1996 comedy film Down
Periscope.
Notes
[1] SSN-688 Los Angeles class (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ ship/ ssn-688. htm) from Federation of American Scientists retrieved
29 February 2008 :The 18 SSN-688 class submarines that will be refueled in their midlives could make good candidates for a service life
extension because they could operate for nearly 30 years after the refueling. After these submarines serve for 30 years, they could undergo a
two-year overhaul and serve for one more 10-year operating cycle, for a total service life of 42 years.
[2] Polmar, Norman "The U. S. Navy Electronic Warfare (Part 1)" United States Naval Institute Proceedings October 1979 p.137
[3] [3] Tyler, (1986). pp. 66-67, 156
[4] [4] "Notes in pp. 64-67: Deliberations of ad-hoc committee on SSN 688 design taken from confidential sources and from interviews with
Admiral [Ret] Rickover...." From Tyler, p. 365
[5] [5] Saunders, (2004). pp. 838
[6] SSN-688 Los Angeles-Class Design. Los Angeles Class (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/ ssn-688-design. htm) at
Globalsecurity.org. Accessed on 7 January 2009
[7] Polmar & Moore, (2003). pp. 263
[8] Treadwell Supplies Oxygen Generator Components for Nuclear Subs Defense Industry Daily (http:/ / www. defenseindustrydaily. com/
treadwell-supplies-oxygen-generator-components-for-nuclear-subs-2-04690/ ) 28-January-2008
[9] Fairbanks Morse Engines Marine Installations (http:/ / www. fairbanksmorse. com/ installations_marine. php) Accessed on 29 April 2008
[10] Auxiliary Division on USS Cheyenne USS CHEYENNE SSN-773 Department & Divisions (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ navy/
unit/ dept-ssn-773. htm#ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT) from Federation of American Scientists. Accessed on 29 April 2008
[11] Firefighting and Damage Control Update 181044Z JUN 98 (SUBS) Message (http:/ / www. dcfp. navy. mil/ library/ dcra/ 181044ZJUN98.
htm) COMSUBLANT (1998) Accessed on 29 April 2008
[12] Nuclear Propulsion Pressurized water Naval nuclear propulsion system (http:/ / www. fas. org/ man/ dod-101/ sys/ ship/ eng/ reactor. html)
at Federation of American Scientists Accessed on 30 April 2008
Los Angeles-class submarine
355
References
This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government
publication, is in the public domain.
Clancy, T. (1984). The Hunt for Red October. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-285-0.
DiMercurio, M.; Benson, M (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Submarines. New York: Alpha Books.
ISBN978-0-02-864471-4.
Hutchinson, R (2001). Jane's Submarines: War Beneath the Waves from 1776 to the Present Say. London:
HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-00-710558-8.
Polmar, N; Moore, K. J. (2003). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet
Submarines. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. ISBN1-57488-594-4.
Tyler, P. (1986). Running Critical. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-091441-7.
Waddle, S (2003). The Right Thing. Nashville, Tennessee: Integrity Publishers. ISBN1-59145-036-5.
Saunders, S (2004). Jane's Fighting Ships, 2004-2005. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group Limited.
ISBN0-7106-2623-1.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles class submarines.
Role of the Modern Submarine (http:/ / www. submarinehistory. com/ 21stCentury. html) at Submarine History
(http:/ / www. submarinehistory. com).
Seawolf-class submarine
356
Seawolf-class submarine
The USSSeawolf(SSN-21) underway.
Class overview
Builders: General Dynamics Electric Boat
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Los Angeles-class submarine
Succeededby: Virginia-class submarine
Built: 19892005
In commission: 1997present
Planned: 29
Completed: 3
Cancelled: 26
Active: 3
General characteristics
Displacement: Surfaced: 8,600 tons Submerged: 9,138 tons, 12,139tonsfull, USS Jimmy Carter
Length: 353 ft (107 m)
Beam: 40 ft (12 m)
Propulsion: 1 S6W PWR 45,000 hp
1 secondary propulsion submerged motor
1 shaft
1 propeller
Speed: 30-35 knots or over
Range: unlimited
Endurance: unlimited except by food supplies
Complement: 140
Crew: 14 officers; 126 enlisted
Armament: 8 660mm torpedo tubes (50 Tomahawk cruise missile/Harpoon/Mk-48 torpedo)
The Seawolf-class is a class of nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (SSN) in service with the United States
Navy. The class was the intended successor to the Los Angelesclass. Design work began in 1983.
[1]
At one time, an
Seawolf-class submarine
357
intended fleet of 29 submarines was to be built over a ten-year period, later reduced to twelve submarines. The end
of the Cold War and budget constraints led to the cancellation in 1995 of any further additions to the fleet, leaving
the Seawolf class limited to just three boats. This, in turn, led to the design of the smaller Virginiaclass.
Design
The Seawolf design was intended to combat the threat of large numbers of advanced Soviet ballistic missile
submarines such as the Typhoonclass and attack submarines such as the Akulaclass in a deep ocean environment.
Seawolf class hulls are constructed from HY-100 steel, which is stronger than the HY-80 steel employed in previous
classes, in order to withstand water pressure at greater depths.
Compared to previous Los Angeles class submarines, Seawolf submarines are larger, faster, and significantly quieter;
they also carry more weapons and have twice as many torpedo tubes, for a total of 8. The boats are able to carry up
to 50 UGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles for attacking land and sea surface targets. As in all nuclear submarines,
the load out of equipment, weapons and crew affects available excess buoyancy and thus operational parameters. The
boats also have extensive equipment to allow for littoral, or shallow water, operations. The class uses the more
advanced ARCI Modified AN/BSY-2 combat system, which includes a new, larger spherical sonar array, a wide
aperture array (WAA), and a new towed-array sonar.
[2]
Each boat is powered by a single S6W nuclear reactor,
delivering 45,000hp to a low-noise pump-jet.
As a result of their advanced design, however, Seawolf submarines were much more expensive. The projected cost
for twelve submarines of this class was $33.6 billion, but after the Cold War, construction was stopped at three boats.
Variants
The USSJimmy Carter is roughly 100 feet (30 m) longer than the other two boats of her class due to the insertion of
a section known as the Multi-Mission Platform (MMP), which allows launch and recovery of ROVs and Navy SEAL
forces. The MMP may also be used as an underwater splicing chamber for tapping of undersea fiber optic cables.
This role was formerly filled by the decommissioned USSParche(SSN-683). Jimmy Carter was modified for this
role by Electric Boat at the cost of $887million.
Ships
Name Builder Laid Down Launched Commissioned Fate
Seawolf subgroup
Seawolf General Dynamics Electric Boat, Groton 25 October 1989 24 June 1995 19 July 1997 Active in service
Connecticut 14 September 1992 1 September 1997 11 December 1998 Active in service
Jimmy Carter subgroup
Jimmy Carter General Dynamics Electric Boat, Groton 5 December 1998 13 May 2004 19 February 2005 Active in service
Seawolf-class submarine
358
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seawolf class submarines.
[1] http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ cno/ n87/ history/ chrono. html
[2] http:/ / www. harpoondatabases. com/ Encyclopedia/ Entry2316. aspx
Virginia-class submarine
359
Virginia-class submarine
The USS Virginia underway in Groton, Connecticut (August2004)
Class overview
Name: Virginia
Builders: General Dynamics Electric Boat
Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Seawolf-class attack submarine
Cost:
$2.7 billion per unit (FY2014)
[1]
$50 million per unit (annual operating cost)
Built: 2000-present
In commission: 2004-present
Building: 5
Planned: 30 (see text)
Completed: 10
Active: 10
General characteristics
Type: Attack submarine
Displacement: 7,900 metric tons (7,800 long tons)
Length: 377ft (115m)
Beam: 34ft (10m)
Propulsion: S9G reactor 40,000shp (30,000kW)
Speed: 30-35 knots or over
Range: unlimited
Endurance: Only limited by food and maintenance requirements.
Test depth: +800ft (240m)
Complement: 135 (15:120)
Armament: 12 VLS (BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missile) tubes
4 533mm torpedo tubes (Mk-48 torpedo) 27 torpedoes & missiles (torpedo room)
The Virginia class, also known as the SSN-774 class, is a class of nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (hull
classification symbol SSN) in service with the United States Navy. The submarines are designed for a broad
Virginia-class submarine
360
spectrum of open-ocean and littoral missions. They were conceived as a less expensive alternative to the
Seawolf-class attack submarines, designed during the Cold War era, and they are planned to replace the older of the
Los Angeles-class submarines, twenty-one of which have already been decommissioned (from a total of 62 built).
The class was developed under the codename Centurion, renamed to NSSN (New SSN) later on. The "Centurion
Study" was initiated in February 1991. Virginia-class submarines will be acquired through 2043, and are expected to
remain in service past 2060.
[2]
Based on recent updates to the designs, some of the Virginia class subs will still be in
service in 2070.
Innovations
The Virginia class incorporates several innovations not previously incorporated into other submarine classes.
Photonics masts
Instead of a traditional periscope, the class utilizes a pair of AN/BVS-1 telescoping photonics masts located outside
the pressure hull. Each mast contains high-resolution cameras, along with light-intensification and infrared sensors,
an infrared laser rangefinder, and an integrated Electronic Support Measures (ESM) array. Signals from the masts'
sensors are transmitted through fiber optic data lines through signal processors to the control center. Visual feeds
from the masts are displayed on LCD interfaces in the command center.
Propulsor
In contrast to a traditional bladed propellor, the Virginia class uses pump-jet propulsors (built by BAE Systems),
originally developed for the Royal Navy's Swiftsure-class submarines. The propulsor significantly reduces the risks
of cavitation, and allows quieter operation.
Improved sonar systems
Sonar arrays aboard Virginia class submarines have an Open System Architecture (OSA) which enables rapid
insertion of new hardware and software as they become available. Hardware updates (dubbed Technology Insertions)
are usually carried out every four years while software updates (dubbed Advanced Processor Builds) are carried out
every two years. Virginia class submarines feature several types of sonar arrays.
[3]
BQQ-10 bow-mounted spherical active/passive sonar array (LAB sonar array from SSN-784 onwards)
a wide aperture lightweight fiber optic sonar array (consisting of three flat panels mounted low along either side
of the hull)
two high frequency active sonars mounted in the sail and bow. The chin-mounted (below the bow) and sail
mounted high frequency sonars supplement the (spherical/LAB) main sonar array enabling safer operations in
coastal waters, enhancing under-ice navigation as well as improving ASW performance.
Low-Cost Conformal Array (LCCA) high-frequency sonar. Mounted on both sides of the submarines sail.
Provides coverage above and behind the submarine.
Virginia class submarines are also equipped with a low frequency towed sonar array and a high frequency towed
sonar array.
TB-16 or TB-34 fat line tactical towed sonar array
[4]
TB-29 or TB-33 thin line long-range search towed sonar array
Virginia-class submarine
361
Other improved equipment
Virginia Class Diesel Generator Control Panel
Fiber optic fly-by-wire Ship Control System replaces
electro-hydraulic systems for control surface actuation.
Command and control system module (CCSM) built by Lockheed
Martin.
Modernized version of the AN/BSY-1 integrated combat system
designated AN/BYG-1 (previously designated CCS Mk2) and built
by General Dynamics AIS (previously Raytheon). AN/BYG-1
integrates the submarine Tactical Control System (TCS) and
Weapon Control System (WCS).
The USSCalifornia was the first Virginia-class submarine with the advanced electromagnetic signature reduction
system built into it, but this system is being retrofitted into the other submarines of the class.
Integral 9-man lock-out chamber.
Rescue equipment
SEIE MK11 suit(s) - enable ascent from a sunken submarine (maximum ascent depth 600 feet)
lithium hydroxide canisters which remove carbon dioxide from the submarine's atmosphere
Submarine Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (SEPIRB)
[5]
History
Virginia-class submarines were the first US Navy warships designed with the help of computer-aided design (CAD)
and visualization technology. Around 9 million work hours are required for the completion of a single Virginia-class
submarine.
[6]
Over 4,000 suppliers are involved in the construction of the Virginia class. Each submarine is
projected to make 14-15 deployments during its 33-year service life.
The Virginia class was intended, in part, as a cheaper ($1.8 billion vs $2.8 billion) alternative to the Seawolf-class
submarines, whose production run was stopped after just three boats had been completed. To reduce costs, the
Virginia-class submarines use many "commercial off-the-shelf" (or COTS) components, especially in their
computers and data networks. In practice, they actually cost less than $1.8 billion (in fiscal year 2009 dollars) each,
due to improvements in shipbuilding technology.
In hearings before both House of Representatives and Senate committees, the Congressional Research Service (CRS)
and expert witnesses testified that the current procurement plans of the Virginia class one per year at present,
accelerating to two per year beginning in 2012 would result in high unit costs and (according to some of the
witnesses and to some of the committee chairmen) an insufficient number of attack submarines. In a 10 March 2005
statement to the House Armed Services Committee, Ronald O'Rourke of the CRS testified that, assuming the
production rate remains as planned, "production economies of scale for submarines would continue to remain limited
or poor."
In 2001, Newport News Shipbuilding and General Dynamics Electric Boat Company built a quarter-scale version of
a Virginia class submarine dubbed Large Scale Vehicle II (LSV II) Cutthroat. The vehicle was designed as an
affordable test platform for new technologies.
The Virginia-class is built through an industrial arrangement designed to keep both GD Electric Boat and Newport
News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company (the only two U.S. shipyards capable of building nuclear-powered
vessels) in the submarine-building business. Under the present arrangement, the Newport News facility builds the
stern, habitability and machinery spaces, torpedo room, sail and bow, while Electric Boat builds the engine room and
control room. The facilities alternate work on the reactor plant as well as the final assembly, test, outfit and delivery.
Virginia-class submarine
362
ORourke wrote in 2004 that, "Compared to a one-yard strategy, approaches involving two yards may be more
expensive but offer potential offsetting benefits." Among the claims of "offsetting benefits" that O'Rourke attributes
to supporters of a two-facility construction arrangement is that it "would permit the United States to continue
building submarines at one yard even if the other yard is rendered incapable of building submarines permanently or
for a sustained period of time by a catastrophic event of some kind", including an enemy attack.
In order to get the submarine's price down to $2 billion per submarine in FY-05 dollars, the Navy instituted a
cost-reduction program to shave off approximately $400 million in costs off each submarine's price tag. The project
was dubbed "2 for 4 in 12," referring to the Navy's desire to buy two boats for $4billion in FY-12. Under pressure
from Congress, the Navy opted to start buying two boats a year earlier, in FY-11, meaning that officials would not be
able to get the $2billion price tag before the service started buying two submarines per year. However, program
manager Dave Johnson said at a conference on 19 March 2008, that the program was only $30million away from
achieving the $2billion price goal, and would reach that target on schedule.
[7]
The Virginia Class Program Office received the David Packard Excellence in Acquisition Award in 1996, 1998,
2008, "for excelling in four specific award criteria: reducing life-cycle costs; making the acquisition system more
efficient, responsive, and timely; integrating defense with the commercial base and practices; and promoting
continuous improvement of the acquisition process".
In December 2008, the Navy signed a $14 billion contract with General Dynamics and Northrop Grumman to supply
eight submarines. The contractors will deliver one submarine in each of fiscal 2009 and 2010, and two submarines
on each of fiscal 2011, 2012 and 2013. This contract will bring the Navy's Virginia-class fleet to 18 submarines. And
in December 2010, the United States Congress passed a defense authorization bill that expanded production to two
subs per year. Two submarine-per-year production resumed on 2 September 2011 with commencement of SSN-787
construction.
On 21 June 2008, the Navy christened New Hampshire(SSN-778), the first Block II submarine. This boat was
delivered eight months ahead of schedule and $54million under budget. BlockII boats are built in four sections,
compared to the ten sections of the Block I boats. This enables a cost saving of about $300 million per boat, reducing
the overall cost to $2 billion per boat and the construction of two new boats per year. Beginning in 2010, new
submarines of this class will include a software system that can monitor and reduce their electromagnetic signatures
when needed.
The first full-duration six-month deployment was successfully carried out from 15 October 2009 to 13 April 2010.
Authorization of full-rate production and the declaration of full operational capability was achieved five months
later. In September 2010, it was found that urethane tiles, applied to the hull to damp internal sound and absorb
rather than reflect sonar pulses, were falling off while the subs were at sea. Admiral Kevin McCoy announced that
the problems with the Mold-in-Place Special Hull Treatment for the early subs had been fixed in 2011, then the
Minnesota was built and found to have the same problem.
Professor Ross Babbage of the Australian National University has called on Australia to buy or lease a dozen
Virginia class submarines from the United States, rather than locally build 12 replacements for its Collins class
submarines.
In 2013, just as two-per-year sub construction was supposed to commence, Congress failed to resolve the United
States fiscal cliff, forcing the Navy to attempt to "de-obligate" construction funds.
Virginia-class submarine
363
Technology barriers
Because of the low rate of Virginia production, the Navy entered into a program with DARPA to overcome
technology barriers to lower the cost of attack submarines so that more could be built, to maintain the size of the
fleet.
These include:
Propulsion concepts not constrained by a centerline shaft.
Externally stowed and launched weapons (especially torpedoes).
Conformal alternatives to the existing spherical sonar array.
Technologies that eliminate or substantially simplify existing submarine hull, mechanical and electrical systems.
Automation to reduce crew workload for standard tasks
Virginia Payload Module
The Block III submarines have two multipurpose Virginia Payload Tubes (VPT) replacing the dozen single purpose
cruise missile launch tubes.
The Block V submarines built from 2019 onward will have an additional Virginia Payload Module (VPM) mid-body
section, increasing their overall length. The VPM will add four more VPTs of the same diameter and greater height,
located on the centerline, carrying up to seven Tomahawk missiles apiece, that would replace some of the
capabilities lost when the SSGN conversion Ohio-classsubmarines are retired from the fleet. Initially eight payload
tubes/silos were planned but this was later rejected in favour of 4 tubes installed in a 70-foot long module between
the operations compartment and the propulsion spaces.
[8]
The VPM could potentially carry (non-nuclear) medium-range ballistic missiles. Adding the VPM would increase
the cost of each submarine by $500 million (2012 prices). This additional cost would be offset by reducing the total
submarine force by four ships. More recent reports state that as a cost reduction measure the VPM would carry only
Tomahawk SLCM and possibly unmanned undersea vehicles (UUV) with the new price tag now estimated at
$360380 million per boat (in 2010 prices). The VPM launch tubes/silos will reportedly be similar in design to the
ones planned for the Ohio class replacement. As of September 2013[9] the CNO was still hoping to field the VPM
from 2027, but deployment now seems unlikely since JROC moved the program in February 2013 from the Prompt
Strike budget to the main Navy shipbuilding account, which is already under financial pressure.
Specifications
The christening of USSTexas(SSN-775)
USSVirginia(SSN-774) under construction
Virginia-class submarine
364
USSNew Hampshire(SSN-778) the first of the Block II vessels
Builders: GD Electric Boat and HII Newport News
Length: 377ft (114.91m)
Beam: 34ft (10.36m)
Displacement: 7,800 long tons (7,900t)
Payload: 40 weapons, special operations forces, unmanned undersea vehicles, Advanced SEAL Delivery System
(ASDS)
Propulsion: The S9G nuclear reactor, 29.8 MW delivering 40,000 shaft horse power.
[10]
Nuclear core life
estimated at 33 years.
Maximum diving depth: greater than 800ft (240m), allegedly around 1,600 feet (490m)
Speed: Greater than 25 knots (46km/h; 29mph), allegedly up to 34 knots
Planned cost: about US$1.65 billion each (based on FY95 dollars, 30-ship class and two ship/year build-rate)
Actual cost: US$1.5 billion (in 1994 prices), US$2.6 billion (in 2012 prices)
Crew: 120 enlisted and 14 officers
Armament: 12 VLS & four torpedo tubes, capable of launching Mark 48 torpedoes, UGM-109 Tactical
Tomahawks, Harpoon missiles and the new advanced mobile mine when it becomes available.
Decoys: Acoustic Device Countermeasure Mk 3/4
Boats
Block I
Modular construction techniques were incorporated during construction. Earlier submarines (e.g. Los Angeles class
SSNs) were built by assembling the pressure hull and then installing the equipment via cavities in the pressure hull.
This required extensive construction activities within the narrow confines of the pressure hull which was time
consuming and dangerous. Modular construction was implemented in an effort to overcome these problems and
make the construction process more efficient. Modular construction techniques incorporated during construction
include constructing large segments of equipment outside the hull. These segments (dubbed rafts) are then inserted
into a hull section (a large segment of the pressure hull). The integrated raft and hull section form a module which
when joined with other modules forms a Virginia class submarine.
[11]
Block I boats were built in 10 modules with
each submarine requiring roughly 7 years (84 months) to build.
USSVirginia(SSN-774), commissioned and in service.
USSTexas(SSN-775), commissioned and in service.
USSHawaii(SSN-776), commissioned and in service.
USSNorth Carolina(SSN-777), commissioned and in service.
Virginia-class submarine
365
Block II
Block II boats were built in four sections rather than ten sections, saving about $300 million per boat. Block II boats
(excluding SSN-778) were also built under a multi-year procurement agreement as opposed to a block-buy contract
in Block I, enabling savings in the range of $400 million ($80 million per boat). As a result of improvements in the
construction process, New Hampshire (SSN-778) was 500 million USD cheaper, required 3.7 million fewer labor
hours to build (25% less) thus shortening the construction period by 15 months (20% less) compared to USS
Virginia (SSN-774).
USSNew Hampshire(SSN-778), commissioned and in service.
USSNew Mexico(SSN-779) commissioned and in service.
USSMissouri(SSN-780), commissioned and in service.
USSCalifornia(SSN-781), commissioned and in service.
USSMississippi(SSN-782), commissioned and in service.
USSMinnesota(SSN-783), commissioned and in service.
Block III
SSN-784 through approximately SSN-791 are planned to make up the Third Block or "Flight" and began
construction in 2009. Block III subs will feature a revised bow with a Large Aperture Bow (LAB) sonar array, as
well as technology from Ohio-class SSGNs (2 VLS tubes each containing 6 missiles). The horseshoe-shaped LAB
sonar array will replace the spherical main sonar array which has been used on all U.S. Navy SSNs since 1960. The
LAB sonar array is water-backed as opposed to earlier sonar arrays which were air-backed and consists of a passive
array and a medium-frequency active array. Compared to earlier Virginia class submarines about 40% of the bow has
been redesigned.
North Dakota(SSN-784), named 15 July 2008, laid down 11 May 2012, was christened on 2 November 2013.
and is scheduled to be commissioned in May 2014.
John Warner(SSN-785), named 8 January 2009, laid down 16 March 2013, and is contracted for delivery in
August 2015.
Illinois(SSN-786), construction began in March 2011. It is contracted for delivery in August 2016.
Washington(SSN-787), named 13 April 2012, construction began on 2 September 2011.
Colorado(SSN-788), named June 25, 2012, and under construction with commissioning expected in late
2016/early 2017.
Indiana(SSN-789)
South Dakota(SSN-790)
Delaware(SSN-791)
Block IV
The most costly shipbuilding contract in history was awarded on 28 April 2014 as prime contractor General
Dynamic Electric Boat took on a $17.6 billion contract for ten Block IV Virginia-class attack submarines. The main
improvement over the Block III is the reduction of major maintenance periods from four to three, increasing each
ship's total lifetime deployments by one.
The long-lead-time materials contract for SSN 792 was awarded on 17 April 2012, with SSN 793 and SSN 794
following on 28 December 2012. the U.S. Navy has awarded General Dynamics Electric Boat a $208.6 million
contract modification for the second fiscal year (FY) 14 Virginia-class submarine, SSN-793, and two FY 15
submarines, SSN-794 and SSN-795.With this modification, the overall contract is worth $595 million. Block IV will
consist of 9-10 submarines. Based on the planned split between block IV and block V boats, the block IV
procurement should comprise the following hull numbers.
SSN-792
Virginia-class submarine
366
SSN-793
SSN-794
SSN-795
SSN-796
SSN-797
SSN-798
SSN-799
SSN-800
SSN-801
Block V
Block V subs may incorporate the Virginia Payload Module (VPM), which would give guided-missile capability
when the SSGNs are retired from service. The Block V subs are expected to triple the capacity of shore targets for
each boat.
SSN-802
SSN-803
SSN-804
SSN-805
Future acquisitions
The Navy plans to acquire at least 30 Virginia class submarines, however, more recent data provided by the Naval
Submarine League (in 2011) and the Congressional Budget Office (in 2012) seems to imply that more than 30 may
eventually be built. The Naval Submarine League believes that up to 10 Block V boats will be built. The same
source also states that 10 additional submarines could be built after Block V submarines, with 5 in the so-called
Block VI and 5 in Block VII, largely due to the delays experienced with the "Improved Virginia". These 20
submarines (10 Block V, 5 Block VI, 5 Block VII) would carry VPM bringing the total number of Virginia class
submarines to 48 (including the 28 submarines in Blocks I, II, III and IV). The CBO in its 2012 report states that 33
Virginia class submarines will be procured in the 2013-2032 timeframe, resulting in 49 submarines in total since 16
were already procured by the end of 2012. Such a long production run seems unlikely but it should be noted that
another naval program, the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, is still ongoing even though the first vessel was procured
in 1985. However, other sources believe that production will end with Block V. In addition, data provided in CBO
reports tends to vary considerably compared to earlier editions.
In 2013 execution of a 10 submarine contract was put in doubt by Budget sequestration in 2013. On 28 April 2014,
the Navy awarded a $17.6 billion order for two subs to be built during each of the next five years.
Virginia-class submarine
367
Improved Virginia
Initially dubbed Future Attack Submarine. Improved Virginia-class submarines will be an evolved version of the
Virginia-class. It was planned that the first "Improved" Virginia-class submarine would be procured in 2025.
However, according to some reports their introduction has been pushed back by eight years, to 2033.
References
[1] [1] The USN's budget request for two Virginias in financial year 2014 (FY2014) is US$5,414.2 million, including $1,530.8m of advance funding
from previous years.
[2] Navy Considers Future After Virginia-Class Subs (http:/ / defensetech. org/ 2014/ 02/ 12/ navy-considers-future-after-virginia-class-subs/ ) -
Defensetech.org, 12 February 2014
[3] http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ policy/ seapower/ npg13/ top-npg13. pdf
[4] http:/ / www. dote. osd. mil/ pub/ reports/ FY2013/ pdf/ navy/ 2013arci. pdf
[5] http:/ / www. public. navy. mil/ fltfor/ insurv3/ Getting_Inspected/ Documents/ Submarine/ References/ Survivability%20and%20Escape/
774_Guard_Book/
774CL%20Aft%20Guard%20Book%20S9594-AP-SAR-H10%20Rev00%20with%20ACN%201-1%20ACN%201-2%20ACN%201-3. pdf
[6] http:/ / www. navalsubleague. com/ NSL/ documents/ Submarine%20Road%20Show%20NSL%2017%20Aug%202011%20NSL. ppsx
[7] http:/ / insidedefense.com/ secure/ defense_docnum.asp?f=defense_2002. ask& docnum=NAVY-21-12-4
[8] http:/ / www. public. navy. mil/ subfor/ underseawarfaremagazine/ issues/ archives/ issue_47/ virginia_2. html
[9] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Virginia-class_submarine& action=edit
[10] http:/ / www.ewp. rpi.edu/ hartford/ ~ernesto/ F2010/ EP2/ Materials4Students/ Misiaszek/ NuclearMarinePropulsion. pdf
[11] http:/ / www.public.navy.mil/ subfor/ underseawarfaremagazine/ Issues/ Archives/ issue_43/ build_plan. html
Further reading
Clancy, Tom. Submarine: A Guided Tour Inside A Nuclear Warship. New York, N.Y. : Berkley Books, 2002.
ISBN 0-425-18300-9 OCLC 48749330 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 48749330).
Christley, J. L. United States Naval Submarine Force Information Book. Marblehead, MA : Graphic Enterprises
of Marblehead, 2000. OCLC 53364278 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 53364278)
Christley, Jim. US Nuclear Submarines: The Fast Attack. Oxford, UK, 2007. ISBN 1-846-03168-0 OCLC
141383046 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 141383046).
Cross, Wilbur and George W. Feise. Encyclopedia of American Submarines. New York : Facts on File, 2003.
ISBN 0-816-04460-0 OCLC 48131805 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 48131805)
Gresham, John and Westwell, Ian. Seapower. Edison, N.J. : Chartwell Books, 2004. ISBN 0-785-81792-1 OCLC
56578494 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 56578494).
Parker, John. The World Encyclopedia of Submarines. London : Lorenz, 2007. ISBN 0-754-81707-5 OCLC
75713655 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 75713655)
Polmar, Norman. The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet. Annapolis, Md. : Naval
Institute Press, 2001. ISBN 1-557-50656-6 OCLC 47105698 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 47105698).
United States. The Virginia Class Submarine Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Standardization Program
Office, 2007. OCLC 427536804 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ oclc/ 427536804)
External links
Holian, Thomas (2007). "Voices from Virginia" (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ cno/ n87/ usw/ issue_33/
virginia. html). Undersea Warfare Magazine 9 (2). Early Impressions from a First-in-Class
Johnson, Dave, CAPT; Muniz, Dustin, LTJG (2007). "More for Less" (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ cno/
n87/ usw/ issue_33/ more. html). Undersea Warfare 9 (2).The Navys Plan to Reduce Costs on Virginia-class
Submarines While Increasing Production
Little, Molly (Summer 2008). "The Elements of Virginia" (http:/ / www. navy. mil/ navydata/ cno/ n87/ usw/
usw_summer_08/ elements. html). Undersea Warfare Magazine (38). Updates on the boats of the Virginia-class
Virginia-class submarine
368
Little, Molly (Summer 2008). "A Snapshot of the Virginia-class With Rear Adm. (sel.) Dave Johnson" (http:/ /
www. navy. mil/ navydata/ cno/ n87/ usw/ usw_summer_08/ q& a. html). Undersea Warfare (38). Q&A on the
Virginia-class program since the Winter 2007 article
Naval History & Heritage Command (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ )
VIRGINIA CLASS ATTACK SUBMARINE - SSN (http:/ / www. military. com/ equipment/
virginia-class-attack-submarine-ssn)
NSSN Virginia Class Attack Submarine (http:/ / www. naval-technology. com/ projects/ nssn/ ), United States of
America
Stealth, Endurance, and Agility Under the Sea (http:/ / www. public. navy. mil/ subfor/ hq/ Pages/ VirginiaClass.
aspx)
Virginia Class Submarines (http:/ / xpda. com/ virginiasubs/ ) Some U.S. Navy Photos of Virginia Class
Submarines
George Washington-class submarine
369
George Washington-class submarine
USSGeorge Washington(SSBN-598) at sea.
Class overview
Succeededby: Ethan Allen
Built: 19581961
In commission: 19591985
Completed: 5
Retired: 5
General characteristics
Type: SSBN
Displacement: 5,400 tons light
5,9596,019 tons surfaced
6,7096,888 Approx. tons submerged
Length: 381.6ft (116.3m)
Beam: 33ft (10m)
Draft: 29ft (8.8m)
Propulsion: 1 S5W PWR
2 geared turbines at 15,000shp
1 Screw
Speed: 20 knots (37km/h) surfaced
+25 knots (46km/h) submerged
Range: unlimited except by food supplies
Test depth: 700ft (210m)
Capacity: 112 (Crew Only)
Complement: Two crews (Blue/Gold) each consisting of 12 officers and 100 men.
Armament: 16 Polaris A1/A3 missiles
6 21 inches (530mm) torpedo tubes
The George Washington class was a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines deployed by the United
States Navy. The Navy ordered a class of nuclear-powered submarines armed with long-range strategic missiles on
George Washington-class submarine
370
31 December 1957, and tasked Electric Boat with converting two existing attack submarine hulls to ballistic
missile-carrying boats to quickly create the deterrent force. To accomplish this conversion, Electric Boat persuaded
the Navy in January 1958 to slip the launch dates for two Skipjackclass fast attack submarines, the just-begun
Scorpion(SSN-589) and the not-yet-started Sculpin(SSN-590). On 12 February 1958, President Dwight D.
Eisenhower authorized funding for three ballistic missile submarines.
The George Washingtons were essentially Skipjacks with a 130 foot (40m) missile compartment, inserted between
the ship's control/navigation areas and the nuclear reactor compartment. In the case of the lead ship, USSGeorge
Washington(SSBN-598), that was literally the case: the keel already laid by Electric Boat at Groton, Connecticut for
Scorpion was cut apart and extended to become the keel for George Washington. Then Electric Boat and Mare Island
Naval Shipyard began construction of one other boat each from extended plans. President Eisenhower authorized
construction of two more submarines on 29 July 1958. Newport News Shipbuilding and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
began work immediately.
The George Washingtons carried the Polaris A1 missile on their patrols until 2 June 1964, when the George
Washington changed out her missiles for Polaris A3s. The last member of this class, USSAbraham
Lincoln(SSBN-602) swapped out her A1s for A3s on 14 October 1965.
In the early 1980s, to make room within the limitations imposed by SALT II for the Ohio-class ballistic missile
submarines, George Washington, USS Patrick Henry(SSBN-599), and USSRobert E. Lee(SSBN-601) had their
missiles removed and were reclassified as attack submarines, a role in which they served for several years prior to
being decommissioned by 1986.
Boats
Submarines of the George Washington Class:
Name Builder Laid Down Launched Commissioned Fate
George
Washington
General Dynamics Electric Boat,
Groton, Connecticut
1 November
1958
9 June 1959 30 December
1959
Disposed of through Ship-Submarine
Recycling Program at Bremerton, 1998
Patrick Henry General Dynamics Electric Boat,
Groton
27 May 1958 22 September
1959
11 April 1960 Disposed of through Ship-Submarine
Recycling Program at Bremerton, 1997
Theodore
Roosevelt
Mare Island Naval Shipyard,
Vallejo
20 May 1958 3 October
1959
13 February
1961
Disposed of through Ship-Submarine
Recycling Program at Bremerton, 1995
Robert E. Lee Newport News Shipbuilding and
Drydock Co., Newport News
25 August
1958
18 December
1959
15 September
1960
Disposed of through Ship-Submarine
Recycling Program at Bremerton, 1991
Abraham
Lincoln
Newport News Shipbuilding and
Drydock Co., Newport News
25 August
1958
18 December
1959
15 September
1960
Disposed of through Ship-Submarine
Recycling Program at Bremerton, 1991
References
External links
Media related to George Washington class submarines at Wikimedia Commons
Ethan Allen-class submarine
371
Ethan Allen-class submarine
The USS Ethan Allen
Class overview
Builders:
General Dynamics Electric Boat
Newport News Shipbuilding
[]
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: George Washington-class submarine
Succeededby: Lafayette-class submarine
Built: 19591960
In commission: 19611992
Completed: 5
Retired: 5
General characteristics
Type: Ballistic Missile Submarine
Displacement:
approx. 7,900 tons submerged
[1]
Length: 410feet 4inches (125.1m)
Beam: 33.1 feet (10.1m)
Draft: 29feet 10inches (9.1m)
Propulsion: S5W reactor - two geared steam turbines - one shaft
Speed: 16 knots (30km/h; 18mph) surfaced, 21 knots (24mph; 39km/h) submerged
Test depth: 1,300 feet (400m)
Complement: 12 Officers and 128 Enlisted (two crews Blue and Gold)
Armament: 16 fleet ballistic missiles, 4 21in (530mm) torpedo tubes
The Ethan Allen class of fleet ballistic missile submarine was an evolutionary development from the George
Washington class. The Ethan Allen, together with the George Washington, Lafayette, James Madison, and Benjamin
Franklin classes comprise the "41 for Freedom."
Rather than being designed as Skipjackclass attack submarines with a missile compartment added, the Ethan Allens
were designed from scratch as Fleet Balistic Missile (FBM) submarines carrying the Polaris A-2 missile. In the early
Ethan Allen-class submarine
372
and mid-1970s, they were upgraded to Polaris A3s. Because they could not be modified to carry the larger diameter
Poseidon missile, in the early 1980s they were refitted as SSNs (attack submarines) fire control systems were
removed and the missile tubes were filled with concrete. Two were further converted to carry SEALs,
accommodating 67 troops each. The Ethan Allen class submarines were decommissioned between 1983 and 1992.
All have now been broken up.
Boats
Submarines of the Ethan Allen class:
[2]
USSEthan Allen(SSBN-608)
USSSam Houston(SSBN-609)
USSThomas A. Edison(SSBN-610)
USSJohn Marshall(SSBN-611)
USSThomas Jefferson(SSBN-618)
In fiction
In the Tom Clancy novel Hunt for Red October the Ethan Allen (by now old and ready to be broken up), is detonated
near the Red October in order to convince the Soviets that the fictional Typhoon had been destroyed.
References
Citations
[1] "USS Ethan Allen (SSBN 608)" from the navysite (http:/ / www. navysite. de/ ssbn/ ssbn608. htm)
[2] California Center of Military History (http:/ / www.submarinehistory. com/ FleetBallisticMissileSubmarines. html)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethan Allen class submarines.
Federation of American Scientists (http:/ / www. fas. org/ nuke/ guide/ usa/ slbm/ ssbn-608. htm)
Navy site.de (http:/ / navysite. de/ ssbn/ ssbn608. htm)
Lafayette-class submarine
373
Lafayette-class submarine
Lafayette class submarine USS Woodrow Wilson
Class overview
Builders:
General Dynamics Electric Boat
Mare Island Naval Shipyard
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
[]
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Ethan Allen-class submarine
Succeededby: James Madison-class submarine
Built: 19611964
In commission: 19631994
Completed: 9
Retired: 9
Preserved: 1 (As Training Vessel)
General characteristics
Type: Ballistic missile submarine
Displacement: 7,250 long tons (7,370t) surfaced
8,250 long tons (8,380t) submerged
Length: 425ft (130m)
Beam: 33ft (10m)
Draft:
31ft 6in (9.60m)
[1]
Propulsion: 1 S5W reactor - two geared steam turbines - 1 shaft
Speed: 20 knots (37km/h) surfaced
25 knots (46km/h) submerged
Complement: Two crews of 13 officers and 130 enlisted
Armament: 4 21in (530mm) torpedo tubes for Mark 48 torpedoes
16 vertical tubes for Polaris or Poseidon ballistic missiles
Lafayette-class submarine
374
The Lafayette class of submarine was an evolutionary development from the Ethan Allenclass of fleet ballistic
missile submarine, slightly larger and generally improved. This class, together with the George Washington, Ethan
Allen, James Madison, and Benjamin Franklin classes, comprised the "41 for Freedom."
The first eight submarines initially deployed with the Polaris A-2 missile, later being refitted with the longer ranged
Polaris A-3, with USSDaniel Webster(SSBN-626) having the A-3 missile from the start.
[1]
In the mid-1970s they
were upgraded to carry the Poseidon C3 missile.
Unlike the similar James Madison and Benjamin Franklin classes, none of the Lafayette class submarines were
refitted with Trident missiles. They were decommissioned between 1986 and 1992, with one (Daniel Webster)
remaining in use as a Moored Training Ship.
[2]
Boats
Submarines of the Lafayette class:
[3]
USSLafayette(SSBN-616)
USSAlexander Hamilton(SSBN-617)
USSAndrew Jackson(SSBN-619)
USSJohn Adams(SSBN-620)
USSJames Monroe(SSBN-622)
USSNathan Hale(SSBN-623)
USSWoodrow Wilson(SSBN-624)
USSHenry Clay(SSBN-625)
USSDaniel Webster(SSBN-626)
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lafayette class submarines.
Citations
[1] [1] Polmar 1981, p.21.
[2] [2] Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p.612.
[3] http:/ / www. submarinehistory.com/ FleetBallisticMissileSubmarines. html California Center for Military History
Bibliography
Gardiner, Robert and Chumbley, Stephen (editors). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995.
Annapolis, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
Polmar, Norman. The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet: Twelfth Edition. London:Arms and Armour Press,
1981. ISBN 0-85368-397-2.
US Naval Vessel Register - List of SSBN BALLISTIC MISSILE SUBMARINE (NUCLEAR-POWERED) Class
vessels (http:/ / www. nvr. navy. mil/ nvrships/ s_SSBN. htm)
James Madison-class submarine
375
James Madison-class submarine
USS John C. Calhoun (SSBN-630)
Class overview
Builders:
General Dynamics Electric Boat
Mare Island Naval Shipyard
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard
Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
[]
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Lafayette-class submarine
Succeededby: Benjamin Franklin-class submarine
Built: 19621964
In commission: 19641995
Completed: 10
Retired: 10
Preserved: 1 (As Training Vessel - SSBN-635)
General characteristics
Type: Ballistic Missile Submarine
Displacement:
7,250 long tons (7,370t) surfaced
8,250 long tons (8,380t) submerged
[1]
Length: 425ft (130m)
Beam: 33ft (10m)
Draft: 31ft 6in (9.60m)
Propulsion: 1 S5W reactor - two geared steam turbines - 1 shaft
Speed: 20 knots (37km/h) surfaced
25 knots (46km/h) submerged
Complement: Two crews of 13 officers and 130 enlisted
Armament: 4 21in (530mm) torpedo tubes for Mark 48 torpedoes
16 vertical tubes for Polaris or Poseidon ballistic missiles
James Madison-class submarine
376
The James Madison class of submarine was an evolutionary development from the Lafayetteclass of fleet ballistic
missile submarine. They were identical to the Lafayettes except for being designed to carry the Polaris A-3 missile
instead of the earlier A-2. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, select units were further modified to carry Trident-I
(C-4) missiles. This class, together with the George Washington, Ethan Allen, Lafayette, and Benjamin Franklin
classes, comprised the "41 for Freedom."
Class Improvements
Improvements in the James Madison class included the ballistic missile, guidance, fire control, navigation, and
launcher systems. The improved missile system introduced was the Polaris A3 missile. The A3 was restricted by size
because it had to fit into the existing submarine launch tube. But it was 1.5 inches (3.8cm) longer, weighed 4,000
pounds (1,800kg) more, and had a range 1,000 nautical miles (1,900km) farther than the A2. Additionally, the
number of reentry systems was increased from 1 to 3, making this the first multiple reentry vehicle missile.
The guidance, fire control, and navigation systems were improved to account for the longer range of the A3 missile.
The launcher system was improved by replacing the liquid springs on which the launch tube rested with
polyurethane foam.
Boats
Submarines of the James Madison class:
[2]
USSJames Madison(SSBN-627)
USSTecumseh(SSBN-628)
USSDaniel Boone(SSBN-629)
USSJohn C. Calhoun(SSBN-630)
USSUlysses S. Grant(SSBN-631)
USSVon Steuben(SSBN-632)
USSCasimir Pulaski(SSBN-633)
USSStonewall Jackson(SSBN-634)
USSSam Rayburn(SSBN-635)
USSNathanael Greene(SSBN-636)
References
[1] "USS James Madison (SSBN 627)" from the navysite.de (http:/ / www. navysite. de/ ssbn/ ssbn627. htm)
[2] http:/ / www. submarinehistory.com/ FleetBallisticMissileSubmarines. html California Center for Military History
Benjamin Franklin-class submarine
377
Benjamin Franklin-class submarine
USSBenjamin Franklin(SSBN-640)
Class overview
Builders: General Dynamics Electric Boat
Newport News Shipbuilding
Mare Island Naval Shipyard
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: James Madison
Succeededby: Ohio
Built: 19631967
In commission: 19652002
Completed: 12
Retired: 12
General characteristics
Length: 425ft (130m)
Beam: 33ft (10m)
Draft: 31ft (9.4m)
Propulsion: S5W reactor
Armament: 4 21in (530mm) torpedo tubes
16 vertical tubes for ballistic missiles
The Benjamin Franklin-class submarine was an evolutionary development from the James Madisonclass of fleet
ballistic missile submarine. Having quieter machinery and other improvements, they are considered a separate class.
A subset of this class is the re-engineered 640 class starting with USSGeorge C. Marshall(SSBN-654). The
Benjamin Franklin class, together with the George Washington, Ethan Allen, Lafayette, and James Madison classes,
comprise the "41 for Freedom."
The Benjamin Franklin-class submarines were built with the Polaris A-3 ballistic missile, and later converted to
carry the Poseidon C-3. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, selected units were further modified to carry
Trident-I (C-4) ballistic missiles.
Two submarines of this class were converted for delivery of special warfare units ashore. In the early 1990s, to make
room for the Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines within the limits set by the SALT II strategic arms limitation
treaty, the ballistic missile tubes of USSKamehameha(SSBN-642) and USSJames K. Polk(SSBN-645) were
disabled. Those boats were redesignated special operations attack submarines and given attack submarine (SSN) hull
numbers.
USS Kamehameha was decommissioned on 2 April 2002, the last ship of the Benjamin Franklin class to be
decommissioned.
Benjamin Franklin-class submarine
378
Boats
Submarines of the Benjamin Franklin class:
[1]
(Submarines marked with * indicate Trident C-4 ballistic missile
conversions.)
USSBenjamin Franklin(SSBN-640) *
USSSimon Bolivar(SSBN-641) *
USSKamehameha(SSBN-642)
USSGeorge Bancroft(SSBN-643) *
USSLewis and Clark(SSBN-644)
USSJames K. Polk(SSBN-645)
USSGeorge C. Marshall(SSBN-654)
USSHenry L. Stimson(SSBN-655) *
USSGeorge Washington Carver(SSBN-656)
USSFrancis Scott Key(SSBN-657) *
USSMariano G. Vallejo(SSBN-658) *
USSWill Rogers(SSBN-659)
References
[1] http:/ / www. submarinehistory.com/ FleetBallisticMissileSubmarines. html California Center for Military History
Ohio-class submarine
379
Ohio-class submarine
The USS Michigan (SSBN-727) at a drydock, in November 2002.
Class overview
Name: Ohio
Builders: General Dynamics Electric Boat
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Benjamin Franklinclass
Built: 19761997
In commission: 1981present
Planned: 24
Completed: 18
Cancelled: 6
Active: 18
General characteristics
Type: SSBN/SSGN (hull design SCB-304)
Displacement: 16,764 tonnes (16,499 long tons) surfaced
18,750 tonnes (18,450 long tons) submerged
Length: 560ft (170m)
Beam: 42ft (13m)
Draft: 35.5ft (10.8m) maximum
Propulsion: 1 S8G PWR nuclear reactor
2 geared turbines; 60,000shp (45MW) Fairbanks Morse auxiliary diesel
1 325hp (242kW) auxiliary motor
1 shaft with seven-bladed screw
Speed: 12 knots (22km/h; 14mph) surfaced
20 knots (37km/h; 23mph) submerged (official)
25 knots (46km/h; 29mph) submerged (reported)
Range: Limited only by food supplies
Test depth: +800ft (240m)
Crew: 15 officers, 140 enlisted
Ohio-class submarine
380
Sensors and
processing systems:
BQQ-6 passive bow-mounted array (which includes BQS-13 fire control array)
BQR-19 navigation
TB-16 or BQR-23 towed array
BQR-25 conformal array
Armament: 4 21in (53cm) Mark 48 torpedo tubes (midships)
General characteristics SSBN-726 to SSBN-733 from construction to refueling
Armament: 24 Trident I C4 SLBM with up to 8 MIRVed 100kt
TNT
W76 nuclear warheads each, range 4,000nmi
(7,400km; 4,600mi)
General characteristics SSBN-734 and subsequent hulls upon construction, SSBN-730 to SSBN-733
since refueling
Armament: 24 Trident II D5 SLBM with up to 12 MIRVed W76 or W88 (300475kt
TNT
) nuclear warheads each,
range 6,500nmi (12,000km; 7,500mi)
General characteristics SSGN conversion
Armament: 22 tubes, each with 7 Tomahawk cruise missiles, totaling 154
The Ohio class is a class of nuclear-powered submarines used by the United States Navy. The navy has 18
Ohio-class submarines: 14 ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) and four that were later converted to guided missile
submarines (SSGN).
The Ohio class is named after the lead submarine of this class, USSOhio. The 14 Trident II SSBNs together carry
approximately fifty percent of the total US active inventory of strategic thermonuclear warheads. The exact number
of warheads deployed in the oceans of the world varies in an unpredictable and classified manner, always at or below
a maximum number set by various Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties. Although the Trident missiles have no pre-set
targets when the submarines go on patrol, the warships, when required, are capable of quickly being assigned targets
by using secure and constant radio communications links at sea, including very low frequency (VLF) systems.
All the Ohio-class submarines, except for the USS Henry M. Jackson (SSBN-730), are named for U.S. states, which
until that point was a tradition reserved for battleships and cruisers.
The Ohio-class submarines are the largest submarines ever built for the U.S. Navy. Two classes of the Russian
Navy's submarines have larger total displacements: the Soviet-designed Typhoon-class submarines have more than
twice the total displacement, and Russia's Borei-class submarines have roughly 25 percent greater displacement, but
the Ohio-class warships carry more missiles than either of the other designs: 24 Trident missiles per boat, versus 16
missiles for the Borei class (20 for the Borei II) and 20 for the Typhoon-class.
Description
The Ohio-class submarines were designed specifically for extended war-deterrence patrols. Each of these submarines
is provided with two complete crews, called the Blue crew and the Gold crew, with each crew serving typically on
70- to 90-day deterrent patrols. To decrease the time in port for crew turnover and replenishment, three large
logistics hatches have been installed to provide large-diameter resupply and repair access. These hatches allow rapid
transfer of supply pallets, equipment replacement modules, and machinery components, significantly reducing the
time required for replenishment and maintenance of the submarines.
Longitudinal cross-section diagram of Ohio-class
submarines
The class's design allows the warship to operate for about fifteen years
between major overhauls. These submarines are reported to be as quiet
at their cruising speed of 20 knots (37km/h; 23mph) or more than the
previous Lafayette-class submarines were at 6 knots (11km/h;
6.9mph), although exact information remains
classified.Wikipedia:Citation needed Fire control for their Mark 48
torpedoes is carried out by Mark 118 Mod 2 system, while the Missile Fire Control (MFC) system is a Mark 98.
Ohio-class submarine
381
The Ohio-class submarines were constructed from sections of hull, with each four-deck section being 42ft (13m) in
diameter. The sections were produced at General Dynamics Electric Boat's Quonset Point, Rhode Island facility, and
then assembled at their Groton, Connecticut shipyard.
The US Navy has a total of 18 Ohio-class submarines which consist of 14 ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), and
four cruise missile submarines (SSGNs). The SSBN submarines are also known as "Trident" submarines, and
provide the sea-based leg of the U.S. nuclear triad. Each SSBN submarine is armed with up to 24 Trident II
submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM). Each SSGN is capable of carrying 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles
with either conventional or nuclear warheads, plus a complement of Harpoon missiles to be fired through their
torpedo tubes.
History
See also: STRAT-X
The first eight Ohio-class submarines were armed at first with 24 Trident I C4 SLBMs. Beginning with the ninth
Trident submarine, USSTennessee(SSBN-734), the remaining boats were equipped with the larger, three-stage
Trident II D5 missile. The Trident II missile carries eight multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRV),
in total delivering more destructive power than the Trident I missile and with greater accuracy. Starting with
USSAlaska in 2000, the Navy began converting its remaining ballistic missile submarines armed with C4 missiles to
carry D5 missiles. This task was completed in mid-2008.
The first eight submarines had their home ports at Bangor, Washington, to replace the submarines carrying the
Polaris A3 missile that were then being decommissioned. The remaining ten submarines originally had their home
ports at Kings Bay, Georgia, replacing the Poseidon and Trident Backfit submarines of the Atlantic Fleet. During the
conversion of the first four submarines to SSGNs (see below), five of the submarines, Pennsylvania, Kentucky,
Nebraska, Maine, and Louisiana, were transferred from Kings Bay to Bangor. Further transfers occur as the strategic
weapons goals of the United States change.
In 2011, Ohio class submarines carried out 28 deterrent patrols. Each patrol lasts around 70 days. Four boats are on
station ("hard alert") in designated patrol areas at any given time. From August to December 2010, USS Maine
(SSBN-741) carried out a 105 day-long patrol, the longest to date.
SSBN/SSGN conversions
After the end of the Cold War, plans called for Ohio to be retired in 2002, followed by three of her sister boats.
However, Ohio, Michigan, Florida, and Georgia instead were slated for modification, to remain in service carrying
conventionally armed guided missiles, and were redesignated as SSGNs.
Beginning in 2002 through 2010, 22 of the 24 88 inches (2.2m) diameter Trident missile tubes were modified to
contain large vertical launch systems (VLS), one configuration of which may be a cluster of seven Tomahawk cruise
missiles. In this configuration, the number of cruise missiles carried could be a maximum of 154, the equivalent of
what is typically deployed in a surface battle group. Other payload possibilities include new generations of
supersonic and hypersonic cruise missiles, and Submarine Launched Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles
(SLIRBM), unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), the ADM-160 MALD, sensors for anti-submarine warfare or
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions, countermine warfare payloads such as the AN/BLQ-11 Long
Term Mine Reconnaissance System (LMRS), and the broaching universal buoyant launcher (BUBL) and stealthy
affordable capsule system (SACS) specialized payload canisters.
Ohio-class submarine
382
The USS Ohio being converted from an SSBN to
an SSGN in March 2004.
The missile tubes also have room for stowage canisters that can extend
the forward deployment time for special forces. The other two Trident
tubes are converted to swimmer lockout chambers. For special
operations, the Advanced SEAL Delivery System and the Dry Deck
Shelter can be mounted on the lockout chamber and the boat will be
able to host up to 66 special operations sailors or Marines, such as
Navy SEALs, or USMC MARSOC teams. Improved communications
equipment installed during the upgrade allows the SSGNs to serve as a
forward-deployed, clandestine Small Combatant Joint Command
Center.
On 26 September 2002, the Navy awarded the Electric Boat company a US$442.9 million contract to begin the first
phase of the SSGN submarine conversion program. Those funds covered only the initial phase of conversion for the
first two boats on the schedule. Advanced procurement was funded at $355 million in fiscal year 2002, $825 million
in the FY 2003 budget and, through the five-year defense budget plan, at $936 million in FY 2004, $505 million in
FY 2005, and $170 million in FY 2006. Thus, the total cost to refit the four boats is just under $700 million per
vessel.
The helm of the Ohio-class guided-missile
submarine, USS Florida (SSGN-728), in March
2010.
In November 2002, Ohio entered a drydock, beginning her 36-month
refueling and missile conversion overhaul. Electric Boat announced on
9 January 2006 that the conversion had been completed. The converted
Ohio rejoined the fleet in February 2006, followed by the Florida in
April 2006. The converted Michigan was delivered in November 2006.
The converted Ohio went to sea for the first time in October 2007.
Georgia returned to the fleet in March 2008 at Kings Bay. These four
SSGNs are expected to remain in service until about 20232026. At
that point their capabilities will be replaced with Virginia Payload
Module equipped Virginia-class submarines.
Replacement
Main article: Ohio Replacement Submarine
The U.S. Department of Defense anticipates a continued need for a sea-based strategic nuclear force. The first of the
current Ohio SSBNs are expected to be retired by 2029, meaning that a platform must already be seaworthy by that
time. A replacement may cost over $4 billion per unit compared to the USS Ohio's $2 billion. The U.S. Navy is
exploring two options. The first is a variant of the Virginia-class nuclear attack submarines. The second is a
dedicated SSBN, either with a new hull or based on an overhaul of the current Ohio.Wikipedia:Citation needed
With the cooperation of both Electric Boat and Newport News Shipbuilding, in 2007, the U.S. Navy began a cost
control study. Then in December 2008 the U.S. Navy awarded Electric Boat a contract for the missile compartment
design of the Ohio-class replacement, worth up to $592 million. Newport News is expected to receive close to 4% of
that project. The U.S. Navy has yet to confirm an Ohio-class replacement program. However, in April 2009, U.S.
Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates confirmed that the U.S. Navy should begin such a program in
2010.Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers#Precise language The new vessel is scheduled to enter the
design phase by 2014. It is anticipated that, if a new hull design is used, the program must be initiated by 2016 in
order to meet the 2029 deadline.
Ohio-class submarine
383
In popular culture
Artist's concept of an Ohio-class SSGN launching
Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles.
As ballistic missile submarines, the Ohio class has occasionally been
portrayed in fiction books and films.
The fictional USS Montana is featured in the James Cameron 1989
undersea adventure The Abyss.
USSAlabama is the setting for the 1995 submarine film, Crimson
Tide.
The fictional ballistic missile submarine, USS Colorado
(SSBN-753), is the primary setting for the ABC television series
Last Resort.
The then fictional USS Alaska was the setting for the 1980 novel
The Gold Crew by Thomas N. Scortia and Frank M. Robinson.
The USS Maine plays a major role in Tom Clancy's novel The Sum of All Fears.
References
Further reading
Hutchinson, Robert (2006). Jane's Submarines War Beneath the Waves: From 1776 to the Present Day. New Line
Books. ISBN 978-1-59764-181-4.
Navy Ohio Replacement (SSBN-X) Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress
(https:/ / opencrs. com/ document/ R41129/ ) Congressional Research Service
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ohio class submarines.
SSBN-726 Ohio-class page on Globalsecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ wmd/ systems/ ssbn-726.
htm)
SSGN-726 Ohio-class page on Globalsecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ship/
ssgn-726. htm)
Article Sources and Contributors
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Dawkeye, Derekbridges, Kallemax, Mccomb, RasputinAXP, Rcbutcher, Russ3Z, STB-1, TomTheHand, Trappist the monk, 3 anonymous edits
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Hindermath, Klemen Kocjancic, Lightmouse, MarsRover, Mccomb, Russ3Z, STB-1, The Bushranger, Trappist the monk, 2 anonymous edits
Bronstein-class frigate Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605873564 Contributors: Ala.foum, Bellhalla, Captain Yankee, DanMS, Darkhelmet322, Dawkeye, Derekbridges,
Dual Freq, Elonka, Felix Stember, Gaius Cornelius, Haus, Hibernian, Hmains, Klemen Kocjancic, MBK004, Matrek, Mccomb, Mdnavman, Nehrams2020, New Hampshirite, Ohconfucius,
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Iceberg3k, Klemen Kocjancic, Life of Riley, Lightmouse, MBK004, Malo, Mccomb, Miq, Naddy, RasputinAXP, Rcbutcher, Renat1990, Rettetast, Rocketmaniac, Rupert Nichol, STB-1,
Seaphoto, Shinerunner, SpartanPhalanx8588, TCav, The Bushranger, TheGuruTech, Thewellman, TomTheHand, Trappist the monk, WeeWillieWiki, Wiher, 10 anonymous edits
Charles F. Adams-class destroyer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605219146 Contributors: A. B., Alureiter, Andrew Gray, Argos'Dad, Beetstra, Bellhalla, Bzeleznik,
Camerong, Cobatfor, D6, Dawkeye, De728631, Dual Freq, Elizabethreed, Florian Adler, Gaetano56, Gdr, Glevum, GraemeLeggett, Hammersfan, Haus, Howcheng, Jarl of Torvaldsland,
Jasonw611, John of Reading, Khazar2, Klemen Kocjancic, Life of Riley, MBK004, MK, Mccomb, Michael Pocock, Modest Genius, Naddy, Nick-D, Odysseas, Onopearls, Pibwl, Plastikspork,
R'n'B, RL0919, Rich Farmbrough, Rlandmann, Rocketmaniac, STB-1, Saberwyn, Seaphoto, Shem1805, Shinerunner, Stan Shebs, Thewellman, TomTheHand, Trappist the monk, Troymacgill,
Truth is life, Ussrichardebyrd, Van der Hoorn, W2ch00, WeeWillieWiki, 23 anonymous edits
Spruance-class destroyer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=608081018 Contributors: 4wajzkd02, Adraeus, Ahseaton, Bachcell, Balcer, Bbpen, BlaiseFEgan, Bobblewik,
CP\M, Chris1012, Cla68, Cornellrockey, CumbiaDude, DanMS, Dave1185, David Newton, Demiurge1000, Denniss, Deon Steyn, DocWatson42, Douglasnicol, Dual Freq, Durin, Florian Adler,
Gbs256, GoldDragon, Ground Zero, Hmains, Iceberg3k, Illegitimate Barrister, Jagged, Jimbatka, KBi, Kbh3rd, Khym Chanur, Kingturtle, Klausner, Klemen Kocjancic, Kralizec!, Laguna72,
Lamjus, Laschatzer, Lateg, Life of Riley, Limefrost Spiral, MBK004, Marlow10, MarsRover, Mccomb, Merlin48, MikeyChalupa, Minkythecat, Mintleaf, MonkeyKingBar, MrDolomite,
Musashi1600, N328KF, Naddy, Nibios, Notreallydavid, Ohconfucius, PaulinSaudi, PigFlu Oink, Prodego, Riddley, RightCowLeftCoast, Rocketmaniac, Roger Hui, Seaphoto, Sharkmouth,
Shinerunner, Sliggy, Son of More, Sperril, Stan Shebs, Swerrbach, Taptrick, Template namespace initialisation script, ThePointblank, Tom Barnwell 0, TomTheHand, Trekphiler,
TrufflesTheLamb, Will Beback, Wweber, Wwoods, Xformed, 98765, 43 anonymous edits
Kidd-class destroyer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618012465 Contributors: Accurizer, Ala.foum, Andrew Gray, Avmarle, Bellhalla, Blaylockjam10, Blue387, Bryan
TMF, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Cla68, Cowbert, Dave1185, DocWatson42, Dreddmoto, Dual Freq, Esun1, Fernvale, Florian Adler, Gdr, Glevum, HalfShadow, Haus, Hibernian, Hugo999,
Iceberg3k, Illegitimate Barrister, JamesAM, Jerryntcjc, Jiang, Jinian, John Smith's, John of Reading, Klemen Kocjancic, Krispos42, Lefty, LilHelpa, Limefrost Spiral, Lzz, MBK004,
MZMcBride, MarsRover, Mccomb, Michael Patrick Wilson, MoondyneAWB, Movax, N328KF, Naddy, Nick-D, Nigel Ish, Ohconfucius, Rheo1905, Richardcavell, Rlandmann, Rocketmaniac,
Saberwyn, SchuminWeb, Shinerunner, Siver-Snom, Svick, Tadpole256, Tassedethe, ThePointblank, TomTheHand, Wikiuser100, Will74205, Wookiee7, Zootsuits, 5050, 54 anonymous
edits
Arleigh Burke-class destroyer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=620252853 Contributors: 1exec1, 4wajzkd02, 7&6=thirteen, A2Kafir, AP1787, AaronHusler, Aaronw,
Accurizer, Adamrush, Adnan bogi, AlexiusHoratius, America789, Amitsiddhartha, Andrew morkel, Anir1uph, Apocal, Arabani, ArnoldReinhold, August571, BLM Platinum, Bachcell, Balcer,
BilCat, Blackeagle, BlaiseFEgan, Blue387, Bobrayner, Bootedcat, Bravesfan8456, Buckshot06, Busaccsb, C628, Cayojoe, ChangChienFu, Chris the speller, Codepage, ConradPino, Cybernetic,
DMPalmer, Dan Hunton, DanMS, Danish47, Dave1185, David Newton, Delta-2030, Derekbridges, Dmartinfoster, Dnewell78, DocWatson42, Downtrip, Drilnoth, Dual Freq, EH101, Editore99,
Elendil's Heir, Falcon8765, FatVet, Feng, Ferroequus, Fireaxe888, Fltadm, Fnlayson, Foxhound66, FrisB33, FroggyNathan, GCW50, GDK, GODFATH3R702, Gene Nygaard, Get It, Gogo
Article Sources and Contributors
385
Dodo, GraemeLeggett, Grant65, H1523702, HJ32, Haus, Hcobb, Hockeyroger, HolyT, Horologium, Hossen27, Iceberg3k, Il palazzo, Illegitimate Barrister, JWBizzaro, Jdkessler, Jimp, Jinian,
JohnOwens, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jrzyboy, Kaisershatner, Karenjc, Kevin Murray, Kira Matthews, Klemen Kocjancic, Krassdaniel, Kurieeto, Kyteto, LWF, La Maupin, Le Deluge,
Leopardrone, LeyteWolfer, Ligulem, Lord Hawk, MBK004, Mackensen, Mackin90, Mark83, Markm62, MarsRover, Masterblooregard, Maury Markowitz, Mcarling, Mccomb, MeanMotherJr,
Mintleaf, Mlg666666, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Mr George R. Allison, MrDolomite, N328KF, NYCRuss, Naddy, Navy1775, Nick-D, Nigel Ish, Noble Korhedron, Nohomers48,
Noisy, Notreallydavid, Num1dgen, Ohconfucius, Oneiros, Oosh, Open-box, OuroborosCobra, PRRfan, Palaeozoic99, Panzer-Kavalier, Petersam, Piesaresquare, Pietro13, Pilotbh407, Pmsyyz,
Pol098, Quickfoot, RL0919, RadicalBender, Rama, Raryel, Rcbutcher, RealGrouchy, Rich Farmbrough, Rif Winfield, RightCowLeftCoast, Rocketmaniac, Rockfang, Russ Griffith, Sacxpert,
Seadart, Seaphoto, Sharkmouth, Shem1805, Shinerunner, Siberia, Sleepmonger, Smaines, Sp33dyphil, SpookyMulder, Sushi6, THE a-hole, Takashi kurita, Tbonnie, TeeTylerToe, Template
namespace initialisation script, TestPilot, The Almighty Taco, The Epopt, TheAMmollusc, TheAznSensation, TheGuruTech, Thebu383, TheoriginalNothingNow, Therealhazel, TomStar81,
TomTheHand, Tpmcnamara, Trappist the monk, Travisyoung, Troymacgill, Two way time, Ul1-82-2, Uss johnston, V-man, Valodia, Victor12, ViriiK, W2ch00, WacoJacko, Wfoj2, Wwoods,
Young Pioneer, Zebde, Zephyrus67, Zzz345zzz, , 270 anonymous edits
Zumwalt-class destroyer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=620351001 Contributors: 220 of Borg, A2Kafir, AN(Ger), Abune, Accurizer, Adnan bogi, Akadruid, Akeefe98,
Akim Dubrow, Akradecki, Aldis90, AlexiusHoratius, Alikaalex, America789, AndrewHowse, Andrwsc, Aneah, Anir1uph, AntelopeInSearchOfTruth, Arado, Arch dude, ArnoldReinhold, Bbpen,
Benjaminlobato, Benlisquare, BilCat, Bismarck43, BlaiseFEgan, Bmwhd1, Bob1234321, Bobblewik, Brad101, Brenont, Brianhe, Brockmvendors, Byrnejb, CP\M, Cancun771, Captain Cheeks,
Carajou, Chad.hutchins, Chris the speller, Cla68, Clairekcarpenter, Clay, Codepage, Coldwarrior, Colt9033, CommanderBill, CommonsDelinker, CompRhetoric, ContiAWB, Coopman86,
Cvf-ps, DIEXEL, DPdH, Dan100, Darekun, Darklilac, Dave1185, Davejenk1ns, Davidkevin, DeaconJohnFairfax, Deepdraft, Delta-2030, Derekbridges, DickLancaster, Djkeddie, DocWatson42,
Dpaajones, Dual Freq, Durin, EEMIV, Edward, Eeekster, ElinorD, Ellivville, Eluchil404, EmTeedee, Emt1299d, Endeavor51, Epolk, Evil Merlin, Fahri Ahmad, Falcorian, Fanra, Fdewaele,
FeatherPluma, Fl3x, Fnlayson, Foxhound66, Frap, Friedfish, Galloglass, Gary84, Geo8rge, GeorgeLouis, Glloq, GraemeLeggett, Gunter.krebs, Guswfla, Gwern, HDCase, Hamiltondaniel,
Hammarbytp, Haus, Hcobb, Henning Makholm, Heroicrelics, Herostratus, Hibernian, Hiberniantears, Hifinut, HolyT, Iac74205, Iceberg3k, Illegitimate Barrister, Intranetusa, Ivolocy, Ixfd64,
J.delanoy, Jccooper, Jeancey, Jigen III, Jinian, Jmc41, Jogrkim, John of Reading, JonathanFreed, JonathonSimister, KGyST, Kc2hiz, Kennet.mattfolk, Ketiltrout, Kiwinanday, Klemen Kocjancic,
Krassdaniel, Kross, Ktr101, Kwamikagami, Lightmouse, Little Miss Might Be Wrong, Lockesdonkey, LtNOWIS, Lunar Dragoon, MBK004, Mackin90, Malthae, Maralia, Mark Schierbecker,
Mark5677, Mark83, Matrek, Maury Markowitz, Mcarling, Mgibbs, Mibs, Mikek999, Miyagawa, Mogism, Mooremar, Moskevap, MrDolomite, Mschiavi, NYCRuss, Naddy, Nautical, Negator,
Neilc, Nemesis63, Nibios, Nick Number, NightThree, NilsTycho, No1StarWarsfan, NoClass, Noclevername, Nohomers48, NorthBySouthBaranof, Notreallydavid, Nottheking, Nrpf22pr,
NuclearWarfare, Ohconfucius, Oosh, OrbitOne, Ossguy, OuroborosCobra, PRRfan, Pahazzard, Patrick Rogel, Pauli133, PaulinSaudi, Phd8511, Pietro13, Pietrow, Poweron, Purpureleaf, RL0919,
Rawheas, Reflex Reaction, Rich Farmbrough, Riddley, Riventree, Rjwilmsi, SH9002, STB-1, Saberwyn, Salamurai, Salmagnone, Samw, SandyGeorgia, Saros136, Sarrica, Shem1805, Shirt58,
Signalhead, Simpsonlover2303, Simtex, Smilo Don, Snori, Solicitr, Solitude, Some guy, Sonicology, Sp33dyphil, Spejic, Starsword333, Stephen Hui, Sun Creator, Superk1a, Svaran, Swiss army
fork, Talkie tim, TeeTylerToe, The Epopt, The Herald, The Land, The machine512, TheJJJunk, Thingg, Thiseye, Thue, Thumperward, Thunderbird2, Tirronan, TomStar81, TomTheHand,
Tonster, Toyokuni3, Trappist the monk, Trashbag, TrufflesTheLamb, Tvashtar2919, Ultraviolet scissor flame, V-man, Vamsae, Verybigfish86, Wanderingstar04, Waverapun99, Weedle
McHairybug, Whiteguru, Wiki Mateo, Wiki-Ed, Willard55, Winged Brick, Wirelessenabled, Woohookitty, Wpoihf58, WulfTheSaxon, Wvfd14, Wwoods, XLerate, Xanzzibar, Y2kimmel,
ZZninepluralZalpha, Zerial48, 340 anonymous edits
Boston-class cruiser Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605843415 Contributors: AdmiralHood, Andrwsc, Chris the speller, Iceberg3k, IntrigueBlue, KGyST, Klemen
Kocjancic, Kralizec!, Mausy5043, Mrniceguy101, Oldag07, Redjacket3827, Rocketmaniac, STB-1, Saberwyn, Shinerunner, Siebrand, TomTheHand, Trappist the monk, Usnht, 2 anonymous
edits
Galveston-class cruiser Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605339277 Contributors: Ace16807, AdmiralHood, Aldis90, Andrwsc, Busaccsb, Cobatfor, Derekbridges, Felix
Stember, Fireaxe888, Haus, Klemen Kocjancic, Kralizec!, Looper5920, Mausy5043, Molestash, Mrniceguy101, Orpy15, Redjacket3827, Rocketmaniac, STB-1, Shinerunner, TomTheHand,
Trappist the monk, USN1996, Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseriffic, Will Beback Auto, 3 anonymous edits
Providence-class cruiser Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595939410 Contributors: AdmiralHood, Andrwsc, Busaccsb, Derekbridges, Fireaxe888, Klemen Kocjancic,
Kralizec!, Mausy5043, Mrniceguy101, Orpy15, Redjacket3827, Riana, Rocketmaniac, STB-1, Shinerunner, TomTheHand, 1 anonymous edits
Long Beach-class cruiser Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=576247515 Contributors: Brad101, Date delinker, Derekbridges, Djharrity, Gaius Cornelius, Iceberg3k, Klemen
Kocjancic, Kralizec!, Looper5920, MBK004, Mausy5043, Peter Grey, Pibwl, Radagast83, Rocketmaniac, Shinerunner, TheParanoidOne, TomTheHand, TrufflesTheLamb, 5 anonymous edits
Albany-class cruiser Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=614247022 Contributors: AdmiralHood, Busaccsb, Cobatfor, Dual Freq, EoGuy, GraemeLeggett, Harmonmj13, Haus,
Keith D, Klemen Kocjancic, Kralizec!, MBK004, Mactin, MarsRover, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Oldag07, PMG, Parsecboy, Redjacket3827, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi,
Rocketmaniac, STB-1, Saxbryn, StAnselm, Thaimoss, 23 anonymous edits
Leahy-class cruiser Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=617902622 Contributors: ChrisGualtieri, Derekbridges, Dual Freq, Florian Adler, Glevum, Hammersfan, Il palazzo,
Klemen Kocjancic, Kralizec!, Life of Riley, MBK004, Mark5677, MarsRover, Masterblooregard, Mccomb, Redjacket3827, Relbats, Rich Farmbrough, Rocketmaniac, STB-1, STG0459, TCav,
TheFeds, TitaniumCarbide, TomStar81, TomTheHand, Will Beback Auto, 3 anonymous edits
Belknap-class cruiser Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=614488404 Contributors: AdmiralHood, Appraiser, Armbrust, ChrisGualtieri, Derekbridges, Dual Freq, Fireaxe888,
Florian Adler, Gene Nygaard, Glevum, Hammersfan, Haus, Iceberg3k, Keith D, Kralizec!, Ktr101, Life of Riley, Mark5677, Mausy5043, Mccomb, N328KF, PMG, Pandamorehead, Pete the
Postmaster, Redjacket3827, Rich Farmbrough, Rocketmaniac, STB-1, Solicitr, Tabercil, TheGuruTech, Thewellman, TomStar81, Wild Wolf, 11 anonymous edits
California-class cruiser Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605874206 Contributors: AndrexP, Brad101, Collabi, Dale101usa, Dave1185, Dawkeye, Derekbridges, Dual Freq,
Florian Adler, Fusion7, Glevum, Haus, HoratioVitero, Iceberg3k, Il palazzo, Khazar2, Klemen Kocjancic, Kralizec!, Life of Riley, Looper5920, MBK004, Mogism, N328KF, Open-box,
Paulmdavies, Rocketmaniac, Tekuli, TomTheHand, Trappist the monk, Two way time, 13 anonymous edits
Virginia-class cruiser Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619101499 Contributors: Accurizer, AndrexP, CP\M, Chiefreak, Chris the speller, Chwyatt, Delta-2030,
Derekbridges, Dual Freq, Duoduoduo, Fernvale, Fireaxe888, Fusion7, Gene Nygaard, Glevum, Hammersfan, Haus, Hibernian, Iceberg3k, Il palazzo, Illegitimate Barrister, KGyST, Klemen
Kocjancic, Kralizec!, Life of Riley, Limefrost Spiral, Looper5920, MBK004, Mysdaao, N328KF, Nick-D, Nvinen, Open-box, Pinkpedaller, Pol098, Redjacket3827, Rocketmaniac, Rogerd, Shen,
Skcpublic, Sortior, Stan Shebs, Tabercil, TomStar81, TomTheHand, Two way time, 16 anonymous edits
Ticonderoga-class cruiser Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619740075 Contributors: 3CDS, 85 GT Kid, Abel29a, Adamsnider13, Alai, Aldis90, America789, AndrewC,
Andrwsc, Anyeverybody, Arado, Arsenikk, Asxernia, Attilios, Aze 51, Balcer, Bgwhite, BilCat, Blackeagle, Blue387, Bluemoose, Brad101, C-4, Cian584, CommonsDelinker, ConradPino,
Coopman86, Corella, Czolgolz, Dark Enigma, Deon Steyn, Dewritech, DocWatson42, Dodgerblue777, Dougjih, DrewPrice83, Dual Freq, Echoray, Eluchil404, Eyrian, Florian Adler, Fnlayson,
Footballguyca1, Foxhound66, Gilliam, GoldDragon, Hcobb, Iceberg3k, Illegitimate Barrister, Inomyabcs, J Clear, JagSeal, Jelloman94, Jigen III, Jim62sch, JonathonSimister, Joshbaumgartner,
Ketiltrout, Klemen Kocjancic, Koalorka, Kolbasz, Kralizec!, Kwamikagami, Looper5920, M.e, MBK004, Mark83, MarnetteD, Masterblooregard, Mcarling, Mditto, Middim13, Mriya, Mtnerd,
Musashi1600, N328KF, O484, Octane, Palaeozoic99, Patrick Rogel, Piesaresquare, Pine, Redjacket3827, Relbats, Rillian, Rjwilmsi, Rocketmaniac, Rwendland, Saberwyn, Sakkura, Solicitr,
Sp33dyphil, SparqMan, Stan Shebs, Stephan Schulz, StillStanding-247, StukaG, Subash.chandran007, TeeTylerToe, TheAznSensation, TheGuruTech, Theresa knott, Toddy1, TomStar81,
TomTheHand, Two way time, TypoBoy, ViriiK, WPGA2345, Widr, Xiong, Zarniwoot, 98765, 125 anonymous edits
Iowa-class battleship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618848378 Contributors: -) 2006, AGTMADCAT, AP1787, Aaa3-other, Aerendraca, AgentTasmania, Aldis90, Alpha
Quadrant, Alphacatmarnie, Alsadius, Andreum, AndrewHowse, Andrwsc, Anger22, Anotherclown, Ansh666, Anthony Bradbury, Anynobody, Apyule, Aquahelper, ArnoldReinhold,
AustralianRupert, BD2412, BRW, Bahamut0013, Balcer, Ballchef, Bbpen, Bellhalla, Bevo, Bgwhite, BigDukeSix, Bigboii94, Bigjimr, BilCat, Binksternet, Bjeversole, Blackpc, BlaiseFEgan,
Blaze1608, Blshear, Bobblewik, Br'er Rabbit, Brad101, BrendelSignature, Brianhe, Brighterorange, BrownHairedGirl, Brozozo, Bschorr, Buggie111, Burningview, CORNELIUSSEON, CP\M,
Callenclarke, CanadianPhaedrus, Cap'n Refsmmat, Certes, Chairboy, Chamal N, Charles Matthews, Chris 73, Chris the speller, Chris5369, ChrisO, Chrisweuve, Cla68, Clerks, Climie.ca,
Cmagha, Cmdrjameson, ColinMcMillen, Colonies Chris, Communisthamster, Courcelles, Cromis, Cyde, Cynicism addict, DCB4W, Daemon8666, Dakirw8, Damwiki1, Dan Hunton, Dan100,
Dan725, Dank, David Newton, DavidBeoulve, Deathphoenix, DerHexer, Derekbridges, DevSolar, Diannaa, Dili, Djma12, DocWatson42, Dodgerblue777, Doldrums, DonPevsner, Download,
Dpaajones, Dual Freq, Dukefan73, Ehbowen, Eleland, Epbr123, Esemono, FTC Gerry, Falcorian, Favonian, Ferenczm40, Fifelfoo, Fireaxe888, Flightsoffancy, Fnlayson, FrozenPurpleCube,
Fungus Guy, Gaius Cornelius, Gbawden, Gdr, Gene Nygaard, Geo Swan, Getztashida, Glenhodag, GoldDragon, GraemeLeggett, GrahamBould, GregorB, Gulfstorm75, Gunbirddriver, Gwern,
HMSSolent, Hadlock, Hammersfan, HandsomeFella, HarveyHenkelmann, Haus, Headbomb, Hellbus, Henry Flower, Hirudo, HolyT, Hylaride, Icd, Iceberg3k, Indiana State, Ipoellet, Istabraq,
Italia2006, Iwaswinjafirst, J Clear, J.delanoy, JKBrooks85, Jacobkyleharris, Jeff G., Jeffq, Jengod, Jhf, Jinian, Johann Wolfgang, John, John Moore 309, John of Reading, Jon Harald Sby,
Jonerik10, Joshbaumgartner, Jsolinsky, JustAGal, Kablammo, Karmosin, Kearsarge03216, Keith D, Keithbob, Kendall-K1, Kerecsen, Ketiltrout, KevAvatar, Khan singh, Khazar2, Kintaro,
KitchM, Klavss, KnowledgeOfSelf, KrakatoaKatie, Kralizec!, Kubiwan, Kungfuadam, Kwamikagami, La Pianista, Lawilkin, Leandrod, Lepeu1999, Leslie Mateus, Lethe, Leujohn, LiamE,
Liblamb, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Llamakins, LordAmeth, LumberingOaf, Luna Santin, Luwilt, M45k3d N1Nj4 G4R0, MBK-iPhone, MBK004, Mackensen, Macslacker, Magus732, Mak Thorpe,
Manxruler, Marek69, MateoP, McSly, Mcarling, Mdnavman, Mendaliv, Meneth, Merenta, Metarhyme, Michael Devore, Miniapolis, MisfitToys, Modify, MonkeyKingBar, MorphiusFaydal,
Mortense, Motor.on, MrDolomite, Msa1701, Mtnerd, Muhandes, Muirm, N328KF, NCDane, Naddy, Nakon, Nautical, Necessary Evil, Neovu79, Neutrality, Nick-D, Nigel Ish, Nohomers48,
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Article Sources and Contributors
386
Paul-Pierre Valli, Pavlovi, Paxse, Peter Ellis, Peter Kirby, Petri Krohn, Pgk, Philip Trueman, Philwelch, Pietrow, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pilot850, Pjbflynn, Pjtemplin, Plantdrew, Pmj,
PoccilScript, Pogo935, Praetonia, PrimeHunter, RainbowCrane, ReeseBigalow, RetiredUser2, Reywas92, Rhotel1, Rich Farmbrough, Riddley, RightCowLeftCoast, Rjwilmsi, Rlevse, Rmhermen,
RobertG, RockMFR, Roy Jaruk, Rtcpenguin, Rumiton, Russ3Z, Ryan Reich, SJP, Saberwyn, Sacxpert, Sakkura, Sam Hocevar, Sandstein, SandyGeorgia, Scs, SeanWillard, Searchme, Segv11,
Sesshomaru, Shem1805, Shenme, Shimofusa Dainagon, Shinerunner, Shizhao, Signalhead, SimonATL, Slb nsk, Sluzzelin, Sm8900, Snideology, Snowboarding Addict, Solicitr, Spectral m00,
Spejic, Spookfish, Srich32977, StAnselm, Staygyro, SteaminDemon, Steve 1521, Student7, Sturmvogel 66, Suspicious mole, Susvolans, Swatjester, Syvanen, Szoltys, Tabletop, Tbhotch, Tcapps,
Template namespace initialisation script, TenOfAllTrades, TeriEmbrey, TestPilot, The Bushranger, The Land, The Truth Avenger, The ed17, TheMightyOrb, Thewellman, Toddst1, Toddy1,
TomStar81, TomTheHand, Tpbradbury, Trainik, TravME, Travisyoung, Trekphiler, TrufflesTheLamb, USS Iowa freack, Ussnewjersey, V Brian Zurita, Vgy7ujm, Victor12, Vladsinger,
WPGA2345, Wally, Warlordwolf, Warut, Wayne Miller, Wayne Slam, Wayward, Welsh, WereSpielChequers, Wesprichard, White Shadows, Whoop whoop pull up, Wiki Raja, Wiki alf,
WikiCopter, Wikiuser100, Will Beback, Wilsbadkarma, Wizzy, Wknight94, Woohookitty, Wtshymanski, Xfansd, YellowMonkey, Ywong137, Z10x, 401 anonymous edits
Pegasus-class hydrofoil Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586379038 Contributors: Aarchiba, Accurizer, Alureiter, Aqua008, Ary29, BilCat, Bobblewik, Brandt Luke Zorn,
D6, Dave1185, Dawkeye, Derekbridges, Felix Stember, Ferritecore, Fosnez, Gaius Cornelius, Gjs238, Haus, Huntster, Hydrargyrum, Klemen Kocjancic, Lahiru k, MBK004, Mark23112,
Merman1974, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Mtnerd, N328KF, Ng.j, Nigel Ish, Ortzinator, Panairjdde, Shem1805, Sugarcaddy, The Bushranger, TomTheHand, Twerges, Van
helsing, Woodyglow, 21 anonymous edits
Essex-class aircraft carrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619775970 Contributors: 85 GT Kid, Aaa3-other, Aafm, Andrew Gray, Anteriorlobe, Arla, Attilios, Badger151,
Balcer, Bantman, Barneyg, Bellhalla, Betacommand, BilCat, Binksternet, Bob80q, Bobblewik, Buckshot06, Busaccsb, Byrnejb, Chagai, Closedmouth, Cobatfor, CommonsDelinker, ConradPino,
Dainamo, Damwiki1, Daniel.Cardenas, Daniel107, Darthveda, Date delinker, Dave w74, Davejenk1ns, Deerekid1, Demiurge1000, Denniss, Derekbridges, DocWatson42, DrKiernan, Dreadstar,
Embudo, Fabartus, Friedfish, Gaius Cornelius, Galaxiaad, Gdr, Gene Nygaard, Glevum, GoldDragon, GraemeLeggett, GrahamBould, Grande101, Gregory Arkadin, Grog1977, Gunbirddriver,
GuyHimGuy, Hamiltonalan, Haus, Hmains, Icd, Iceberg3k, Il palazzo, Italia2006, Izuko, J Clear, JanSderback, Jeffq, Jemr69, Jinian, Johantheghost, Jonel, KConWiki, Kaid, Kdau, Kevin
Murray, Khan singh, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Kumioko (renamed), Kwamikagami, La Maupin, Lestatdelc, LilHelpa, Limefrost Spiral, Lzz, M Van Houten, MBK004, Mackensen, Magus732,
Malo, Mark Sublette, Mark5677, Martarius, Masterblooregard, Maximus Rex, Mdnavman, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Mustang dvs, N328KF, Naddy, Nick-D, Nickj, Oberiko,
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Midway-class aircraft carrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=616350916 Contributors: Aafm, Andrwsc, Anotherclown, Balcer, Bellhalla, BilCat, Bobblewik, ChrisCork,
Cobatfor, Colt9033, Damwiki1, David Newton, Denniss, Derekbridges, DocWatson42, Duch, Edward, Florian Adler, Glevum, GraemeLeggett, Gunter.krebs, Hammersfan, Haus, Hermgenes
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Forrestal-class aircraft carrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=617438499 Contributors: Aaronw, Aldis90, Andrwsc, Aranel, Archimedean, Arsonal, Ary29, Avriette,
Bellhalla, BigHairRef, BilCat, Binksternet, Busaccsb, Cobatfor, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Damwiki1, David Newton, Delta 51, Denniss, DocWatson42, Eluchil404, Felix Stember,
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Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=617226864 Contributors: Aafm, Andrwsc, Archimedean, Arsonal, Balcer, Bellhalla, BilCat, Civil
Engineer III, Closedmouth, Dainomite, Dalillama, David Newton, DocWatson42, Dual Freq, Durin, Eamon1916, Eluchil404, Eurocopter, Evil semaj, Fireaxe888, Florian Adler,
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Yellowdesk, Zephyrus67, Zneise, Zoe0, Zonath, Zorbatron, Zotel, , , , 644 anonymous edits
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=620333247 Contributors: A-t, A.R., ACSE, Aafm, Adam78, Adashiel, Agateller, AlbertBickford,
Alexwcovington, Allens, Andrew4433, Andrwsc, Arado, Archimedean, Arthur Rubin, Astuteoak, Attilios, AussieLegend, Balcer, Bellhalla, BenRussell, Bigpad, BilCat, Bobblewik, Bombcar,
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387
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Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=616544505 Contributors: 99kyuho, A.R., Aafm, Accurizer, Adam850, Adnan bogi, Alan Cano,
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Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=608930668 Contributors: A2Kafir, Auntof6, BilCat, Bobblewik, Chris the speller, Florian Adler,
Gaius Cornelius, Haus, Italia2006, Jaiotu, Klemen Kocjancic, Knowledgekid87, Lou Sander, MBK004, Materialscientist, Miranche, Miyagawa, Naddy, Nobunaga24, Patrick Rogel, RJBurkhart,
Rlandmann, Rmhermen, Rogerd, Sa, TomTheHand, Whkoh, Wwoods, Xxxxxxxxxxx, , 7 anonymous edits
Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618306141 Contributors: Aldis90, Arla, Arpingstone, BilCat, Bobblewik, Brad101, Carloseduardo,
Colt9033, Cornellrockey, Daniel Seibert, Dave1185, DocWatson42, Fnlayson, Fuhghettaboutit, Geo Swan, Glevum, Harald Hansen, Haus, Italia2006, Jschager, KevinCuddeback, Klemen
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Xxxxxxxxxxx, 98765, , 38 anonymous edits
Wasp-class amphibious assault ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618384835 Contributors: Albany NY, Aldis90, AlexJohn22, Arthena, Axeman, Balcer, Beansy,
Bellhalla, BilCat, Blaylockjam10, Chris the speller, Cjdaniel, Cobatfor, Common Good, Cowbert, Dale101usa, Dave1185, David Newton, Deathbunny, Desertsky85451, DocWatson42, Durin,
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TomStar81, TomTheHand, Troyk98, Troymacgill, Ulric1313, Wasbeer, Wwoods, Xxxxxxxxxxx, 98765, , 47 anonymous edits
America-class amphibious assault ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619714837 Contributors: Adnan bogi, Alphacatmarnie, America789, Anders.Warga, Bellhalla,
BilCat, Brad101, Caerwine, Cobatfor, Colt9033, Coltsfan, CommonsDelinker, DPdH, Dave1185, Dl2000, DocWatson42, Download, Eastshire, Florian Adler, Flybywire e2c, Friedfish,
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Thomas.j.schmidt@usmc.mil, Trappist the monk, Veriss1, Wgfcrafty, Wikiphyte, Wjwtk, Wwoods, Xxxxxxxxxxx, 98765, 80 anonymous edits
Landing Ship, Tank Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619240912 Contributors: $1LENCE D00600D, 3mta3, 90 Auto, A Jake123456, Adam Carr, Aldis90, Alecg,
Altenmann, Andrew Gray, Andrewman327, Avnjay, Awotter, BTRand1, Babajobu, BasilioC, Bellhalla, Benea, Bgwhite, Bighorton, Bjf, Bluemoose, Bobblewik, Britmax, BrokenSegue, Bryan
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Some jerk on the Internet, Srich32977, Stryderuk, Subdolous, TGC55, Tabletop, The Banner, Thewellman, Wdyoung, Wininfach, Wwoods, XLerate, Xxxxxxxxxxx, 123 anonymous edits
Newport-class tank landing ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=617545459 Contributors: Anotherclown, Caerwine, ChrisGualtieri, Cloudaoc, Cobatfor, Coragryph,
CumbiaDude, Dan100, DavidDCM, Daysleeper47, Delta 51, Derekbridges, Dewritech, Dual Freq, Ekanzoy, Eumolpo, Harald Hansen, Harrymaximlieber, Jeff3000, Kdar, Klemen Kocjancic,
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Steelshark, Subman758, Tedernst, Tolly4bolly, TomTheHand, Troymacgill, Victor12, Wwoods, XLerate, 23 anonymous edits
Casa Grande-class dock landing ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=607355143 Contributors: AdmiralHood, B137, Bellhalla, Benea, Brad101, Derekbridges,
DinosaursLoveExistence, GraemeLeggett, HappyDa, Jackehammond, Klemen Kocjancic, Kwamikagami, Ohconfucius, Rcbutcher, STB-1, Schlechterwolf, Takashi kurita, Trappist the monk, 5
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Thomaston-class dock landing ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=583818088 Contributors: 1812ahill, AdmiralHood, Coltsfan, Dawkeye, Derekbridges, Instinct, Klemen
Kocjancic, LordHarris, MBK004, Maralia, Mdnavman, Namiba, OverlordQ, Rjwilmsi, STB-1, Sharkface217, Tantaris, TomTheHand, 5 anonymous edits
Anchorage-class dock landing ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612127378 Contributors: AdmiralHood, Bellhalla, Brad101, CommonsDelinker, Dave1185, Dawkeye,
Derekbridges, Haus, Hugo999, Klemen Kocjancic, MBK004, Nigel Ish, Orenburg1, TomTheHand, Trappist the monk, Ulric1313, Will74205, 1 anonymous edits
Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618646420 Contributors: AdmiralHood, Andrwsc, Ariedartin, Brad101, Can't sleep, clown will eat
me, Deathbunny, Delta 51, Derekbridges, Florian Adler, Gene Nygaard, Glevum, Gurch, Haus, Jigen III, Jschager, Klemen Kocjancic, Koalorka, Life of Riley, Los688, Mountshadow, Mtnerd,
Nick-D, Oxonhutch, Patrick Rogel, Pcpirate16, Peidu, Rich Farmbrough, Screen five, Sietse Snel, Suriel1981, TomTheHand, Zzuuzz, 25 anonymous edits
Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605436783 Contributors: AdmiralHood, Andrwsc, Betacommand, Bobblewik, Brad101,
CompRhetoric, Cryptic, DagosNavy, Deathbunny, Delta 51, Falcon8765, Florian Adler, Haus, HolyT, Humorious, Jigen III, Jschager, Klemen Kocjancic, Koalorka, Materialscientist, Mecanismo,
Megaidler, Mountshadow, Mtnerd, Noclador, Patrick Rogel, Pcpirate16, R'n'B, Regan123, Sietse Snel, Tabletop, Thewolfchild, TomTheHand, Trappist the monk, Ttwaring, Tv316, Wwoods, 11
anonymous edits
Raleigh-class amphibious transport dock Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=574621920 Contributors: AdmiralHood, Armbrust, Bellhalla, Brad101, Delta 51, Derekbridges,
DocWatson42, Life of Riley, Malcolma, V-man, Zenibo
Austin-class amphibious transport dock Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605633107 Contributors: AP1787, AdmiralHood, Aldis90, AndrewHowse, Attilios, Bellhalla,
BilCat, Bobblewik, CVal4312, Cobatfor, Crissov, Dawkeye, Derekbridges, DocWatson42, Equant, Evil Monkey, Florian Adler, Fmcgoohan, Haus, Hibernian, Jigen III, Jschager, Klemen
Kocjancic, Leopardrone, Life of Riley, Octane, Patrick Rogel, ProdigySportsman, RZid, Radagast83, Rohan nog, STB-1, Shinerunner, SojerPL, The Epopt, Thewolfchild, TomStar81,
TomTheHand, Trappist the monk, Ulric1313, ViriiK, Xoid, 15 anonymous edits
San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618446175 Contributors: AP1787, Accurizer, AdmiralHood, Adnan bogi, Aldis90, Alonso
de Mendoza, Amatulic, America789, Anotherclown, Art LaPella, Arthur Rubin, Asten77, Balcer, Barath s, Belabau23, Ben 109, Bgwhite, Bobblewik, Brad101, Buckshot06, Caerwine,
CommonsDelinker, Cornell1890, Dale101usa, Dave1185, Desertsky85451, Dl2000, DocWatson42, ETCH15, FAEP, Fletcher, Fluri, Fnlayson, ForwardObserver85, Halgin, Hcobb, HolyT,
Illegitimate Barrister, Jason Palpatine, Jinian, Klausner, Klemen Kocjancic, Leopardrone, Los688, MBK004, Mackin90, Mark83, Mcarling, Mecanismo, Mksampson, Moshe Constantine Hassan
Al-Silverburg, MrDolomite, N328KF, Nguyen QuocTrung, Nick-D, Noclador, Ohconfucius, Ooob44, Pathoschild, Patrick Rogel, RP88, Reflex Reaction, Safiel, Seadart, SojerPL, The Epopt,
Article Sources and Contributors
388
TheGuruTech, Thewolfchild, Thriebeem, Tom991, TomStar81, TomTheHand, Troymacgill, Ulric1313, Wahsayah, Wikiuser100, Wwoods, Yitzhak1995, 74 anonymous edits
Charleston-class amphibious cargo ship Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541564580 Contributors: Armbrust, Bellhalla, Bigbird78, Cobatfor, Colonies Chris, Dawkeye,
Harmil, Jinian, Lou Sander, MBK004, MC MasterChef, Sjdunn9, TomTheHand, 2 anonymous edits
Landing Craft Air Cushion Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618005462 Contributors: 790, Aero Tech Geek, Agent0060, Aldis90, Anthony Appleyard, Bachcell, BilCat,
Centrepull, CommonsDelinker, D1Engineer, Dan Hunton, Dispenser, Earthworm Makarov, Elryacko, Fnlayson, Fraulein451, GarryYing, Gene Nygaard, GraemeLeggett, Harald Hansen, Haus,
Hcobb, Illegitimate Barrister, Ken keisel, Kralizec!, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, MBK004, Mackin90, Mbedway, Mlg666666, Mogism, Navgod, Nick-D, Nohomers48, Num1dgen, Open-box,
Parsecboy, Potatoswatter, Rettetast, SMakabwe, Sarcastic ShockwaveLover, ShakataGaNai, TCY, The Bushranger, Trekphiler, Widefox, Woohookitty, Wwoods, Ylee, 98765, 30
anonymous edits
Landing Craft Utility Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=613847368 Contributors: Antiochus the Great, ArnoldReinhold, BilCat, Blackshod, Bobblewik, Bryan Derksen,
Calor, Chris the speller, Climax Void, Dawkeye, Durin, Gabbe, Gene Nygaard, Geo Swan, GraemeLeggett, Hux, Jar789, Joedumlao, Joshbaumgartner, Khazar2, Le Deluge, Lightmouse,
LittleWink, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mtmelendez, Nick-D, ObscureReality, Openskye, Peter Horn, Plumtree100, Qutezuce, RP459, Ratso5644, Rsduhamel, Shem1805, Singe onion, Stephan Leeds,
Sv1xv, Willh38, 98765, 31 anonymous edits
Tench-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618532672 Contributors: Accurizer, Aldis90, Bellhalla, BilCat, Bobblewik, Brad101, Dp67, Editore99, Elmasmelih,
F l a n k e r, Gaetano56, Gotdolphins, Hohum, IDK112, Ineuw, Kbog, KevinCuddeback, Klemen Kocjancic, Longshot14, M.nelson, MBK004, MJS186, Malo, Mdnavman, Mjzwick, Naddy,
No1lakersfan, Noha307, PMG, PhotoBoothe, Pvercello, Rcbutcher, RobDuch, Sam Hocevar, SeanWillard, The Epopt, Timrollpickering, TomStar81, TomTheHand, Trekphiler, 23 anonymous
edits
Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=615598594 Contributors: Aldis90, Asdfgl, Belovedfreak, Bobblewik, Cobatfor, Colonies
Chris, Cool Hand Luke, DH85868993, Darklilac, DocWatson42, Elde, Everyking, Florian Adler, Frietjes, Graff977, Haus, Hooperbloob, Hydrargyrum, Jackehammond, Jor70, Lightmouse, M
Van Houten, M-le-mot-dit, MBK004, Noveltyghost, Orpy15, PMG, Panairjdde, PaulinSaudi, RobDuch, Rupert Nichol, Russ3Z, Sam Hocevar, Seraphimblade, The Epopt, Timpo, Timwi,
Trekphiler, VaderSS, Wilsbadkarma, Worldwalker, Wwoods, 102 anonymous edits
USS Albacore (AGSS-569) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=616529900 Contributors: 84user, 85 GT Kid, A2Kafir, Amikake3, Appraiser, Arcking, BMRR, Bellhalla,
BilCat, Brad101, D6, Daderot, David Newton, DexDor, Dgreen44, Dmadeo, DocWatson42, Doncram, Dudemanfellabra, Ericg, Fl295, Gatoclass, GreatWhiteNortherner, Hcobb, Hmains,
Htphilly, JMOprof, Jackehammond, JakeVortex, Jllm06, Jwillbur, Ken Gallager, Lightmouse, Liquidtash, LorenzoB, Magicpiano, Magioladitis, Markhamman, Matrek, Maury Markowitz,
Mdnavman, N328KF, Nautical, Ohconfucius, Prof .Woodruff, Protonk, PseudoSudo, RL0919, RadicalBender, Rich Farmbrough, Rror, Sfoskett, Shem1805, Stan Shebs, SteveinMontgomery,
Supersquid, Template namespace initialisation script, The Epopt, ThePointblank, Thunderbird2, Tickerhead, TomTheHand, Trappist the monk, Trekphiler, Trlovejoy, Tstrobaugh, Wikited,
Wikiuser100, Wmcewenjr, Wwoods, Zvar, 30 anonymous edits
Barbel-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605633297 Contributors: A2Kafir, AdmiralHood, Aldis90, Art LaPella, Axem Titanium, Bellhalla, Bobblewik,
Calliopejen1, Closedmouth, DPdH, Decumanus, Fireaxe888, Florian Adler, Gidonb, GraemeLeggett, HappyVR, Haus, Hibernian, I8a4re, Jiang, John Smith's, Klemen Kocjancic, Koavf,
Longshot14, MBK004, Matrek, Mdnavman, Naddy, Neil916, Oldag07, Pearle, Saxbryn, Sf46, Sietse Snel, Stan Shebs, The Epopt, ThePointblank, TomStar81, Trappist the monk, 14 anonymous
edits
USS Nautilus (SSN-571) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618875784 Contributors: 777sms, Ahseaton, Alistair1978, Andrew Gray, Andrewa, Anonymousfemale,
Anynobody, Appraiser, ArnoldReinhold, Aspro648, Avicennasis, BD2412, BHenry1969, Baska436, Baylink, Bellhalla, Bevo, Bigjimr, BilCat, Billy Hathorn, BjKa, Bluemoose, BoH, BoatMesa,
Bobblewik, Boredzo, Bozoid, Brad101, Brett R. Stone, Brianhe, Bubba73, Bukvoed, Catapult, ChrisHodgesUK, Cmdrjameson, Crowish, Cycleguy2300, DMG413, Date delinker, David
Biddulph, David Kernow, Deansfa, Delta-2030, Dewey Finn, Dmadeo, Doncram, Einbierbitte, Ekem, Elipongo, Elkman, Ellsworth, Ergative rlt, Ewikdjmco, Excirial, Fabartus, Falcon8765,
Fastfission, Finelark, Fingolfin86, Flamurai, FrankNiddy, Furry, Fuzzypony, Gdr, Gene Nygaard, Geni, Gobonobo, Gogobah, Greyhood, Ground Zero, HGB, Harmil, Hcheney, Hephaestos,
Hibernian, Histbuff02, Hmains, Howcheng, Hydrargyrum, IZAK, Illegitimate Barrister, InfoDataMonger, Iracaz, Izuko, Jac16888, Jacob Lundberg, Jannej, Jaydec, Jengod, Jllm06, Jprice1,
Jstplace, Jumping cheese, Jwalmsley, Jwillbur, Kablammo, Kalspach, Kbdank71, Khazar2, Knowledgebycoop, Ktr101, Leandrod, Lightmouse, LorenzoB, Lotje, Luz28, MBK004, MJBurrage,
Magioladitis, Malo, Marcd30319, Markvs88, Masterblooregard, Materialscientist, Meltonkt, Metacosm, Michael Hardy, Mike1942f, Milesli, Misortie, Mlessard, MrBland, N328KF, Naaman
Brown, Neutrality, Neweb, Noroton, Ohconfucius, PFHLai, PainMan, Pedant, Pegship, Penstate79, Petri Krohn, Piledhigheranddeeper, Placi1982, PnGrata, Pt, Puf the majic dragon, Qxz, R.
fiend, RL0919, Radomil, RayH, Rcbutcher, Rees11, Rich Farmbrough, Rlquall, Rmhermen, Rossenglish, Rossjd, Rsnetto74, Russ3Z, SElefant, Sbisolo, Sertrel, Sortior, SpookyMulder, Super
Goku V, Tanvir Ahmmed, Tdadamemd, The Epopt, ThreeBlindMice, Thunderbird2, Tills, TomTheHand, ToninMaep, Tpbradbury, Trappist the monk, Vanderdecken, Vanquisher.UA, Victor-ny,
Widr, Wikited, Wongm, Wspencer11, Wwoods, Yath, Yooden, Zscout370, Zzyzx11, 140 anonymous edits
Skate-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=615532132 Contributors: Aunva6, BilCat, Bobblewik, Clothair, Dawkeye, DrKiernan, Everyking, Fadesga, Florian
Adler, Istal6, Khazar2, Klemen Kocjancic, Life of Riley, MBK004, Mdnavman, Merovingian, N328KF, Naddy, Onopearls, Parsecboy, Petri Krohn, Pjbflynn, Tartarus, The Epopt, Thewellman,
TomStar81, Walle83, 7 anonymous edits
USS Seawolf (SSN-575) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=619715421 Contributors: AadaamS, Aldis90, Andrewa, Bbatsell, Bellhalla, Bobblewik, Carriearchdale, Conscious,
Date delinker, Dozen, Florian Adler, H Padleckas, Illegitimate Barrister, Iridescent, Jaerik, Jwillbur, KudzuVine, LorenzoB, MBK004, Mandsford, Marcd30319, Matrek, Mike Rosoft, Mogism,
MurderWatcher1, Ohconfucius, Ottawakismet, Parhamr, Petri Krohn, Rama, RickK, Robby, Rogerd, Rwendland, SQL, The Epopt, TomStar81, TomTheHand, Wikited, Wwoods,
98765, 36 anonymous edits
Skipjack-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=616289707 Contributors: Aldis90, Antarctic-adventurer, Bobblewik, Busterthedog, DJ Clayworth, Darthveda,
DrKiernan, Elde, Florian Adler, Fru1tbat, Grm wnr, H Padleckas, Haus, JohnOwens, Klemen Kocjancic, Longshot14, MBK004, Matrek, Mdnavman, Michael Hardy, Mogism, Mytwocents,
N328KF, Naddy, Oscarclass, P0lyglut, PMG, Shem1805, Siegsander, Sietse Snel, SimonP, TJRC, Tartarus, The Epopt, TomStar81, Walle83, Wavehunter, Whiteguru, 98765, 19
anonymous edits
Permit-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618313908 Contributors: A. B., Andrewa, Antarctic-adventurer, Arbitrarily0, Armbrust, BilCat, Clement Cherlin,
Dawkeye, Decareau, DrKiernan, Elde, Fabartus, Finell, Florian Adler, Haus, Iceberg3k, J Clear, J G Campbell, Klemen Kocjancic, Ktr101, Kudpung, Lanoitarus, Longshot14, MBK004,
Magioladitis, Matrek, Mdnavman, N328KF, Naddy, Oscarclass, Ospalh, PMG, Robdumas, Shinerunner, Sietse Snel, Smokris, Stan Shebs, Stefanomencarelli, Tartarus, The Bushranger, The
Epopt, Theeurocrat, TomStar81, Uruiamme, Vepr157, Walle83, Wjl2, Wmahan, Wprlh, Wwoods, 13 anonymous edits
Sturgeon-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=603875075 Contributors: Angry647, Antarctic-adventurer, Babe1996, BilCat, Chris Roy, CommonsDelinker,
Conversion script, Dawkeye, DrKiernan, Eleuther, Fabartus, Florian Adler, Haus, Illegitimate Barrister, Jinian, John of Reading, Kallekilponen, Kendall-K1, Klemen Kocjancic, Kumioko
(renamed), Libro0, Life of Riley, Lightmouse, Longshot14, MBK004, Matt Crypto, Mdnavman, N328KF, Naddy, Nbart003, Nikai, Ohconfucius, Oscarclass, Petri Krohn, Pigsqueeloink, Protonk,
Raryel, Rcbutcher, Rich Farmbrough, Sietse Snel, SkonesMickLoud, Sp33dyphil, Tannin, Tartarus, The Avenger652, The Epopt, Toddst1, TomStar81, Travellingbarrett, Walle83, Wilsbadkarma,
Wjl2, Wwoods, 98765, 30 anonymous edits
Los Angeles-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=620161901 Contributors: 1exec1, 7&6=thirteen, Abc30, AdultSwim, Ahseaton, Albany NY, Aldis90,
AmericanLemming, Andy Marchbanks, Antarctic-adventurer, Anyeverybody, AstroNomer, Athaenara, Axl, AyAn4m1, Babak902003, Balcer, Barek, Bdevoe, Beginning, Bellhalla, Bender235,
BilCat, Blazotron, Bmagny, Bobblewik, Brookie, Bryan Derksen, Ccomley, Chairboy, Chrylis, Cjmclark, Conversion script, Cuaxdon, Date delinker, Dbiel, Delta-2030, Dgies, DocWatson42,
Dougjih, DrKiernan, Dziban303, Falcon8765, Ferrierd, Firehat87, Florian Adler, Frank Bitterhof, Gene Nygaard, Giraffedata, Golbez, Gonzo fan2007, Graham87, Gslice2120, H Padleckas,
HBO134, Haus, Hibernian, Iceberg3k, Illegitimate Barrister, Isaac Rabinovitch, Ivoykov, Izuko, Jachim, Jack5150, John Smith 104668, Johnmorris1967, Kanguole, Kc2hiz, Klemen Kocjancic,
Knowledgekid87, Kross, Kumioko (renamed), Kurieeto, Kvn8907, Lavenderbunny, Lightmouse, Lir, Longshot14, MBK004, Macboots, Malbi, Marc Kupper, Marco Krohn, MarsRover, Matrek,
Maury Markowitz, Mdnavman, Michael Zimmermann, Michaelkahn, Michaelksmith1970, Michaeltnelson, MikeyChalupa, Mmdsull, Mtnerd, N328KF, Naddy, Navynuke, Noclador,
Nohomers48, Nosaj2011, Notreallydavid, Number6, Oknazevad, Oscarclass, PMG, Pemilligan, Pfcohen, Prodego, Protonk, Pslide, Puddhe, Racklever, RandomWalk, Randommouse, Rees11,
Rem01, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Sacxpert, ScaldingHotSoup, Sfmartin, Shadowleaves, Sietse Snel, Sortior, Sp33dyphil, SpookyMulder, Stan Shebs, Stevecalloway, Subman758,
T-Nod, Tartarus, Tempshill, The Epopt, The Virginian, TheDJ, Theimperial, Thewellman, ThomasH1966, Thue, TomStar81, TomTheHand, Trumpet marietta 45750, TypoBoy,
UninvitedCompany, Vanished user 39948282, Walle83, Whschmidt, WikiCopter, Willy turner, Wilsbadkarma, Wjl2, Wuhwuzdat, Wwoods, Zmflavius, 147 anonymous edits
Seawolf-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=614112285 Contributors: Abe.Froman, Ahseaton, Aldis90, AlexiusHoratius, AllStarZ, Allenlau1994, Andrew
Gray, Antarctic-adventurer, Anurup, August571, BD2412, Babak902003, Balcer, BilCat, Blueman271, BobThePirate, Bobblewik, CP\M, Calebyung, Conversion script, Dan100, DanMS,
Danish47, Deadlock, Demiurge, Dr Zimbu, DrKiernan, Edward, Egg Centric, Elde, Falcon8765, Florian Adler, FrummerThanThou, Glaurung, Hammersfan, Haus, Hayden120, Illegitimate
Barrister, JKlear, Jodamn, Jonabbey, KettleCooker, Klemen Kocjancic, Kumioko (renamed), Kurieeto, Lar, Liao, Lommer, Longshot14, Lzz, MBK004, Mackensen, Maralia, Marco Krohn,
MarkV, Maury Markowitz, Mcarling, Mion, Mrmattyt, Msa1701, N328KF, Naddy, Octane, Ohconfucius, Ommnomnomgulp, Oscarclass, OspreyPL, Palaeozoic99, Petri Krohn, Pslide, Rillian,
Article Sources and Contributors
389
Rleidigh, Sietse Snel, Sp33dyphil, Stan Shebs, Stephen Hui, Tempshill, The Epopt, Thewolfchild, Thumperward, TomStar81, Unschool, UtherSRG, Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseriffic,
Vgy7ujm, Vivo, Wafulz, Walle83, Warreed, Willy turner, Wilsbadkarma, Wwoods, Xanzzibar, Xp54321, Yashgaroth, ZDanimal, 104 anonymous edits
Virginia-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618256327 Contributors: !Darkfire!6'28'14, 1or2, 200.191.188.xxx, 67Rally, 77domo, Abismo02, Accurizer,
Aioth, Aldis90, Alikaalex, Allenlau1994, America789, Andy Marchbanks, Anir1uph, Antarctic-adventurer, Anurup, Aplomado, Arb, Arx Fortis, Asams10, August571, Austin Hair, Avaya1,
Axeman, Babak902003, Balcer, Bbpen, Bender235, Beomoose, BilCat, Bobblewik, Brad101, Btphelps, Bvizz84, Cabazap, Capmaster, Cbustapeck, Chairboy, Charlie the Pig, Chris the speller,
Christopher Parham, Colt9033, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Craigtho, DCB4W, Dale Arnett, Dan100, Darklilac, Ddeng1998, Derek R Bullamore, Derekbridges, DocKrin,
DocWatson42, Downtrip, Drunisine, Dtgriscom, Duccio, Dziban303, Edibobb, Ehayes, Elendil's Heir, Eluchil404, Elwrucko, Emersoni, Ericoides, Erkrus, F-451, Falcon8765, FcscoLH,
Fireaxe888, Florian Adler, FrankTobia, Frietjes, Frze, GDK, GDW13, Gabbe, Gabe1972, Gaius Cornelius, Garion96, Gene Nygaard, George.Hutchinson, Green Cardamom, GregorB,
Gunter.krebs, Haus, Hcobb, Helios, Herbal Lemon, Hmrox, Hornet24, Hsan22, Hynespb, Il palazzo, Illegitimate Barrister, Inflector, Innereye1276, Izuko, James086, Jangove, Jeancey, Jeff
Muscato, Jfmantis, Jhf, Jigen III, Jimp, Jinian, Jonabbey, Jpwhitney, Jtle515, Jvcdude, Jwalte04, KJRehberg, Kb1koi, Kbog, Kc2hiz, Kevin W., Kitplane01, Klemen Kocjancic, Krispos42,
Kwamikagami, Kyteto, LanceBarber, Leopardrone, Life of Riley, LilHelpa, Longshot14, Loran O, LorenzoB, Lugnuthemvar, MBK004, MSP Aviator, Marcd30319, Marclluell, Mark5677,
MasterSearcy, Matrek, Matt R Austin, Maximus Rex, Mcarling, Mcg410, Mkemmet, Mountshadow, N328KF, Naddy, Namenlos Ein, Naufana, Navy2015, Niagara, NickdelaG, Nsougia2,
Nutster, Octane, Ohconfucius, Om617, Ommnomnomgulp, Ovesen, PPGMD, Peter Isotalo, Phd8511, Prodego, Quidam65, RP459, Raryel, Rcbutcher, Rich Farmbrough, Rif Winfield, Rjwilmsi,
Rmhermen, Rtrev, Sam Hocevar, Scion, Scubabuddha, Seadart, Shem1805, Sietse Snel, Skrip00, Sp33dyphil, Sparkygravity, Stan Shebs, Stephen Hui, Strike Eagle, Subman758, SuperJumbo,
Szekszter, TEB728, Tachyon01, Tartarus, TeeTylerToe, Teles, TeriEmbrey, The Epopt, TheGuruTech, Thewolfchild, Tm, Toddy1, Tom991, TomStar81, Tomas e, Trafford09, Trappist the monk,
TrufflesTheLamb, Tyguy101a, TypoBoy, UtherSRG, V-man, Vanguard27, Vatic7, Veronicawilson235, Vossiej, Vt-aoe, W.E.Ward.III, Walle83, Warthog32, WikiCopter, Willy turner,
Wolfram.Tungsten, Wwoods, -, 269 anonymous edits
George Washington-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=614094784 Contributors: AH-64 Longbow, Bellhalla, Bobblewik, CP\M, Clarityfiend, Crazysane,
Crisco 1492, Date delinker, DrKiernan, Florian Adler, Fru1tbat, Gomm, H Padleckas, Hammersfan, Haus, Hibernian, Izno, KConWiki, KaMeWa2, Keith D, Kobrabones, Kolbasz, Legohead1,
Longshot14, MBK004, Mais oui!, Masterblooregard, Mdnavman, Musashi1600, N328KF, Ohconfucius, Oscarclass, Oversoul, Paska rotor, Sam Hocevar, Sietse Snel, Sp33dyphil, Subsailor, The
Epopt, TomStar81, Trappist the monk, Walle83, Wwoods, 98765, 7 anonymous edits
Ethan Allen-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=605295946 Contributors: Askari Mark, Bellhalla, Bratsche, DrKiernan, Dual Freq, Florian Adler, Gillean666,
Gomm, KaMeWa2, Legohead1, Longshot14, Los688, MBK004, Mais oui!, Matrek, Mdnavman, N328KF, Naddy, Nigel Ish, Petri Krohn, Rmhermen, Sadads, Shinerunner, Sietse Snel,
Sp33dyphil, Stack, Stan Shebs, Tartarus, The Epopt, Tobias1, TomStar81, Trappist the monk, Tsiaojian lee, Walle83, Wjl2, 98765, 5 anonymous edits
Lafayette-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=596949069 Contributors: Chupon, Dan100, Dawkeye, Dnewell78, DrKiernan, Florian Adler, Gomm,
GrayMatter, Haus, Huwmanbeing, Ironman5247, John Quincy Adding Machine, Klemen Kocjancic, Kwamikagami, Legohead1, Longshot14, MBK004, Mais oui!, Mdnavman, N328KF, Naddy,
Nigel Ish, Nyttend, PMG, Rachel612, STB-1, Sietse Snel, Sp33dyphil, Squiretuck, The Epopt, Toddy1, TomStar81, Trappist the monk, User 47, Walle83, Wwoods, 10 anonymous edits
James Madison-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=542771431 Contributors: Bkkbrad, Bobblewik, Dan100, Dnewell78, DrKiernan, Elde, Florian Adler,
Gomm, Haus, Howcheng, Klemen Kocjancic, Legohead1, Longshot14, MBK004, Mais oui!, Mathiasrex, Mdnavman, N328KF, Naddy, Patrick, STB-1, Shinerunner, Sietse Snel, Sp33dyphil, The
Epopt, TomStar81, Trappist the monk, Walle83, WikiCopter, Wwoods, 4 anonymous edits
Benjamin Franklin-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585077493 Contributors: Aldis90, Andrwsc, Askari Mark, Avriette, Brad101, ChrisGualtieri,
Conscious, Conversion script, Dan100, Date delinker, Delusion23, Dnewell78, DrKiernan, Droll, Elde, Florian Adler, Freakofnurture, Gomm, Haus, Hephaestos, Hirokun, J Clear, Jackie, Klemen
Kocjancic, Legohead1, Lightmouse, Longshot14, MBK004, MSTCrow, Mais oui!, Marco Krohn, Matrek, Mdnavman, N328KF, Niagara, Oldag07, Patrick, Rcbutcher, Rees11, Richard cocks,
SD5, Saxbryn, Sietse Snel, Sockpuppeteeer, Steve crayon, The Epopt, TomStar81, Trappist the monk, Uriyan, Walle83, Wdfarmer, Wizardman, Wwoods, 15 anonymous edits
Ohio-class submarine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618870089 Contributors: A More Perfect Onion, A. B., A. Parrot, AH-64 Longbow, Ahseaton, Aldis90, Ambbes5,
Andris, Andy Marchbanks, Anonymi, ArnoldReinhold, AstroChemist, August571, Bdevoe, Belzediel, BilCat, BobThePirate, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Captain Cheeks, Che010, Chris the speller,
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Kelly Martin, Koavf, Kolbasz, Ktr101, Kurieeto, Kwamikagami, LP-mn, Lavaheart, Le Deluge, Leandrod, Librsh, Lightmouse, Longshot14, Lord Pistachio, LorenzoB, MBK004, MSTCrow,
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Mtnerd, Mwmorph, Mx2000, N328KF, NYCRuss, Nick-D, NickdelaG, Nimbulan, Ntmg05, Oknazevad, Ommnomnomgulp, Oposie, Orpheus, Oscarclass, PPGMD, Patrick, Pemilligan,
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Ul1-82-2, Usmarox, Verzer, Walle83, Willy turner, Work permit, Wwoods, Ylee, , , 216 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
390
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Image:USS Dealey (DE-1006).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Dealey_(DE-1006).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: US Navy
File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Reisio (original author)
File:Naval Ensign of Colombia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Naval_Ensign_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Denelson83
Image:USS McMorris (DE-1036).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_McMorris_(DE-1036).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: MarsRover, Monkeybait
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by
User:Gabbe
Image:USS McCloy FF1038.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_McCloy_FF1038.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was DanMS at
en.wikipedia
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the arms
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Contributors: PH3 PETTY
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Contributors: PHC TERRY C. MITCHELL
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Contributors: US Navy photographer
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Image:USS McCandless (FF-1084).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_McCandless_(FF-1084).jpg License: unknown Contributors: Service Depicted: Navy
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PH2 MARK CORREA, USN
File:ROCN Frigate Chih Yang Left Side View 20120526.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ROCN_Frigate_Chih_Yang_Left_Side_View_20120526.jpg License:
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anonymous edits
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File:Flag of Spain.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Spain.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie
File:Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate (long hull) outboard profile.jpg Source:
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File:Combat systems of the FFG-7 class.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Combat_systems_of_the_FFG-7_class.png License: Creative Commons
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File:USS Stark.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Stark.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Service Depicted: NavyCommand Shown: N1601
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Communication Specialist 1st Class Daniel N. Woods
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File:Flag of Egypt.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Open Clip Art
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370
File:Flag of Poland.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370
File:USS-Freedom-130222-N-DR144-174-crop.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS-Freedom-130222-N-DR144-174-crop.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class James R. Evans
File:USS-Freedom-rear-130222-N-DR144-367.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS-Freedom-rear-130222-N-DR144-367.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class James R. Evans
File:US Navy 090928-N-7241L-232 The littoral combat ship USS Freedom (LCS 1) conducts flight deck certification with an MH-60S Sea Hawk helicopter assigned to the Sea Knights
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File:USS Independence LCS-2 at pierce.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Independence_LCS-2_at_pierce.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: U.S.
Navy photo by Naval Air Crewman 2nd Class Nicholas Kontodiakos
File:USS Independence (LCS 2) building.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Independence_(LCS_2)_building.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: U.S.
Navy photo by Chief Mass Communication Specialist Shawn P. Eklund (RELEASED)
File:US Navy 100329-N-1481K-293 USS Independence (LCS 2) arrives at Mole Pier at Naval Air Station Key West.jpg Source:
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Image:US Navy 100406-N-7653W-094 Sailors and civilian personnel aboard the littoral combat ship USS Independence (LCS 2) hoist a training round into the Sea Rolling Air Frame
Missile (SEARAM) launcher.jpg Source:
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
391
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_100406-N-7653W-094_Sailors_and_civilian_personnel_aboard_the_littoral_combat_ship_USS_Independence_(LCS_2)_hoist_a_training_round_into_the_Sea_Rolling_Air_Frame_Missile_(SEARAM)_launcher.jpg
License: Public Domain Contributors: -
file:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Anomie
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File:Flag of Argentina.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: unknown Contributors: Government of Argentina (Vector graphics by
Dbenbenn)
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie
File:Flag of Chile.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alkari, B1mbo, Cathy Richards, Cycn, David Newton,
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anonymous edits
File:Flag of South Korea.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various
File:Flag of Iran.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various
File:Flag of Venezuela (state).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Venezuela_(state).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Denelson83
Image:USS De Haven (DD-727).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_De_Haven_(DD-727).jpg License: unknown Contributors: C.P. Weston, PM3
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File:Gearing class destroyers before and after FRAM modernization.jpg Source:
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File:USS Wilkinson (DL-5) underway in late 1950s.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Wilkinson_(DL-5)_underway_in_late_1950s.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: USN
File:USS Mitscher (DDG-35) at Souda Bay 1971.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Mitscher_(DDG-35)_at_Souda_Bay_1971.jpg License: Public Domain
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Alexey Victorovich, Zurel Darrillian
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File:USS Deyo (DD-989).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Deyo_(DD-989).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dual Freq, Makthorpe, Pibwl,
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File:USS Arleigh Burke Mediterranean.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Arleigh_Burke_Mediterranean.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Journalist
Second Class Patrick Reilly, United States Navy
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File:USS Fitzgerald DDG-62.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Fitzgerald_DDG-62.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: U.S. Navy photo by Lt. j.g.
Bradley Lewis. (RELEASED)
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File:US Navy 080214-N-0923G-001 Susan Tomaiko, left, and Brian Cuccias, vice president and DDG 1000 program manager for Northrup Grumman Shipbuilding, sign the $1.4
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
392
File:DD(X) Advanced Gun System.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DD(X)_Advanced_Gun_System.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Benchill, Mark
Schierbecker, Mmcannis
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File:Advanced Electric Ship Demonstrator.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Advanced_Electric_Ship_Demonstrator.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
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PMG, STB-1, Schlendrian
File:USS Oklahoma City (CLG-5) underway 1974.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Oklahoma_City_(CLG-5)_underway_1974.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Original uploader was DanMS at en.wikipedia
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W.L. Washabaugh, USN; Originally uploaded by User Kralizec! on en.wikipedia on 4 February 2006
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lupus, Jacobolus, SiBr4, Zscout370
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USN
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Contributors: USN
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pohotographer
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USN
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Photograph, from the collections of the Naval Historical Center.
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USN
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en.wikipedia
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Makthorpe, PMG, Schlendrian
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en.wikipedia
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Monkeybait, Moorehal
Image:USS Belknap official photo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Belknap_official_photo.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Official US Navy photo.
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File:Virginia-class-cruiser in task-group.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Virginia-class-cruiser_in_task-group.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Camera
Operator: PH3 CRUZ
Image:USS Arkansas (CGN-41) shock trials.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Arkansas_(CGN-41)_shock_trials.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
Camera Operator: PH1 TOON
File:USS Virginia (CGN-38) in dry dock for nuclear core removal.jpg Source:
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MONTGOMERY, USN
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TROMBECKY
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File:USS New Jersey armor citadel.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_New_Jersey_armor_citadel.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Camera Operator: PH1
DAVID C. MACLEAN
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File:5-inch 38-caliber cropped.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:5-inch_38-caliber_cropped.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Service Depicted:
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Department of Defense. Department of the Navy. Naval Photographic Center.
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Operator: PH1 RON GARRISON
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Operator: PH1 RON GARRISON
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Photograph
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Public Domain Contributors: PH2 RASZLER
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
393
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file:Mk 141 Harpoon Missile Launcher.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mk_141_Harpoon_Missile_Launcher.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Original
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NavyCamera Operator: DON S. MONTGOMERY, USN (RET.)
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MONTGOMERY, USN (RET.)
File:Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pioneer_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicle.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: DieBuche,
Duesentrieb, Julo, Mattes, Morio, Usmcuav, 1 anonymous edits
File:Iowa drone.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iowa_drone.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: PHC Jeff Hilton
File:USS New Jersey BB-62 salvo Jan 1953.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_New_Jersey_BB-62_salvo_Jan_1953.jpeg License: Public Domain Contributors:
USN
File:USS Missouri (BB-63) arrives in Pearl Harbor.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Missouri_(BB-63)_arrives_in_Pearl_Harbor.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: DoD photo by Petty Officer 1st Class David Weideman, U.S. Navy.
File:USSIowa.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USSIowa.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Courtesy of the U.S. Naval Institute Photographic Collection. U.S.
Naval Historical Center Photograph.
File:USS New Jersey.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_New_Jersey.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Photographed by PH2 Monty L. Tipton.
File:KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:KoreanWarNavyGunfire.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: U.S. Navy
File:USS Wisconsin (BB-64) launching Tomahawk.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)_launching_Tomahawk.jpg License: unknown
Contributors: Service Depicted: NavyCommand Shown: N1601
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File:Six Pegasus class hydrofoils underway.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Six_Pegasus_class_hydrofoils_underway.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
PH2 DOUGLAS F. MOONEY
File:USS Philippine Sea.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Philippine_Sea.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Editor at Large, Joshbaumgartner, Mircea,
PMG, STB-1,
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en.wikipedia
File:USS Leyte.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Leyte.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: U.S. Navy photo 80-G-416025
File:USS Yorktown CV-10 - ca 1943.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Yorktown_CV-10_-_ca_1943.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: USN
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Australian armed forces
File:USS Intrepid 1944;021125.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Intrepid_1944;021125.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: U.S. Navy
File:USS Yorktown (CV-10) hangar view 1943.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Yorktown_(CV-10)_hangar_view_1943.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Lieutenant Charles Kerlee, USNR
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File:USS Essex (CV-9) - January 1960.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Essex_(CV-9)_-_January_1960.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Conscious,
Felix Stember, Makthorpe, Slomox, W.wolny
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Johantheghost
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File:USS Midway (CV-41) bow view c1983.JPEG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Midway_(CV-41)_bow_view_c1983.JPEG License: Public Domain
Contributors: USN
File:USS Forrestal.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Forrestal.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: USN
File:CV-59 study NAN11-52.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CV-59_study_NAN11-52.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: USN
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Contributors: U.S. Navy
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File:USS Forrestal CVA-59 with British planes 1962.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Forrestal_CVA-59_with_British_planes_1962.jpg License: Public
Domain Contributors: USN
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Joshbaumgartner, PMG, STB-1
File:USS Independence CVA-62.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Independence_CVA-62.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Naval Historical Center
File:Saratoga.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saratoga.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Chris the speller, 3 anonymous edits
File:USS Kitty Hawk CV-63.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Kitty_Hawk_CV-63.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aphasic, Docu, Egs, Makthorpe,
Vantey
File:USS John F Kennedy (CV 67) island outboard 2004.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_John_F_Kennedy_(CV_67)_island_outboard_2004.jpg License:
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File:USS America (CV-66) island 1976.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_America_(CV-66)_island_1976.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: US Navy
File:USS Constellation (CV-64) starboard amidships.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Constellation_(CV-64)_starboard_amidships.jpg License: Public
Domain Contributors: PH1 Dave MacLean, USN
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Operator: MCSN STEPHEN ROWE
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Contributors: Camera Operator: W. M. WELCH
File:USS Constellation (CV-64) aerial Battle E.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_Constellation_(CV-64)_aerial_Battle_E.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: US Navy
File:USS John F Kennedy (CV-67) port stern view 2004.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USS_John_F_Kennedy_(CV-67)_port_stern_view_2004.jpg License:
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
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File:USS Independence (CV-62) and USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) at Pearl Harbor crop.jpg Source:
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Operator: PH1(NAC) JAMES G. MCCARTER
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Dbenbenn, Zscout370, Jacobolus, Indolences, Technion.
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Cwbm (commons), Docu, Felix Stember, Waterthrower
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Contributors: U.S. Navy photo
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Contributors: U.S. Navy
File:Enterprise Tomcat.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Enterprise_Tomcat.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Cobatfor, Joshbaumgartner, Morio,
TomStar81
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Todd Cichonowicz, U.S. Navy. (RELEASED)
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Navy photo by Photographer's Mate Airman Doug Pearlman.
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en.wikipedia
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Navy
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Navy
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Navy
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U.S. Navy
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Navy
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U.S. Navy
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Navy
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U.S. Navy
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Navy
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Navy
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Navy
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Navy
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employee of the U.S. Navy
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
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File:George Washington Carrier Strike Group.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:George_Washington_Carrier_Strike_Group.jpg License: Public Domain
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HOMEDALE
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TUEMLER
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
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Army
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(202) 685-5055
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en.wikipedia
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