Animals in Translation by Temple Grandin

ISBN:9780156031448

About the book:
I dont know if people will ever be able to talk to animals the way Doctor
Doolittle could, or whether animals will be able to talk back. Maybe
science will have something to say about that. But I do know people can
learn to "talk" to animals, and to hear what animals have to say, better
than they do now. From Animals in Translation
Why would a cow lick a tractor? Why are collies getting dumber? Why
do dolphins sometimes kill for fun? How can a parrot learn to spell? How
did wolves teach man to evolve? Temple Grandin draws upon a long,
distinguished career as an animal scientist and her own experiences with
autism to deliver an extraordinary message about how animals act, think,
and feel. She has a perspective like that of no other expert in the field,
which allows her to offer unparalleled observations and groundbreaking
ideas.
People with autism can often think the way animals think, putting them in the perfect position to
translate "animal talk." Grandin is a faithful guide into their world, exploring animal pain, fear,
aggression, love, friendship, communication, learning, and, yes, even animal genius. The sweep
of Animals in Translation is immense and will forever change the way we think about animals.
*includes a Behavior and Training Troubleshooting Guide

About the author:
TEMPLE GRANDIN earned her Ph.D. in animal science from the University of Illinois, went on
to become an associate professor at Colorado State University, and wrote two books on autism,
including the seminal Thinking in Pictures. She lives in Fort Collins, Colorado.
CATHERINE JOHNSON, Ph.D., is a writer specializing in neuropsychiatry and the brain and is
the author of three previous books. She lives in New York.
Discussion Questions:
The Animals in Translation Guide is available in a text format or as a PDF document. Click here
to Download PDF version (5 MB).

ABOUT THIS GUIDE

Aimed at autism specialists, agricultural instructors, farm-management professionals, animal-
behavior experts, and all other students, professors, and interested readers, this is primarily a
chapter-by-chapter discussion guide keyed to Animals in Translation by Temple Grandin and
Catherine Johnson. An extensive list of key terms to define and explore as well as several further
reading suggestions are also offered.


DISCUSSION QUESTIONS


CHAPTER 1: MY STORY

1. What is a squeeze chute? What does it do? What is it for? Why did Grandin realize at an early
age that she needed a squeeze chute of [her] own? Describe the squeeze machine that
Grandin designed for herself. How does this device help her?

2. Summarize Grandins background: her youth, her schooling, her accomplishments, her career.
How did Grandin come to find a connection between human intelligence and animal
intelligence the animal sciences have missed? And what, in essence, is that connection? Also,
what does Grandin mean by calling autism a kind of way station on the road from animals to
humans?

3. Why does the author claim that animals are like autistic savants . . . [and] might actually be
autistic savants? Whats her reasoning?

4. Describe Grandins take on B. F. Skinner and behaviorism. Why does she take a critical view
of behaviorism overall while also allowing that this movement had a lot to offer, and still
does?

5. Explain the difference between behaviorists and ethologists. What does it means to
anthropomorphize something? Why were both camps in total agreement that practically the
worst thing anyone could possibly do was to anthropomorphize an animal? Does Grandin agree
with his? Explain her qualifications or reservations regarding the anthropomorphic study of
animals.

6. Toward the end of this chapter, Grandin relates the story of a famous experiment known as
Gorillas in Our Midst. How did this experiment work? What did it prove? What does this
experiment tell us about how normal people experience the world? And why does Grandin keep
referring to this experiment throughout Animals in Translation?

7. Describe the differences between predators, prey animals, and scavengers. Give examples of
each, and explain how these three categories relate toand sometimes overlapone another.


CHAPTER 2: HOW ANIMALS PERCEIVE THE WORLD

1. Why does Grandin assert that she has to fight against abstractification constantly when
[shes] working with the government and the meatpacking industry? What does she mean by
abstractified thinking, and why does she claim that people become more radical when theyre
thinking abstractly? Do you agree with Grandin on this last point? Why or why not?

2. Explain how autistic people and animals are alike in the way they see things. Also explain
how and why the authors thinking in this regard was encouraged by Nancy Minshew, a research
neurologist at the University of Pittsburgh.

3. Review the list of eighteen Tiny Details That Scare Farm Animals (which Grandin presents
in this chapter). Why is it especially relevant that fourteen out of the eighteen distracters are
visual? Why do contrast and things that are moving appear so often on this list?

4. Apparently animals use an additive system rather than an averaging system when theyre
figuring out what something is and whether they should be afraid of it, Grandin writes. Define
these two systems, and elaborate on the difference between them.

5. In the Sound section of this chapter, Grandin says: I think the orienting response is the
beginning of consciousness. Why does she think this?

6. Later Grandin notes, Comparing animal brains to human brains tells us two things. Identify
and expand on these two key points. Also, explain the difference between the following three
terms, and how they relate to one another: reptilian brain, paleomammalian brain, and
neomammalian brain.

7. Grandin gives two reasons for thinking that everyone has the potential for extreme
perception. What are these reasons? Also, what does she mean by asserting that normal people
see and hear schemas, not raw sensory data? How do such schemas and data pertain to the idea
of filtering stuff outand how do animals and autistic people differ from normal people on this
score?


CHAPTER 3: ANIMAL FEELINGS

1. Describe the phenomenon of rapist roosterswhat are they, why did they come about,
where and when do they appear, and how do they relate to the practice of single-trait breeding?

2. Why are albino animals not normal? What reasons or evidence does the author provide for
their abnormality, and why do albino animals suffer (both domestically and in the wild)? Why
are albino animals problematic for research?

3. People and domestic animals have been together for a long time, Grandin notes in this
chapter, and domestic animals have been evolving in response to humans for years. Provide
several examples of this, from this chapter as well as the rest of the book. Also, what does
Grandin mean by incidental selection pressureand how does this concept relate to both the
coexistence and genetics of humans and animals?

4. What does the author mean by saying that humans have neotenized dogs? What have
humans done to dogs in neotenizing them, and howand whydid we do so in the first place?
In answering these questions, summarize Grandins accounts of dogs and wolves in this regard.

5. What connection does the author make between her own lack of an unconscious mind and
animals lack of Freudian defense mechanisms? How does this connection relate to the fact that
pictures are [Grandins] native language?

6. What are mixed emotions? What are complex emotions? And what are the four core emotions
and the four primary social emotions? Which of these emotions do humans have, which do
animals have, and which do humans and animals share?

7. Name the trait(s) Grandin is referring to when she describes the dinnertime wag-and-smile
feeling that all dogs exhibit (note that she cites Dr. Jaak Panksepp in naming this emotion). What
is the brains SEEKING circuitwhat does it trigger in humans as well as animals? Also explain
the novelty paradox that stems from the SEEKING system.

8. Explain animal superstition (which is a B. F. Skinner term). Do humans also display this
sort of behavior? And if so, do animals and humans develop superstitions in the same manner?
Explain.

9. Why is Grandin so critical of how horse breeders house their stallions? (When answering this
question, see also chapter 4.)

10. What is the difference between face recognition and f
ace memory, and how does each pertain to the object recognition area of the brain (that is, in
autistic as well as normal people)? What is social memory?

11. Define vasopressin (or arginine vasopressin) and oxytocin, explaining how each is involved
in the mating, sexual activity, and parenting of animals.


12. Explain how and why social warmth in animals evolved out of the brain system that handles
physical warmth.


13. Why is it that we dont know as much about the brain basis of play [in animals] as we do for
curiosity, love, and sex? What do we know about how and why animals like to play so much?
And what do we know about the relationship between play and brain development in animals?
From an animalistic standpoint, expand on the behavioral and emotional differences between
play fighting and real fighting.


14. In real life, Grandin notes, animals seem to feel emotions one at a time, with one
important exception. Name this exception, and explain when and why it occurs.


15. What is Springer rage? Why does it occur in Springer spaniels, and how did this rage come
about?


CHAPTER 4: ANIMAL AGGRESSION


1. Define and differentiate between the two core kinds of aggression in animals. Which kind is
broader? Which is more common?


2. Explain the relationship between instincts and drives. Why is it that the concept of a drive
didnt hold up well once researchers started mapping the brain?


3. Speaking generallythat is, considering only brain size and complexity and specieshow
much animal behavior is learned and how much is instinctual?


4. Explain why all animals must have both physical and emotional motivations for meeting
bodily needs. Also, describe the relationship that exists between predatory killing and the
SEEKING emotion (which was first discussed in the previous chapter).


5. Define the quiet bite form of predatory killing. Also, recount the story Grandin tells of Lilly
and Harley, her friends cats in New York. Why did these two cats remind the author of autistic
fixations?


6. Almost no animal routinely kills prey animals on an indiscriminate basis, Grandin writes.
But what is the exception? What predator in the wild occasionally violates this rule? And why
does Grandin think this animal does so?


7. Name and explain the seven different kinds of rage aggression categorized by Grandin. Also
explain how the neurotransmitter serotonin might relate to social dominance in particular and to
aggression in general.


8. From an animalistic or even psychobiological standpoint, what is rage for?


9. People who love animals often think [of them] as being aggressive but not violent, Grandin
writes. Only [human beings] commit rapes, murders, or wage wars. Explain why this isor is
notactually true.


10. Is infanticide a logical fact of evolutionor a freakish aberration of it? Discuss a few
different kinds of animals when exploring this question.


11. The greater the complexity of an animals brain, it seems, the greater the potential for that
animal to exhibit vicious behavior. Why is this the case?


12. Grandin lists two essential actions for manag[ing] an animals aggressive naturewhat are
they? Be sure to explain the term socializing when naming these actions.


13. What are leash lawsand why is Grandin critical of them?


14. When addressing how best to treat farm animals, Grandin writes: You have to work with an
animals emotional makeup, not against it. Explain what she means here, citing examples of
actions that go with and against animals emotions. Also explain how this idea relates to
dominance hierarchies.


15. Why is it so easy to teach a dog not to bite in the first place, but so hard to teach a dog to
stop biting once hes started? When answering, discuss the authors careful distinctions between
training and dominance. And why does Grandin add that, when it comes to backing an animal
out of its aggressive behavior habits, in some cases the problem is the owner?


16. How and why does the author see significant similarities between dominant dogs and
children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?


17. At the end of this chapter, Grandin explores the coevolution of humans and dogs. How does
she use their long period of codevelopmentand cohabitationto make the point that dogs
dont hurt people more often [because they] belong together?
CHAPTER 5: PAIN AND SUFFERING


1. Why do animals often hide their pain?


2. When it comes to animals feeling (and dealing with) pain, Grandin notes: Prey animals can
be incredibly uncomplaining but that predator animals can be big babies. This seems to be the
opposite of what we might expect; why is this the case? Also, why is it that vets tend to worry
about animals experiencing too little pain instead of too much?


3. Do fish feel pain? Paraphrase both the affirmative and negative answers Grandin gives for this
query.


4. How is the duality of pain and suffering (in all animals and people) related to the brains
frontal lobe? Are pain and suffering one and the same? If not, why notand when and how are
they not? Explain. Why does Grandin say animals probably arent as upset about pain as a
human being would be in the same situation? Finally, how does Grandins thinking on this
subject pertain to people with autism?


5. Fear is so bad for animals I think its worse than pain. What is the authors reasoning for
this claim and how does her reasoning stem from the fact that fear and pain are (in terms of the
brain) opposites?


6. Clarify the difference between fear and anxiety, pointing out which parts of the brain deal with
each emotion. Also explain how these phenomena correspond with the fight-or-flight impulse
and orienting response emotion in animals. Why is vigilance linked with the orienting response?
And how did the authors experience with taking antidepressants influence her thinking on these
matters?


7. Why does Grandin suggest that the feral children of centuries past could have actually been
children with autism?


8. When it comes to managing their fear, writes Grandin, animals and autistic people are at a
big disadvantage because they have to rely on pictures. Illuminate the point she is making here.
How is the brains frontal lobe involved?


9. What is the purpose of fear? Summarize the study of the fearful guppies in explaining this
purpose.


10. The author asserts that people and animals use their emotions to predict the future. How do
emotions make such predictions happenand what ultimate purpose(s) might these predictions
serve? Provide a few examples, if you can, and in doing so address what Grandin calls the basic
principle [of] close-up = fear [and] distant = calm.


11. Most researchers have concluded that fear of snakes is semi-innate, Grandin notes. Define
semi-innate.


12.What are evolutionary fears, and how do they reflect Grandins assertion that evolution
[sometimes gives] animals and people an ability to ward off trouble before it happens?


13. Define extinction as used by behaviorists, and explain how the term differs from
forgetting.


14. What are slow fears and fast fears, and how do they each relate to the amygdala? Also,
explain the difference between learned facts and learned fearswhich sort of learning lasts
longer and goes deeper, and why?


15. Why does Grandin employ the term hyper-specifica word that comes from the study of
autismto denote animal fears?


16. The more fearful the animal, the more likely he is to investigate. Explain this apparent
paradox.


17. Give a few examples of overgeneralized fears that an animal or person might experience.
Why do a persons fears in this case tend to be conceptual, while an animals tend to be
physical?


18. Toward the end of this chapter, Grandin gives a detailed account of how animals can be
inoculated against fears by other animals. How does she use Seabiscuit, the famous racehorse,
to make this point?
CHAPTER 6: HOW ANIMALS THINK


1. What is true cognition (according to the Oxford researcher Marion Stamp Dawkins)? Do
animals exhibit this trait? If so, which animals and how?


2. Explain why Dr. Irene Pepperberg found phenomenal success in her experiments with Alex
(her amazingly smart parrot) by switching from operant conditioning to social modeling theory.


3. Who is Ildefonso? What is his background and why do we know about him to begin with?
Sum up what Grandin thinks we might be able to learn about animals and cognition from
Ildefonsoand from other language-less people. At one point Grandin supposes: Do some
animals have religious feelings and perceptions? Do animals believe in magic? I dont think
anyone can rule it out. Is Grandin reaching too far here, in your view? Explain why you do or
dont think so.


4. Must there always be language in a creature in order for consciousness to also exist in that
creature? Explain how the authors negative take on this query stems from her own autism. Also,
describe how the dreaming mice experiment at MIT at least suggests that animals (even if they
lack language per se) are conscious beings.


5. Review Grandins five-point checklist for inspectors aiming to make sure that animals receive
humane treatment at meatpacking plants. Explain how this checklist both critiques and corrects
language-based thinkers such as people in academia and often in government while also
covering all conceivable details great and small. Also, given the fastidiousness and proven
success of this checklist, describe how Grandin brings a uniqueand uniquely animal-savvy
perspective to such endeavors.


6. Did the prairie dogs outside Flagstaff, Arizona, really create a language? And do they now
speak and understand it? Review the authors detailed account of these animals when
formulating your answers.


7. Animals are the originators of music and the true instructors. Why does Grandin make this
claim? Whats her logic? Further, how can she confidently assert that birdsong is a good
candidate for being a true animal language?


8. Returning to Dr. Pepperberg and Alex, how did this incredible parrot come to actually spell
the word nut? And why, in spite of this remarkable breakthrough, does Dr. Pepperberg refrain
from claiming that Alex has language?


CHAPTER 7: ANIMAL GENIUS: EXTREME TALENTS


1. Near the outset of this chapter, Grandin says that most animals have superhuman skills [in
that] animals have animal genius. Give examples of such genius, from chapter 7 and from
throughout Animals in Translation.


2. Who was Clever Hans? Explain why the author is so impressed with Hans even though his
famed counting ability was finally disproved.


3. Account for why Grandin flatly rejects the if-animals-were-smart-they-wouldnt-still-be-
pooping-in-the-woods theory of animal cognition. What does this theory maintain? In
describing Grandins rejection, explain why any given cultureand the knowledge existing
within that culturemust evolve.


4. What is the hidden figures talentand why do autistic people seem to be so good at it?
Describe a few of the practical, immediate employment opportunities Grandin sees for autistic
people in relation to this talent. Moreover, flesh out what the author means by the following
declaration: Normal people dont draw a dog, they draw a concept of a dog. Autistic people
draw the dog.


5. Revisit the ant navigation story that Grandin relates, which concerns how ants in an obstacle
course will invariably, on passing a gray pebble while going one way, look for that same gray
pebble [when] coming back the other way. Why does Grandin add: I do the same thing ants
do? What point is she making here about the way in which animals and people with autism see
the world?


6. If we are to believe one key study, as Grandin notes: Wolves and people were together at the
point when homo sapiens had just barely evolved from homo erectus . . . they were on a lot more
equal footing than dogs and people are today. What did humans learn from evolving
alongside wolves? What did we get from them in terms of thought and behavior, action and skill,
strength and talent?


7. Revisit the last two sentences of this chapter: People were animals, too, once, and when we
turned into human beings we gave something up. Being close to animals brings some of it back.
Whats the it that Grandin is referring to here?
KEY TERMS TO DEFINE AND EXPLORE


Finally, consider these two statements from Grandins book. The first is from Chapter 1: What
animals do in labs is nothing like what they do in the wildso what are you actually learning
when you do [lab-based] experiments? The second is from chapter 5: Its a mistake to assume
that everything we see in nature serves a purpose [because] evolution can be random. Do these
statements, taken together, make Animals in Translation a weaker book, in your view, or a
stronger one? Explain,


As coauthor Catherine Johnson notes in her acknowledgments, this book draws on at least nine
different fields [to explore] the nature of animals and autism and how they go together.
Therefore, Animals in Translation will both engage and enlighten students, teachers, and
professionals over a range of academic, scientific, and agricultural disciplines. To that end,
readers of this book may want to identify and discuss the following terms, all of which appear in
Animals in Translation.
Alpha males and beta males


Alpha ranking
Amygdala
AOS and MOS (olfactory systems)
Autistic savants
Behaviorism
Bloodlines (and freak bloodlines) in animals
Bite inhibition
Cerebellum
Center-track restraining system
Classification and reclassification
Click language and tonal language
Cognitive specialists and generalists
Conditioned stimulus
Confirmation bias
Conscious memory
Counter-phobic training
Cumulative cultural evolution
Cultural ratcheting
Desensitization
Dominance aggression
ESB
Endorphins
Extreme perception
Feed conversion
Fixed action patterns and emotions (and how both relate to the brain)
Forebrain and corpus callosum (in domestic animals)
Frontotemporal dementia
Frontal lobe
Forebrain and corpus callosum (in domestic animals)
General intelligence (or g)
Gut feelings
Hypothalamus
Implicit cognition and subliminal perception
Inattentional blindness
Intermale aggression
IQ
Leucotomy operations
Locomotor play
Loners, aggressors, and retreaters (in a litter)
Lower-down brain functions
Lumpers and splitters (Darwins terms)
Mate guarding
Meaning, productivity, and displacement (in language)
Midbrain and olfactory bulbs (in humans)
Model/rival (Dr. Pepperbergs technique)
Multiple intelligences
Multiplier unit
Neocortex
Novelty seeking
Observational learning
Open arena study
Operant conditioning
Opioid system
Orienting response
Pack mentality
Pain guarding
Paralinguistic utterances
Phonemes
Piloerection
Pleasure (or reward) center of the brain
Positive and negative reinforcement
Predatory chasing instinct
Prepared stimulus
PTSD
Receptive and expressive language
Recursive language
Role reversal
Selection pressure
Self-handicapping
Self-stimulation studies
Seismic communication (silent thunder of elephants)
Separation distress
Serotonin
Sequencing
Shy biters
Single-trait breeding (or single-trait selection )
Skinners black box
Social reinstatement
Strange situation test
Subcortical brain structures
Super-prey
Super-stimulus
Territorial aggression
Thermoregulation
Three- and four-component tasks
Transformational rules
Triune brain theory
Unconscious memory
Unified theory of savant abilities
Verbal overshadowing

FURTHER READING
For more of Grandins quick facts, expert pronouncements, and thorough checklists, educators
can now turn to the Behavior and Training Troubleshooting Guide located at the end of Animals
in Translation.
Teachers should also consider the following supplementary texts, which Grandin refers to
throughout Animals in Translation: Descartes Error by Antonio R. Damasio; Thinking in
Pictures by Temple Grandin; How to Be Your Dogs Best Friend by the Monks of New Skete;
Affective Neuroscience by Jaak Panksepp; The Alex Studies by Irene Pepperberg; The Man Who
Mistook His Wife for a Hat by Oliver Sacks; A Man Without Words by Susan Schaller; To Touch
a Wild Dolphin by Rachel Smolker; The Hidden Life of Dogs by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas;
Extraordinary People: Understanding Idiot Savants by Darland A. Treffert; and Nobody
Nowhere by Donna Williams.