21.

AIRLINE PASSENGER RIGHTS

22. AIRLINE TRAVEL DOCUMENTS
AIRLINE TRAVEL DOCUMENTS
PASSPORT
an official document issued by a government, certifying the holder's identity
and citizenship and entitling them to travel under its protection to and from
foreign countries.
Types of Passport
1. REGULAR PASSPORT
Green or Blue cover and is issued to tourists and business travelers
2. OFFICIAL PASSPORT
Maroon cover and is issued to government employee travelling
3. DIPLOMATIC PASSPORT
Black cover and is issued to diplomatic and members of the consular corps
VISA
It is a conditional authority given by a competent authority of a country for a
person who is not a citizen of that country to enter its territory and to remain
there for a limited duration.
Types of Visa
By Purpose
1. TRANSIT VISA
It is for passing through the country to a destination outside that country
* AIRSIDE TRANSIT VISA, it is required by some countries for passing through
their airports even without going through passport control.
* CREW MEMBER, STEWARD OR DRIVERS VISA, it issued to persons
employed or trained on aircraft, vessels, trains, trucks, buses and any other
means of international transportation, or ships fishing in international
waters.
2. SHORT-STAY VISA OR VISITOR VISA
It is for short visits to the host country.
* PRIVATE VISA, for private visits by invitation of residents of the country.
* TOURIST VISA, for a limited period of leisure travel, no business activities
allowed.
*VISA FOR MEDICAL REASONS for undertaking diagnostics or a course of
treatment in the host country's hospitals.
* BUSINESS VISA, for engaging in commerce in the country. These visas
generally preclude permanent employment, for which a work visa would be
required
* WORKING HOLIDAY VISA, for individuals traveling between nations
offering a working holiday program, allowing young people to undertake
temporary work while traveling.
*ATHLETIC OR ARTISTIC VISA, issued to athletes and performing artists (and
their supporting staff) performing at competitions, concerts, shows and
other events.
* CULTURAL EXCHANGE VISA, usually issued to athletes and performing
artists participating in a cultural exchange program
* REFUGEE VISA, issued to persons fleeing the dangers of persecution, a war
or a natural disaster.
3. LONG-STAY VISA It is valid for longer but still finite stay
* STUDENT VISA, which allows its holder to study at an institution of higher
learning in the issuing country.
* TEMPORARY WORKER VISA, for approved employment in the host country
* JOURNALIST VISA, which some countries require of people in that
occupation when traveling for their respective news organizations
* RESIDENCE VISA, granted to people obtaining long-term residence in the
host country. In some countries, long-term residence is a necessary step to
obtain the status of a permanent resident.
* ASYLUM VISA, issued to people who have suffered or reasonably fear
persecution in their own country due to their political activities or opinion, or
features, or association with a social group.
4. IMMIGRANT VISA, granted for those intending to immigrate to the issuing
country
* SPOUSAL VISA/PARTNER VISA, granted to the spouse, civil partner or de
facto partner of a resident or citizen of a given country to enable the couple
to settle in that country
* MARRIAGE VISA, granted for a limited period before intended marriage or
civil partnership based on a proven relationship with a citizen of the
destination country
* PENSIONER VISA (also known as retiree visa or retirement visa), issued by a
limited number of countries etc.), to those who can demonstrate a foreign
source of income and who do not intend to work in the issuing country. Age
limits apply in some cases.
5. OFFICIAL VISA is granted to officials doing job for their governments or
otherwise representing their countries in the host country, such as the
personnel of diplomatic missions
* DIPLOMATIC VISA is normally only available to bearers of diplomatic
passports.
* COURTESY VISA, issued to representatives of foreign governments or
international organizations who do not qualify for diplomatic status but do
merit expedited, courteous treatment - an example of this is Australia's
Special purpose visa.
By Method of Issuance
1. ON-ARRIVAL VISA
(also known as Visa On Arrival, VOA), granted at a port of entry. This is
distinct from not requiring a visa at all, as the visitor must still obtain the visa
before they can even try to pass through immigration.
2. ELECTRONIC VISA
The visa is stored in a computer and is electronically tied to the passport
number; no label, sticker or stamp is placed in the passport before travel.
UN TRAVEL DOCUMENTS
The United Nations and the International Labour Organization issue laissez-
passers to officials and members of the UN and other specialized agencies as
well as to several international organizations. The laissez-passer is also issued
to their families for official use.
ALIEN AND REFUGEES
1. REFUGEE TRAVEL DOCUMENT
(formally: 1951 Convention travel document) are passport-like booklets
issued by national governments to refugees under the 1951 Convention
Relating to the Status of Refugees.
2. 1954 CONVENTION TRAVEL DOCUMENTS
Similar documents issued to stateless persons under the 1954 Convention
Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. The document is the successor of
the (now defunct) League of Nations' Nansen passport.
3. ALIENS PASSPORTS & CERTIFICATES OF IDENTITY
Are passport-like booklets issued by national governments to resident
foreigners, other than those issued under the 1951 and 1954 conventions
mentioned above
OTHER DOCUMENTS AS TRAVEL DOCUMENTS
NATIONAL IDENTITY CARD
Identity cards are generally issued as a means of identification within a
country, but in some cases they may also be used as a travel document.
DRIVERS LICENSE
Driver's licenses are generally not considered travel documents, since they
bear no information on nationality and conditions which would lead to
refusal of a travel document have generally not been tested
DE FACTO TRAVEL DOCUMENTS
De facto travel documents are documents which in practice will be sufficient
to cross borders legally, but with no legal status as a travel document
TOURIST CARD
A smart card with an incorporated chip that comprises a wide range of
cultural and leisure activities from each city, as well as access to public
transport, tourist bus services and various discounts in shops (depending on
each city) so you can just relax and enjoy your stay.
TRAVEL INSURANCE
It is insurance that is intended to cover medical expenses, financial default of
travel suppliers, and other losses incurred while traveling, either within one's
own country, or internationally.



23. AIRLINE POLICY



24. DEPARTURE AND ARRIVAL FLOW OF PASSENGER AND BAGGAGE
PASSENGER/BAGGAGE FLOW AT THE AIRPORT

DEPARTURE AREA

FROM THE DEPARTURE GATE


CUSTOMS/
SECURITY CHECK
All baggages will pass through X-ray machine. Suspected baggage may be
requested will undergo inspection by the custom/security officer.
Passenger will undergo body checking
CHECK-IN
COUNTER
Submit passport and ticket for inspection by the airline check-in counter
Checked- in baggages will be weighed and tagged. Baggages will then be transferred to
the aircraft belly.
Airline counter representative returns the passport and ticket to the passenger and issue
the baggage claim stub as well the the boarding pass to the passenger
Airliine counter representative issue an entry/departure card (E/D Card)to be filled-up by
the passenger
TERMINAL FEE
COUNTER
Passenger pays the terminal fee of Php750.00 for international flights
CUSTOMS/
SECURITY CHECK
Handcarried baggages will pass through x-ray machine for final checking. Items
not allowed to be carried on board will be confiscated.
Passenger will pass through body check
PASSENGERS'
WAITING LOUNGE
Passenger waits for the boarding announcement.
Passenger submits the boarding pass before entering the aircraft.
. AIRCRAFT

ARRIVAL AREA

FROM THE AIRCRAFT.


ARRIVAL GATE

I. PROBLEMS COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED

- Excess baggage
- Unnecessary or restricted baggage
- Unprinted boarding passes
- Long and congested lines
- Strict security measures
- Lost Baggages

II. OVERCOMING THESE PROBLEMS

1. Arrive Early.
2. Make sure that you have your proper identification.
3. Get your ticket or boarding pass before you arrive at the airport printed/prepared.
4. Check your luggage's for unnecessary things.
5. Make it easy to be screened
6. Dont be surprised with the strict security measures.
7. Dont take it personally.
8. Get to know your airline policies.
9. Maintain a positive attitude.


IMMIGRATION
AREA
Submit for inspection all the travel documents including the properly filled-up
E/D Card
Immigration officer returns the passport and other necessary documents to the
passenger
BAGGAGE
LINEAR OR
CAROUSEL
Passenger claims his baggage/s to the baggage linear or carousel
Passenger submits his baggage claim stub to the security officer
CUSTOMS/
SECURITY
CHECK
Baggages will pass through the x-ray machine
Submit the tax declaration certificate to the custom officer for payment or
clearance


25. TYPES OF AIRLINE PASSENGERS

1. INFANT (INF)
Age: 16 days-before 2 years old (1 year- 11 months- 29 days)
10% of the accompanying adult's fare
Must travel with the accompanying adult to which the infants
ticket is associated with
One-Infant-Per-Adult Policy
Does not occupy a seat/no baggage allowance
Exempted in travel tax
They are allotted 1 (one) baby stroller free-of-charge. Use of baby
bassinets should book their flights and make the necessary reservations at
least 24 hours before the date of departure
2. CHILD
Male: MSTR (Master)
Female: MIST (Mistress)
Age: 2-12 years old (11 years- 11 months- 29 days)
50% charge of regular rate
Reduced 50% in travel tax
50% free baggage allowance
2 to 7 years old cannot travel alone and must be accompanied by
an adult
A minimum of one accompanying adult (aged 16 years or above)
per 10 children
The accompanying adult must be booked under the same
reservation as the child
3. ADULT
Age: 12 years old- before death
100% of charged rate
4. UNACCOMPANIED MINOR (UM)
Age: Children aged eight to below twelve years of age may be
allowed to travel alone only at the request of their parent or guardian. (If no
request is made, there will not be any special arrangements. )
Young children traveling without a parent or legal guardian, and
permitted to travel alone provided that they are properly endorsed to the
airline and assurance that the child will be picked-up at the destination
Service fee per sector shall be assessed on each unaccompanied
minors
Refund will only be allowed for some limited cases
Some airlines do not accept Unaccompanied Minors with any
itineraries that involve a transfer exceeding 5 hours; and connecting flights
must be arriving / departing from the same airport
Parent/Guardian is required to remain at the airport and stay
contactable until the flight is airborne
5. EXPECTANT MOTHER
Pregnant: Accepted to travel if not beyond 35 weeks (8 months
and 3 weeks) pregnant
Accomplished Expectant Mothers Information Sheet (EMIS) Form
Part 1
For those between the sixth and eighth month (24-32 weeks) of
pregnancy. EMIS Form Part 2 is properly accomplished by their personal
physician
If below 21 years of age, the consent in writing of the husband,
parent or guardian must be secured
If beyond 32 weeks of pregnancy, EMIS Part 3 must be
accomplished by the Flight Surgeon or Company Physician who shall issue
the clearance for travel
6. SENIOR CITIZEN (SRC)
Age: At least 60 years old
20% discount on normal fares for Filipino citizens
Foreign nationals are not allowed to avail the Senior Citizen
discount under Philippine Law
VAT exemption applies to any fare type including promotional
fares
Wheel chair requests
Passengers requiring wheelchair assistance must be requested at
the time of booking.
Wheelchairs powered by wet cell, spillable battery cannot be
accepted for travel.
Dry cell, non-spillable batteries can be accepted provided that the
terminals are insulated to prevent accidental short circuits. The battery must
be securely attached to the wheelchair.
7. PERSON WITH DISABILTITY (DIS)
PWD: Persons with Disability are those individuals defined under
Section 4 of R.A7277, as person suffering from restriction or different
abilities, as a result of a mental, physical or sensory impairment, to perform
an activity in a manner or within the range considered normal for human
being.
20% discount on normal fares
Number of disabled passengers (persons with reduced mobility)
accepted shall not exceed 28 per flight, provided that a maximum of 10
passengers who require a wheelchair from check-in to the cabin seat, can be
carried on board the same aircraft
8. BLIND AND DEAF PASSENGER
Some airlines provide Meet and Assistance Service, free of charge,
to blind and deaf passengers. Request must be made upon the day of
reservation.
9. PASSENGER REQUIRING EXTRA OXYGEN
Some airlines accept for travel passengers who would normally
need of extra oxygen for medical reasons if they obtain a medical certificate
confirming their fitness to travel by air without extra oxygen during the
intended flight
10. MEDICAL CASE PASSENGERS (MEDA)
Pre-mature babies, passenger with faecal incontinence, cases
involving passengers with oxygen supply-cardiovascular diseases, myocardial
lesions, high blood pressures, respiratory diseases, blood and lymphatic
system disorders, disease of endocrine system, shock and overwhelming
infection, genito-urinary disorders and among others.
11. PASSENGER WITH NUT ALLERGY
Required to secure a copy of the Carriers Notice.
For nut-free special meal requests, please provide prior notice by
calling reservations no later than 48 hours before your intended departure
date.
12. OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKER (OFW)
Filipinos working abroad that are expected to return permanently
either upon the expiration of a work contract or upon retirement
Exempted travel tax (with Overseas Employment Certificate
(OEC))
13. BALIKBAYAN
Filipinos who have become citizens of another country and have
returned to the Philippines for a temporary though extended visit
14. EXPATRIATE
Overseas Filipino Investor or OFI for Filipino expatriate who
contribute to the economy through remittances, buying properties and
creating businesses
15. OTHER TYPES
Seafarer
Student/ Teacher
Military Officers
Clergy/ Missionary
Government Employee
Couples/ Honeymooners
Family
Frequent flyer
16. TYPES ACCORDING TO PERSONALITIES
o The toilet goer
also known as people with weak bladders who spend most of their time
walking up and down the aisles to go to the toilet
o The techies
the gadget guy or smartphone addict who insists that they are turning
their phone off even though they are really texting
o The talker
The babbler, The person who wont shut up or Ill talk your ear off is
the passenger who will continue to talk to you even when you have closed
your eyes, put on your headphones, started your laptop or opened your book
o The sleeper
also known as the guy who snores the entire flight is the passenger who is
either snoring loudly next to you or using you as a pillow
o The recliner
The lounger, also known as The guy who still thinks its ok to recline in
coach is the passenger who even though they know everyone is cramped,
still reclines their seat so that you cannot even go to the toilet
o The odor offender
the stinker or the smelly one is the passenger who has foul body odour
as they havent had a shower or maybe washed for weeks and do not believe
in deodorant
o The disease sharer
The cougher or the person who has a cold or allergies and sneezes and
coughs all over you during the flight is the passenger that most people
dread sitting next to, especially the ones that do not cover their mouth while
coughing, or sneeze all over your food and wipe their hand on their tray
o The armrest dominator
is the passenger who is oblivious to your need or even right also to share the
armrest
o The aisle clogger
The Procrastinator includes the passenger who does not notice the line of
people behind them trying to get to their seats.









26. TYPES OF AIRLINE BAGGAGE
Luggage Cases/Containers used to carry belongings when traveling
Baggage suitcases, trunks and personal belongings of a traveler

1. Carry on Baggage
Also called as Hand Baggage or Cabin Baggage
The baggage you are taking with you on board of the plane
Weight limits tend to be strictly checked by low-cost airlines
Cabin baggage should have a maximum length of 56 cm (22
inches), width of 45 cm (18 inches) and depth of 25 cm (10 inches)
2. Checked Baggage
Larger and Heavier than Carry-on Baggage
Handed over at the checked- in desk

27. BAGGAGE HANDLING PROCEDURES AND POLICY
Baggage handling system (BHS) is a type of conveyor system installed in
airports that transports checked luggage from ticket counters to areas where
the bags can be loaded onto airplanes. A BHS also transports checked
baggage coming from airplanes to baggage claims or to an area where the
bag can be loaded onto another airplane.
Sortation - The process of identifying a bag, and the information associated
with it, to make a decision on where the bag should be directed within the
system
In addition to sortation, a BHS may also perform the following functions:
Detection of bag jams
Volume regulation (to ensure that input points are controlled to
avoid overloading system)
Load balancing (to evenly distribute bag volume between
conveyor sub-systems)
Bag counting
Bag tracking
Redirection of bags via pusher or diverter

A baggage-handling system has three main jobs:
Move bags from the check-in area to the departure gate
Move bags from one gate to another during transfers
Move bags from the arrival gate to the baggage-claim area

Conveyors equipped with junctions and sorting machines automatically route
the bags to the gate.
Baggage Handlers is a person who loads and unloads baggage (suitcases or
luggage), and other cargo (airfreight, mail, counter-to-counter packages) for
transport via aircraft
BAG TAGS is used to route passenger luggage that is checked on to the final
destination. The passenger stub is typically handed to the passenger or
attached to the ticket envelope: a) to aid the passenger in identifying their
bag among similar bags at the destination baggage carousel; b) as proofstill
requested at a few airportsthat the passenger is not removing someone
else's bag from the baggage reclaim hall; c) as a means for the passenger and
carrier to identify and trace a specific bag that has gone astray and was not
delivered at the destination.
DOs
Do pack liquids, toilet articles in ziplock or airtight plastic bags.
Changes in cabin pressure may cause even well sealed items to leak
Donts
Don't place your valuables, jewelry, cash, electronics or other
fragile and important items in your checked baggage.
Don't pack sharp objects such as knives, scissors, cutters in your
carry-on baggage.
Don't bring lighters in the airport or onboard the aircraft.

Maximum dimensions of carry-on luggage: 45 in/115 cm
Maximum weight of carry-on luggage: 15 lb/7 kg
In addition to the free carry-on allowance, a passenger is allowed to carry the
following items onboard:
o laptop with case
o small handbag
o coat
o wrap or blanket
o walking stick or a pair of crutches
o small camera or a pair of binoculars
o reasonable amount of reading materials
o infant's food and carrying basket
BANNED ITEMS
o Explosive and Incendiary Materials
o Flammable Items
o Gases and Pressure Containers
o Matches
1
Explosions
2
Gases
3
Flammable Liquids
4
Flammable Solids
5
Oxidizing Substances ; Organic Peroxides
6
Toxic Substances ; Infectious Substances
7
Radioactive Materials
8
Corrosive Substances
9
Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods
o Poisons
o Infectious Materials
o Corrosives
o Organic Radioactive Materials
o Magnetic Materials

28. DANGEROUS GOODS
Dangerous Goods
- Also known as HazMat
(Hazardous materials).
- Articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health,
safety, property or the environment.
According to IATA:
Dangerous Goods are items that may endanger the safety of an
aircraft or persons on board it. The air transportation of these dangerous
materials can either be forbidden or restricted.

Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR)
- are regulations developed by IATA, other local government and ICAO to
ensure that the rules and guidelines on dangerous goods transportation are
effective and efficient.
- DGR manual is the global reference for shipping dangerous
goods by air and the only standard recognized by airlines.

9 CLASSES OF DANGEROUS GOODS:













9 CLASSES OF DANGEROUS GOODS:
1 Explosives - materials or items which have the ability to rapidly conflagrate
or detonate as a consequence of chemical reaction.
1.1 - mass explosion hazard.
1.2 - blast projection hazard.
1.3 - blast hazard
1.4 - major fire hazard
1.5 - blasting agents
1.6 - extremely insensitive explosives
2 Gases
2.1 - flammable gases
2.2 - non-flammable, non-toxic gases
2.3 toxic gases
3 Flammable Liquids (fuel oil, gasoline)
4 Flammable Solids
4.1 Flammable Solids - Solid substances that are easily ignited and
readily combustible.
4.2 Spontaneously Combustible - Solid substances that ignite spontaneously.
4.3 Dangerous When Wet - Solid substances that emit a flammable gas when
wet or react violently with water.
5 Oxidizing Substances; Organic Peroxides
- Oxidizers are defined by dangerous goods regulations as substances which
may cause or contribute to combustion, generally by yielding oxygen as a
result of a redox chemical reaction.
- Organic peroxides are substances which may be considered derivatives of
hydrogen peroxide where one or both hydrogen atoms of the chemical
structure have been replaced by organic radicals.

6 Toxic Substances; Infectious Substances
6.1a Toxic substances which are liable to cause death or serious injury to
human health if inhaled, swallowed or by skin absorption.
(potassium cyanide, mercuric chloride)
6.1b Toxic substances which are harmful to human health.
(pesticides, methylene chloride)
6.2 Biohazardous substances; infectious.
(virus cultures, pathology specimens, used intravenous needles)
7 Radioactive Material - substances or a combination of substances which
emit ionizing radiation. (uranium, plutonium)
8 Corrosive substances - substances that can dissolve organic tissue or
severely corrode certain metals.
(Acids, Alkalis, Sulfuric Acid)
9 Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods
- hazardous substances that do not fall into the other categories.
(Dry ice, Lithium ion batteries, air-bag inflators)

SYMBOLS
EXPLOSIVES

FLAMMABLE GAS

NON-IFLAMMABLE
GAS

INHALATION
HAZARD/POISON GAS

FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

FLAMMABLE SOLIDS

OXIDIZING
SUBSTANCES ;
ORGANIC PEROXIDES

TOXIC SUBSTANCES ;
INFECTIOUS
SUBSTANCES

RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS

CORROSIVE
SUBSTANCES

MISCELLANEOUS
DANGEROUS GOODS



30. FLIGHT PREPARATION, CHECK-IN AND FLIGHT CLOSURE
MAINTAINING THE AIRCRAFT
Each day, licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers (AMEs) perform a series
of tasks from an approved maintenance program to ensure the continued
safety of the aircraft. These tasks include checking the tire pressures and
inspecting for fluid leaks and damage to aircraft structure, as well as testing
the function of systems and controls
PLANNING THE FLIGHT
Hours before takeoff, flight dispatchers prepare the flight plan, a complete
review of the route, altitudes, fuel burn and weather conditions for the flight,
which also includes detailed information about en route airports, the aircraft
and more. Weather patterns are a primary concern in preparing a flight plan,
since the pilot needs to avoid such conditions as icing, thunderstorms, and
even volcanic ash.
SECURING THE AIRCRAFT
Customer service agents, baggage handlers, and maintenance workers
secure aircraft doors, hatches, and passenger bridges, and prevent
unauthorized people from accessing the aircraft cabin and cargo
compartments. Only authorized security-screened checked-baggage and
cargo is loaded onto the aircraft.
GROUND PREPARATIONS
Ground crews empty the lavatories and fill up the water reservoirs on the
aircraft. The amount of fuel designated in the flight plan is carried in a fuel
truck to the aircraft and added to the fuel tanks through a hose connected by
the aircraft fueller.

PASSENGER SCREENING
Screening Officers screen passengers and their baggage for prohibited or
dangerous items before boarding. Air carriers implement their own measures
to screen passengers against government and internal security watch lists.
This includes verifying passengers' identities and matching it to their
boarding passes prior to boarding.
CREW BRIEFINGS
Cabin crew and pilots meet for a full-crew briefing to prepare for the flight.
This is followed by a briefing from the Service Director or Flight Attendant-in-
Charge to all Flight Attendants about the safety features and service
elements of the aircraft.
PREPARATIONS ON THE FLIGHT DECK
When the pilots arrive on the flight deck, they enter their flight plan into a
computerized navigation system, perform a number of cockpit safety checks,
and prepare for the flight. The captain and first officer run through their
emergency responsibilities together to ensure that they are on the same
page.
SAFETY CHECKS
Cabin crews perform checks on all safety equipment in the cabin, as well as
an aircraft security check prior to passenger boarding. Food and beverages
are brought on to the aircraft by the caterer at this time.
PRE-BOARDING
Flight Attendants perform Pre-Boarding of all passengers who have small
children or require special assistance and provide these passengers with
individual safety briefings if required.

GENERAL BOARDING
This is followed by General Boarding. As passengers board, they are required
to stow their carry-on baggage, including purses, under their seats so that
the aircraft can takeoff safely. It is also crucial that passengers turn off their
cellphones to prevent causing interference that could put the takeoff at risk.
CLOSING THE CABIN DOOR
Flight Attendants can only close the main cabin door once all baggage is
stowed. Every aircraft is certified based on a physical demonstration that the
flight can be evacuated within 90 seconds with half of the doors
unserviceable.
SAFETY BRIEFING
Flight Attendants perform a Safety Briefing for all passengers. It has been
proven that paying attention to these briefings saves lives when emergencies
occur.
PUSH BACK AND TAXIING
Once the cabin door is closed and armed (where applicable), the pilots
complete their before-start checklist and then release the brake to "push
back" from the gate. A tow bar is used to push the aircraft to a location
where its engines can be safely started once the pilot has received a
clearance to do so. Once the tow bar is disconnected, the pilots wait for
another clearance from ground control before they may taxi to their runway
for takeoff.
TAKEOFF
At the end of the runway, pilots complete their before-takeoff checks. They
advise Flight Attendants to take their positions, and then wait for takeoff
clearance from air traffic control before applying thrust for takeoff. The
aircraft then accelerates down the runway for takeoff.
Check-in is usually the first procedure for a passenger when arriving at an
airport as airline regulations require passengers to check-in by certain times
prior to the departure of a flight. The airline check-ins main function,
however, is to accept luggage that is to go in aircrafts cargo hold and issue
boarding passes.
When presenting at the check-in counter, a passenger will provide
evidence of right to travel such as ticket, passports and others depending on
the type of visit, the arrival and destination of the trip.
Each airline provides facilities for passengers to check-in their
luggage, except their carry-on bags. The luggage is weighed and tagged, and
then placed on a conveyor that usually feeds the luggage into the main
baggage handling system. The luggage goes into the aircrafts cargo hold. The
check-in staffs then issues each passenger with a boarding pass.
There is an increasing trend towards more stream lined checking-
in processes, whereby passengers can bypass or reduce the time in queues at
the staff check-in counters.
On-line Check-in
It is the process in which passengers confirm their presence on a
flight via the internet and typically print their own boarding passes. Some
airlines, however, would still require passengers to proceed to a check-in
counter at the airport, regardless of preferred check-in method for document
verification.
Self-service Check-in Kiosk
This user friendly touchscreen device allows you to do everything you could
at a check-in counter. Now you can select your seat and print your boarding
pass within seconds. All check-in kiosks close 90 minutes before flight
departure time.
Curbside Check-in
Passengers can check-in their bags to an airline representative before
entering the terminal and then proceeding directly to security.
Many airlines have deadline for passengers to check-in before
each flight. This is to allow the airline to offer unclaimed seats to stand-by
passengers, to load luggage onto the plane and to finalise documentation for
take-off. The passenger must also take into account the time that would be
required for them to clear the check-in line, to pass security and then to walk
from the check-in area to the boarding area.
Make sure to arrive at the airport 2 hours before departure for
domestic flights and 3 hours for international flights.
Flight check-in closure times
Check-in counters for domestic flights close 45 minutes prior to
flight departure and 60 minutes for international flights.
Boarding gate closure times
Boarding for all flights begins at least 15 minutes before the
scheduled time of departure.

LANDING THE AIRCRAFT
Before the aircraft can begin its descent, the pilot at the controls must brief
the other pilot on which runway will be used for the landing, and details
about the approach and landing procedures to be followed. After this, the
pilots complete pre-descent and in-range safety checks. When they receive
an approach clearance, the pilots begin the descent. Once again, they must
receive a clearance from Air Traffic Control before landing.
ARRIVING AT THE GATE
After touching down, the aircraft taxis down the runway to the taxiway, and
then taxis to the arrival gate, where the engines are shut down. As soon as
the aircraft is at the gate, the cargo doors are opened so that cargo can be
unloaded by the baggage handlers. Cabin crew disarm or unlock and open
the cabin door.
DOMESTIC ARRIVALS
After the cabin door has opened, passengers are instructed to disembark the
aircraft. Upon leaving the aircraft, passengers follow signs to the Arrivals area
of the airport where their checked baggage will arrive on the baggage
carousel after it is unloaded from the aircraft by airline baggage handlers.
INTERNATIONAL ARRIVALS
Passengers leave the aircraft and follow the signs marked by the baggage
icon, which will lead them to the Arrivals area. After presenting their
documentation (i.e. passport) and completing entry interviews, passengers
proceed to the baggage carousel. Passengers collect their checked baggage
and proceed to the exit where they surrender their declaration cards to
Customs for final clearance. And then, they may then proceed to the public
area and airport exits.
FINAL CHECKLISTS
The pilots complete a final safety checklist after the cabin door has been
opened. Once this is complete, they leave the aircraft.
RESOLVING AIRCRAFT FAULTS
Aircraft Maintenance Engineers (AMEs) are alerted by the Maintenance
Operations Centre if any aircraft faults were detected during the flight. The
AMEs take whatever actions are required to resolve these faults before the
aircraft returns to flight.

31. DENIED BOARDING COMPENSATION
DENIED BOARDING COMPENSATION
- Payment given to bumped passengers by the airline for the inconvenience caused.

- When an air carrier reasonably expect to deny boarding on a flight, it first calls for volunteers to surrender their reservations in exchange for certain
benefits. If an insufficient number of volunteers come forward to allow the remaining passengers to board the flight, the air carrier may then deny
boarding to passengers against their will, in which case it must compensate them.
Air carriers give priority to persons with reduced mobility and any persons accompanying them.


Airline passengers bumped off from flights due to the practice of overbooking will now get higher compensation for their trouble, according to an order by the Civil
Aeronautics Board (CAB).

Amid increasing passenger complaints against budget carriers that allegedly bump off passengers arbitrarily, the CAB published the Economic Regulation No. 7,
defining the rights of ticket holders.

The main provision is the increase in compensation for passengers that, through no fault of their own, are denied boarding from a flight.

Carriers shall pay passengers holding confirmed reserved space, which have presented themselves for carriage at the proper time and place, and fully complied
with the carriers check-in and reconfirmation procedures, who have been denied boarding for the lack of space. the new rule said.

AMOUNT OF DENIED BOARDING COMPENSATION
(1) DOMESTIC FLIGHTS
Full Refund of their Ticket + PHP 150.00
FULL REFUND + PHP 3000.00 CAB
INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS
Hotel Accommodation + PHP 2000.00 In either case, the
Passenger shall be entitled to a free
of charge roundtrip ticket for the
flight segment where the passenger
was denied boarding, subject to the
carrier's limitations and conditions.
------------------------------- PHP 5000.00
REFUND + PHP 5000.00 CAB

DONT FORGET YOU COULD ALSO BE ENTITLED TO:
- Transport transfers to and from hotel
- Meals and refreshments
- Free telephone calls, faxes or emails

(2)The compensation for denied boarding due to unavailability of space shall constitute liquidated damages for damages incurred by the Passenger.

(3)The Passenger shall, in addition to the liquidated damages, have priority of booking for the next available flight using the same Ticket for which he was denied
boarding provided, however, that, persons with disability, the elderly and unaccompanied minors shall have priority over other Passengers.

EXCEPTIONS OF ELIGIBILITY
A Passenger shall not be eligible for denied boarding compensation if:
the flight for which the Passenger holds confirmed reservation is unable to accommodate because of:

(1) government requisition of space or
(2) substitution of equipment of lesser capacity when
required by operational and/or safety reasons and/or
other causes beyond the control of the Carrier;
(3) Airlines are also absolved if it is the passengers fault that he misses his flight.

You wont also get a compensation if a carrier can prove a cancellation or delay was caused by extraordinary circumstances:
Bad weather
War/political instability
Security risk (including the removal of unruly passengers)
Airline strikes

What kind of benefits does the volunteer get?
That bonus can be anything that the volunteer and the operating air carrier agree:
Money
Voucher
A trip free of charge
Hotel services
Emplacement on a higher class once at another time
Bonus card

Therefore the subject and the scale of the benefits are based on the bargaining of the company and the volunteer, since the benefit is a matter of consideration and
agreement. If the company gives a voucher, it is good to take a look at the conditions of the acceptance determined by the air carrier (e.g.: only available on certain
flight, cannot be used for reservations made online, its validity expires soon etc.).



32. CAUSES/CATEGORIES OF AIRLINE ACCIDENTS
CAUSES OF AIRLINE ACCIDENTS
1. Human Error
The most common cause of aviation accidents is human error, usually by the
pilot (53% of all accidents) or other person (8% of all accidents.) Although the
error made by the pilot usually occurs during the flight or whilst taxiing on
the runway, other errors occur outside the aircraft, for example during
maintenance work, fuelling, or while loading the aircraft.
2. Mechanical Error
The second most common is mechanical error, which accounts for about 22%
of all aviation accidents. Equipment can fail, there can be structural or design
problems and if the aircraft is not maintained or repaired properly these can
also contribute to an aviation accident.
3. Weather
12% of all plane crashes are caused by weather conditions. Although flights
are often grounded when weather conditions are deemed hazardous,
storms, heavy winds and even fog can sneak up on pilots and air traffic
controllers. Lightning strikes can be especially dangerous. When lightning
hits a plane, it can disable it in many ways.
4. Sabotage
It draws the most media attention, but they only account for about 9% of
total plane crashes. Some sabotaged flights crash because of shoot-downs,
hijackings, and bombs.
CATEGORIES OF AIRLINE ACCIDENTS
1. Severe Accident
Defined as an aviation accident in which there was one fatality without
substantial damage to an aircraft or there was at least one serious injury and
an aircraft was substantially damaged.
2. Injury Accident
Involve no damage to an aircraft. This type of accident is defined as a
nonfatal accident with at least one serious injury and without substantial
damage to an aircraft. Many of these accidents involve an aircraft
encountering unexpected turbulence or an aircraft being forced to make an
abrupt maneuver.
3. Damage Accident
Defined as an accident in which no person was killed or seriously injured, but
in which an aircraft was substantially damaged.
4. Major Accident
Defined as an aviation accident in which an aircraft was destroyed, the
accident caused multiple fatalities, or there was one fatality and an aircraft
was substantially damaged.

*BIRD STRIKE













34. AIRLINE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE
Accident Investigation Prcedure
"Aviation in itself is not inherently dangerous. But to an even greater degree
than the sea, it is terribly unforgiving of any carelessness, incapacity or
neglect."
-- Capt A. G. Lamplugh, British Aviation Insurance Group
According to the Air Transport Association, a person could fly every day for
3,859 years without being involved in an aircraft accident. That's an accident
rate of one accident for every 1.4 million flights, according to a CNN report,
based on 2009 data.
Air travel today remains safe, thanks in part to accident investigation.
Findings from accident investigators pave the way for changes to be made in
aviation, such as recent changes to pilot duty and rest requirements that
address the pilot fatigue problem that showed up in many accident reports.
These changes are preventing accidents and saving lives.
The accident investigation process is fairly simple on paper, but can be
complicated by intangible things like politics, legal action and international
differences, as well as physical demands such as rough terrain or post-
accident damage from weather. There are many parties and factors involved
in aircraft accident investigation, as outlined below.
Groups Involved in an Investigation:
IIC: Every aircraft accident will have an Investigator-In-Charge, or
IIC. This is the company or entity in charge of the entire investigation.
NTSB: In America the National Transportation Safety Board is the
authority on aircraft accident investigation, with the exception of some
government and military accidents. In addition to their domestic duties,
NTSB officials are often called to assist in foreign accidents based on
experience and knowledge. Further, the NTSB can choose to investigate an
incident and complete studies to further enhance aviation safety.
ICAO: The International Civil Aviation Organization doesn't have
any authority, but it does produce standards and protocol that should be
followed for accidents that represent two or more countries.
FAA: Although some might think that the FAA should be
investigating airplane accidents, we're lucky that they don't! They do take
part, mostly to determine if any regulations were broken and in general, to
be aware of safety issues and legal action that might be needed.
Local Police/Fire/Medical Examiners: If an accident occurs at an
airport, the airport emergency plan will go into effect. For obvious reasons,
the local fire, police and medical workers will be witnesses to the events just
after an accident and are important to the investigation.
FBI: The FBI gets involved when necessary, such as accidents that
involve a national security breach.
Others: Various others may be involved in the post-investigation
process in one way or another, either contributing to the investigation, as a
witness or as in the case of the news media, a logistical addition. These other
groups might include the aircraft manufacturers, aircraft operators,
insurance companies,the EPA, the media or independent investigators and
consultants.
Accident Priorities:
Since the NTSB cannot possibly investigate each and every accident that
happens with extreme detail, they have to spend their time where it's most
valuable. So aircraft accidents are divided into four categories ranging from
'major investigation' to 'limited investigation'.
A major investigation will likely be done in the case that it involves an airline,
important people or terrorism events, to name a few. An entire team of
people and resources will be devoted to a major investigation. A limited
investigation, on the other hand, involves mostly light aircraft accidents for
which the NTSB reviews an operator-submitted report and. According to Air
Safety Investigator Grant Brophy, "limited accidents are typically investigated
by phone with various parties, based upon information reported on NTSB
6120.1 form."
On the Scene:
If the accident is big enough or important enough, the IIC will launch a "Go-
Team," which includes a group of people predetermined to react to an
accident of magnitude, such as an air carrier accident. The "Go-Team" usually
includes the IIC, an NTSB board member, and various specialists, depending
on the accident type. If, for instance, there is preliminary information that an
engine failed, the aircraft's engine manufacturer and engineers will
participate.
Even before they arrive on the scene the IIC will work to set up an
operational base from which all members can be organized and given specific
duties. Local police, fire and rescue will be coordinated, as will security for
the accident site and media initiatives arranged, when needed.
First and foremost, victims and witnesses will be identified and aid given.
The wreckage is examined, photographed, video-taped and preserved. In
some cases, it is sent away to be further examined at a lab.
During the course of the investigation, measures are taken to secure
wreckage in the way of hazardous material and other dangers to the
investigative crew. Then the investigators will each work on their prospective
assignments, depending on individual needs.
A wreckage analysis is done to determine landing impact, velocity and angle.
The status of the propellers, flight instruments, and even the passenger seats
can tell investigators a lot in the way of what happened.
Findings and Reports:
Once the field investigation is completed and each party returns to its
respective office, reports are written regarding the findings. Each party to the
investigation typically drafts its own findings and analysis of the accident and
submits it to the NTSB. The NTSB reviews each, and completes its own
individual accident report. Eventually, (sometimes years after an accident),
the report will be finalized. Members of the public can search the NTSB
database of accident reports to find out details of specific accidents.
NTSB aircraft accident reports are widely used by the aviation industry. The
reports are thorough and the NTSB does its best to include the entire story
from an impartial viewpoint. The NTSB also makes safety recommendations
in each report to various parties, such as the FAA, aircraft manufacturers,
airlines and air traffic controllers. These recommendations often spur action
from organizations such as the FAA, preventing future accidents and
ultimately, saving lives.


*GO-KIT: a field or Go kit should be assembled to assist with preserving
and documenting all evidence in a relatively short period of time.
*HULL-LOSS: A hull loss is an aviation accident that damages the aircraft
beyond repair, resulting in a write-off. The term also applies to situations
when the aircraft is missing, the search for its wreckage is terminated or
when the wreckage is completely inaccessible.
*BLACK BOX: A flight recorder is an electronic recording device placed in an
aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents
and incidents. Commonly referred to as a black box, there are two common
types of flight recorder, the flight data recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice
recorder (CVR). In some cases, the two recorders may be combined in a
single unit.

38. AIRLINE YIELD MANAGEMENT
YIELD MANAGEMENT
originated and first implemented in American Airlines in early
1960's
as it applies to airlines, it is the control and management of
reservation inventory to increase /maximize company profitability
or revenue
its function described as ''selling the right seat to the right
customers at the right prices by the CEO of American Airlines
to control reservation inventory in order to determine how much
of its perishable products will made available for maximum
utilization
COMPONENTS OF YIELD MANAGEMENT
Overbooking is the practice of intentionally selling more
reservations for flight than there are actual seats on the aircraft.
Airlines use overbooking to offset the effect of passengers
cancellation and no-shows.
Discount Allocation is the process of determining the number of
discount fares to offer on a flight. Airlines offer discount fares to
stimulate demand and fill the seat that would otherwise be
empty.
Traffic Management is the process of controlling reservations by
passengers origin and destination to provide mix of markets
(multiple-flight connecting markets vs. Single-flight markets ) that
maximizes revenue.

39. AIRCRAFT UTILIZATION
Aircraft Utilization
- Measure of aircraft productivity, calculated by dividing aircraft
block hours by the number of aircraft days assigned to service on air carrier
routes.
- Average number of hours during each 24-hour period that an
aircraft is actually in flight.
Block Hour
- It is also known as Aircraft Hour.
- The number of block hours for an airline for a given period of time
(like a year, quarter or month) is a measure of the total time that its aircraft
were in use during that period.
- Block hours are the industry standard measure of aircraft
utilization.

The three factors that contribute in increasing aircraft productivity are the
following strategies:
- Increase the number of flight departures per day with the existing
aircraft fleet, by reducing turn times and/or by increasing the operation of
flights at off-peak departure times.
- Increase the average stage length for the aircraft fleet, by
choosing to fly longer-distance routes and reducing the number of flights
operated on short-haul routes. Longer stage lengths can increase both
aircraft productivity and aircraft utilization (block hours per day).
- Increase the number of seats on each aircraft, by removing first-or
business-class seats in favor of more economy-class seats and/or by reducing
the seat pitch or distance between adjacent rows of seats.

Problems encountered by Aircraft Utilization:
Aircraft Downtime
Maintenance
Flight Delays
Flight Cancellations
Wrong aircraft schedule
Shorter stage lengths
Inefficient turn-around times

40. E-TICKET
It is an electronic record of the traveler's airline reservation, containing
information such as the time, date, airport, seat assignment and travel class.
Also known as PASSENGER RECEIPT.

ADVANTAGES:
Security - e-tickets are impossible to "lose" because they reside in
a computer database network.
Cost - Dealing with e-tickets is much less costly to airlines.
Convenience - They are quickly sent to you and arrive into your
email within minutes of a booking.
DISADVANTAGE:
Major system failure.



43. TYPES OF FLIGHTS
FLIGHT
It is the entire air journey which may involve change of aircraft
and several flight legs from the starting point to the final destination.
TYPES OF FLIGHT
A. Direct Flight
A flight from one city to another, but which includes stops in one
or more cities along the way. The flight number or aircraft remains the same,
however, until the final destination is reached.
B. Non-stop Flight
A flight from one city to another, without any stops.
C. Connecting Flight
A connecting flight is from one city to another, with a layover stop
in between to change planes. Each flight requires a separate boarding pass,
but they're on one itinerary.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
A. Direct Flight

B. Non-stop Flight

C. Connecting Flight





44. AIRLINE CAREERS
A. FLIGHT ATTENDANT
Flight Attendants or Cabin Crew (historically known as
stewards/stewardesses or air hosts/hostesses,) are members of
an aircrew employed by airlines primarily to ensure the safety but
also the comfort of passengers aboard.
A flight attendants main responsibility is the safety of the
passengers
The first flight attendant, a steward, was reportedly a man on the
German Zeppelin
Flight attendants go through training for about 42 days (6 weeks)
RESPONSIBILITIES:
Safety
First aid
Service
OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES
Carrying out pre-flight checks
Ensuring the plane is clean
Taking boarding passes
Advising passengers of safety routines
Preparing and serving food and drinks
Writing flight reports
QUALITIES: In making decision about the employment of cabin crew, all
Airlines consider three elements- Eligibility, Suitability and Specific
Requirements.
Eligibility-
The Candidate has to meet required educational Qualifications.
The Candidate has to meet the required age profile.
The Candidate has to meet required Height/ Weight profile.
The Candidate has to know Swimming.
The Candidate has to be fit and Healthy.
Its better to have experience in customer service or public
contact role.
Its better to know second language.
Its better to have passport.
Suitability-
Airlines managers will be looking for people who can best fulfill the role of a
Cabin Crew, the minimum requirement is for:
Technical Knowledge
Maturity
Adaptability
Judgment
Tact
Diplomacy
Grooming
Attitude
Feelings
Friendly
Empathic
Sincere
Dedicated
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS-
Airlines customise their person Specifications according the their
own needs and standards. If for example an Airline identifies that
an increase in the number of Crew language speakers is required ,
then language ability may be given precedence.
Simply, Airlines are looking for the right people for their current
circumstances.

B. CUSTOMER SERVICE AGENT
Passenger Service Agents Or Check-in Assistants.
Dealing with passenger enquiries about flight departures and
arrival.
Checking passengers in.
Providing boarding passes and luggage labels.
Telling passengers about luggage restrictions.
Weighing baggage and collecting any excess weight charges.
Helping handicapped travelers or children who are traveling
without their parents.
Help passengers through immigration and customs, or escort
passengers who have night flight connections.
SKILLS, INTERESTS AND QUALITIES
good customer service skills
Good communication & problem solving skills
basic computer skills
a patient and reassuring manner
a polite and professional approach
the ability to deal tactfully with upset or angry passengers
Working as a customer service agent for an airline comes with some unique
benefits, such as free air travel, but it also can prove a stressful job since you
must deal with anxious passengers and tight schedules on a daily basis.
Whether you are working on getting those planes out on time at the gate or
dealing with customers at the ticket counter, there are some essential duties
that you likely will perform at some point in your career.

C. BAGGAGE HANDLER
Within the Airline Industry, baggage handler is often referred to
as a Rampie or Ramper: one who handles cargo on the ramp. (outside
the airline industry, the ramp is popularly referred as the tarmac, a term
popularized by the media) Although the technical term is AOA (Aircraft
Operation Area). Offensive terms for Rampie/Ramper are Ramp Rat, Bag
Smasher, Bag Jockey, Luggage Monkey, and Thrower.

RAMP AGENT DUTIES

Airline flight crews need ramp agents to safely guide their planes
into gates and then push them back out again. Ramp agents are also
responsible for all ground servicing of a commercial airliner, including loading
and unloading of baggage and cargo. Ramp agents typically operate a variety
of machinery and equipment, including baggage loader belts, diesel
pushback tractors and small baggage cart tugs. In cold weather, ramp agents
operate aircraft deicing trucks, working aloft to spray deicer fluids on
assigned airliners.
Responsible for loading and unloading baggage, mail, freight, and
interior cleaning of aircraft if required.
Check aircraft.
Connect electrical power unit to aircraft.
Position passenger stairs/Jetway to aircraft.
Replenish water supply and service lavatories.
Connect tow bar and tug for push back or towing aircraft.
Provide airstart and air-conditioning.
Operate headset/radio to provide communication between
ground crew, flight crew, and tower, as well as all types of ramp
equipment, trucks, tractors and other vehicles as assigned.
Clean line equipment and ramp areas.
Provide additional service as required.
Know and comply with all safety procedures.
Check-in baggage when required.
Is able to meet the Stations attendance standards.
When baggage is checked in at the ticket counter or with a sky cap
(where it receives a bag tag indicating the passenger's itinerary), it is often
placed onto a moving bag belt which carries the baggage to the bag room.
This is where numerous checked bags are sorted so that they will be loaded
onto the proper flight. The bag tag which was previously affixed to the
baggage during check-in is then read by a baggage handler and placed into
the proper bag cart (usually a 4-wheeled trailer) or Unit Load Device (ULD; a
machine-loadable container). The bag cart or ULD is then eventually pulled
from the bag room by a bag tug and out to the aircraft for loading by
baggage handlers.

D. PILOT
An aircraft pilot is an aviator who actively and directly operates the
directional flight controls of an aircraft while in flight.
PILOT CERTIFICATIONS
Pilots are required to go through many hours of flight training and
theoretical study, that differ depending on the country. The first
step is acquiring the Private Pilot License (PPL), or Private Pilot
Certificate.
The next step in a pilot's progression is either Instrument Rating
(IR), or Multi-Engine Rating (MEP) endorsements.
If a professional career or professional-level skills are desired, a
Commercial Pilot License (CPL) endorsement would also be
required. To captain an airliner, one must obtain an Airline
Transport Pilot License (ATPL).
Some countries/carriers require/use a Multi Crew Coordination
(MCC).
PREFLIGHT DUTIES
Pilots have a number of preflight duties. A pilot's initial
responsibility is to check the weather throughout the flight path and confirm
flight schedules. Pilots are also responsible for running a comprehensive
preflight checklist of all systems, including fuel, engines, hydraulics and
electronics. A pilot must make sure that any cargo is loaded and that the
weight is properly distributed in the aircraft. Lastly, a pilot must contact the
control tower for takeoff instructions.
FLIGHT DUTIES
A pilot's primary duty is to fly the aircraft from point of origin to
destination, including takeoff and landing. Commercial airline pilots often
have copilots to assist with navigation, but in smaller aircraft, navigating the
aircraft is also required, as is monitoring the engines, fuel and other systems
during the flight. Pilots must stay in touch with the control tower after
departure, and then contact the destination control tower as they approach
to request landing permission and instructions.
PILOT RESPONSIBILITIES
Fly passengers and cargo from one place to another across the
nation or across the world.
Ensure safety of passengers, the aircraft and its crew through
effective functions of an airline pilot.
Check and inspect aircraft and its controls for its operational
efficiency and safety before takeoff.
Study and analyze route and flight plans before take off.
Observe and check weather conditions.
Keep in touch and communicate with the air traffic control while
piloting the aircraft.
Conduct pre-flight checks on navigation and operating systems.
Calculate the fuel intake and load and fuel the aircraft accordingly.
Brief and maintain regular contact with the flight crew throughout
the flight. React appropriately to ensure the safety of passengers
and crew during emergencies and adverse circumstances.