12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data

Wi l l i am St al l i ngs
Komuni k asi Dat a dan
Komput er
Bab 2
Pr ot ok ol dan Ar si t ek t ur
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 2
Kar ak t er i st i k -k ar ak t er i st i k
Langsung (direct) atau tidak langsung (indirect)
Monolithik atau terstruktur
Symmetric atau asymmetric
Standard atau nonstandard
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 3
Langsung (Di r ec t ) at au Ti dak
Langsung (I ndi r ec t )
Direct
Sistem-sistemmembagi link point to point atau
Sistem-sistemmembagi sebuah link multi-point
Data bisa lewat tanpa intervening active agent
Indirect
J aringan terswitch atau
Internetwork atau internet
Transfer data tergantung pada entitas yang lain
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 4
Monol i t hi k at au Ter st r uk t ur
Komunikasi adalah sebuah tugas yang kompleks
Dari kerumitan menjadi unit tunggal
Rancangan terstruktur memecahkan masalah
menjadi unit-unit yang lebih kecil.
Struktur berlapis (Layered structure)
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 5
Symmet r i c at au Asymmet r i c
Symmetric
Komunikasi antara peer entitas (peer entities)
Asymmetric
Client/server
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 6
St andar at au Nonst andar
Protokol-protokol nonstandar dibangun untuk
tugas-tugas dan komputer-komputer yang
spesifik
Sumber-sumber K dan penerima-penerima L
mengarah kepada K*L protokol dan 2*K*L
implementasi
If common protocol used, K + L
implementations needed
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 7
Penggunaan Pr ot ok ol St andar
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 8
Fungsi -f ungsi
Encapsulation
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Ordered delivery
Flow control
Error control
Addressing
Multiplexing
Transmission services
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 9
Enc apsul at i on
Penambahan informasi kontrol ke data
Informasi alamat
Kode pendeteksian error
Kontrol protokol
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 10
Segment at i on (Fr agment at i on)
Blok-blok data dengan ukuran terbatas
Pesan-pesan lapisan application mungkin saja berukuran
besar
Paket-paket network bisa jadi lebih kecil
Membagi blok-blok besar menjadi lebih kecil disebut
segmentation (atau fragmentation didalamTCP/IP)
Blok-blok (sel-sel) ATM panjangnya 53 octets
Blok-blok Ethernet (frames) mencapai panjang 1526 octets
Checkpoints and restart/recovery
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 11
Mengapa memak ai Fr agment ?
Keuntungan
Kontrol error yang lebih efisien
Akses yang lebih adil ke fasilitas-fasilitas jaringan
Delay-delay yang lebih pendek
Dibutuhkan buffer yang lebih kecil
Kerugian
Memiliki overhead-overhead
Menaikkan intrupsi pada penerima (receiver)
Waktu proses yang lebih banyak
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 12
Connec t i on Cont r ol
Membangun Koneksi
Transfer data
Terminasi Koneksi
Memungkinkan connection interruption dan
recovery
Urutan angka digunakan untuk
Pengiriman pesanan (Ordered delivery)
Kontrol aliran (Flow control)
Kontrol kesalahan (Error control)
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 13
Tr ansf er Dat a Ber or i ent asi k an
Konek si
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 14
Or der ed Del i ver y
PDUs may traverse different paths through
network
PDUs may arrive out of order
Sequentially number PDUs to allow for ordering
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 15
Fl ow Cont r ol
Done by receiving entity
Limit amount or rate of data
Stop and wait
Credit systems
Sliding window
Needed at application as well as network layers
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 16
Er r or Cont r ol
Guard against loss or damage
Error detection
Sender inserts error detecting bits
Receiver checks these bits
If OK, acknowledge
If error, discard packet
Retransmission
If no acknowledge in given time, re-transmit
Performed at various levels
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 17
Addr essi ng
Addressing level
Addressing scope
Connection identifiers
Addressing mode
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 18
Addr essi ng l evel
Level in architecture at which entity is named
Unique address for each end system (computer)
and router
Network level address
IP or internet address (TCP/IP)
Network service access point or NSAP (OSI)
Process within the system
Port number (TCP/IP)
Service access point or SAP (OSI)
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 19
Addr ess Conc ept s
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 20
Addr essi ng Sc ope
Global nonambiguity
Global address identifies unique system
There is only one system with address X
Global applicability
It is possible at any system (any address) to identify
any other system (address) by the global address of
the other system
Address X identifies that system from anywhere on
the network
e.g. MAC address on IEEE 802 networks
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 21
Connec t i on I dent i f i er s
Connection oriented data transfer (virtual
circuits)
Allocate a connection name during the transfer
phase
Reduced overhead as connection identifiers are
shorter than global addresses
Routing may be fixed and identified by connection
name
Entities may want multiple connections - multiplexing
State information
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 22
Addr essi ng Mode
Usually an address refers to a single system
Unicast address
Sent to one machine or person
May address all entities within a domain
Broadcast
Sent to all machines or users
May address a subset of the entities in a domain
Multicast
Sent to some machines or a group of users
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 23
Mul t i pl ex i ng
Supporting multiple connections on one machine
Mapping of multiple connections at one level to
a single connection at another
Carrying a number of connections on one fiber optic
cable
Aggregating or bonding ISDN lines to gain bandwidth
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 24
Tr ansmi ssi on Ser vi c es
Priority
e.g. control messages
Quality of service
Minimum acceptable throughput
Maximum acceptable delay
Security
Access restrictions
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 25
OSI - The Model
A layer model
Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
Each layer relies on the next lower layer to
perform more primitive functions
Each layer provides services to the next higher
layer
Changes in one layer should not require
changes in other layers
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 26
The OSI Envi r onment
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 27
OSI as Fr amew or k f or
St andar di zat i on
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 28
Layer Spec i f i c St andar ds
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 29
El ement s of St andar di zat i on
Protocol specification
Operates between the same layer on two systems
May involve different operating system
Protocol specification must be precise
Format of data units
Semantics of all fields
allowable sequence of PCUs
Service definition
Functional description of what is provided
Addressing
Referenced by SAPs
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 30
OSI Layer s (1)
Physical
Physical interface between devices
Mechanical
Electrical
Functional
Procedural
Data Link
Means of activating, maintaining and deactivating a
reliable link
Error detection and control
Higher layers may assume error free transmission
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 31
OSI Layer s (2)
Network
Transport of information
Higher layers do not need to know about underlying
technology
Not needed on direct links
Transport
Exchange of data between end systems
Error free
In sequence
No losses
No duplicates
Quality of service
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 32
OSI Layer s (3)
Session
Control of dialogues between applications
Dialogue discipline
Grouping
Recovery
Presentation
Data formats and coding
Data compression
Encryption
Application
Means for applications to access OSI environment
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 33
Use of a Rel ay
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 34
TCP/I P Pr ot oc ol Sui t e
Dominant commercial protocol architecture
Specified and extensively used before OSI
Developed by research funded US Department
of Defense
Used by the Internet
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 35
TCP/I P Pr ot oc ol Ar c hi t ec t ur e(1)
Application Layer
Communication between processes or applications
End to end or transport layer (TCP/UDP/)
End to end transfer of data
May include reliability mechanism (TCP)
Hides detail of underlying network
Internet Layer (IP)
Routing of data
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 36
TCP/I P Pr ot oc ol Ar c hi t ec t ur e(2)
Network Layer
Logical interface between end system and network
Physical Layer
Transmission medium
Signal rate and encoding
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 37
PDUs i n TCP/I P
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 38
Some Pr ot oc ol s i n TCP/I P Sui t e
12/27/2005 Sistem Komunikasi Data 39
Requi r ed Readi ng
Stallings chapter 2
Comer,D. Internetworking with TCP/IP volume I
Comer,D. and Stevens,D. Internetworking with
TCP/IP volume II and volume III, Prentice Hall
Halsall, F> Data Communications, Computer
Networks and Open Systems, Addison Wesley
RFCs