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Biyani's Think Tank

Concept based notes

Science Teaching
[BSTC I Year]

Arti Gupta
Deptt. of Education
Biyani Girls College, Jaipur

Published by :

Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti


Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,
Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan)
Ph. : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 l Fax : 0141-2338007
E-mail : acad@biyanicolleges.org
Website : www.biyanithinktank.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

First Edition: 2013


Price :

While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or
omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the
publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to anyone in
any manner on account of such errors and omissions .

Leaser Type Setted by :


Biyani College Printing Department

Preface

am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the students.
The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding
the fundamental concept of the topic. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the

Teach Yourself style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite
easy and understandable based on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission
and

inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the reader for which the

author shall be obliged.


I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani,
Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who is the backbone and main concept provider and
also have been constant source

of motivation throughout this endeavour. We also extend

our thanks to Biyani Shikshan Samiti, Jaipur, who played an active role in co-ordinating the
various stages of this endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational
institutions, other

faculty members and the students for improvement of the quality of the

book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under
mentioned address.
Author

Unit -1

foKku f'k{k.k ds ms';


Aims of Science Teaching
1-

foKku f'k{k.k ds ms'; gS &


v-) Kku
l-) Kkuksi;ksx

c-)
n-)

vocks/k
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

2-

oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djuk fdl ms'; esa vkrk gS&


v-) Kku
c-)
vocks/k
l-) vfHko`fk
n-)
Kkuksi;ksx
(l)

34-

f'k{k.k
v-)
l-)
f'k{k.k
v-)
l-)

ms';ksa ds HkkokRed i{k ls lEcfU/kr gS &


Kku
c-)
vocks/k
vuqewY;u
n-)
fo'ys"k.k
ms';ksa ds KkukRed i{k dk oxhZdj.k fd;k Fkk &
flEilu
c-)
ch-,l- Cywe
dFkZoky
n-)
elhgk

(l)

(c)
5-

[kjkc midj.kksa dks Bhd dj ysuk fdl ms'; dh iwfrZ djrk gS &
v-) fo'ys"k.k
c-)
la'ys"k.k
l-) Kku
n-)
Kkuksi;ksx
(n)

6-

ikpura= dk ekWMy cukus dk dkS'ky vftZr djuk ms';ksa ds fdl i{k ds vUrxZr vkrk gaS
\
To acquire skill of making model of digestive system comes in which domain of
objectives ?

mRrj
7-

f;kRed i{k
^m"ek ,oa rki^ esa vUrj Li"V djuk dkSulk ms'; gS \
To differentiate between "Heat and Temperature" comes in which objectives?

mRrj
8-

vocks/k
f'k{k.k ms';ksa ds HkkokRed i{k dk oxhZdj.k fdlus fd;k \
Affective domain was classified by -

mRrj
9-

Cywe] djFkoky rFkk elhgk


Nk= dk oSKkfud i=&if=dk,a i<+us esa :fp n'kkZuk dkSuls ms'; ds vUrxZr vkrk gS \
To show interest in reading science magzines comes in which object ?

mRrj
10-

vfHk:fp A
izkIr Kku dk ubZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iz;ksx djuk fdl ms'; ds vUrxZr vkrk gS \
Transfer of learning comes in which type of objective ?

mRrj

Kkuksi;ksx

y?kqkjkRed iz'u
11-

mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij foKku f'k{k.k ds ms'; fy[kksA


Write down the objectives of science teaching at higher primary level.

mRrj vf[ky Hkkjrh; foKku 1956 ds vuqlkj mPp izkFkfed f'k{k.k xks"Bh Lrj ij foKku
f'k{k.k ds ms'; fuEu gS &
izd`fr rFkk okrkoj.k esa :fp fodflr djuk rFkk mldks cuk, j[kukA
Nk= dh l`tukRed] vUos"k.kkRed o dkS'kykRed ekufld 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl
djukA
iii.
Nk=ksa esa rkfdZd 'kfDr dk fodkl djuk] ec) rjhds ls lkspuk rFk fujh{k.k o
oxhZdj.k djus dh vknr fodflr djukA
iv.
LoLFk vknrksa dk fuekZ.k djukA
v.
LoLFk thou dh vknr dk fuekZ.k djukA
y{; o ms';ksa esa vUrj Li"V djks A
i.
ii.

12-

What is the difference between aim and objective.

1
2
3
4

y{; (Aims)
fdlh ms'; dh vksj mUeq[k gksuk gh y{;
gSA
budh n`f"V nk'kZfud gksrh gSA
budk dsUnz lEiw.kZ lekt gSA
y{; O;kid gksrs gS D;ks fd ;s lEiw.kZ f'k{kk
ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSA

ms'; (Objectives)
os lk/; gS ftudh vksj dk;Z fu/kkZfjr
gksrs gSA
budh izd`fr euksoSKkfud gksrh gSA
budk dsUnz ckyd gSA
ms'; lhfer gksus ds dkj.k d{kk&d{k
f'k{k.k ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSA
5

mRrj

5 bUgs izkIRk djus esa cgqr le; yxrk gSA


6
7
8
9
10

budk ekiu o ewY;kadu dfBu gSA


budh fu/kkZfjr fof/k ;k ikB~;e ugha gSA
lS)kfUrd rFkk vizR;{k gksrs gSA
lEiw.kZ f'k{kk O;oLFkk ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSA
lkekU; o O;fDrfu"B gksrs gSA

bUgs fuf'pr vof/k ,d dkyka'k esa Hkh


izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ekiu o ewY;kadu nksuks ljy gSA
buesa ikB~;e o fof/k;ka fuf'pr gSA
dk;kZRed rFkk izR;{k gksrs gSA
d{kk&d{k ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSA
fof'k"V rFkk oLrqfu"B gksrs gSA

fuCkU/kkRed iz'u
13-

'kSf{kd ms';ksa dk oxhZdj.k Li"V djksA


Explain the classification of Educational objectives.

mRrj Cywe egksn; us 'kSf{kd ms';ksa dk oxhZdj.k rhu i{kksa esa fd;k %&
i.
KkukRed
ii.
HkkokRed
iii.
f;kRed
bu rhu i{kksa dk mioxhZdj.k fuEu gS %&
i.

KkukRed i{k dk mioxhZdj.k Taxonomy of Cognitive Domain


KkukRed i{k dk mioxhZdj.k Cywe us 1956 bZ0 esa fd;k A KkukRed ms';ksa dk
lEcU/k lwpukvksa rFkk rF;ksa ds izR;kLej.k o izR;kfoKku ls gksrk gSA
vfHkfer vuqns'ku esa fo'ks"k :i ls bUgh ms';ksa dh izkfIr gksrh gSA KkukRed i{k
dk mioxhZdj.k fuEu gS %&
6- ewY;akdu
5- la'ys"k.k
4- fo'ys"k.k
3 iz;ksx
2- cks/k
1- Kku

KkukRed i{k dk mioxhZdj.k

ii

HkkokRed i{k dk mioxhZdj.k Taxonomy of Affective Domain


HkkokRed Ik{k dk mioxhZdj.k Cywe] djFkoky rFkk elhvk us 1964 esa fd;k A
HkkokRed ms';ksa dk lEcU/k :fp;ksa] vfHko`fk;ksa rFkk ewY;ksa ds fodkl ls gksrk gSA
f'k{kd o Nk= dh var%f;k }kjk bu ms';ksa dks Hkyh izdkj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA HkkokRed i{k dk mioxhZdj.k fuEu gS&

6 pfj=hdj.k
5 laxBu
4 fopkj.k
3 vuqeYw ;u
2 vuqf;k

vkxg.k
1

HkkokRed i{k dk mioxhZdj.k

ii

f;kRed i{k dk mioxhZdj.k Taxonomy of Psychomotor Domain


f;kRed Ik{k dk mioxhZdj.k flEilu us 1962 esa fd;k A f;kRed ms';ksa dk lEcU/k
dkS'ky rFkk 'kkjhfjd f;kvksa ds fodkl ls gksrk gSA f'k{k.k dh vis{kk izf'k{k.k esa f;kRed
ms';ksa dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k x;k gS f;kRed i{k dk mioxhZdj.k fuEu gSA

6 vknrksa dk fuekZ.k
5 fu;a=.k
4 leUo;
3 dk;Zokgh
2 vuqdj.k
mrstuk
1

f;kRed i{k dk mioxhZdj.k

Unit -2

foKku f'k{k.k dh lkekU; fof/k;ka


General Methods of Science Teaching
1-

2-

34-

5-

6-

ikuh dks LoPN ;k lkQ ikuh ihus dh izf;k ds f'k{k.k gsrq vki fdl fof/k dk iz;ksx
djsx
a s&
v-) izkstsDV fof/k
c-)
O;k[;ku fof/k
l-) izn'kZu fof/k
n-)
[kkst fof/k
(v)
d{kk dks fo|ky; ls ckgj ys tkdj izd`fr dk v/;;u djkus esa dkSulh f'k{k.k fof/k dk
mi;ksx gksrk gS &
v-) iz;ksx'kkyk fof/k
c-)
i;ZVu fof/k
l-) izn'kZu fof/k
n-)
iz;kstuk fof/k
(c)
^^tula[;k f'k{kk ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{kk gS^^A ;g dFku fdl fof/k ls lEcfU/kr gS&
v-) ftKklk mikxe
c-)
ewY; Li"Vhdj.k fo|k
l-) g;wfjfLVd fof/k
n-)
izk;kstuk fof/k
(c)
,p-bZ- vkeZLVkx
a dkSulh f'k{k.k fof/k ds tUenkrk gSA
v-) izk;kstuk fof/k
c-)
vuqla/kku fof/k
l-) iz;ksx'kkyk fof/k
n-)
izn'kZu fof/k
(c)
^ns[kks] lquks] vkSj le>ks ^ ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr fof/k gSA
v-) O;k[;ku
c-)
iz;ksx'kkyk
l-) izn'kZUk
n-)
izk;kstuk
(l)
[ksy fof/k f'k{kk esa vkjaHk djus dk Js; tkrk gSA
Who invented play way education method ?

mkj

gsujh dkYMosy dqd dks

7-

[ksy fof/k ds rhu y{k.k dkSuls gS \


Write three characteristic of play- method. ?

mRrj i) LorU=rk
8-

ii) LoHkkfodrk

iii) lq[k

djds lh[kus dks fdl fof/k esa j[kk x;k gS \


9

Learning by doing is put in which method ?

mRrj iz;ksx'kkyk fof/k


9-

^^g;wfjfLVd fof/k^^ dk nwljk uke D;k gS \


What is the another name of "Heuristic method" ?

mRrj [kkst fof/k


10-

i;ZVu fof/k dks f'k{kk esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k &


Who state that "Field-Trip" method is very important in education ?

mRrj :lks o isLVksykWth us


11-

foKku f'k{k.k esa g;wfjfLVd fof/k }kjk i<+k;s tkus okyk ,d izdj.k fy[kksa &
Write down one topic which can be taught by Heuristic method in science teaching -

mRrj ^^lkSj mtkZ dh lgk;rk ls [kkuk idk;k tk ldrk gSA


12-

izkstsDV fof/k ds tUenkrk dkSu Fks &


Who invented project method ?

mRrj lj fofy;e fdyiSfVd


13-

izkstsDV fof/k ls i<+k;s tk ldus okys nks izdj.k fy[kks&


a
Write down two topics which can be taught by project method -

mRrj fo|qr iSnk djuk] Ldwy esa Qwy okfVdk rS;kj djuk A
14-

^^Qynkj ikS/ks o o`{k^^ fdl fof/k }kjk i<+k ldrs gS \


"Fruity Plants and Tree" topic can be taught by which method ?

mRrj i;ZVu fof/k lsA

10

15-

NksVh d{kkvksa esa foKku f'k{k.k dh Js"B fof/k gS \


Which is the best method in science teaching at primary classes ?

mRrj ^izn'kZu fof/k^


y?kqkjkRed iz'u
16-

foKku f'k{k.k esa [ksyfof/k ds xq.k fy[kks A


Write down the merits of play method in science teaching.

mRrj [ksy fof/k ds


&^[ksy ckyd
fdlh dk;Z esa
gS vkSj ckyd
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

17-

tUenkrk iz[;kr f'k{kk'kkL=h ^Jh gsujh dkYMosy dqd FksA muds vuqlkj
dh LokHkkfod izd`fr gSA ftruk eu ckyd dk [ksy esa yxrk gS mruk vkSj
ugha yxrkA ekfj;k ekaVsljh ds vuqlkj ^^[ksy izd`fr dk f'k{kk nsus dk lk/ku
dh f'k{kk mldh izd`fr ds vuqlkj gksuh pkfg,A^^ [ksyfof/k ds xq.k fuEu gS&

;g ,d euksoSKkfud fof/k gSA [ksy esa cPps dh LokHkkfod :fp gksrh gSA og [ksy
vUr%izjs .kk ls [ksyrk gSA
;g fof/k ^djks vkSj lh[kks ^ rFkk ^vH;kl gh iw.kZrk^ dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
bl fof/k esa Nk= Lora=rkiwoZd dk;Z djrk gS ml ij Kku Fkksik ugha tkrkA
;g fof/k f'k{k.k dh uhjlrk dks ljlrk esa cnyrh gSA
bl fof/k ls foKku ds rF;ksa] fu;eksa] fl)kUrksa rFkk f;kvksa dk O;ogkfjd Kku feyrk gSA
bl fof/k ls Nk=ksa esa vkilh lkeatL;] mnkjrk] izse]lg;ksx dh Hkkouk rFkk lkekftd
n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl gksrk gSA
bl fof/k ls Nk=ksa esa v/;;u ds izfr :fp fodflr gksrh gS rFkk mUgs Fkdku Hkh eglwl
ugha gksrhA
foKku f'k{k.k esa i;ZVu fof/k ds ykHk fy[kks&
What are the advantages of field-trip in science teaching-

mRrj foKku f'k{k.k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dsk izR;{k oLrq ds lEidZ esa ykdj mUgsa LokHkkfod :i esa
ns[kdj Kku izkIr djus dk volj nsus esa i;ZVu fo'ks"k :i ls mi;ksxh gSA foKku f'k{k.k
esa i;ZVu fof/k ds ykHk fuEu gS &
12-

fo"k; ds Li"Vhdj.k esa lgk;d & Hkze.k ds }kjk oLrqvksa dks lehi ls ns[kus vkSj
izR;{k vuqHko izkIr djus ls Nk=ksa dks fo"k; Hkyhizdkj le> esa vk tkrk gS
fo"k; esa :fp mRiUu djuk &Hkze.k }kjk ckyd izlUurkiwod
Z ?kwers&?kwers gh
mi;ksxh Kku izkIr dj ysrs gS& tSls fofHkUu izdkj ds isM+] ifRr;ka vkfn ftlls
mUgS foKku ls lEcfU/kr ckrsa uhjl ugha yxrh A
11

34-

5-

6-

18-

euksjatu dk lk/ku & Hkze.k ds }kjk dqN ifjorZu feyus ls rFkk u;s&u;s LFkkuksa
vkSj oLrqvksa dks ns[kus ls Nk=ksa dk euksjatu gksrk gSA
ckg~; lalkj ls lEcU/k & Hkze.k }kjk Nk=ksa dks fo|ky; dh pkjnhokjh ls ckgj
fudydj lkekftd o izkd`frd ifjos'k dh cgqr lh oLrqvksa dks okLrfod :i esa
ns[kus dk volj feyrk gSA
oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl & Hkze.k ds }kjk cPpksa dks lw{e fujh{k.k djus]
ekufld 'kfDr;ksa dk mfpr mi;ksx djus dk volj feyrk gSA ftlls mudk
n`f"Vdks.k oSKkfud curk gSA
mi;ksxh lkexzh dk laxzg & Hkze.k djrs le; fo|kFkhZ oSKkfud tkudkjh ls
lEcfU/kr dbZ rjg dh mi;ksxh lkexzh tSls cht] [kfut inkFkZ] dhM+&
s edksM+s] feh]
iRFkj] Qy&Qwy ,df=r djrs gS tks fd fo|ky; esa laxzgky; cukus esa lgk;d
gSA

[kkst fof/k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ bl fof/k ds izeq[k dk;Zin fy[kks A


What do you mean by play method ? Write main steps of this method.

mRrj foKku f'k{k.k esa [kkst fof/k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA bls g;wfjfLVd fof/k Hkh dgrs gSA
g;wfjfLVd fof/k dh mRifr xzhd Hkk"kk ds ^g;wfjLdks^ ls ekuh tkrh gSA ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ
gS & ^eSa [kkstrk gWwA^ bl fof/k ds tUenkrk izks0 gsujh ,MoMZ vkeZLVkx
a gSA vkeZLVkx
a ds
vuqlkj ^^vuqla/kku fof/k f'k{k.k dh os fof/k;ka gS ftuesa ge Nk=ksa dk ;FkklaHko ,d
vuqla/kkudrkZ dh fLFkfr esa j[kuk pkgrs gSA^^ vr% bl fof/k esa ckyd Loa; vUos"kd ds :i
esa dk;Z djrs gS rFkk leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djrs gSA
[kkst fof/k ds izeq[k dk;Zin fuEu gS &
1-

23-

456-

leL;k dh lwpuk & loZiFz ke ckydksa dks fdlh leL;k ds thou ls lac/k gksus dh
rhoz igpku djkbZ tkrh gS rkfd os vuqla/kku dk;Z esa iw.kZ :fp ysdj leL;k dk
lek/kku [kkst ldsAa
leL;kfHklwpu & bl in esa Nk= ftKklq o vfHkizsfjr gksdj leL;k dk dFku
izLrqr djrs gSA
leL;k dk fo'ys"k.k & bl Lrj ij Nk= leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, fofHkUu vaxks
dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gS A vko';drk iM+us ij fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gSA iqLrdky;
vkdj v/;;u djrs gS] f'k{kdksa ls fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gSA
iz;ksx ,oa rF; ladyu & bl Lrj ij Nk= leL;k ls lacaf/kr iz;ksx djrs gS rFkk
iz;ksx ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa o fu"d"kksZ dk vfHkys[ku j[krs gSA
lEHkkfor lek/kku & bl Lrj ij fofHkUu oSdfYid lek/kku izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSA
leL;k dk lR;kiu& bl Lrj ij iqu% iz;ksx djds leL;k dk lR;kiu djrs gSA

12

fuca/kkRed iz'u
19-

iz;kstuk fof/k D;k gSA blds dk;Zin fy[krs gq, xq.k o nks"kksa dh foospuk djksA
What is project method. Explain its merits and demerits with its steps.

mRrj iz;kstuk fof/k dk loZizFke fopkj izfl) nk'kZfud tkWu M~;woh us izLrqr fd;kA tkWu M~;woh
ds f'k"; fofy;e fdyiSfVd bl fof/k ds tud ekus tkrs gSA bl fof/k esa ckyd Loa;
viuh :fp ls fo"k; oLrq ,oa f;k esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gq, viuh xfr ls vf/kxe
djrk gS rFkk okLrfod thou dh vuqHkwfr djrk gS fdyiSfVd ds vuqlkj & ^^izkstsDV ,d
lks's ; izf;k gS ftls eu yxkdj lkekftd okrkoj.k esa iwjk fd;k tkrk gS^^
LVhosUl ds vuqlkj & ^^izkstsDV fdlh Hkh leL;k dks gy djus ds fy, fd;k tkus okyk
dk;Z gS tks LokHkkfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa essa iw.kZ fd;k tkrk gS^^A
izk;kstuk fof/k ds dk;Zin & izk;kstuk fof/k ds fuEu N% in gksrs gS&
1

ifjfLFkfr dk fuekZ.k djuk & blds vUrxZr f'k{kd fdlh ?kVuk] dgkuh]
iz'u&mRrj] fopkj&foe'kZ] izR;{k vuqHkoksa vkfn }kjk ;kstuk ls lacaf/kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dk fuekZ.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds le{k djrk gSA

;kstuk dk p;u djuk &f'k{kd }kjk ifjfLFkfr fuekZ.k dj nsus ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ
viuh :fp ls fo"k; oLrq dh mi;ksfxrk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ;kstuk dk pquko
djrs gSA

;kstuk dk dk;Ze cukuk & blds vUrxZr fo|kFkhZ ;kstuk ds ms';ksa dks izkIr
djus ds fy, dk;Ze dh :ijs[kk cukrs gS ftlesa Nk=ksa dks fofHkUu :fp;ksa ds
vuqlkj lewg cukdj mudks mkjnkf;Ro fn;s tkrs gSA

;kstuk dk f;kUo;u djuk & ;kstuk ds dk;Ze dh :isj[kk cukus ds ckn


fo|kFkhZ vius&vius nkf;Roksa ds vuqlkj f'k{kd ds ekxZn'kZu esa ;kstuk ds dk;Ze
dk f;kUo;u djrs gSA

;kstuk ds dk;Z dk eqY;kadu & blds vUrxZr fo|kFkhZ ,oa f'k{kd ;kstuk ds iwoZ
fu/kkZfjr ms';ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;kstuk dh lQyrk ,oa vlQyrk ds lanHkZ esa
fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gS rFkk ,d fu"d"kZ ij igqprs gSA

;kstuk dk ys[kk&tks[kk fy[kuk & izk;kstuk ds vafre pj.k esa ewY;kadu ds i'pkr~
fo|kFkhZ ;kstuk ds f;kUo;u esa vkbZ leL;kvksa] lek/kku] lq>ko] vuqHko vkfn dk
fyf[kr fooj.k izLrqr djrk gSA

13

izk;kstuk fof/k ds xq.k &


i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

;g
;g
;g
bl
;g
;g

,d euksoSKkfud ,oa oSKkfud fof/k gSA


fof/k fo|kFkhZ dks Loa; dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA
fof/k djds lh[kus ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA
fof/k ds }kjk fo|kFkhZ esa lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
fof/k fo|kFkhZ dks Hkkoh thou ds fy, rS;kj djrh gSA
ifjJe dh egkk LFkkfir djrh gSA

izk;kstuk fof/k ds nks"k &


i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

;g ,d vR;ar yEch fof/k gSA


blesa le; o /ku vf/kd yxrk gSA
blds }kjk ikB~;e dks iw.kZ ugha djok;k tk ldrk gSA
blds }kjk izR;sd izdj.k dks ugha i<+k;k tk ldrkA
bl fof/k ij vk/kkfjr iqLrdksa dk vHkko gSA
;g fof/k NksVh d{kkvksa ds fy, vuqi;ksxh gS A

14

Unit -3

f'k{k.k vf/kxe lkexzh


Teaching-Learning Materials/ Aids

1-

vk'kqjfpr midj.kksa dh mi;ksfxrk gksrh gS &


v-) cukoV esa ljy
c-)
de ewY;
l-) le>us esa vklku
n-)
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

2-

foKku f'k{k.k esa lgk;d lkexzh ugha gS &


v-) pkVZ
c-)
l-) fofM;ks Vsi
n-)

cqyfs Vu cksMZ
LVsFkksLdksi
(n)

3-

fuEu esa ls J`O;&n`'; lk/ku gS &


v-) jsfM;ksa
l-) xkzeksQksu

c-)
n-)

';kei
Vsyhfotu
(n)

4-

iz{ksih lgk;d lkexzh gS&


v-) fQYe LykbM~l
l-) xzkQ

c-)
n-)

fp=
uewus
(v)

5-

NksVs fp= dks cM+s :i esa fn[kkus okyk midj.k gS &


v-) ysuy cksMZ
c-)
cqyfs Vu cksMZ
l-) izkstsDVj
n-)
xzkQ

(l)

vfry?kqkjkRed iz'u
6-

lLrh rFkk vuqi;ksxh lkexzh }kjk cuus okys midj.k D;k dgykrs gS \
Equipments which can be made by cheap and unuseful things are called?

mRrj vk'kqjfpr midj.k

15

7-

^^dSjhdwye^^ 'kCn dk vFkZ gS &


What is the meaning of curriculum?

mRrj
8-

^nkSM+ dk eSnku^
^lekpkj i=ksa dh drjuksa] fp=ksa dks iznf'kZr djus dk lk/ku gS&
What is the main source to show newspaper cutting and pictures-

mRrj ^cqysfVu cksMZ^


9-

f'k{kd dk ^lPpk fe=^ dgk x;k gS &


"Teachers true friend" is-

mRrj ';keiV~V dks^


10-

d{kk esa fdlh oLrq ds okLrfod :i dks iznf'kZr u djus dh fLFkfr esa iz;ksx djuk mfpr
gksxk&
What can be used in class in condition of unavailability of real form of object ?

mRrj

ekWMy

y?kqkjkRed iz'u
11-

vk'kqjfpr midj.k D;k gS \ foKku f'k{k.k esa budh mi;ksfxrk fy[kks A


What is improvised apparatus? What is the importance of improvised apparatus in
science teaching?

mRrj

vuqi;ksxh oLrqvksa ls vFkok cgqr de ewY; dh lkexzh dk mi;ksx djds oSKkfud midj.k
fufeZr fd;s tkrs gS A bUgh midj.kksa dks ^^vk'kqjfpr midj.k dgrs gSA
foKku f'k{k.k esa vk'kqjfpr midj.kksa dh mi;ksfxrk &
123456-

12-

ckyd dks f;kRed dk;Z djus rFkk viuh l`tukRed ,oa jpukRed vfHko`fRr;ksa
dsk c<+kok nsus dk iw.kZ volj feyrk gSA
vk'kqjfpr midj.kksa dks cukus esa cgqr de [kpZ gksrk gSA
Nk=ksa esa ewrZ ;ksX;rk ,oa fujh{k.k ;ksX;rk mRiUu djrs gSA
Nk=ksa esa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk leqfpr fodkl gksrk gSA
Nk= vfrfjDr le; dk lnqi;ksx dj ysrk gSA
gLr vkSj efLr"d lca/kh dk;Z dk mfpr leUo; gksus ds dkj.k mUgs foKku lca/kh
tfVy rF;ksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

^foKku fdV^ dh foKku f'k{k.k esa mi;ksfxrk fy[kks &


16

Write down the importance of "Science kit" in science teaching.

mRrj

iz;ksx rFkk izn'kZu ds ek/;e ls foKku fo"k; esa fofHkUu izdj.kksa dks fl[kus&fl[kkus ds
fy, vko';d midj.kksa dks tks vf/kdrj cgqr gh lk/kkj.k lkexzh ls fufeZr gksrs gS&,d
ydM+h ds cDls esa j[k fn;k tkrk gSA bl midj.k ;qDr cDls dk ^^foKku fdV^^ dh laKk
nh tkrh gSA
foKku fdV dh foKku f'k{k.k esa mi;ksfxrk &
12345-

13-

foKku fdV dks ns[kdj rFkk Loa; dqN djds gh Kku izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
foKku fdVks us foKku f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa izkjfEHkd d{kkvksa ds fy, iz;ksx'kkyk dh
vko';drk ds LFkku ij vko';drk ekax dks iwjk djus dh ps"Vk dh xbZ gSA
fdVks^ esa lkekU; tkudkjh ,oa iz;ksx ls xko ds izkFkfed fo|ky; dk f'k{kd Hkh
lkekU; dkS'ky ls foKku dks Bhd izdkj i<+k ldrk gSA
blesa lkexzh o midj.k lk/kkj.k lkt lkeku ls fufeZr gksus ds dkj.k dkQh lLrs
gksrs gSA
foKku fdVksa }kjk foKku v/;kidksa vkSj Nk=ksa esa LofufeZr midj.kksa ,oa oSKkfud
;a=ks ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';d izsj.kk] vfHk:fp ,oa vfHko`fk dk fodkl gks ldrk
gSA

^^';kei f'k{kd dk lPpk fe= gS^^ dFku dh foospuk djksA


Black board is a true friend of teacher" Explain it.

mRrj f'k{k.k dyk esa ';keiV~V dk iz;ksx izkphudky ls gh gksrk vk;k gSA fjLd ds vuqlkj
';keiV~V dks lkewfgd dk;Z ds fy, lqxerk ls iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gS A bl ij tks
dqN fy[kk tkrk gS mls lHkh Nk= ns[k ldrs gS] ifj.kkeLo:i leLr Nk=ksa dk /;ku
f'k{k.k ds fo"k; ij dsfUnzr jgrk gS A
foKku f'k{k.k esa f'k{kd v/;;u ds eq[; fcUnq fy[kus] lkj o fu"d"kZ fy[kus]
ukekafdr fp= cukus rFkk iqujko`fr o ewY;kadu dk;Z fy[kus o vU; vusdksa dk;Z esa
';keiV~V dk iz;ksx dj ikB dks ljy] lqxe] vkd"kZd o cks/kxE; cuk;k tk ldrk gS vr%
';kei f'k{kd dk lPpk fe= dgk tkrk gSA
14-

foKku f'k{k.k esa Vsyhfotu dh D;k Hkwfedk gS \


What is the role of Television in science teaching?

mRrj FkV rFkk Mksjcsfjp ds vuqlkj ^^Vsyhfotu lokZf/kd vk'kkiw.kZ n`';&J`O; midj.k gSA blesa
jsfM;ks o pyfp= nksuksa ds xq.k ekStwn jgrs gSa^^A TVNF }kjk fufeZr foKku ds fp= cgqr
lqanj] jkspd o mi;ksxh gksrh gSA orZeku esa vusdkusd izlkj.kksa ds ek/;e ls nwjn'kZu foKku
17

lEcU/kh tkudkfj;k ns jgk gS ftlls Nk= vius Kku esa o`f) dj ldrs gSA foKku f'k{k.k
esa bldh Hkwfedk fuEu gS&
1-

;g ,d n`';&JO; lkexzh gS ftlls Nk= fdlh Hkh dk;Ze dks ns[k Hkh ldrs gS
vkSj lqu HkhA
blds iz;ksx ls f'k{k.k esa xfre; lkFkZdrk vkrh gSA
blds }kjk oLrqvksa ds okLrfod vkdkj dks vko';drkuqlkj NksVk ;k cM+k fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
;g de [kphZyk lk/ku gS blds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k dk f'k{k.k
,d lkFk gks ldrk gSA
Vsyhfotu ds iz;ksx fofHkUu oSKkfud ?kVukvksa rFkk rF;ksa dks xfre; cukdj
le>k;k tk ldrk gS tSls ikpu dh f;k fof/k] lelw=h foHkktu vkfnA

2345fucU/kkRed iz'u
15-

f'k{k.k &vf/kxe lkexzh ds izdkj rFkk ego dk o.kZu djksa A


Explain the types and importance of audio-video aids.

mRrj f'k{k.k&vf/kxe izf;k dks ljy] ltho] jkspd rFkk izHkkoiw.kZ cukus ds fy, lgk;d
lkexzh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk oxhZdj.k rduhd] iz{ksih] KkusfUnz; rFk euksfoKku
ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
1-

2-

3-

euksfoKku ds vk/kkj ij
i.
ijEijkxr lkexzh & bl oxZ esa ';keiV~V] iqLrdas] i=&if=dk,a vkfn vkrs
gSA
ii.
n`';&JO; lkexzh &bl oxZ esa ,fiMk;Ldksi] izkstsDVj] fQYe LykbM~l]
pkVZ] jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- dEI;wVj] fp= js[kkfp=] pkVZ xkzQ vkfn vkrs gSA
rduhdh vk/kkj ij
i.
dBksj mikxe Hardware & bl oxZ esa og lkexzh vkrh gS ftlds
cukus o iz;ksx djus esa rduhdh Kku vko';d gS tSls&izkstsDVj] fQYe
LykbM~l] fQYe if;k] dEI;wVj vkfnA
ii.
e`nqy mikxe (Software) & bl oxZ esa os phtas 'kkfey dh tkrh gS ftUgs
v/;kid Loa; cuk o iz;ksx dj ldrk gS tSls& pkVZ] xkzQ] iksLVj] ekWMy
vkfnA
KkusfUnz; ds vk/kkj ij
i.
J`O; lk/ku & xzkeksQksu] jsfM;ks] fofM;ks Vsi
ii.
n`'; lk/ku & okLrfod inkFkZ] uewus] izfreku] pkVZ] xkzQ] fQYe LykbM~l
vkfnA
18

iii.
4-

n`';&J`O; lk/ku & ukVd] fQYel] Vsfyfotu vkfn A

iz{ksih ds vk/kkj ij
i.
iz{ksih & fQYe] Vh-oh- fQYe LykbM~l] fQYe &if;k vkfnA
ii.
xSj iz{ksih & okLrfod inkFkZ] uewus] izfreku] xkzQ vkfnA
f'k{k.k vf/kxe lkexzh dk ego & f'k{k.k vf/kxe lkexzh ds iz;ksx ls Nk= d{kk esa
i<+k;s x;s ikB dks Hkyh izdkj le> ldrs gSA ftlls lkewfgd fu;kstu] rdZiw.kZ
fpUru rFkk lkewfgd fopkj&foe'kZ dk vk/kkj izLrqr gksrk gSA blds ego fuEu gS
%&

i.

ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.

KkusfUnz;k Kku dk }kj gS^^ vr% bfUnz;ksa }kjk izkIr vuqHko ls vf/kxe dks c<+kok
feyrk gSA J`O;&n`'; lkexzh fofHkUu bfUnz;ksa ls lacf/kr vuqHkoksa dh izkfIr esa cgqr
lgk;rk djrh gSA
n`';&JO; lkexzh ckydksa dk /;ku dsfUnzr djus rFkk mudh :fp;k tkxzr djus
dk vPNk lk/ku gaSA
Nk= n`';&JO; lkexzh }kjk mksftr gksdj vf/kxe izf;k es lf; Hkkx ysrs gS
rFkk bl vf/kxe dks cgqr le; rd Hkqyrs ugha gSA
n`';&JO; lk/ku izR;{k vuqHkoksa ds iwjd Hkh gS vkSj izR;{k vuqHkoksa ds LFkku ij ge
fp=] ekWMy vkfn dk iz;ksx cM+s izHkkoiw.kZ <ax ls dj ldrs gSA
n`';&JO; lk/ku dYiuk 'kfDr dks izsfjr djrs gS rFkk fujh{k.k o la'ys"k.k 'kfDr
dk fodkl djrs gSA
eUncqf) ckyd fp=ks]a fQYeksa] ekWMyks rFkk jsfM;ksa vkfn dh ckrksa dks ljyrkiwoZd
lh[k o xzg.k dj ldrs gSA
lgk;d lkexzh ds iz;ksx ls Nk=ksa ds f;kRed i{k dk fodkl gksrk gSA
d{kk esa gkMZo;
s j ds iz;ksx ls rFkk rduhdh fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr vU; lkexzh ds
fof/kor iz;ksx ls Nk=ksa esa oSKkfud vfHko`fr dk fodkl gksrk gSA
n`';&JO; lk/ku vukSipkfjd f'k{kk esa Hkh mi;ksxh gS tSls vPNs f'k{kdksa ds jsfM;ks
ikBksa dk izlkj.k] foKku ds ikBksa dk nwjn'kZu ij izn'kZu vkfnA
lgk;d lkexzh ds iz;ksx ls ikB esa fofo/krk vkrh gS vkSj Nk= u, dk;ksZ esa yx
tkrs gS ftlls d{kk dh uhjlrk nwj gks tkrh gSA

19

Unit -4

foKku dk mPp izkFkfed Lrj ds ikB~;e esa LFkku ,oa


ego
Role and Importance of Science in
Curriculum of Higher Primary Level
1-

ikB~;e fuekZ.k ds vUrxZr dkSulk fl)kUr fufgr ugha gS \


v-) O;fDrxr Hksn
c-)
ckydsfUnz;rk
l-) thou lca/krk
n-)
vyphykiu
(n)

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

^^djhD;wye^^ dk vFkZ gS &


v-) nkSM+ dk eSnku
l-) Qy dk cxhpk

c-)
n-)

[ksy dk eSnku
dksbZ ugha

(v)
jktLFkku esa mPp izkFkfed Lrj ds fy, foKku ikB~;e dk fuekZ.k djus okyh laLFkk dk
uke gSA
v-) ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh
c-)
jktLFkku jkT; ikB~;iqLrd e.My
l-) ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ
n-)
,l-vkbZ-bZ-vkj-Vh(v)
foKku v/;;u ls ewY; fodflr gksrs gS &
v-) O;kogkfjd ewY;
c-)
l-) lkaLd`frd ewY;
n-)

ckSf)d ewY;
mi;qZDr lHkh

(n)

dksj ikB~;e esa ego fn;k tkrk gS &


v-) lkekftd vuqHkoksa dks
c-)
l-) fo"k; dks
n-)

ckyd ds vuqHkoksa dks


f;k dks

(v)

ckyd ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy, foKku fo"k; dk vU; fo"k;ksa ls lac/k gksuk pkfg, D;ksa
fd blls &
v-) Nk=ksa dk n`f"Vdks.k foLr`r cu tkrk gSA
c-)
Nk= lHkh fo"k;ksa dks egoiw.kZ ekurk gSA
20

l-)
n-)
7-

Nk= lafpr Kku ls u, Kku dk lca/k tksM+rk gSA


mi;qZDr lHkh

(n)

4 H QkewZys ij vk/kkfjr ikB~;p;kZ gS &


Curriculum based on 4H formula is -

mRrj f;k iz/kku ikB~;p;kZ


8-

ikB~;e (Syllabus) fdldk vax gS \


Syllabus is the part of -

mRrj ikB~;p;kZ (Curriculum) dk A


9-

mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij ^inkFkZ ,oa mtkZ^ foKku ds dkSuls vf/kxe {ks= ds vUrxZr vkrk gS
\
"Matter and energy" comes in which learning area of science at higher primary level ?

mRrj rhljs vf/kxe {ks= ds vUrxZr


10-

U;wure vf/kxe Lrj ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \


What is the meaning of minimum learning level ?

mRrj ,d fu/kkZfjr fuf'pr le;kof/k esa f'k{k.k ds i'pkr~ izR;sd fo|kFkhZ }kjk U;wure Kku
vftZr dj ysuk A
11-

dfua/ke us ikB~;e ds lca/k esa D;k fy[kk gS \


What did cunninghum write about the curriculum?

mRrj ikB~;e f'k{kd ds gkFk esa ,d ,slk lk/ku gS] ftlls og vius fo|ky; esa vius ms'; ds
vuq:i vius Nk= dks dksbZ Hkh :i ns ldrk gS A

y?kqkjkRed iz'u
12-

ikB~;p;kZ (Curriculum) fdls dgrs gS \ blds fofHkUu izdkj dkSu&dkSuls gS \


What is curriculum ? What are the different types of curriculum ?

mRrj equjks ds vuqlkj & ^^ikB~;p;kZ esa os leLr vuqHko fufgr gS ftudks fo|ky; }kjk f'k{kk ds
^^ms';ksa dh izkfIr^^ ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA ikB~;p;kZ ds fofHkUu izdkj fuEu gS
%&
21

123456-

13-

fo"k; iz/kku ikB~;p;kZ & bldk ms'; ckydksa esa fo"k; ls lacf/akr Kku iznku djuk gSA
cky dsfUnzr ikB~;p;kZ &bl ikB~;p;kZ dk dsUnz fcUnw ckyd gksrk gSA blesa ckyd dh
:fp;ksa] vko';drkvksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA
dksj ikB~;p;kZ & bl ikB~;p;kZ dk eq[; ms'; lkekftd n`f"V ls egoiw.kZ rFkk mi;ksxh
vuqHkoksa dk LkHkh cPpksa dks Kku nsuk gSA
vuqHkodsfUnzr ikB~;p;kZ & blesa ckydksa ds iw.kZ rFkk vPNs vuqHkoksa dks ego nsrs gSA
f;kiz/kku ikB~;p;kZ & ;g ikB~;e "Learning by doing" fl)kUr ij f;kRed Kku
iznku djus ds i{k esa gSA
lg&lacaf/kr ikB~;p;kZ & blesa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh ikB~;p;kZ dks ijLij ,d&nwljs ls
tksM+dj i<+k;k tkrk gS ftlls f'k{k.k jkspd cus rFkk Nk=ksa dks vfrfjDr fo"k;ksa dk Kku
Hkh izkIr gks tkrk gSA
ikB~;p;kZ (Curriculum) ikB~;oLrq (Syllabus) esa vUrj Li"V djks&
What is the difference betrween curriculum and syllabus ?

mRrj &
ikB~;p;kZ
1 ikB~;p;kZ dk Lo:i vf/kd O;kid gksrk gSA
2 ikB~;p;kZ }kjk ckyd dk lokZaxh.k fodkl gksrk
gSA
3 fo|ky; Lrj ij fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA

ikB~;oLrq
ikB~;oLrq dk Lo:i ladqfpr gksrk
gSA
fo"k; ls lacaf/kr fodkl gksrk gSA
dsUnzh; Lrj ij fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk
gSA
blesa funsZ'kksa dk ikyu vko';d gSA

4 ikB~;p;kZ ds funsZ'kksa ds ikyu esa yphykiu


gksrk gSA
5 ikB~;p;kZ ds vUrxZr ikB~;oLrq dks lfEefyr
ikB~;oLrq ds vUrxZr ikB~;p;kZ dks
fd;k tkrk gSA
lfEefyr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
6 ;g Nk= ds n`f"Vdks.k ls fufeZr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g f'k{kd ds mi;ksxkFkZ cuk;k tkrk
gSA
7 ;g vf/kxekuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA
;g iqLrdh; Kku rd lhfer gSA
8 blesa fo|ky; rFkk fo|ky; ds ckgj gksus okyh ikB~;fooj.k esa fdlh fo'ks"k ikB~;oLrq
leLr f;kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
dks gh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
9 ;g pkfjf=d xq.kksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA
;g pfj= fuekZ.k esa lgk;d ugha gSA
14-

mPp izkFkfed Lrj ds ikB~;e esa foKku dk ego Li"V djks &
Explain the importance of science in the curriculum of higher primary level.

mRrj lqfu;ksftr f'k{k.k gsrq ikB~;e dh egkh vko';drk gSA dfua/ke ds vuqlkj ^^ikB~;e
f'k{kd ds gkFkksa esa ,d ,slk midj.k gS ftldh lgk;rk ls og vius Nk= dk vius ms';
ds vuqlkj vius fo|ky; esa fuekZ.k djrk gS^^A ikB~;e esa foKku dk ego fuEu gS %&
22

1-

2-

3-

45-

15-

ms';ksa dh izkfIr & f'k{kk ds ms';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq ikB~;p;kZ dk fuekZ.k vko';d gS
ikB~;p;kZ ds fuekZ.k ls gh f'k{kd fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd fdu ms';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq
dkSulh f;k,a djokuh gSA
le; o 'kfDr dk lnqi;ksx & ikB~;p;kZ ds dkj.k Nk= o f'k{kd nksukas dh le; o
'kfDr dk lnqi;ksx gksrk gS D;ksafd blls f'k{kd vius f'k{k.k dh ;kstuk cuk ysrk
gS rFkk Nk= Hkh ;g tku ysrs gS fd mUgs D;k vkSj dc i<+uk gS A
ikB~;iqLrdksa ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d & f'k{kk dks O;ofLFkr :i nsus ds fy,
ikB~;iqLrd vko';d gS rFkk lqfuf'pr ikB~;iqLrdksa dh jpuk ds fy, ikB~p;kZ
vko';d gS A
f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk p;u & ikB~;p;kZ ds vuq:i gh f'k{kd f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk p;u
djrk gSA
ewY;kadu esa lgk;d & fuf'pr ikB~;e gksus ij gh Nk=ksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa o
{kerkvksa dk lgh eqY;kdau laHko gS A

mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij Nk=ksa esa foKku fo"k; ls lca/kh l`ftr ewY;ksa dh foospuk djks A
Enumerate the values of science at higher primary level.

mRrj &f'k{kk dk ms'; vfHko`fk esa ifjorZu djds O;fDro dk laxfBr fodkl djuk gS blfy,
foKku f'k{k.k }kjk Nk=ksa es ewY;ksa ds fodkl dh Hkwfedk fufoZokn lR; gS foKku fo"k; ls
lca/kh l`ftr ewY; fuEu gS %&
1-

2-

3-

4-

O;kogkfjd ewY; & foKku dks O;kogkfjd mi;ksfxrk dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks
pkjksa rjQ jkWdsV vkSj Liwrfud ;qx esa oSKkfud Kku dk tky fcNk gqvk gS
nzqrxkeh fo|qr Vsu] dkjas ,oa iou osx ls Hkh dbZ xquk jrkj ls mM+us okys tsV
foeku gSA euksjatu ds fy, jsfM;ks] lekpkj i=] Vsyhfotu ,oa flusek gSA lapkj
O;oLFkk] d`f"k ;a= e'khusa lHkh foKku dh nsu gSA
lkaLd`frd ewY; & laLd`fr dk vFkZ gS gekjh HkkSfrd o vHkkSfrd lH;rk tSls
jgu&lgu][kku&iku] vfHk:fp;k] vfHko`fk;k] vkfFkZd thou;kiu vkfnA foKku gesa
gekjh lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks lqjf{kr j[kus o vkus okyh ih<+h esa igqpkus esa lgk;d
gSA uohure vkfo"dkj gekjs thus ds <ax] laLd`fr rFkk lH;rk esa Hkh ifjorZu ykrs
gSA
ckSf)d ewY; & foKku ds v/;;u ls gekjh ekufld 'kfDr dk iw.kZ fodkl gksrk gS
foKku fdlh Hkh rF; dks ekufld 'kfDr;ksa dk iw.kZ :i ls mi;ksx fd, fcuk rFkk
fdlh Hkh leL;k dks rdZ] fujh{k.k o fparu dh dlkSVh ij dls fcuk xzg.k djus
dh vkKk ugha nsrkA
O;kolkf;d ewY; & foKku Nk=ksa ds fy, O;olk;ksa ds }kj [kksyrk gSA lokZf/kd
izfrf"Br O;oLkk; tSls& MkWDVjh] bathfu;fjax] oSKkfud 'kks/k dk;Z vkfn dh i<+kbZ
23

5-

6-

78-

9-

10-

foKku ds Kku ls laHko gS foKku ds Kku dk mi;ksx djds Nk= NksVs O;olk;
tSls LVkso] lkbZfdy ds iEi dh ejEer] fctyh dh fQfVax vkfn viuk ldrs gSA
uSfrd ewY; & ,d vPNs pfj= ds fu.kkZ;d xq.k tSls &lPpkbZ] bZekunkjh]
U;k;fiz;rk] n;k] izse] ;FkkFkZrk] le; dh ikcUnh] drZO;fu"Bk] /kS;Z'khyrk]
vkRefu;a=.k] vkRelEeku] vkfn lHkh xq.kksa dk fodkl foKku ds v/;;u ls laHko
gSA
dykRed ,oa lkSn;
a kZRed ewY; & foKku lR;a f'koa lqUnje~ dh izkfIr dk lzkrs gS
foKku dk mi;ksx djds ubZ&ubZ dykRed oLrq, cukbZ tk ldrh gS rFkk jsfM;ks]
Vhoh] i=&if=dk, vkfn foKku }kjk iznRr euksjatu ds lk/ku gaSA
fujh{k.k 'kfDr dk fodkl & foKku dk vFkZ ec) o lqO;fLFkr lafpr Kku dh
izkfIr gS rFkk blds f'k{k.k ls fujh{k.k o rdZ 'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gSA
vuq'kklu lca/kh ewY; & foKku ds vusd dk;kZs }kjk foKku dk fo|kFkhZ la;e]
foosdiw.kZ rFkk vuq'kklue; thou fcrkus dk vH;Lr gks tkrk gS foKku f'k{k.k ls
Nk=ksa esa vkRekuq'kklu dh Hkkouk dk l`tu gksrk gSA
euksoSKkfud ewY; & foKku dh f'k{kk euksoSKkfud n`f"V ls Hkh mi;ksxh gS blds
v/;;u ls ckydksa dh euksoSKkfud vko';drk,a lUrq"V gksrh gSA ftKklk]
jpukRed ,oa laxzg dh izo`fk;ksa rFkk vkRelarqf"V] ekSfydrk] l`tukRedrk ,oa
vkReizdk'ku vkfn eu dh Hkkoukvksa dh r`fIr dk lQy lk/ku foKku gSA
lkekftd ewY; & foKku izkjaHk ls gh ckyd dks lekt dY;k.k dh fn'kk esa
vko';d lg;ksx iznku djrk gS tSls 'kjhj dks LoLFk dSls j[kk tk, \
dwMk&dpjk dgka Mkyk tk, \ Nwr dh chekfj;ksa dks dSls jksdk tk, \
yM+ds&yM+dh esa HksnHkko u fd;k tk, vkfn ckrksa dk v/;;u foKku }kjk gh gks
ldrk gSA foKku ds v/;;u ls ckyd esa mRrjnkf;Ro] lekt lsok o lkekftd
Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA

24

Unit -5

foKku ds fofHkUu {ks= ,oa vU; fo"k;ksa ls mudk lglca/k


Different Areas of Science and their
correlation with other subjects
1-

ckyd
v-)
c-)
l-)
n-)

2-

vk[k dh jsfVuk ij fp=ksa dk cuuk dSejs ds leku gS &;g mnkgj.k lg&lac/k LFkkfir
djrk gS&
v-) bfrgkl o foKku esa
c-)
tho foKku o dyk esa
l-) tho foKku rFkk HkkSfrd foKku esa
n-)
Hkwxksy rFkk jlk;u'kkL= esa
(l)

3-

foKku esa lg&lac/k ds izdkj gS &


v-) ,Sfdd lg lac/k
l-) xq.kkad lg lca/k

4-

5-

6-

ds lokZxh.k fodkl ds fy, foKku fo"k; dk vU; fo"k;ksa ls lglca/k gksuk pkfg,A
Nk=ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks O;kid o foLr`r cukus gsrq A
foKku fo"k; ds fy,
,d fo"k; dks i<+kus ds fy,
mi;qZDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
(v)

c-)
n-)

ikjLifjd lglca/k
mi;qZDr lHkh

lw;Zxzg.k dk v/;;u djrs gS&


v-) jlk;u foKku o Hkk"kk esa
l-) HkkSfrd foKku o bfrgkl esa

c-)
n-)

es.My dk fl)kUr lglac/k LFkkfir djrk gS&


v-) tho foKku vkSj xf.kr esa
c-)
l-) foKku o dyk esa
n-)

jlk;u foKku o Hkwxksy esa


foKku o bfrgkl esa

(n)

HkkSfrd foKku o Hkwxksy esa


mi;qZDr lHkh
(c)

(v)

foKku mruk gh ;FkkFkZ gS ftruk og xf.kr dk iz;ksx djrk gS^^ mDr dFku gS&

mRrj dk.V dk
25

7-

foKku o Hkwxksy ds lglca/k dk ,d mnkgj.k fy[kks &


Give one example of corelation between science and Geography.

mRrj TokjHkkVk
8-

izkphu flDdksa dk jklk;fud fo'ys"k.k lglca/k fn[kkrk gS&


Chemical analysis of ancient coins shows the corelation between scn

mRrj foKku o bfrgkl dk


9-

foKku dk nSfud thou ls lglca/k dk ,d mnkgj.k nks&


Give one example of corelation between science and routine life.

mRrj jsy dh iVfj;ks ds chp [kkyh txg NksM+rs gSA


10-

^^xf.kr lHkh foKkuksa dk flag }kj o dqth gS^^ mDr dFku gSA
Maths is the key of all science" who said this ?

mRrj jkstu cSdu dk A


y?kqkjkRed iz'u
11-

foKku ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh foospuk djksA


Enumerate the different areas of science.

mRrj foKku ds fofHkUu {ks= fuEu gS %&


12-

3-

45-

HkkSfrd foKku (Physics) & bl 'kk[kk ds vUrxZr inkFkZ ds fofHkUu xq.kksa] ifjorZuksa]
xfr;ksa] rki] fo|qr] cy] izdk'k /ofu vkfn ls lacf/kr v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
jlk;u foKku (Chemistry)& blds vUrxZr nzO; &lajpuk ,oa blds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu
rRoksa dk oxhZdj.k] o.kZu rFkk buds ijLij jklk;fud la;ksx ls fufeZr u;s inkFkksZa dk
v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
d`f"k foKku (Agriculture Science) & blds vUrxZr d`f"k txr ds fofHkUu {ks=ks dk
v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA d`f"k {ks= esa mRiknu ds xq.kkRed ,oa ek=kRed n`f"Vdks.k ls uohu
rduhdh ds mi;ksx vkfn dk v/;;u djrs gSA
tho foKku (Biology)& blds vUrxZr thoksa ds 'kjhj dh lajpuk] 'kjhj dh fofHkUu
tSfod f;k,a rFkk thoksa ds thou;kiu dh fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
[kxksy foKku (Spherical Astronomy) & blds vUrxZr varfj{k foKku ,oa varfj{k esa
fLFkr xzgksa] rkjks]a xSyfDl;ksa] rkjke.My] vkdk'kxaxk vkfn dk v/;;u djrs gSA

26

6-

7-

12-

HkwxHkZ foKku (Geology) & blds vUrxZr i`Foh ds orZeku Lo:i dh dYiuk o bldh
vkarfjd ljapuk rFkk blesa ikbZ tkus okyh oLrqvksa tSls& [kfut yo.k rRo vkfn dk
v/;;u djrs gSA
fpfdRlk 'kkL= (Theropy) & blds vUrxZr fofHkUu jksxksa ds dkj.k &fuokj.k o mipkj
dk v/;;u djrs gSA
lglca/k fdls dgrs gS \ tho foKku esa lglca/k dh mi;ksfxrk fy[kks A
What is Co-relation ? Write down the corelation of Biology.

mRrj lglca/k dk vFkZ ,d&nwljs ls lca/k ls gS A tSls&foKku dk vU; fo"k;ksa ls


lca/k@lglca/k }kjk Kku iznku djuk euksoSKkfud gS f'k{kd dks vius fo"k; dks i<+krs
le; mldk lca/k vU; fo"k;ksa ls djuk pkfg,A ,slh viuk;h x;h f'k{k.k izf;k dks
lglca/k (Corelation) dgrs gSA eu ds vuqlkj &lglca/k pjksa ds chp lfUudVrk ds
Lrj dk ,d lkaf[;dh; eki gSAlca/k
tho foKku esa lglca/k dh mi;ksfxrk &
12345613-

lglca/k ds vk/kkj ij f'k{kk nsus ij fo"k; oLrq jkspd] ltho] cks/kxE; rFkk
euksjatd gks tkrh gSA
ckyd lEiw.kZ Kku dks ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa ekuus yxrk gSA
fo"k;ksa dks lglacfa /kr djds i<+kus ls og O;kogkfjd thou ls lacaf/kr gks tkrk gSA
lHkh fo"k;ksa dks lEcfU/kr djds i<+kus ls mudks ckj&ckj nksgjkus dh vko';drk
ugha iM+rh gS blls le; dh cpr gksrh gSA
efLr"d fHkUUk&fHkUu vuqHkoksa dk ikjLifjd lca/k] rqyuk vkfn djds mUgS xzg.k
djrk gS ftlls mldk n`f"Vdks.k foLr`r gks tkrk gSA
ckyd dk lokZxha.k fodkl gks tkrk gSA

lglca/k ds izdkj dkSu&dkSuls gS \


Write down the types of co-relation.

mRrj lglca/k ds rhu izdkj gS %&


12-

,sfdd lg lca/k & (unilateral correlation) foKku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa esa


,d&nwljs ls lca/k dks ,sfdd lglca/k dgrs gSA
ikjLifjd lglca/k &(colateral correlation) tc ,d gh fo"k; ds ,d gh 'kk[kk
ds fofHkUu ikBksa dks lglacaf/kr fd;k tkrk gS rks ,slk lca/k ikjLifjd lglca/k
dgykrk gSA

27

3-

14-

xq.kkad lglca/k & tc ,d fo"k; dk nwljs fo"k; ls ikjLifjd lca/k xq.kkad ds :i


es gksrs gS] rks ,sls lca/k dks xq.kkad lglca/k dgrs gSA

foKku dh vU; fo"k;ksa ls mnkgj.k lfgr lglca/k LFkkfir dhft, A


Establish corelation of science with other subjects give examples.

mRrj fo|ky; ds fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dk la'ys"k.k dj mudks ,d lkFk i<+kus ls foKku dk {ks=
O;kid cu tk;sxkA foKku ds fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ls lglac/k dks fuEu izdkj le>k tk ldrk
gS&
1

foKku rFkk xf.kr dk lglca/k & foKku rFkk xf.kr dk ijLij xgjk lca/k gSA
dk.V ds vuqlkj ^^foKku mruk gh ;FkkFkZ gS ftruk og xf.kr dk iz;ksx djrk
gS^^A mnkgj.kLo:i &es.My dk fl)kUr xf.kr dh lgk;rk ls lEHko gks ik;kA
fofHkUu oSKkfud rF;ksa tSls &?kuRo] rki] fo|qr /kkjk] xqIr rki] ncko vkfn dk
lca/k xf.kr ls gSA

foKku rFkk bfrgkl & foKku o bfrgkl dk Hkh ?kfu"B lca/k gSA egku oSKkfudksa
ds thou bfrgkl dk v/;;u dj Nk= vUos"k.k dh izsj.kk ysrs gSA chekfj;ksa ij
fu;U=.k bfrgkl rFkk foKku dk feyk&tqyk {ks= gSA fdlh izkphu flDds ds
jklk;fud fo'ys"k.k ls ml le; ds yksxksa dk /kkrq Kku vkfn ls foKku vkSj
bfrgkl dk lca/k fn[kk;k tkrk gSA

foKku rFkk Hkwxksy dk lglca/k & foKku rFkk Hkwxksy esa Hkh ?kfu"B lglca/k gS
TokjHkkVk] lw;Zxzg.k] pUnzxg.k rkjks dk VwVuk] _rq,a vkfn HkkSxksfyd rF;ksa dks
oSKkfud vk/kkjksa ij gh le>k;k tk ldrk gS vr% Hkwxksy i`Foh dk foKku gSA

foKku rFkk Hkk"kk & lkekU; foKku dk lkfgR; ls Hkh xgjk lca/k gS ,d oSKkfud
dks Hkk"kk dk Bhd&Bkd Kku gksuk pkfg, vU;Fkk foKku dh [kkst dsoy ,d O;fDr
rd gh lhfer jgrh gS rFkk vU; yksx ml [kkst ds lca/k esa vifjfpr jgrs gSA

foKku rFkk d`f"k & d`f"k dh vk/kqfud izxfr esa foKku dk fo'ks"k ego gS fofHkUu
izdkj dh [kknsa rS;kj djus esa] uohu fdLeksa ds ikS/ksa fodflr djus ds fy,] ikS/kksa
dks jksxksa ls cpkus ds fy,] d`f"k vkStkjksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, foKku dh lgk;rk yh
tkrh gSA

foKku rFkk dyk & tho foKku] HkkSfrd foKku] jlk;u foKku vkfn esa tks fofHkUu
izdkj ds pkVZ] ekWMYk] uD'ks cuk;s tkrs gSA mu lc esa dyk dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA

28

foKku rFkk laxhr & foKku dh laxhr ls Hkh xgjh fudVrk gS /ofu] /ofu ds xq.k]
rhozrk vkfn dk Kku HkkSfrd foKku dh fo"k;oLrq gS A gkjeksfu;e] I;kuks]
xkzeksQksu] VsifjdkMZj ] Vh-oh- vkfn ;a= foKku dh nsu gSA

29

Unit -6

oSKkfud fof/k dh vko';drk] muds fofHkUu pj.k rFkk


mi;ksx
Need of Scientific Method, Its Steps and
Uses
cgqfodYikRed iz'u
1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

oSKkfud fof/k gS &


v-) leL;k dks rdZiw.kZ <ax ls gy djukA
c-)
Nk=ksa ls iz'u iwNukA
l-) iz;ksx iznf'kZr djukA
n-)
mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha A

(v)

oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds xq.k ugha gS&


v-) ftKklk
l-) bZekunkjh

c-)
n-)

va/kfo'okl
/kS;Z

(c)

oSKkfud fof/k dk xq.k gS&


v-) oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl
l-) LFkk;h Kku dh izkfIr

c-)
n-)

lf;rk
mijksDr lHkh

(n)

ifjdYiuk dk fuekZ.k
lkekU;hdj.k

(v)

oSKkfud fof/k dk izFke pj.k gS&


v-) leL;k dk fu/kkZj.k
l-) rF;ksa dk ,d=hdj.k

c-)
n-)

[kkst djus esa rdZiw.kZ <ax ls lkspuk fdl fof/k dh fo'ks"krk gS&
v-) oSKkfud fof/k
c-)
O;k[;ku fof/k
l-) [ksy fof/k
n-)
dksbZ ugha

(v)

vfry?kqkjh; iz'u

30

6-

oSKkfud fof/k dk xq.k fy[kks A


Write down merit of scientific method.

mRrj

leL;k ds fo"k; esa lkspus] fpUru djus o gy <w<aus dk volj feyuk A

7-

oSKkfud fof/k dk nks"k fy[kks A


Write one demerit of scientific method ?

mRRkj

bl fof/k dk mi;ksx de cqf)yfC/k Lrj dk fo|kFkhZ ugha dj ldrk A

8-

oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k mRiUu djus dk mik; fy[kksA


Write one idea to create scientific attitude.

mRrj

Nk=ksa dh ftKklk dks rdZiw.kZ <ax ls larq"V djukA

9-

ifjdYiuk fuekZ.k fdl fof/k esa fd;k tkrk gSsA


Hypothesis is formed in which method.

mRrj

oSKkfud fof/k

10-

oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds xq.kksa dh foospuk djks A


Explain the merits of scientific attitude.

mRrj

foKku fo"k; ds v/;;u ls O;fDr esa dqN fof'k"V xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gS ftls
oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dgrs gSA
oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds fuEufyf[kr xq.k gS &
1- ftKklk & oSKkfud fof/k dk mi;ksx djus ij ckyd esa ftKklk dk xq.k mRiUu gks
tkrk gS rFkk Nk= fofHkUu rF;ksa dk laxzg djuk] fo'ys"k.k djuk o ifjdYiuk fuekZ.k
djuk lh[k tkrk gSaA
2- bZekunkjh & oSKkfud fof/k dk iz;ksx djus bZekunkjh dk xq.k fodflr gks tkrk gS rFkk
izR;sd oSKkfud Loa; dh ekSfyd [kkst djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
3- va/kfo'okl ls eqfDr & oSKkfud fof/k ls foKku dk v/;;u djus ls rdZiw.kZ n`f"V dk
fodkl gksrk gSA rFkk dbZ va/kfo'oklksa tSls& yM+dh gksus ij L=h dk nks"k ekuuk]
fcYyh ds jkLrk dkVus ij ?kj ls uk fudyuk vkfn ls eqfDr feyrh gSA
4- /kS;Z & /kS;Z oSKkfud dk egku xq.k gksrk gS D;ksa fd oSKkfud vusd iz;ksx djrk gS vkSj
muesa vlQyrk Hkh feyrh gS] ysfdu og lQyrk feyus rd /kS;ZiwoZd dk;Z djrk
jgrk gSA

31

11-

oSKkfud fof/k dh fo'ks"krk,a fy[kks &


Write down characteristic of scientific method-

mRrj

oSKkfud fof/k dh fo'ks"krk,a fuEu gSa &


1- oLrqfu"Brk &oSKkfud fof/k ls fd;k x;k v/;;u iw.kZr;k fu"i{k] iwokZxzg eqDr ,oa
oLrqfu"B gksrk gSA
2- lR;kiu'khyrk & oSKkfud fof/k esa v/;;u }kjk izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks rc rd Lohdkj
ugha fd;k tkrk tc rd mudh oSlh gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iqu% tkap djds vPNh
rjg iqf"V u dj yh tk,A
3- Hkfo";ok.kh {kerk & oSKkfud fof/k ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa esa Hkfo";ok.kh dj ldus dh
{kerk ikbZ tkrh gSA
4- la'kks/ku ,oa ifjorZu'khyrk & oSKkfud fof/k ls izkIr ifj.kke tM+ vkSj LFkk;h ugah
gksrsA Hkfo"; esa fd;s oSKkfud v/;;u }kjk iqjkus ifj.kkeksa dh lR;rk xyr
lkfcr gksus ij mUgS vko';drkuqlkj la'kksf/kr ,oa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5- lkekU;hdj.k &oSKkfud fof/k }kjk tks ifj.kke ;k fu"d"kZ fu;eksa ds :i esa fudkys
tkrs gS muesa lkekU;hdj.k dh {kerk gksrh gS vFkkZr~ muds vk/kkj ij mlh izdkj
dh lHkh ?kVukvksa dh mfpr :i ls O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gSA

12-

ckydksa esa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djus ds mik; fy[kksa A


Give some ideas to develop scientific attitude in students.

mRrj&
i. ckydks ds le{k vf/kd ls vf/kd leL;k j[kuh pkfg,A ftlls os leL;k
dks ifjHkkf"kr dj mudk fo'ys[k.k dj ldsA
ii. leL;k ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa rFkk vkadM+ks dk ladyu dj mudk oxhZdj.k
djds rF;ksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsA
iii. lEHkkfor gy ds fy, ifjdYiuk ds fuekZ.k dk Kku djkuk pkfg,A
iv. ifjdYiukvksa dh tkap dj rFkk fu"d"kZ fudkydj fu;e o fl)kUr
izfrikfnr djus ds funsZ'k nsus pkfg,A
fuca/kkRed iz'u &
13-

oSKkfud fof/k D;k gS \ bl fof/k ds pj.kksa dh O;k[;k djks A


What is scientific method ? Explain steps of this method.
32

mRrj&

oSKkfud foKku dk v/;;u djus esa ;k [kkst djus esa rdZiw.kZ <ax ls ftl fof/k dks
viukrk gS mls ^^oSKkfud fof/k^^ dgrs gSA oSKkfud fof/k [kkst fof/k dk gh ,d :i
gSA bl fof/k ls Nk=ksa esa rdZ'kfDr] leh{kkRed fpUru] jpukRed vfHko`f) fodflr dh
tkrh gSA
oSKkfud fof/k ds eq[; pj.k
1- leL;k dk fu/kkZj.k & loZizFke gekjs lkeus vusd leL;k,a vkrh gSA ftuds
lek/kku gsrq fopkj&foe'kZ djds fu.kZ; ysuk iM+rk gSA leL;k dks lw{e n`f"V ls
ns[kus ij dbZ iz'u efLr"d esa mBrs gS tSls &oLrq,a uhps D;ksa fxjrh gS] gok D;ksa
pyrh gS \ vkfn bu iz'uksa dh O;k[kk dh tkrh gS rFkk leL;k dk fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA
2- leL;k ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa dks ,d=dj mudk oxhZdj.k djuk & leL;k ds fu/kkZj.k
ds i'pkr~ fofHkUu lzksrksa ] iqLrdky;ks]a ekWMy] {ks=h; Hkze.k ds }kjk leL;k ls
lacaf/kr vkadM+s ,df=r fd;s tkrs gS rFkk lko/kkuh o lw>cw> ls mudk oxhZdj.k
fd;k tkrk gSA
3- ifjdYiuk dk fuekZ.k & rF;ksa o vkadM+ks ds ,d=hdj.k ds i'pkr~ leL;k ds
lEHkkfor lek/kku <a<w s tkrs gS ftUgsa ifjdYiuk dgrs gSA iz;ksx }kjk ifjdYiuk dh
iqf"V dh tkrh gSA tSls& i`Foh cy }kjk oLrqvksa dks viuh vkSj [khaprh gSA
4- iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij ifjdYiuk dh lR;rk dh tkap djuk & ifjdYiuk dh lR;rk
dh tkap ds fy, vusd iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gS rFkk mfpr ifjdYiuk dh ,d&,d tkap
dh tkrh gSA mfpr fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij fdlh ,d ifjdYiuk dks fu"d"kZ :i esa
pquk tkrk gSA
5- Lohd`r ifjdYiuk ;k fu"d"kZ dk lkekU;hdj.k & tks ifjdYiuk ;k fu"d"kZ Lohd`r
dj fy;k tkrk gS mls oSlh gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa oSlh gh vU; leL;kvksa ds gy ds
fy, iz;qDr djds ns[kk tkrk gS fdlh ,d ?kVuk dks tks dkj.k ryk'k fd;k tkrk
gS mls fQj vU; ,slh gh ?kVukvksa dks ?kfVr gksus ds dkj.kksa dk le>us esa iz;ksx esa
yk;k tkrk gS vkSj vxj og vius bl ijh{k.k esa lQy gksrk gS rks bl ifjdYiuk
dks ,d lkekU; fu"d"kZ ;k fu;e ds :i esa xzg.k dj fy;k tkrk gS tSls &U;wVu
dk xq:Rokd"kZ.k dk fu;e A
6- uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Kku dk mi;ksx & d{kk d{k ifjfLFkfr ;k okLrfod thou esa
ifjfLFkfr dk nwj djus ds fy, Nk= dks fl)kUr ;k fu;e dks nSfud thou esa
mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A

33

Unit -7

i;kZoj.k v/;;u ds vUrxZr mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij


foKku f'k{kk dk Lo:i ,oa vf/kxe
Learning and Nature of Science Education
at Higher Primary Level in
Environmental Study
cgqfodYikRed iz'u
1.

2.

3.

4.

dksbZ Hkh ckgjh 'kfDr tks gesa izHkkfor djrh gS


v-) jkWl dk
l-) oqMOkFkZ dk
i;kZoj.k v/;;u dh fof/k;ka gS &
v-) voyksdu fof/k
l-) djds lh[kuk
i;kZoj.k dk vFkZ gS &
v-) ifj$vkoj.k
l-) i$vkoj.k
i;kZoj.k v/;;u ls Nk= esa mRiUu gksrh gS&
v-) fujh{k.k 'kfDr
l-) lw>cw> {kerk

i;kZoj.k gksrh gS A mDr dFku gS&


c-)
fuEcVZ dk
n-)
tkWu M~;qoh dk

(v)

c-)
n-)

iz;ksx fof/k
mi;qZDr lHkh

(n)

c-)
n-)

i;Z$vkoj.k
dksbZ ugha

(v)

c-)
n-)

ftKklk izo`fk
mijksDr lHkh

(n)

vfry?kqkjkRed iz'u
5.

i;kZoj.k fdu&fdu rRoksa ls feydj cuk gS \


Environment is made up by which elements?

mRrj &izkd`frd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd`frd rRoksa ls


34

6.

izkd`frd i;kZoj.k ds vUrxZr vkrk gS A


Natural environment consists of -

mRrj& HkkSfrd o vHkkSfrd rRoA


7.

mPp Lrj ij foKku f'k{k.k ds i;kZoj.kh; v/;;u ds nks ykHk fy[kks A


Write down two advantages of environmental study at higher primary level.

mRrj& 1 Nk= vius thou esa i;kZoj.k dk ego lh[ksxk o le>sxkA


2 i;kZoj.k ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa esa ubZ [kkst o fu"d"kZ vkfn dk Kku iznku dj oSKkfud
n`f"Vdks.k fodflr dj ldrk gSA
y?kqkjkRed iz'u
8.

i;kZoj.k dk foKku fo"k; esa D;k ego gS \


What is the importance of environment in science study ?

mRrj& i;kZoj.k dk foKku fo"k; esa ego fuEu gS %&


1- i;kZoj.k v/;;u ls Nk= dh fujh{k.k 'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gS rFkk D;k] D;ksa dSls
dh izo`fk dks tUe feyrk gSA
2- Nk=ksa dks izd`fr ds jgL; dk tkuus dh tks LokHkkfod ykylk jgrh gS] mlls
O;fDro dk fodkl gksrk gSA
3- oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dks ifjiDo cukus ds fy, rFkk mls LoLFk cukus ds fy, izd`fr dk
lEidZ Nk= ds vko';d gSA
4- izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa lq[kh ,oa izlUu jgus ds fy, i;kZoj.k dh tkudkjh vko';d
gSA
5- Nk=ksa esa lkekftd] lkaLd`frd o ,sfrgkfld i;kZoj.k ds ek/;e ls lkekftd ,oa
lkaLd`frd ewY;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
9.

i;kZoj.k v/;;u dh fof/k;ksa dk mYys[k djks &


What are the main teaching methods of environmental study ?

mRrj& 1-

2-

voyksdu fof/k & ;g i;kZoj.k dk v/;;u djus dh loksZke fof/k gSA bl fof/k ds
vUrxZr izs{k.k o izR;{k n'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA tSls ckydksa dks crk;k tk;s fd vEy
Lokn esa [ks gksrs gS fQj mUgs voyksdukFkZ uhacw ns fn;k tk;s rks uhacw p[kdj os
LFkk;h Kku izkIr dj ldrs gSAa
Hkze.k fof/k & i;kZoj.k v/;;u dh egoiw.kZ fof/k gS bles Nk=ksa dks lkekftd]
izkd`frd vkSj vkS|ksfxd i;kZoj.k esa ys tkdj cgqr lh f;kvksa o oLrqvksa dks
okLrfod :i esa ns[kus dk volj feyrk gS tSls ckx&cxhps] fpfdRlky;] Mkd?kj]
Ms;jh vkfn dk Hkze.k A
35

3-

4
5

iz;ksx fof/k & i;kZoj.k] ifjokj] fo|ky;] ou] ioZr vkfn ls izkIr inkFkksZa ij fofHkUu
izdkj ds iz;ksx dj ckydksa dks foKku dh f'k{kk nh tkrh gS tSls &ikS/ks dks ikWfyFkhu
ls <dus ij ikWfyFkhu ij ikuh dh canw ksa dk bdV~Bk gks tkuk D;ksa fd ikS/ks
ok"iksRltZu djrs gSAa
iz'u fof/k & bl fof/k ds vUrxZr f'k{kd Nk=ksa ls muds i;kZoj.k ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa
ij fofHkUu izdkj ds izsjd iz'u iwNdj muds Kku dks c<+krk gS tSls &ikh dk jax
gjk D;ksa gksrk gS \
djds lh[kuk & foKku lh[kus dk ugha djus dk foKku gS i;kZoj.k ds }kjk foKku
dh f'k{kk nsus esa djds lh[kus dk cgqr ego gS tSls & LVkso ij ty xeZ djds
ok"ihdj.k dh f;k dks le>uk A

fuca/kkRed iz'u
10.

mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij i;kZoj.kh v/;;u ds vUrxZr foKku f'k{k.k ds Lo:i dks crkb;s A
Explain the form of science teaching in environmental study at Higher primary level.

mRrj mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij i;kZoj.k v/;;u HkkSfrd] jlk;u rFkk tho foKku ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa
ij vk/kkfjr ftKklk ,oa l`tukRedrk dks izksRlkfgr djus okyk gksuk pkfg,A i;kZoj.k esa
miyC/k lkexzh dks fdl izdkj foKku f'k{k.k dk;Z esa mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA muds dqN
izdkj fuEu
gS %&
1- HkkSfrd foKku & m"ek] pqEcd] izdk'k ekSle] lw;Z] gok] pUnzek] rkjs lHkh HkkSfrd foKku
i<+kus ds fy, izd`fr dh iz;ksx'kkyk ds :i esa gSA ge vius vklikl ds i;kZoj.k ls
cgqr lh ,slh phts feyrh gS ftudk iz;ksx ge HkkSfrd foKku ds f'k{k.k esa dj ldrs
gS tSls & p'es ds ySal] VsfyLdksi] lw{en'khZ] ,ihMk;Ldksi] o ljy izkstsDVj vkfn cuk
ldrs gSA da?ks dks ckyksa ls jxM+dj dkxt ds VqdM+s fpidus dh ?kVuk ls fLFkj oS|qr
vkos'k] cksry esa ikuh Hkjdj ikLdy dk fu;e le>k;k tk ldrk gSA vkyfiu ls
pqEcd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA eksecRrh dh lgk;rk ls i`Foh ,oa lkSjeaMy dk leLr
Kku vklkuh ls fn;k tk ldrk gSA cjxn dh yVdrh tM+kas ls xq:Rokd"kZ.k dk fu;e
le>k;k tk ldrk gSA
2- jlk;u foKku & vEy {kkj o yo.k i<+krs le; vusd izkd`frd oLrq, tSls& uhacw]
ngh] beyh] ued lksMk vkfn dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA pk; cukrs le; foyk;d
foys;] foy;u] ok"iu] la?kuu vkfn laizR;; fl[kk, tk ldrs gS fofHkUu jlk;u tSls
LVkpZ vkyw ls dkcksZgkbMVs ehBs Qyks ls] olk rsy izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSA typ]
ukbVkt
s u p vkfn dks Hkh i;kZoj.k ds ek/;e ls i<+kus esa vf/kd mi;ksxh gSA
3- tho foKku& tho foKku fo"k; esa thoksa o isM+&ikS/kksa dk v/;;u i;kZoj.k ds ek/;e ls
fd;k tk ldrk gSA fofHkUu tho&tUrqvksa ds oxhZdj.k] isM+&ikS/kksa ds oxhZdj.k]
iRrh&iq"i dh lajpuk] ijkxd.k izf;k vkfn dks le>us ds fy, i;kZoj.k egoiw.kZ gSA

36

vr% mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij Nk=ksa dks izkd`frd ifjos'k esa ys tkdj vf/kxe djokuk
jkspd o thouksi;ksxh gksxkA

37

Unit -8

Learning Based Lesson Planning and Unit


Plan of Science Subject at Higher Primary
Level

cgqfodYikRed iz'u
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

bZdkbZ mikxe ds izoZrd Fks &


v-) ,p-lh- ekjh'ku
l-) Fkkel ,oa fjLd

c-)
n-)

osLys
dksbZ ugha

(v)

izR;sd eghus dk v/;kiu dk;Z fooj.k izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS&


v-) bZdkbZ ;kstuk
c-)
ekfld ;kstuk
l-) nSfud ikB ;kstuk
n-)
mi;qZDr lHkh

(c)

okf"kZd ;kstuk dh dk;Z vof/k fdruh gS &


v-) ,d 'kSf{kd l=
c-)
l-) vk/kk 'kSf{kd l=
n-)

nks 'kSf{kd l=
rhu 'kSf{kd l=

(v)

iapinh; ikB ;kstuk izLrqr dh Fkh &


v-) LisUlj
c-)
l-) gjcVZ
n-)

fdyiSfVd
tkWu M~;woh

(l)

ikB ;kstuk dk vko';d rRo gS &


v-) fyf[kr
l-) Li"V ms';

iwoZ Kku ij vk/kkfjr


mijksDr lHkh

(n)

c-)
n-)

vfry?kqkjkRed iz'u
38

6)

bZdkbZ ;kstuk ds izdkj dkSu&dkSuls gS \


What are the types of unit plan ?

mRrj v-)
7)

ikB~;oLrq ij vk/kkfjr c-)

vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr

bZdkbZ ;kstuk fdl ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS \


Unit plan is based on -

mRrj :fp] vuqHko ,oa vko';drk ij A


8)

lEiw.kZ l= i;ZUr f'k{k.k dk;ksZa dh :ijs[kk dks D;k dgrs gS \


Design of teaching works during whole session is called-

mRrj okf"kZd ikB ;kstuk


9)
izLrkouk dk ewy vk/kkj D;k gS \
What is the base of Introduction ?

mRrj iwoZ Kku A


10) ikB ;kstuk, cukus dk lgh e gS &
What is the write series of making lesson plans ?

mRrj okf"kZd ikB ;kstuk

ekfld ikB ;kstuk

nSfud ikB ;kstuk

y?kqkjkRed iz'u
11)

ikB ;kstuk dh D;k vko';drk gS \ fyf[k, A


What is the need of lesson plan.

mRrj lQy f'k{k.k ds fy, ikB ;kstuk rS;kj djuk vR;ar vko';d gSA ;fn f'k{kd ds ikl
igys ls rS;kj ikB ;kstuk gS rks og vPNs <ax ls i<+k ldrk gS mlls ;g fuf'pr gks
tkrk gS fd veqd LFkku ij veqd iz'u iwNuk gS vFkok O;k[;ku nsuk gS vkSj fdl LFkku
ij f'k{k.k lkexzh dk iz;ksx djuk gSA ikB ;kstuk dh vko';drk fuEu gS&
1- ikB &;kstuk ds vk/kkj ij ikB~;oLrq dks rdZlaxr] ekuqlkj <ax ls] lqO;fLFkr rFkk
izHkko'kkyh <ax esa j[kuk laHko gksrk gSA
39

2- blds }kjk le;] iz;Ru rFkk lk/kuksa dh cpr gksrh gS rFkk de le; esa vf/kd Kku
nsuk laHko gksrk gSA
3- ikB~; ;kstuk f'k{kd ds vkRefo'okl dks c<+krh gSA
4- ikB ;kstuk }kjk f'k{kd dks vius Kku rFkk fopkjksa dk iz;ksx djus dk volj izkIr
gksrk gS rFkk mlds O;kolkf;d dkS'ky dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5- blds }kjk f'k{kd vius dk;Z dk ewY;akdu dj ldrk gSA
6- ikB ;kstuk lh[kus o fl[kkus ds fuf'pr ifj.kkeksa dks crkdj Nk= o f'k{kd nksuks dks
ykHkkfUor djrh gSA
12)

bZdkbZ ;kstuk ,oa nSfud ikB ;kstuk esa varj Li"V djksa A
What is the difference between unit plan and daily lesson plan ?

m
R1
2
r
j
3
4
5
6

13)

bZdkbZ ;kstuk
bZdkbZ ;kstuk foLr`r gksrh gSA
,d gh vk/kkj ij fofHkUu ikBksa dks bdV~Bk
djds bZdkbZ ;kstuk cukrs gSA
bZdkbZ ;kstuk ds ikB~;k'kksa ij ,d lIrkg rd
ckyd dks f'k{k.k djk ldrs gSa A
bZdkbZ ;kstuk esa dbZ nSfud ikB lekfgr gS
bZdkbZ esa mi&bZdkbZ ds fcUnqvksa dh vksj ladsr
gksrk gSA
bZdkbZ ;kstuk esa fo"k;oLrq dh O;oLFkk vkSj
laxBu ij cy nsrs gS A

nSfud ikB ;kstuk


nSfud ikB ;kstuk lhfer gksrh gSA
lacaf/kr fo"k; dh bZdkbZ dks d{kk esa
i<+kus ds fy, dbZ nSfud ikBksa dk
fuekZ.k djuk iM+rk gSA
nSfud ikB ;kstuk 35&40 fefuV
ds dkyka'k ds fy, cuk;h tkrh gSA
;g bZdkbZ ;kstuk dk va'k gSA
blesa ikB ds f'k{k.k fcUnqvksa dh
vksj laadsr gksrk gSA
nSfud ikB;kstuk esa fo"k;oLrq ds
izLrqrhdj.k ij cy nsrh gSA

bZdkbZ ;kstuk D;k gS \ ,d vPNh bZdkbZ ;kstuk dh fo'ks"krk,a fy[kks A


What is unit plan ? Write characteristic of a good unit plan.

mRrj bZdkbZ ;kstuk ,d oSKkfud izf;k gS ftldk ewy ms'; f'k{k.k&vf/kxe fLFkfr;ksa dks
O;ofLFkr :i iznku djuk gSA bZdkbZ ;kstuk ds izorZd izks- ,p-lh- ekWjh'ku FksA blesa
lEiw.kZ ikB~;oLrq dks bZdkbZ;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS ftlds ms'; fuf'pr gksrs gSA
FkkWel ,e- fjLd ds vuqlkj & ^^bZdkbZ fdlh leL;k ;k ;kstuk ls lacaf/kr lh[kus okyh
f;kvksa dh lexzrk dks izdV djrh gSA
vPNh bZdkbZ ;kstuk dh fo'ks"krk,a fuEu gS %&
1- vPNh bZdkbZ ;kstuk esa fdlh ms'; ds fy, f;kdykiksa dk foosdiw.kZ laXkBu fd;k tkrk gSA
2- Nk=ksa }kjk ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd f'k{k.k esa lf; :i ls Hkkx ys ldus dh O;oLFkk gksrh gSA
40

3- ubZ leL;kvksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Nk=ksa ds O;ogkj dks ifjofrZr dj ldus dh {kerk
gksrh gSA
4- ftKklk] izo`fk;ks dks izkRs lkgu] dkS'ky] ;ksX;rk ,oa vfHk:fp;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5- O;SfDrd fofHkUurkvksa dh larqf"V gks tkrh gSA
6- Nk=ksa es lg;ksx] fouezrk ds xq.kksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA

7- bZdkbZ ;kstuk dk Lo:i cks/kxE; rFkk O;kid gksrk gSa A Nk= vf/kd ,dkxzfpr gksdj
ikB~;oLrq dks le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSA
8- bdkbZ ;kstuk ewY;akdu ds fy, vk/kkj izLrqr djrh gSA

9- vPNh bZdkbZ ;kstuk esa fofo/k izdkj dh lHkh f'k{kd f;kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk
gSA
10- bZdkbZ ;kstuk dk Lo:i lS)kfUrd u gksdj O;kogkfjd gksrk gSA ftlls f'k{kd leqfpr
vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr;ka mRiUu djrs gSA

41

Unit 9

foKku d{k@izksxkkyk dks lqO;ofLFkr ,oa le`)


dj vf/kdke mi;ksx ds fy, rS;kj djukA
Set up of well equipped Science Laboratory
cgqfodYikRed izu&
1-

2-

foKku iz;ksxkkyk ds m)s; gS&


v
foKku esa :fp fodflr djuk
l ekufld ;ksX;rk fodflr djuk

4-

5-

6-

tyus ij izkFkfed mipkj D;k gS&


v
l

3-

c oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k iSnk djuk


n mi;qZDr lHkh

tys gq, LFkku ij ikuh Mkyuk


MkWDVj ls lykg ysuk

c tys gq, LFkku ij feh Mkyuk


n ,Ecwysl
a cqyk,
v

thoksa dks laxzg djds] ifjjf{kr djus ds fy, j[kk tkrk gS&
v
,lhfVd ,flM
c ikuh esa
l DyksjksQkeZ esa
n QkeZyhu

vkWa[k esa vEy fxjus ij /kksuk pkfg,&


v
lksfM;e ckbZdkcksZusV
l veksfu;e DyksjkbM

c ljlksa dk rsy
n dksbZ ugha

dsp
a q, dks iz;ksxkkyk esa lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, iz;ksx esa ykrs gS&
v
okbZosfj;e
c Vsjsfj;e
l chdj
n ,Dosfj;e

iz;ksxkkyk ds ek/;e ls ckyd es&


a
42

v
l
7-

dYiuk 'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gS


fujh{k.k 'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gS

c fu.kZ; 'kfDr dk fodkl gksrk gS


n mi;qZDr lHkh
n

mPp izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa foKku iz;ksxkkyk dh lcls vf/kd vko;drk gS&
v
foKku ds iz;ksx iznkZu gsrq
c foKku ds midj.kkss dks j[kus gsrq
l Nk=ksa }kjk foKku ds vUos"k.k gsrq
n mi;qZDr lHkh
n
vfry?kqrjkRed izu&

iz&8

iz;ksxkkyk esa rst {kkj fuxyus ij fdldk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, \


What is used in laboratory after swallowing strong base ?

mkj

VkVZfjd vEy dk ?kksy@uhacw dk jl

iz&9

foKku iz;ksxkkyk esa dksbZ nq?kZVuk gksus ij gesa D;k djuk pkfg, \
What should be done incase of any accident in science laboratory?

mkj

izkFkfed mipkj ,oa fpfdRld dh lgk;rkA

iz&10 ;fn fdlh Nk= dks iz;ksxkkyk esa fctyh idM+ ys] rks loZizFke D;k djuk pkfg,\
What should be done if some student would catch fire in laboratory?

mkj

fctyh dk izokg can dj nsuk pkfg,A

iz&11 iz;ksxkkyk esa vk[k esa {kkj fxjus ij D;k djuk pkfg,\
What should be done after falling basic substance in eyes?

mkj

cksfjd ,flM ds gYds ?kksy ls ?kksy ls /kksuk pkfg,A

iz&12 jk"Vh; vk;qfoZKku laLFkku dgkWa fLFkr gS\


Where is situate the national Ayurvigyan institute?

mkj

ubZ fnYyh esa

iz&13 20&25 Nk= la[;k ds fy, iz;ksxkkyk d{k dk vkdkj gksrk gS\
The area of laboratory rooom for 20-25 students is

mkj

45^

25*

iz&14 iz;ksxkkyk esa cgqr de dV yx tkus ij D;k yxkuk pkfg,\


What should be done when some one get cut in laboratory ?
43

mkj

fVaDpj vk;ksfMu ;k fMVksyA

iz&15 foKku izeq{k d{k ds ikl vU; dkSuls d{k gksus pkfg,\
Which rooms should be near the main science room ?

mkj

v Hk.Mkj x`g

c va/ksjk d{k

l iz;ksxkkyk

y?kqkjkRed izu&
What should be done after burning by acid, base and phosphorus in science laboratory
?

iz&16 foKku iz;ksxkkyk esa vEy] {kkj o QkLQksjl ls tyus ij D;k djuk pkfg,\
mkj

foKku iz;ksxkkyk esa dk;Z djrs gq, gksus okyh dqN lk/kkj.k nq?kZVuk,Wa ,oa muds fy,
izkFkfed mipkj fuEu gSa &
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

vEy ls tyuk& vEy vFkkZr~ rstkc ls tyus ij tys gq, LFkku dks rqjUr cgqr
vf/kd ikuh ls /kks ysuk pkfg,] fQj mls lksfM+;e ckbZ dkcksZusV vFkok cksjsDl ds
gYds ?kksy ls /kksuk pkfg,A blds i'pkr~ ml LFkku ij oSlfyu yxkdj ih ckWa/k
nsuh pkfg,A
QkLQksjl ls tyuk& QkLQksjl ls tys gq, LFkku dks Hkh rqjUr cgqr vf/kd ikuh
ls /kks ysuk pkfg,] fQj ml LFkku ij eqyk;e dhVk.kqjfgr :bZ] flYoj ukbZVsV ds
?kksy esa Mwcksdj ih ckWa/k nsuh pkfg,A
{kkj ls tyuk& {kkj ls tys gq, LFkku dks rqjUr cgqr vf/kd ikuh ls /kksdj mls 1
izfrkr ,lhVhd ,flM ds gYds ?kksy vFkok uhacw ds jl ls /kks nsuk pkfg, fQj
oSlyhu yxkdj ih ckWa/k nsuh pkfg,A

iz&17 foKku iz;ksxkkyk ls LVkso] ghVj] cuZj vkfn ls tyus o dVus ij D;k izkFkfed mipkj
djuk pkfg,A
What first aid should be given after burning and cutting by stove, heater and burner ?

mkj

LVkso] ghVj] cuZj vkfn ls tyus ij& tys gq, LFkku dks xhyk djds ml ij lk/kkj.k
ued cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa yxk nsuk pkfg,A blls QQksys iM+us dh laHkkouk cgqr de gks
tkrh gS] QQksys iM+us ij ukfj;y ds rsy dks pwus ds ikuh esa QsVa dj tys gq, LFkku ij
yxk nsuk pkfg,A
dVus ij& ekewyh dVus ij fVapj vk;ksfMu vFkok fMVksy ls fHkxksbZ gqbZ :bZ
j[kdj ih ckWa/k nsuh pkfg,A ;fn dksbZ ize[q k /keuh dV tk, rks rqjar fpfdRld dks
lwfpr djuk pkfg,A
44

iz&18 foKku iz;ksxkkyk dh mi;ksfxrk le>kkb;sA


What is the importance of science laboratory ?

mkj

foKku v/;kiu ds izHkkokkyh xBu ds fy, iz;ksxkkyk furkUr vko;d gS iz;ksxkkyk


oSKkfud vUos"k.k rFkk iz;ksx djus ds volj iznku djrh gS] bldh mi;ksfxrk fuEu gS&
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.

iz;ksxkkyk Nk=ksa esa foKku ds izfr :fp rFkk mRlqdrk mRiUu djrh gSA
foKku iz;ksxkkyk foKku fk{k.k dk okrkoj.k mRiUu djrh gSA
Nk=ksa esa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl gksrk gSA
iz;ksxkkyk esa Nk=ksa dks ^djds lh[kus* ds vk/kkj ij Kku fn;k tkrk gS] tks vf/kd
LFkk;h jgrk gSA
iz;ksxkkyk esa dke djus ls Nk=ksa esa lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
foKku dk lPpk Kku iz;ksxkkyk ds ek/;e ls gh fn;k tk ldrk gSA
Nk=ksa esa vkRefookl rFkk vkRe&vuqkklu dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
iz;ksxkkyk esa iz;ksx djus ls Nk=ks esa lkspus] fopkjus] fujh{k.k djus rFkk fu.kZ;
djus dh {kerk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
iz;ksxkkyk esa dk;Z djrs gq, fofHkUu midj.kksa dh ejEer ,oa fuekZ.k djus ls Nk=ksa
esa vkRefuHkZjrk vkrh gSA

iz&19 foKku iz;ksxkkyk esa dk;Z djrs le; vkx yxus ;k fo|qr vk?kkr yxus ij D;k izkFkfed
mipkj djuk pkfg,A
What first aid should be given after getting electric shock and fire in science lab ?

mkj

vkx yxus ij&


d

;fn fdlh Nk= ds diM+ksa esa vkx yx tk;s rks mls vPNh rjg ls Qk;j izwQ
dEcy esa yisV nsuk pkfg,A

[k

;fn fcfYMax esa vkx QSyus yxs] rks ckyw jsr ;k vfXu cq>kus ds ;a=ksa }kjk cq>kus
dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,A

fo|qr vk?kkr yxus ij& iz;ksxkkyk esa ;fn dksbZ Nk= fctyh dk rkj Nw ys] rks nwljk
Nk= ml ckyd dks idM+ dj u [khaps vU;Fkk og Hkh mlls fpid tk,xkA fLFkfr esa fLop
dks rqjar can dj nsuk pkfg, rFkk Nk= dks lw[kh ydM+h ls NqM+kuk pkfg,A nq?kZVukxzLr
O;fDr dks [kqyh gok esa dej ds cy fyVk nsuk pkfg,A
fucU/kkRed izu&
iz&20 foKku iz;ksxkkyk dh O;oLFkk ,oa lktlTtk dk o.kZu djrs gq, iz;ksxkkyk esa /;ku j[kus
;ksX; ckrksa dh foospuk dhft,A
Explain the set up of science laboratory.
45

mkj

foKku dks lh[kuk foKku dks djuk gS rFkk foKku dks djus ds fy, ,d ek= LFkku
iz;ksxkkyk gS foKku d{kk foKku fk{k.k ds fy, vuqdwy i;kZoj.k iSnk djrk gS foKku
fk{k.k ds fy, izeq[k d{k ds vfrfjDr de ls de rhu lgk;d dejs&Hk.Mkj x`g]
iz;ksxkkyk va/ksjk d{k gksus pkfg,A
foKku dk izeq[k d{k& bl d{k dk vkdkj 30^ 25* 15* dk gksuk pkfg,A
njokts] f[kM+fd;kW]a jkskunku i;kZIr la[;k esa gksus pkfg, rkfd izdkk vkSj gok dk
leqfpr izca/k jgs dejs esa flad] luy o xSl ikbi dh Hkh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A foKku
d{k esa fo[;kr oSKkfudksa ds fp= yxs jgus pkfg,A ';kei dkQh cM+k gksuk pkfg,
cqyfs Vu cksMZ] iqLrdksa rFkk if=dkvksa ds fy, vkyekfj;kWa] ;a= o vU; lkexzh laxzg j[kus dk
LFkku ekWMy ,oa vU; ;a=ksa ds fy, iznkZu dk LFkku Hkh iz;ksxkkyk ds okaNuh; vax gSA
iz;ksxkkyk d{k& bldh nhokj esa 10^ 4^ vkdkj dk ,d ';kei gksuk pkfg,A
iz;ksxkkyk esa vf/kd ls vf/kd 7 estsa gks] ftu ij izR;sd ij 4 Nk= dke dj ldsa izR;sd
est 6^ 4* dh gksuh pkfg,A est ds e/; esa ikuh dk flad gksuk pkfg,A iz;ksxkkyk esa
,d est v/;kid dh Hkh gksuh pkfg,A
va/ksjk d{k& HkkSfrd ,oa tSfod i;kZoj.k esa izdkk rFkk QksVksxzkQh lca/kh iz;ksx vkSj foKku
esa ikS/kksa dh o`f) dh fnkk lca/kh iz;ksxksa ds fy, va/ksjk d{k dh furkUr vko;drk gS blds
njokts o f[kM+fd;ksa ij dkys ijns yxs gksus pkfg, rFkk fo|qr dk Hkh izca/k gksuk pkfg,A
Hk.Mkj x`g& ;g dejk bl izdkj fLFkr gksuk pkfg,] ftldk ,d njoktk foKku ds izeq[k
dejs dh vksj rFkk nwljk iz;ksxkkyk esa gksA bl dejs esa lkeku j[kus ds fy, [kqyh gqbZ
dkQh xgjh vkyekfj;kW]a vkx cq>kkus ds midj.k] jsr ls Hkjh gqbZ ckYVh] izkFkfed lgk;rk
dk lkeku vkfn gksuk pkfg,A
foKku
123456789-

iz;ksxkkyk esa /;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa&


iz;ksx esa vkus okys midj.kksa dh iwjh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A
midj.k dks lnSo LoPN o O;ofLFkr :i esa j[kuk pkfg,A
xSl o ikuh dh VksafV;ksa dks vko;drkuqlkj gh [kksyuk pkfg,A
VwVs dkWap ds VqdM+s] fQYVj i= vkfn oLrqvksa dks foks"k Vksdfj;ksa esa gh Qsadus
pkfg,A
fdlh midj.k ds VwV tkus ij vFkok pksV] foLQksV ;k vkx yxus tSlh ?kVuk gksus
ij rqjar v/;kid dks laidZ djsAa
dk;Z izkjaHk gksus ij v/;kid ds funsZkksa dks /;ku ls lquuk pkfg,A
fk{kd dh vuqifLFkfr esa iz;ksxkkyk d{k esa ugha tkuk pkfg,A
iz;ksxkkyk esa fdlh lkeku dh pksjh ugha djuh pkfg,A
iz;ksx djus ds mijkar leLr midj.kksa o lkefxz;ksa dks ;FkkLFkku LoPN dj
O;ofLFkr :i esa j[k nsuk pkfg,A
46

1011-

xSl] ikuh ,oa fo|qr dk lnqi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A


fofHkUu jkfk;ksa dks fy[krs le; mudk ek=d@Unit vo; fy[kuk pkfg,A

47

Unit-10

foKku fk{k.k ds vf/kxe {ks= ,oa n{krk,Wa


Learning Areas and Competancies of
Science Teaching
cgqfodYikRed izu&
1-

,d fu/kkZfjr fufpr le; fof/k esa fk{k.k ds i'pkr izR;sd fo|kFkhZ }kjk U;wure Kku
vftZr dj ysuk dgykrk gS
v
vf/kxe
c U;wure vf/kxe Lrj
l vf/kxe n{krk
n dksbZ ugha
n

2-

mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij ^^ekuo 'kjhj ,oa LokLF;** foKku ds dkSuls vf/kxe {ks= ds varxZr
vkrk gS\
v
izFke
c f}rh;
l r`rh;
n prqFkZ
c

3-

d{kk&7 ds fy, foKku ds nwljs vf/kxe {ks= ds nlosa U;wure vf/kxe Lrj dks fuEufyf[kr
}kjk nkkZ;k tk ldrk gS
v
2- 14- 7
c 2- 7-1 4
l 14- 2- 7
n 7- 2- 14
c

4-

d{kk&6 ds vUrxZr ^^olu dk vFkZ le>uk** fdl rkfydk esa nkkZ;k x;k gS\
v
2- 6- 8
c 2- 6- 9
l 2- 6- 10
n 2- 6- 11

visf{kr n{krk,Wa vk/kkfjr gksrh gS&


v
fk{kke ij
l fo"k; oLrq ij

5-

c ikB~;e ij
n mi;qZDr lHkh

48

vfr y?kqkjkRed izu&


iz&7

d{kk&8 esa rhljs vf/kxe {ks= dh igyh n{krk dks le>kb;sA


What is the first skill of third teaching level at class -8

mkj

lkj.kh ds vuqlkj 3- 8- 1 xksyh; niZ.k dk vFkZ le>ukA

iz&8

mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij ^^m"ek** dkSuls vf/kxe {ks= ds varxZr vkrk gS\
"Heat" comes in which learning level at higher Primary class ?

mkj

rhljs vf/kxe {ks= ds varxZr

iz&9

izkd`frd lalk/ku dkSuls vf/kxe {ks= ds varxZr vkrk gS \


Natural resources comes in which learning level ?

mkj

pkSFks vf/kxe {ks=

iz&10 mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij pkSFk vf/kxe {ks= dkSulk gS]


Which is the fourth learning level of higher primary level ?

mkj

i`Foh vkSj vkdkk esa gksus okyh ljy ?kVukvksa dk voyksdu djuk ,oa fu"d"kZ fudkyukA

iz&11 vf/kxe {ks= o n{krk ds lanHkZ esa 3- 6- 19 ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\


What do you mean by 3,6,9 in reference to learning area and learning skill ?

mkj

bldk rkRi;Z gS fd d{kk&6 dh rhljs vf/kxe {ks= dh 19oha n{krk gS ijek.kq dh lajpuk
dks fp= ls le>ukA
y?kqkjkRed izu&

iz&12 izFke vf/kxe {ks= ds varxZr d{kk&8 dh visf{kr n{krk,Wa crkb;sA


Write down the expected skills of class-8 in first learning level.

mkj

ikWap visf{kr n{krk,Wa izFke vf/kxe {ks= d{kk&5


i.
dksfkdk foHkktu dk vFkZ le>uk rFkk ltho txr esa bldh mi;ksfxrk tkuukA
ii.
vkuqokafkdrk ds vFkZ dks le>ukA
iii.
eSMy ds vkuokafkd fu;eksa lca/kh iz;ksx dh O;k[;k djukA
iv.
iq= vFkok iq=h ds tUe ds fy, euq"; esa fyax fu/kkZj.k lca/kh oSKkfud rF; dks
Li"V djukA
v.
tho mRifk dh oSKkfud O;k[;k djukA
49

iz&13 f}rh; vf/kxe {ks= ds varxZr d{kk&7 dh 4 visf{kr n{krk,Wa fy[kks&


Write down four expected skills of class-7 in second learning level.

mkj

pkj visf{kr n{krk,Wa f}rh; vf/kxe {ks= d{kk&7


i.
laked ,oa fofk"V jksxksa ds y{k.kksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA
ii.
laked ,oa fofk"V jksxksa ds QSyus dh izfdz;k dks le>dj muls cpko ds izfr
tkx:d gksukA
iii.
jDr&ifjlap.k dk vFkZ le>ukA
iv.
mRltZu dk vFkZ le>ukA

iz&14 rhljs vf/kxe {ks= ds varxZr d{kk&6 dh 5 visf{kr n{krk,Wa fy[kks&


Write down five expected skills of class-6 in third learning level

mkj

ikWap visf{kr n{krk,Wa f}rh; vf/kxe {ks= d{kk&6


i.
inkFkZ v.kq] ijek.kq ls fufeZr gksrk gS] ;g izR;; le>ukA
ii.
Bksl] nzo vkSj xSl esa v.kq] ijek.kq ds chp dh iwjh rqyuk djukA
iii.
ijek.kq dh lajpuk dks fp= ls le>ukA
iv.
rRo ds izR;; dks le>ukA
v.
;kSfxd o rRo ds lEcU/k dks le>ukA

iz&15 mPp izkFkfed Lrj ds fy, foKku ds vf/kxe {ks=ksa dks fyf[k,A
Write learning level of science for higher primary level.

mkj

mPp izkFkfed Lrj ds fy, foKku ds vf/kxe {ks= fuEu gSa&


i.
vius ifjosk ds ltho txr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh djuk] rqyuk djuk] foys"k.k
djuk] oxhZdj.k djuk ,oa fu"d"kZ fudkyus rFkk vko;drkuqlkj mi;ksx djukA
ii.
vius ifjosk esa vUr% f;k dj Lo;a rFkk ifjosk dh vko;drkvksa dks tkuuk]
le>uk ,oa Lo;a dh HkykbZ ds izfr tkx:d gksukA
iii.
inkFkZ ,oa tkZ ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh djuk] iz;ksx djuk] fu"d"kZ fudkyuk rFkk
vko;drkuqlkj mi;ksx djukA
iv.
izkd`frd i;kZoj.k dks tkuuk ,oa mlds egRo dks le>dj laj{k.k ds izfr
tkx:d gksukA
v.
i`Foh vkSj vkdkk esa gksus okyh ljy ?kVukvksa dk voyksdu djuk o fu"d"kZ
fudkyukA
vi.
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa gq, Rofjr fodkl dks tkuuk rFkk mldk Lo;a o
lekt ls lca/k dks le>dj lHkh ds fgr esa thou dh xq.kokk esa o`f) djus esa
mldk mi;ksx djus ds izfr tkx:d gksukA

50

fucU/kkRed izu&
iz&16 U;wuke vf/kxe Lrj fdls dgrs gSa \ U;wuke vf/kxe Lrj ls foKku v/;;u dks izHkkoh
cukus ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa dkSulh ;ksX;rk, mRiUu dh tkuh pkfg, \
What is minimum learning level ? Which abilities should created in students to make
science teaching affective by minimum learning level ?

mkj

U;wure vf/kxe Lrj izkFkfed Lrj ,oa mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij lHkh Nk=ksa dks xq.kkRed
fk{kk nsus dh 'kSf{kd O;wg jpuk gS U;wure vf/kxe Lrj esa U;wure vkSj Lrj vf/kxe ds nks
foys"k.k gSSA vf/kxe dk vFkZ gS& lh[kuk vFkkZr~ Nk=ksa ds Kku] le>] ewY;ks]a vfHko`fk vkSj
dkSky esa okWaNuh; o nh?kZdkyhu ifjorZu djukA ^Lrj* 'kCn dk vFkZ miyC/kh ds Lrj gSA
izR;sd Lrj n{krkvksa ds fooj.k ls curk gSaA izR;sd n{krk ds fy, vf/kxe vuqHko dh
vko;drk gksrh gS] tks fQj vf/kxe dk Lrj cu tkrk gS ^U;wure* 'kCn dk vfHkizk;
n{krkvksa dh ml ek=k ls gS] ftls ,d fu/kkZfjr U;wure vf/kxe Lrj ls foKku v/;;u dks
izHkkoh cuokus ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa us fuEu ;ksX;rk,Wa mRiUu dh tkuh pkfg,&
i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

fujh{k.k {kerk& bl {kerk ds }kjk fo|kFkhZ viuh KKusfUnz;ksa }kjk oLrq o


inkFkZ ds xq.kksa dh igpku djrk gS vkSj iwoZ vuqHko ds vk/kkj oLrqvksa ds
xq.kksa dks izR;kLej.k djrk gS blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa inkFkksZa ds xq.kksa ds vk/kkj
ij NksVs&NksVs vUrj uksV djus dh vknr dk fodkl gksrk gS i;kZoj.k esa
?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa] ifjorZu vkSj oLrqvksa dks igpkurk gSA
oxhZdj.kkRed {kerk& bl {kerk }kjk fo|kFkhZ pqus gq, vFkok fn, x,
fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij oLrqvksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ds varj dks fu:fir djrk gSA
blls muesa lekurk o fofHkUurkvksa ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k djus dh {kerk
dk fodkl gksrk gSA
vadksa dk iz;ksx ekiu& fo|kFkhZ bl {kerk }kjk x.kuk] izfrkr fudkyuk]
lkj.kh cukuk lh[krk gS yEckbZ {ks=Qy] vkdkj vkSj Hkkj dks fufpr djus
ds fy,] iz;ksx dj ldrk gS rFkk fofHkUu vkdkj vkSj eki ds {ks=Qy vkSj
nzO;eku dh rqyuk djuk lh[krk gSA
LFkku&le; lca/k dk iz;ksx& bl {kerk }kjk fo|kFkhZ i;kZoj.kh; ?kVukvksa
esa ifjorZu dh izo`fk dh O;k[;k dj ldrk gS nwljs inkFkksZa dh rqyuk esa
fofk"V inkFkksZa dks igpkurk gS o vUrjky esa oLrq dh fnkk o xfr dks
igpkurk gS
lapkj lEcU/kh& bl {kerk }kjk fo|kFkhZ lqlaxr u, 'kCnksa] vkoktksa]
f;kvks]a ;kaf=d midj.kksa dk 'kq)rk ls iz;ksx djrk gS i;kZoj.k ls
lwpukvksa ds mi;qDr lk/kuksa dks fu/kkZfjr dj ldrk gS o lkewfgd
f;kdykiksa esa LosPNkiwoZd lfEefyr gks ldrk gSA
51

vi.

vii.

iwokZuqeku yxkdkj ifjdYiukvksa dk fuekZ.k& bl {kerk ls fo|kFkhZ


leL;kvksa dk iwokZuqeku yxkdkj ifjdYiuk cuk ldrk gS rFkk vkWadM+ksa dks
izkIr dj mudk foys"k.k dj ifjdYiukvksa dh O;k[;k dj ldrk gSA
iz;ksx djuk& bl {kerk ds }kjk fo|kFkhZ esa ,sls izu iwNus o mu
leL;kvksa dks igpkuus dh {kerk dk fodkl gS] ftudk gy iz;ksx }kjk
laHko gSA iz;ksx djus ds fy, lqlaxr midj.kksa dks bdk dj ;k cuk
ldrk gSA

52

Unit-11

foKku fo"k; oLrq


Science Content

cgqfodYikRed izu
1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

m"ek dk ek=d gksrk gS&


v
dSyksjh
l U;wVu

c fMxzh lsfYl;l
n fdyksxzke

m/oZikru dk xq.k iznfkZr djrk gS&


v
cQZ
l ukSlknj

c 'kDdj
n fQVdjh

:f/kj esa ik;k tkus okyk rjy inkFkZ gS&


v
jDrk.kq
l fcEck.kq

c IykTek
n 'osrk.kq

i`Foh dh lrg ij lokZf/kd ek=k esa ik;k tkus okyk rRo gS&
v
ukbVkt
s u
c vkWDlhtu
l dkcZu
n flfydu

fdlh vojks/k ls Vdjkdj ykSVus okyh /ofu dks dgrs gS&


v
izfr/ofu
c lapj.k
l ijkJO;
n iznq"k.k

vk;ksfMu dh deh ls dkSulk jksx gks tkrk gS&


v
LdohZ
c csjh&csjh
53

xyx.M

n fjdsV~l

vfr y?kqkjkRed izu&


iz&7

ekuo 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h ikpd xzaUFkh gS&


Largest digestive gland of human body is -

mkj

;d`r

iz&8

,Mhuy xzaFkh gkeksZu L=kfor djrh gS&


Adrenal gland secretes

mkj

,Mhuyhu

iz&9

ekLVj varjL=koh xzaFkh gS&


Master endocrine gland is

mkj

fi;q"k xzaFkh

iz&10 niZ.k ds eq[; v{k ds lekUrj fdj.ksa ijkorZu ds i'pkr~ eq[; v{k dks dkVrh gS&
mkj Qksdl ij
iz&11 tc izdkk dh fdj.k l?ku ek/;e ls fojy ek/;e esa izosk djrh gS rks mldk osx&
When light enters from dense medium to light medium its valocity

mkj c<+ tkrk gSA


iz&12 ifj"d`r iSVky
s dks dgrs gSa&
Refined Petroleum is called

mkj

xSlksyhu

iz&13 v)Zlw=h foHkktu esa thu fofue; gksrk gS&


In meiotic division crossing over takes place

mkj

izksQt
s

iz&14 vkuqokafkdrk dk tud dgrs gS&


Father of heredity is -

mkj

es.My

iz&15 euq"; esa dqy xq.klw= ik;s tkrs gS&


54

Total numbers of chromosomes in man are

mkj

46

iz&16 ySUl dh {kerk dk ek=d gS&


Unit of Lense capacity is -

mkj

MkW;IVj

iz&17 euq"; esa eq[; 'olu vax gS&


Main respiratory organ in man is

mkj

QqQql

iz&18 fdl lw{e tho esa ltho o futhZo nksuksa ds xq.k ik, tkrs gS&
Which microbe has both the character of living and non living

mkj

fo"kk.kq

iz&19 dksfkdk dk 'kfDr x`g gS&


Power house of cell is

mkj

ekbVksdkWf.M;k

iz&20 lksfM;e dk izrhd gS&


Symbol of sodium is -

mkj

Na

iz&21 ^foVkehu* lh ds izeq[k Lkzksr gS&


Main sources of "vitamin C" are

mkj uhacw] larjk


iz&22 ,M~l gksrk gS&
Causal organism of aids is -

mkj

fo"kk.kq ls

iz&23 vuSfPNd f;kvksa ij fu;a=.k djrk gS&


Causal organism of aids is -

mkj

Lok;k raf=dk ra=


55

iz&24 raf=dk ra= dh ewy Hkwr bdkbZ gS&


Unit of nervous system is-

mkj

raf=dk dksfkdk

iz&25 fo|qr /kkjk dk ek=d gS&


Unit of Electric current is

mkj

,Eih;j

iz&26 fo|qr /kkjk dk ekiu djus okyk midj.k gS&


Electric current is measured by -

mkj

vehVj

iz&27 izkd`frd oj.k dk fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk&


The theory of natural selection was given by -

mkj

MkfoZu

iz&28 ftl gkbMkd


s kcZu esa dkcZu ijek.kq dh lajpuk N% gS og gS&
Which Hydrocarbon contains six carbon atom ?

mkj

csathu

iz&29 vEy uhys fyVel dks dj nsrs gS&


Acids turn blue litmus into-

mkj

yky

iz&30 uhacw esa dkSulk vEy gksrk gS&


Lemon contains -

mkj

flfVd vEy

iz&31 fo|qr /kkjk ds m"eh; izHkko ij vk/kkfjr ;qfDr gS&


Which apparatus is based on thermal effect of current ?

mkj

fo|qr bL=h

iz&32 'kjhj dh lcls yEch vfLFk gS&


Largest bone of our body is -

mkj

Qhej

iz&33 [kk| J`[kayk esa mRiknd dk mnkgj.k gS&


Example of producer in food chain is -

56

mkj

isM+&ikS/ks

iz&34 ok;q esa tyok"Ik dh mifLFkfr dks dgrs gS&


Presence of water vapour in air is called-

mkj

vknZzrk

iz&35 xa/kd ds rstkc dk lw= gS&


Formula of the sulphuric acid is

mkj

H2SO4

iz&36 fdlh rRo ds ukfHkd esa mifLFkr izksVkWu dh la[;k dks dgrs gS&
Number of protons present in nucleus are known as

mkj

ijek.kq ekad

y?kqkjkRed izu&
iz&37 rki fdls dgrs gS \ m"ek ,oa rki esa varj Li"V dhft,A
What is temperature? What is the difference between heat and temperature?

mkj

rki& fdlh oLrq ds vU; oLrqvksa dh rqyuk esa xeZ ;k B.Mk gksus dh fLFkfr dks iznfkZr
djus okyh jkfk dks rki dgrs gS] vFkkZr~ ^rki* ,d ,slh HkkSfrd jkfk gS tks fdlh oLrq dh
m".krk dks ekirh gS rki dh bdkbZ fMxzh gS] ftls rkiekih ls ekik tkrk gSA
m"ek ,oa rki esa varj& m"ek ,d izdkj dh tkZ gS] ftls dSyksjh vFkok fdyks dSyksjh esa
ekik tkrk gS tcfd rki oLrq ds BaMsiu ;k xeZiu ekius dk Lrj gS] ftls fMxzh lsfYl;l
esa ekik tkrk gS rki m"ek ds izokg dh fnkk r; djrk gSaA ;g ,d lkis{k jkfk gSA ftl
izdkj ikuh Waps LFkku ls uhps LFkku dh vksj cgrk gS] izdkj m"ek dk izokg Hkh mPp rki
dh oLrq ls fuEu rki dh oLrq dh vksj gksrk gSA

iz&38 ^vEy ds xq.k* uked izdj.k ls nks cgqfodYih oLrqfu"B izuksa dk fuekZ.k djksa&
Construct two multiple choice type question on the topic "properties of acid".

mkj

iz&I vEy Lokn esa gksrs gS&


v
ehBs
l ukbVkt
s u

c
n

[ks
Loknghu
57

vEy /kkrqvksa ls f;k djds dkSulh xSl nsrs gS\


v
l

gkbMkt
s u
ukbVkt
s u

c
n

vkWDlhtu
dksbZ ugha

iz&39 tUrq dksfkdk o ikni dksfkdk esa varj Li"V djks&


What is the difference between animal cell and plant cell ?

mkj

e la[;k

tUrq dksfkdk

ikni dksfkdk

1-

tUrq dksfkdk esas dksfkdk fHkfk


vuqifLFkr gksrh gSA

ikni dksfkdk esa dksfkdk fHkfk mifLFkr


gksrh gSA

2-

tUrq dksfkdk esas gfjr yod dk


vHkko gksrk gSA

blesa yod mifLFkr gksrs gSA

3-

buesa rkjddk; ik, tkrs gSA

vf/kdkak ikni dksfkdk esa rkjddk;


vuqifLFkr gksrs gSA

4-

buesa fjfDrdk,Wa vuqifLFkr gksrh gSA

buesa dsUnzh; Hkkx esa ,d ;k nks cM+h


fjfDrdk,Wa gksrh gSA

5-

buesa lafpr Hkkstu Xykbdkstu gksrk


gSA

buesa lafpr Hkkstu LVkpZ gksrk gSA

iz&40 csyu ?k"kZ.k rFkk lihZ ?k"kZ.k ls vki D;k le>rs gS \ fdUgha nks mnkgj.kksa }kjk ?k"kZ.k mRiUu
gksus ds dkj.k crkb;sA
What do you mean by rolling force of friction and sliding force of friction. Give the
reason of friction with two examples.

mkj

csyu ?k"kZ.k& jksyjksa ,oa ifg;ksa ij xfr djus okyh oLrqvksa dh fLFkfr esa ?k"kZ.k dks csyu
?k"kZ.k dgrs gSA
lihZ ?k"kZ.k& tc dksbZ oLrq fdlh lrg ij f[kldrh gqbZ pyrh gS] rks nksuksa /kjkryksa ds
e/; ?k"kZ.k dks ^^lihZ ?k"kZ.k** dgrs gS lihZ ?k"kZ.k cy rc rd f;k djrk gS] tc rd nksuksa
oLrqvksa ds e/; lkis{k xfr gksrh gSA
?k"kZ.k mRiUu gksus ds dkj.k& tc dHkh dksbZ oLrq fdlh lrg ij xfr djrh gS rks bl
xfr ds QyLo:i oLrq o lrg ds chp ?k"kZ.k cy mRiUu gksrk gS] tks lnSo xfr dh fnkk
ds foijhr fnkk esa yxrk gSA
58

mnkgj.k 1& ekfpl dh fMCch o rhfy;ksa dks [kqjnjk cuk;k tkrk gS ftlls frfy;kWa jxM+us
ls ?k"kZ.k cy mRiUu gksrk gS rFkk rhyh vklkuh ls ty tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k 2& pyrs le; ge ikao mBkdj vkxs j[krs gS rks nwljs ikao dks ?k"kZ.k ds cy ds
dkj.k gh izfrf;k cy ihNs f[kldus ls jksdrk gSA
iz&41 izdkk dk viorZu fdls dgrs gS\ viorZu ds fu;e fy[kks&
What is the refraction of light ? Write down the rules of refraction of light.

mkj

tc izdkk dh fdj.k ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa izos k djrh gS rks nksuksa ek/;eksa dks
i`Fkd djus okys /kjkry ij og ekxZ ls gh fopfyr gks tkrh gSA bl ?kVuk dks izdkk dk
viorZu dgrs gSA
viorZu ds fu;e&
i
izFke fu;e& vkifrr dj.k] viofrZr fdj.k o vfHkyEc rhuksa ,d gh ry
esa gksrs gSA
f}rh; fu;e& tc izdkk dh fdj.k ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa izos k
djrh gS] rks vkiru dks.k dh T;ka ,oa viorZu dks.k dh T;k dk vuqikr fufpr jgrk gS&
ii

vFkkZr~

fucU/kkRed izu&
iz&42 rkWacs ds oksYVkehVj dk ukekafdr fp= cukdj fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud izHkko dh ?kVuk
le>kb;sA fo|qr /kkjk ifjiFk esa ;wt dk egRo crkb;sA
Explain the chemical effect of electric current with the help of labeled diagram of cu
voltameter. What is the importance of fuse in electric circuit ?

mkj

fdlh yo.k ds tyh; foy;u esa fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr djus ij og vius vo;oksa esa
foHkkftr gks tkrs gS] bl f;k dks fo|qr vi?kVu dgrs gSA ;g ^fo|qr /kkjk dk jklk;fud
izHkko** dgykrk gSA

59

.
3

,uksM
dSFkksM
rkacas dh IysV

- ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - ------------------ - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - ---- - - - - - - --------- --------- ------------------ - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- -- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -

yksgs dh IysV
Cuso4

rkacs dk oksYVkehVj
fp= ds vuqlkj pkSM+s eWaqg ds ,d IykfLVd ds fMCcs esa dkWij lYQsV (Cuso4) dk tyh;
foy;u ysx
a sA bl ?kksy esa rkWacs rFkk yksgs dh vyx&vyx IysVsa Mwcks,axsA fDyi ,oa la;kstd
dh lgk;rk ls rkWacs dh IysV dks lsy ds /ku fljs ls rFkk yksgs dh IysV dks lsy ds _.k
fljs ls tksM+ nsx
a As /ku fljs ls tqM+h rkWacas dh IysV dks lsy dks /kukxz ;k ,uksM ,oa _.k
fljs ls tqM+h yksgs dh IysV _.kkxz ;k dSFkksM dgrs gSA daqth nckdj 20&30 feuV rd
fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr djsx
a s vc /kkjk izokfgr cUn djds IysVksa dks ?kksy ls ckgj fudkydj
lkQ ikuh ls /kks,axsA yksgs dh IysV ij gYds yky jax dh ijr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
,slk blfy, gksrk gS] D;ksafd dkWij lYQsV dks ty esa ?kksyus ij dkWij /ku vk;u (
rFkk lYQsV _.k vk;u
esa foHkDr gks tkrk gS bl f;k dks ty vi?kVu
dgrs gS

Cuso --+
bl ?kksy esa j[kh IysVksa dks tc lsy ls tksM+k tkrk gS
rks rkWacs ds ,uksM ij /kukosk rFkk yksgs ij _.kkosk gksrk gS ?kksy ds _.k vk;u
/ku IysV dh vksj rFkk /ku vk;u
yksgs dh IysV dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrs gS ;s vk;u
ml IysV ij igWqapdj viuk vkosk bls nsrs gS rFkk Lo;a ml ij tek gks tkrs gSA bl
60

izdkj dbZ vk;u tek gksdj rkWacs dh gYdh yky ijr cuk nsrs gSA bl lEiw.kZ midj.k dks
rkWacs dk oksYVkehVj dgrs gSA
fo|qr /kkjk ifjiFk esa ;wt dk egRo& ;wt feJ /kkrq dk iryk rkj gksrk gS] ftldk
xyukad de gksrk gS fo|qr ifjiFk esa vf/kd /kkjk izokfgr gksus ij ;wt xeZ gks tkrk gS
rFkk fi?ky tkrk gS] ftlls vkx yxus dh laHkkouk [kRe gks tkrh gS

61

Unit -12

tula[;k o fodkl f'k{kk


Population and Development Education
cgqfodYih iz'u
1thou dh xq.kokk dks cuk, mUur djus okyk dkjd gS&
v-) i;kZoj.k laj{k.k
c-)
tula[;k o`f) ij fu;a=.k
l-) lalk/kuksa dk mfpr fu;kstu n-)
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
2-

3-

tula[;k f'k{kk ds fy, mi;qZDr f'k{k.k fof/k gS&


v-) ewY; Li"Vhdj.k fof/k
c-)
O;k[;ku
l-) okn&fookn
n-)
izkstsDV
tula[;k f'k{kk f'k{k.k djok;k tkrk gS &
v-) xf.kr o fgUnh }kjk
c-)
l-) lg'kSf{kd izo`fRr;ksa }kjk
n-)

(v)

foKku }kjk
mi;qZDr lHkh
(n)

4-

izfr ,d oxZ fd-eh- ij fuokl djus okyh tula[;k dks dgrs gS &
v-) tula[;k o`f)
c-)
tula[;k ?kuRo
l-) tula[;k fijkehM
n-)
dksbZ ugha
(c)

5-

tula[;k ds vk;q oxhZdj.k dks Li"V djrk gS &


v-) tula[;k fijkehM
c-)
fyxkauqikr
l-) tula[;k ?kuo
n-)
e`R;q nj
(v)

vfr y?kqkjkRed iz'u


6-

tula[;k fdls dgrs gS \


What is population ?

62

mRrj fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k ij LFkk;h :i ls fuokl dus okys yksxks dh la[;k dks tula[;k dgrs
gSA
7-

tula[;k fLFkjhdj.k D;k gS \


What is fixation of population ?

mRrj rsth ls c<+rh tula[;k dks fu;af=r djuk ftlls orZeku tula[;k vkSj u c<+s tula[;k
fLFkjhdj.k dgykrk gSA
8-

thou xq.kokk dk D;k vFkZ gS &


What do you mean by quality of Life -

mRrj thou xq.kokk dk vFkZ gS &tula[;k fu;a=.k o fLFkjhdj.k ftlls lcdks f'k{kk] LokLF;]
jkstxkj] iks"kdrRoksa ;qDr Hkkstu feys rFkk jgu&lgu dk Lrj Bhd gks A
9-

mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij tula[;k lca/kh fo"k; oLrq dk dksbZ ,d izdj.k fy[kks &
Write down one topic related with population at higher primary level-

mRrj tula[;k fLFkj fodkl o thou dh xq.kokkA

y?kqkjkRed iz'u
10-

tula[;k f'k{kk dk vFkZ o ego fy[kks A


What is the meaning and importance of population education ?

mRrj tula[;k f'k{kk^ f'k{kk dk og va'k gS ;k og 'kSf{kd dk;Ze gS tks fo|ky;ksa esa Nk=ksa dh
tula[;k ds izfr mfpr n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djus esa lgk;d gSA blds }kjk ifjokj]
leqnk;] jk"V o fo'o dh tula[;k fLFkfr dk Kku djk;k tkrk gSA tula[;k f'k{kk }kjk
ckydksa esa lhfer ifjokj ds izfr vkLFkk iSnk djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mUgS
tula[;k o thou xq.kokk ds e/; lca/kks dh tkudkjh nsdj tula[;k o`f) ls mRiUu
leL;kvksa dk gy <w<a us ds izfr tkx:d cukuk gSA
;qusLdks ds vuqlkj & ^^tula[;k f'k{kk dk 'kSf{kd dk;Ze gS] tks ifjokj leqnk;] jk"V
vkSj fo'o dh tula[;k fLFkfr ds lanHkZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vkn'kZ ,oa ftEesnkjh iw.kZ vfHkO;fDr
rFkk O;ogkj dk fodkl djrh gSA
tula[;k f'k{kk dk ego &
63

tula[;k f'k{kk jk"Vh; fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk lekt ds lHkh {ks=ksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
ifjokj dY;k.k dk;Ze rks dsoy tula[;k o`f) ij vadq'k yxkrk gS tcfd tula[;k
f'k{kk ifjokj ds xq.kkRed fodkl ij /;ku nsrh gSA vr% budk egRo vf/kd gSA
tula[;k f'k{kk Nk=ksa dh rdZ'kfDr dk fodkl djrh gSA
vf'k{kk] fu/kZurk] va/kfo'okl vkfn ij tula[;k f'k{kk }kjk gh laHko gSA

11-

mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij tula[;k f'k{kk ds ms'; fy[kks A


Write down the objectives of population education at higher primary level.

mRrj 1-

KkukRed@vocks/kkRed
i. lalkj] Hkkjr rFkk jktLFkku ds lanHkZ esa tkudkjh nsukA
ii. tula[;k o`f) ds dkj.kksa dks Kkr djukA
iii. tula[;k o`f) ls izkd`frd lk/kuksa] ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa] vkfFkZd o
lkekftd Lrj ij iM+us okys nq"izHkkoksa dh tkudkjh nsukA
iv. NksVs o cM+s ifjokjksa dh lqfo/kk,a] ikfjokfjd thou] vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj
ij mudh fLFkfr dh tkudkjh nsukA
v. ikS/kksa] tUrqvksa] if{k;ksa ds iztuu ds mnkgj.kksa ls ekuo iztuu lca/kh
tkudkjh nsukA
vi. Hkkjr dh fodkl ;kstukvksa] dk;Zeksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsukA

2-

vfHko`fkijd ms'; &


i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

3-

va/kfo'oklksa o dqizFkkvksa ds izfr vukLFkk iSnk djukA


^^lhfer ifjokj esa lq[k lqfo/kk,a gS^^ bl /kkj.kk ds izfr vkLFkk iSnk djukA
'kq)] larqfyr rFkk iks"kd Hkkstu dh vko';drk ds izfr tkx:d djukA
lkoZtfud LFkkuksa dh lQkbZ] oLrqvksa dk lnqi;ksx djus dh vknrksa dk
fodkl djukA

dkS'kyijd ms'; &


i. tula[;k lca/kh vkadM+s ,df=r djuk o mudks le>ukA
ii. ,df=r vkadM+ks ds vk/kkj ij tula[;k o`f) dh xfr dks tkudj Hkfo";
dh dYiuk djus esa dq'kyrk dk fodklA
64

iii. vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij js[kkfp=] LrEHkkdkj fp=] o`kkdkj fp= cukus dh


;ksX;rk iSnk djukA
fuca/kkRed iz'u &
12-

tula[;k f'k{kk esa ewY; Li"Vhdj.k fof/k dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V djks A
Explain the concept of value clarification method in population education.

mRrj lekt }kjk Lohd`r ekU;rk,a] ekunaM vkSj fu;eksa dks ewY; dgrs gSA tula[;k f'k{kk ewY;
vk/kkfjr f'k{kk gSA tula[;k ls lacaf/kr izpfyr ewY; tSls& cM+k ifjokj bZ'oj dh nsu gS]
iq= gh cq<+kis dk lgkjk gSA iq=h ijk;k /ku gS rFkk lekt o ekuo thou esa uohu leL;k,a
tUe ys jgh gSA lekt ds bu izpfyr ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu ykus ls tula[;k o`f) esa deh
laHko gS tSls&NksVk ifjokj] lq[kh ifjokj] csVk&csVh ,d leku] cky fookg vijk/k gS
vkfnA vr% tula[;k f'k{kk esa ewY; Li"Vhdj.k fof/k fof'k"V fof/k gSA bldh izf;k fuEu
gS &
1

ewY;ksa dk p;u & Nk= vius fgr esa fdlh Hkh ewY; dk p;u dj ldrk gSA p;u
rhu izdkj dk gksrk gS &
v- Lora= p;u & Nk= vius fgr esa Lofoosd ls fdlh Hkh ewY; dk p;u
djus ds fy, Lora= gSA
c- fodYiksa dk p;u & Nk= ds lkeus f'k{kd vusd fodYi izLrqr djrk gS
rFkk muds leFkZu esa vusd rdZ izLrqr djrk gS f'k{kd ds lg;ksx ls mu fodYiksa
esa ls Nk= p;u dj ldrk gSA
l iw.kZ fopkjksijkUr p;u & Nk= mifLFkr fodYiksa ij vkSfpR;iw.kZ fopkj
djrk gS rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj foLr`r fopkj eUFku ds mijkar foosdiw.kZ
ewY;ksa dk p;u djrk gSA TkSls&NksVk ifjokj &lq[kh ifjokj A

vUr%dj.k dh izlUurk & ewY;ksa ds p;u ds mijkUr ;g vfuok;Z gS fd ewY;ksa dk


Nk= dh Hkkoukvksa ls lca/k gks A ewY; p;u ls og [kq'kh dk vuqHko djsAa

fopkjksa esa n`<+rk & fdlh Hkh ewY; dks vUr%dj.k ls Lohdkj dj ysus ij Nk= esa
n`<+rk o vkRefo'okl iSnk gks tkrk gS vkSj og n`<+rk ls lekt ds lkeus vius
fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr djrk gSA og vU; O;fDr;ksa ds lEeq[k ewY; Li"Vhdj.k esa
leFkZ gksrk gSA

O;ogkjxr ifjorZu rFkk vuqikyu & tc Nk= fdlh ewY; dk vUr%dj.k ls


LOkhdkj dj ysrk gS rc ;Fkkle; mldh vius thou esa f;kfUofr Hkh djrk gS A
og mu ewY;ksa dh thou esa vuqikyuk Hkh djrk gS tSls&NksVs ifjokj dh egkk dks
65

vUr%dj.k ls Lohdkj dj Nk= larq"V gksrk gS mlds i{k esa n`<+rk ls fopkj
vfHkO;Dr djrk gS rFkk Ok;Ld gksus ij og Nk= vius ifjokj dks lhfer j[krk gSA
5

thou dk Lo:Ik & ewY;ksa dks thou ls vyx j[kdj ugha ns[kuk pkfg,A tula[;k
f'k{kk dk ;gh vafre y{; gS fd Nk= tula[;k fu;a=.k lca/kh ewY;ksa dks thou dk
vfHkUu vax ekudj Lohdkj djsA ewY; Li"Vhdj.k fof/k dh bl izf;k esa ikB dks
izHkkoksRiknd cukus ds fy, O;ax fp=] iksLVlZ] LykbM~ izn'kZu vkfn dk mi;ksx dj
ikB dks izHkkoksRiknd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

66

Unit -13

tula[;k o fodkl f'k{kk


Adolescence Education
cgqfodYih iz'u
1-

fdl voLFkk dks la?k"kZ] ruko] rwQku o fojks/k dh voLFkk dgrs gS &
v-) fd'kksjkoLFkk
c-)
ckY;koLFkk
l-) 'kS'kokLFkk
n-)
izkS<kOkLFkk
(v)

2-

fdl voLFkk esa fo"kefyaxh ds izfr vkd"kZ.k gksrk gS &


v-) 'kS'kokoLFkk
c-)
izkS<+koLFkk
l-) fd'kksjkoLFkk
n-)
mi;qZDr lHkh
(l)

3-

fd'kksjksa esa }Un mHkjus dk izeq[k dkj.k gS&


v-) ihf<+;ks dk vUrj
l-) fd'kksjkoLFkk esa LoIu n'kZu

c-)
n-)

voljksa dh izfrdwyrk
fuLlgk;rk
(c)

4-

ySafxd lapkfjr jksx (STD) gS &


v-) lqtkd
l-) Vk;dkseksfu,fll

c-)
n-)

,M~l
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

5-

f'k{kd dks fd'kksjksa ds lkFk dSlk O;ogkj djuk pkfg, &


v-) ckyd tSlk
c-)
o;Ld tSlk
l-) o`) tSlk
n-)
mi;qZDRk LkHkh
(c)

6-

HIV

dk iwjk uke D;k gS \

What is the full form of HIV ?

mRrj g;qeu bE;wuhMsfQf'k,Ulh ok;jl


7-

fd'kksjkoLFkk esa laox


s kRed fodkl dh nks fo'ks"krk,a fy[kks &
67

Write two characteristic of emotional development in adolescence. ?

mRrj

1- fd'kksjks ds laox
s vfLFkj gksrs gSA
2- fd'kksjkoLFkk esa laosx ij fu;U=.k dfBu gksrk gSA

8-

;kSu jksxksa esa ,l-Vh-Mh- ls vk'k; gS &


What do you mean by S.T.D.

mRrj lSDlqvy fMftt Vklafe'ku


9-

fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ckyd dh nks vko';drk,a fy[kksAa


Write two needs of child in adolescence.

mRrj 1- fuHkZjrk ls Lora=rk dh vko';drk A


2- vkReigpku dh vko';drk A
10-

nk<+h&ewN dk vkuk fd'kksjksa ds fdl y{k.k dk |ksrd gS \


Appearence of mustache in adolescence is the symptom of -

mRrj xkS.k ySfxad y{k.k dk


11-

fd'kksjkoLFkk f'k{kk ds ms'; fy[kksa &


What is the objective of adolescence education ?

mRrj fd'kksjkoLFkk fd'kksjksa ds thou dh vR;ar uktqd voLFkk gSA bl voLFkk esa laons u'khy
eqn~nks dks lko/kkuhiwoZd fd'kksjksa rd igqpkuk pkfg,A ftlls os LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k viuk
ldsA fd'kksjkoLFkk f'k{kk ds lkekU; ms'; fuEu gS &
1- fd'kksjkoLFkk esa Nk=ksa esa gksus okys 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ,oa HkkokRed ifjorZu rFkk fodkl
dh vf/kd`r ,ao oSKkfud tkudkjh nsuk rFkk bl lca/k esa lgh le> fodflr djukA
2- fd'kksjksa esa ;kSu fo"k;ksa ds izfr LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA
3- fd'kksjksa esa ;kSu jksxksa tSls &,M~l ds dkj.kksa] ifj.kkeksa ,oa jksdFkke ds ckjs es le>
fodflr djukA
4- fd'kksjksa esa Hkkjrh; lkekftd] lkaLd`frd ewY;ksa ds vuq:i mkjnk;h O;ogkj dks
fodflr dj tkx:d cukukA
5- eknd inkFkksZa tSls rEckdw vkfn ds lsou ds dkj.kks]a ifj.kkeksa ,oa jksdFkke ds izfr psruk
tkxzr djuk] rFkk muesa eknd inkFkksZ ds lsou ugha djus ds izfr lkgl iSnk djukA
6- fd'kksjksa dks fd'kksjkoLFkk esa vpkud 'kkjhfjd o ekufld ifjorZu gksus dh tkudkjh
nsuk ftlls os rukoxzLr u gksA
68

7- f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls ySafxd ifjiDork dh tkudkjh nsukA


8- fd'kksj&fd'kksfj;ksa dks laosxksa rFkk Hkkoukvksa ij fu;a=.k dk izf'k{k.k nsus dh O;oLFkk
djukA
12-

,M~l QSyus ds dkj.k rFkk cpko ds mik; fy[kks A


What are the causes of aids write down the precaution

mRrj ,M~l ;kSu laked jksx gSA ;kfu ;g ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr esa QSyrk gSA ,M~l dk
iwjk uke gS ^^,DokMZ bE;wuks MsfQf'k,Ulh fl.Mkes ^^ ;kfu jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk dk vHkko
mRiUUk djus okyh voLFkk A
,M~l QSyus ds dkj.k & HIV ok;jl euq"; ds jDr] oh;Z rFkk ;ksfu lzko esa ik;k tkrk gS
;g fo"kk.kq fuEufyf[kr ek/;e ls 'kjhj esa izo's k djrk gS
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

lafer
lafer
lafer
lafer

O;fDr ls vlqjf{kr ;kSu lca/k ls


jDr p<+kus lsA
lwbZ dk mi;ksx djus lsA
ek ls f'k'kq dksA

,M~l ls cpko &


,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ls ;kSu lca/k u j[ksA
thoulkFkh ds izfr oQknkj cusA
daMkse dk bLrseky djsA
lnSo dhVk.kq jfgr lqbZ] flfjat ;k vU; fpfdRlk vkStkjksa dk bLrseky djsAa
;fn jDr p<+kuk vko';d gks rks HIV jfgr O;fDr dk jDr ysa A gj gkyr esa
tkapk gqvk jDr gh ysA
(vi) xHkkZoLFkk esa HIV dh tkap djokus ij ;fn ikWftfVo vkrh gS rks xHkZLFk f'k'kq esa
lae.k jksdus dh nokbZ;k ysaA
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

13-

u'khys inkFkksZ dk LokLF; ij nq"izHkko fy[kks A


What are the harmful effects of alcoholic drugs on health ?

mRrj tc dksbZ O;fDr vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr ds fy, fdlh u'khys inkFkZ dk lsou djrk gS rks
mlls 'kjhj o efLr"d ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gS bls u'kk dgrs gSA dqN u'khys inkFkZ gS&

69

'kjkc] rEckdw] chM+h] flxjsV] pjl vQhe vkfn A u'kk 'kjhj ij nks izdkj ds izHkko Mkyrk
gSA
v vYidkfyd izHkko

c nh?kZdkfyd izHkko

vYidkfyd izHkko & vYidkyhu izHkko esa O;fDr dk dqN le; ds fy, {kf.kd lq[kkHkkl
gksrk gSA
nh?kZdkfyu izHkko & nh?kZdkyhu izHkko og gS ftlls O;fDr dk 'kjhj o efLr"d nksusk
izHkkfor gksrs gSA blls mudk thou d"Ve; gks tkrk gSA
u'ksa esa O;fDr dbZ izdkj dh vknrksa dk f'kdkj gks tkrk gS rFkk viuk foosd [kks nsrk gSA
lekt esa c<+ jgs vijk/kksa dk lcls cM+k dkj.k u'kk gSA u'kk O;fDrxr LokLF; ij gh ugha
cfYd lekt O;ogkj dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA blds dbZ xaHkhj ifj.kke fudyrs gS tSls&
lkekftd] vyxko] vkked O;ogkj] ?kjsyq fgalk] oSokfgd thou esa ruko] /ku dh gkfu
vkfn A
14-

fd'kksjkoLFkk esa f'k{kk ds Lo:i dk o.kZu djsa A


Explain the form of education in adolescence.

mRrj ckyd dh f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls fd'kksjkoLFkk dk izkjafHkd dky cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA
fd'kksjkoLFkk vusd n`f"Vdks.kksa ls ckyd dks thou esa izos'k djkus dk le; gS vr% bl
dky esa f'k{kk dk Lo:i fuEufyf[kr gksuk pkfg, &
1- 'kkjhfjd fodkl vkSj f'k{kk & fd'kksjkoLFkk esa fd'kksjksa esa egoiw.kZ 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu
gksrs gSA bu ifjorZuksa dks fd'kksj&fd'kksfj;ksa ds euksoSKkfud vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj ij
iwjk izHkko iM+rk gSA vr% fd'kksjkoLFkk esa mUgS 'kkjhfjd foKku i<+k;k tkuk pkfg,
ftlls os bu ifjorZuksa dks le> ldsa rFkk vleatl esa uk iM+sA blds vfrfjDr muds
'kjhj dks lcy vkSj lqMksy cukus ds fy, fo|ky; esa [ksydwn] O;k;ke rFkk lkewfgd
;ksx dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
2- ekufld fodkl vkSj f'k{kk& fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ekufld 'kfDr;ka vf/kd izcy ,oa rh{.k
gks tkrh gS vr% bu 'kfDr;ksa dk leqfpr fodkl djus ds fy, fd'kksjksa dh f'k{kk dh
mfpr O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A ikB~;e esa os fo"k; j[ks tk;s tks ckyd dh dYiuk] rdZ]
le> vkfn dk vf/kdre fodkl djsA fd'kksj eu dh ftKklk dks larq"V djus ds fy,
mls fo|ky; ds ckgj ys tkdj izd`fr fujh{k.k] dkj[kkus] fo|qr ifj;kstuk,a] cktkj
vkfn dk Hkh fujh{k.k djkuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr okn&fookn] lkfgfR;d xks"Bh] fp=
izfr;ksfxrk] dfork ys[ku] Hkk"k.k] laxhr izfr;ksfxrk vkfn ds vk;kstu Hkh gksrs jgus
pkfg,A
70

3- laox
s kRed fodkl vkSj f'k{kk &fd'kksjkoLFkk esa fd'kksj esa izse] tyu] bZ";kZ vkfn ds
vfLFkj laox
s mRiUu gksrs gS ftu ij fu;a=.k dfBu gksrk gS vr% leqfpr laox
s kRed
fodkl djus ds fy, [ksy] dyk izn'kZu] lkaLd`frd dk;Ze] dfork] xksf"B;ka vkfn ds
}kjk fd'kksjksa dh ewy izo`fk;ksa dk 'kks/ku o ekxkZUrhdj.k gksrk gSA bu dk;Zeksa ls mls
laox
s izdk'ku dk izf'k{k.k Hkh izkIr gksxk vkSj og laosx fu;a=.k Hkh lh[ksxkA
4- vkfFkZd LorU=rk vkSj f'k{kk & fd'kksjkoLFkk esa fd'kksj ds fy, f'k{kk dk /;s; vius
vkfFkZd Hkfo"; dks lq/kkjuk gS vr% f'k{kk izkIr djrs le; fd'kksj eu esa ml f'k{kk dk
Hkfo"; esa mi;ksx djus lacaf/kr vusd vfHkyk"kk,a mRiUu gksrh gSA vr,o bl dky esa
f'k{kk dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk fd'kksj dks izkS<+ thou dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd leL;kvksa ls
fuiVus ds fy, rS;kj duk gksuk pkfg,A
5- lkekftd fodkl vkSj f'k{kk & fd'kksjkoLFkk eas Nk= fofHkUu lewgksa ls viuk lca/k
LFkkfir djrk gS vr% fo|ky; esa Hkh vkSipkfjd laxBu gksus pkfg,A [ksy] LdkmfVax
rFkk ;k=k,a dqN ,slh lkewfgd f;k,a gS ftuesa Hkkx ysdj fo|kFkhZ vius lkfFk;ksa o
lewg ds fudV vkrk gS rFkk lekt ds ekU; fu;eksa ds vuqlkj vkpj.k djuk lh[krk
gSA
6- /kkfeZd o uSfrd f'k{kk dk izca/k &fd'kksj esa v/;kRe ds izfr :fp fdflr gksus yxrh gS
vr% og uSfrd&vuSfrd] mfpr &vuqfpr] Hkys&cqj]s iki&iq.; vkfn dh ppkZ djus esa
:fp ysrk gS vr% fo|ky; esa /kkfeZd f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr izkFkZuk lHkk,a] okn&fookn]
izn'kZuh vkfn dk vk;kstu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
7- ;kSu f'k{kk dk izca/k &fd'kksjkoLFkk esa fd'kksjksa dks ;kSu thou ls lacfa /kr vuds
leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS QyLo:i muds xyr laxr esa iM+us dh laHkkouk
c<+ tkrh gSA vr% fo|ky; esa 'kkjhfjd foKku ds lkFk ;kSuf'k{kk dk Hkh izac/k djuk
pkfg,A
8- f;k'khy f'k{k.k&fof/k;ka & fd'kksjks dks i<+krs le; ,slh fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg, ftlls os 'kkjhfjd o ekufld :i ls lf; jgSA muesa rdZ] fujh{k.k] vuqHko
'kfDr dk fodkl gks ldsA tSls &leL;k lek/kku] Hkze.k] izkstsDV fof/k A
9- fd'kksj rFkk fd'kksfj;ksa dk fHkUu&fHkUu ikB~;e& fd'kksj rFkk fd'kksfj;ksa dk 'kkjhfjd
fodkl o :fp;ka fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA vr,o mudks ikB~;e esa Hkh oSdfYid fo"k;ksa
dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
10- funsZ'ku dh O;oLFkk & fd'kksjksa esa dqlek;kstu ls cpkus o ekufld LokLF; dks cuk,
j[kus ds fy, mfpr fusnZs'ku o ijke'kZ dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A

71

Unit -14

ewY;kdau
Evaluation
cgqfodYih iz'u
1. f'k{kd vius ms';ksa dh izkfIr dh lQyrk o vlQyrk dks vkadrk gS
v-) ijh{kk }kjk
c-)
ewY;kadu }kjk
l-) ekiu }kjk
n-)
ijh{k.k }kjk
(c)
2. oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dk xq.k ugha gSA
v-) OkLrqfu"Brk
c-)
l-) foHksndkfjrk
n-)

fo'oluh;rk
vkRefu"Brk
(n)

3. dksf'kdk dk 'kfDrx`g fdls dgrs gS^^\ ;g iz'u fdl izdkj dk gS \


v-) oLrqfu"B
c-)
y?kqkjkRed
l-) fuca/kkRed
n-)
fo"k;fu"B
(v)
4. Nk=ksa ds dkS'ky dh tkp ds fy, mke ijh{k.k gS&
v-) ekSf[kd ijh{k.k
c-)
fyf[kr ijh{k.k
l-) izk;ksfxd ijh{k.k
n-)
oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k
(l)
5. Nk= us dqN fnuksa ds varj esa leku Lrjh; nks ijh{kk, nh nksuks esa yxHkx leku vad vk,A
mu ijh{kkvksa ds xq.k gSA
v-) foHksndkfjrk dk
c-)
oLrqfu"Brk dk
l-) fo'oluh;rk dk
n-)
mi;ksfxrk dk
(l)
vfry?kqkjkRed iz'u
6.

^^m"ek dk ek=d D;k gS \^^ ;g fdl izdkj dk oLrqfu"B iz'u gS \


"What is the unit of heat". Which type of objective question is it ?

72

mRrj

ljy izR;kLej.k izdkj dk A

7.

Nk=ksa dh rqjar vfHkO;fDr rFkk f;k'khyrk dh tkap fdl ijh{k.k ls gksrh gS \


Which test is performed to evaluate activeness of students ?

mRrj

ekSf[kd ijh{k.k ls A

8.

oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dk ,d nks"k fy[kks &


Write one demerit of objective test

mRrj

Hkkoks dh vfHkO;fDr djus esa vleFkZrk

9.

foKku fo"k; esa fdl ijh{k.k dk ego vf/kd gS \


Which test is more important in science ?

mRrj

izk;ksfxd ijh{k.k dk

10.

ewY;kadu ds nks ykHk fy[kks &


Write two advantages of evaluation.

mRrj

1- Nk=ksa dk oxhZdj.k dj ldrs gSA


2- Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe lca/kh ifjek.k tku ldrs gSA

y?kqkjkRed
11.

mRltZu ra= izdj.k ij nks cgqfodYih iz'u cukvksa A


Make two multiple choice questions on the topic "excretory system".

mRrj

12.

(i)

Ropk }kjk mRlftZr inkFkZ gS &

;wfj;k

ilhuk

ey

vkWDlhtu

(ii)

o`Dd dh lajpukRed o f;kRed bdkbZ gS&

usksu

ew=okfguh

ckseus lEiqV

dksbZ ugha

ewY;kadu dh vo/kkj.kk Li"V djrs gq, blds ms'; fy[kks A


Explain the concept of evaluation with its objectives.

73

mRrj

ewY;akdu vaxzsth 'kCn boSyq,'ku (Evaluation) dk fgUnh :ikUrj.k gSA Evaluation


dk vFkZ gS& fdlh rF; ds lca/k esa fu.kZ; ysukA fgUnh dk ewY;kadu 'kCn ewY;
$vadu ls feydj cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ewY; vkadukA ewY;kdau f'k{k.k vf/kxe
izf;k dk egoiw.kZ vax gSA ;g fo|kFkhZ ds KkukRed] HkkokRed rFkk euksizsfjr i{k
dks ij[kus ds fy, fujarj pyus okyh izf;k gSAA
dksBkjh vk;ksx 1966 ds vuqlkj & vc ekuk tkus yxk gS fd ewY;kadu
,d vfojy pyus okyh izf;k gS tks fd lexz f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk ,d vfHkUu vax
gS rFkk bldk 'kSf{kd ms';ksa ls ?kfu"B lca/k gS^^
ewY;kadu ds ms'; &
12345678-

13.

Nk=ksa dk oxhZdj.k djukA


f'k{kdksa ds v/;kiu dkS'ky dks Kkr djukA
Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe lca/kh ifjek.k dks Kkr djukA
Nk=ksa dh nqcZyrkvksa dk funku djukA
f'k{k.k i)fr;ksa dh izHkko'khyrk dk vadu djukA
izpfyr ijh{kk iz.kkyh esa vko';d lq/kkj djukA
Nk=ksa ds O;fDrxr funsZ'ku esa lgk;d
lh[kus dh izf;k dks izksRlkfgr djukA

oLrqfu"B ijh{k.kksa ds xq.k o nks"k fy[kks &


Write merits and demerits of objective test.

mRrj

oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k ds xq.k &


(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)

buesa oS|rk] fo'oluh;rk o foHksndkfjrk ds xq.k gksrs gSA


de fy[kuk iM+rk gS blfy, le; o /ku dh cpr gksrh gS
lEIkw.kZ ikB~;e iz'uksa dk lekos'k jgrk gSA
rqjUr ifj.kke fn;k tk ldrk gSA
tkap djus esa ljyrk jgrh gSA
jVus dh vko';drk ugha iM+rh gSA
fuf'pr mRrj gksus ds dkj.k Hkze ugha jgrk gSA
Kku dh okLrfod tkap gks tkrh gSA
mRrj nsus esa ljyrk jgrh gSA

oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k ds nks"k &


1- vuqeku yxkus dh izo`fr dks izkRs lkgu feyrk gSA
74

234514.

Js"B ekufld 'kfDr;ksa dh tkap ugha gksrhA


Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr djus esa vleFkZ jgrk gSA
iz'ui= fuekZ.k esa vf/kd Je dh vko';drk jgrh gSA
Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh nqcZy jg tkrh gSA

vPNs iz'u&i= dh fo'ks"krk,a fy[kks &


Write characteristic of a good question paper.

mRrj

vPNs iz'u i= dh fo'ks"krk,a fuEu gS &


(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)

15.

iz'u la{ksi esa iwNs tkus pkfg,A mudh 'kCnkoyh fuf'pr gksuh pkfg,A
iz'u ljy] laf{kIr o lkjxfHkZr gksA
iz'u ckyd ds ekufld Lrj ds vuq:i gks A
iz'uksa dh Hkk"kk ljy] lgt] cks/kxE; o Li"V gksuh pkfg,A
iz'u lnSo fdlh lqfuf'pr ms'; ij vk/kkfjr gksus pkfg,A
iz'u O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls Bhd ,oa J`a[kykc) gksus pkfg,A
iz'u Nk=ksa dh ekufld vk;q] ;ksXr;k o :fp ds vuqlkj gksA
iz'u dk mRrj Li"V fudyuk pkfg,A
iz'uksa dk fuf'pr vFkZ gksA f}vFkhZ iz'u ugha iwNus pkfg,A
iz'u ,d&nwljs ls lacaf/kr gksus pkfg,A

foKku f'k{k.k esa oLrqfu"B iz'uksa ds izdkjksa dk mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu djksaA
Explain the types of objectives with examples in science teaching.

mRrj

foKku f'k{k.k esa oLrqfu"B tkap ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds iz'uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS ftUgS fuEu izdkj ls oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS &
oLrqfu"B iz'u

igpku :i

lR;vLkR; :i
dh iwfrZ

cgqfodYi :i

izR;kLej.k :i

feyku :i

oxhZdj.k :i

ljy izR;kLej.k :i

fjDr LFkkuksa

75

1- lR;klR; :i iz'u & bu iz'uksa esa nks fodYi fn;s tkrs gS& lR;@vlR;] gk@ugha
vkfn@ ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dks ladsr fn;k tkrk gS fd og bu fodYiksa esa ls fdlh ,d dk
p;u djsA
mnkgj.k & 1- larjk foVkfeu ^lh^ dk izeq[k lzkrs gSA
lR;@vlR;
2- xa/kd ds rstkc dk lw= NaoH gSA
lR;@vlR;
2- cgqfodYi :i & bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa dFku dk mRrj nsus gsrq vusd fodYi gksrs gSA
Nk= dks muesa ls fdlh ,d dk p;u djuk gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & 1- fdlh vojks/k ls Vdjkdj ykSVus okyh /ofu dks dgrs gS \
v

izfr/ofu

lapj.k

ijkJO;

izn"w k.k

:f/kj esa ik;k tkus okyk rjy inkFkZ gS &


v

jDrk.kq

IykTek

fCkEck.kq

'osrk.kq

3- feyku :i &blesa Nk=ksa dks nks lwph iznku dh tkrh gSA mUgS dgka tkrk gS fd izFke
lwph esa fn;s x;s fo"k;ksa dh nwljh lwph ls lacaf/kr fo"k; dk p;u dj feyku djksaA
lwph v
lwph c
1 dksf'kdk dk 'kfDrx`g fo"kk.kq
2 lksfM;e dk izrhd
dSyksjh
3 m"ek dk ek=d
ekbVksdkWf.M;k
4 lw{etho
Na
4- oxhZdj.k :i & bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa dqN 'kCnksa dk lewg] Nk=ksa ds le{k j[k fn;k
tkrk gS] ftlesa ls ,d vU; ls fHkUu gksrk gSA Nk= dks mlh 'kCn dks NakVus ds fy,
dgk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k & funsZ'k & fUkEufyf[kr esa ls vlaxr dks NkaVks &
i. ekbVksdkWfUM;k] dsUnzd] fjfDrrk] m"ek
ii. ijek.kq] thok.kq] fo"kk.kq ] dod
5- ljy izR;kLej.k :i & buds }kjk dsoy ,d iz'u esa mRrj ekax dj Nk=ksa dh Lej.k
'kfDr dh tkap dh tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k
6- lkSje.My dk lcls BaMk xzg dkSulk gS \
76

7- ltho o futhZo ds e/; ;kstd dM+h dkSulh gS \


8- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ & bl izdkj ds iz'uksa ds v/kwjs okD; fn;s tkrs gSA mUgs Nk=
viuh Lej.k 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij iw.kZ djrk gSA

77

Key Terms

123456789101112131415161718-

foKku (Science)&izd`fr ds ec) v/;;u ls vftZr Kku gh foKku gSA


leL;k lek/kku fof/k (Problem Solving Method)& Cywe }kjk izfrikfnr O;ogkjxr
ifjorZr dk ,d Hkkx gS] ftlds varxZr efLr"d ls lacaf/kr f;kvksa dks lekosfkr fd;k
tkrk gSA
HkkokRed i{k (Affective Domain)& bl i{k esa foks"k :i ls vfHko`fr] :fp] ewY;ksa ds
fodkl ls lacaf/kr 'kSf{kd ms; vkrs gSA
f;kRed i{k (Constive Domain)& bl i{k dk laca/k gLr dkSky ls gksrk gSA
oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k (Scientific Attitude)& oSKkfud <+x
a ls lkspukA
iz;kstuk fof/k (Project Method)& bl fof/k ds tUe fdyiSfVd FksA ;g fof/k ^djds
lh[kus* ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA
i;ZVu fof/k (Field Trip)& bl fof/k esa ckyd fo|ky; izkax.k ls ckgj Lo;a o izR;{k
vuqHko izkIr djrs gSA
[ksy fof/k (Play way Method)& Qzkscy
s bl fof/k ds tUenkrk gSA Qzkcs y
s 6 us izkFkfed
fk{kk dks iw.kZ:is.k [ksy dsfUnzr cukus dk iz;Ru fd;kA
ewY; Li"Vhdj.k fof/k (Value Clarification Method)& ewY;ksa dh fk{kk iznku djus
dh egRoiw.kZ fof/k gSA
n`;&JO; lkexzh (Audio-Visual Aids)& ,slh fk{k.k lkexzh ftlesa Nk= lqu Hkh
ldrs gS vkSj vkWa[kksa ls ns[k Hkh ldrs gSA
vkkqjfpr midj.k (Improvised Apparatus)&cgqr de ewY; dh lkexzh ls fufeZr
oSKkfud midj.kksa dk vkkqjfpr midj.k dgrs gSA
ikB~;p;kZ (Curriculum)& blessa fo|ky; rFkk fo|ky; ds ckgj gksus okyh leLr
f;kvksa dks lfEefyr djrs gSA
lg&lEcU/k (Correlation)& ,d fo"k; dh fo"k; oLrq dk nwljs fo"k; dh fo"k; oLrq ds
lkFk tks lac/a k gksrk gS vFkok ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd fo"k;ksa dk vkil esa laca/k dks
lg&lEcU/k dgrs gSA
oSKkfud fof/k (Scientific Method)& [kkst djus esa rdZiw.kZ <+x
a ls viuk;h x;h fof/k
dks oSKkfud fof/k dgrs gSA
i;kZoj.k (Environment)& euq"; ds pkjksa vksj izkd`frd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa
lkald`frd roksa ls feydj i;kZoj.k curk gSA
nSfud ikB ;kstuk (Daily Lesson Plan)& ,d v/;kid ds fnu izfrfnu ds fk{k.k dk;Z
ds laiknu gsrq cukbZ tkrh gSA
iz;ksxkkykk (Laboratory)&og d{k tgkWa Nk= dks iz;ksx djds lh[kus dk volj feyrk
gSA
U;wuke vf/kxe Lrj (Minimum Learning Level)& blls vfHkizk; fodkl rFkk fk{kk
ds izR;sd Lrj ij ,d U;wuke Lrj fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk, rFkk bl Lrj lrd igWqapuk gh
izR;sd fo|kFkhZ ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA
78

1920-

Tkula[;k fk{kk (Population Education)&;g 'kSf{kd dk;Ze gS tks fo|ky; esa


tula[;k ds izfr mfpr n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djrk gSA
fd'kksjkoLFkk fk{kk (Adolescence Education)& fdkksj&fdkksfj;ksa esa 'kkjhfjd] ekufld]
HkkokRed] laoax
s kRed o lkekftd cnyko ds lanHkZ esa nh tkus okyh fk{kk gSA

79

Bibliography
1-

foKku fk{k.k

&

ujsUnz dqekj 'kekZ] cq)k jke iztkifr


lkfgr;kxkj] /kkek.kh ekdsZV dh xyh] pkSM+k jkLrk]
t;iqj

2-

foKku fk{k.k

&

,p- ,l- 'kekZ] ih- ds 'kekZ


jk/kk izdkku eafnj] vkxjk

3-

tho foKku fk{k.k

&

MkW- vfurk lksuh] vksadkj flag R;kxh


vfjgar fk{kk izdkku] t;iqj

4-

foKku fk{k.k
&
fo"k; oLrq ,oa fk{k.k fof/k;kWa

izks- vkks dqekj flMkuk] MkW- Jherh fdj.k flMkuk


MkW- ehuk 'kekZ

5-

lkekU; foKku fk{k.k

&

eqdqV fcgkjh cgyk] MkW- lat; vxzoky

6-

foKku fk{k.k

&

MkW- oh-ih- vxzoky] MkW- fdj.k flMkuk]


MkW- dYiuk ikjhd
f'k{kk izdkku] t;iqj

80

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