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Network+ Guide to Networks

6th Edition
Chapter 2
Networking Standards and the OSI
Model
Objectives

Identify organizations that set standards for


networking

Describe the purpose of the OSI model and each of


its layers

Explain specific functions belonging to each OSI


model layer
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Objectives &cont'd()

*nderstand how two network nodes communicate


through the OSI model

Discuss the structure and purpose of data packets


and frames

Describe the two types of addressing covered by the


OSI model
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!etworking Standards Organizations

Standard

Documented agreement

,echnical specifications-precise criteria

Stipulates design or performance of particular product


or service

Standards important in the networking world

.ide variety of hardware and software

Ensure network design compatibility

Standards define minimum acceptable performance

!ot ideal performance


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!etworking Standards Organizations
&cont'd()

0any different organizations oversee computer


industry standards

Example1 2!SI and IEEE set wireless standards

2!SI standards apply to type of !I3

IEEE standards involve communication protocols

!etwork professional's responsibility

4e familiar with groups setting networking standards

*nderstand critical aspects of standards re5uired by


own networks
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2!SI

2!SI &2merican !ational Standards Institute)

7888" representatives from industry and government

Determines standards for electronics industry and


other fields

9e5uests voluntarily compliance with standards

Obtaining 2!SI approval re5uires rigorous testing

2!SI standards documents available online


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EI2 and ,I2

EI2 &Electronic Industries 2lliance)

,rade organization

9epresentatives from *nited States electronics


manufacturing firms

Sets standards for its members

:elps write 2!SI standards

;obbies for favorable computer and electronics


industries legislation
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EI2 and ,I2 &cont'd()

,I2 &,elecommunications Industry 2ssociation)

EI2 subgroup merged with former *nited States


,elecommunications Suppliers 2ssociation &*S,S2)

=ocus of ,I2

Standards for information technology$ wireless$


satellite$ fiber optics$ and telephone e5uipment

,I2-EI2 6%>?4 Series

#uidelines for installing network cable in commercial


buildings
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IEEE

IEEE &Institute of Electrical and Electronics


Engineers)

International engineering professionals society

#oal of IEEE

@romote development and education in electrical


engineering and computer science fields

:osts symposia$ conferences$ and chapter meetings

0aintains a standards board

IEEE technical papers and standards

:ighly respected
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ISO

ISO &International Organization for Standardization)

:ead5uartered in #eneva$ Switzerland

3ollection of standards organizations

9epresents 7% countries

#oal of ISO

Establish international technological standards to


facilitate global information exchange and barrier free
trade

.idespread authority
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I,*

I,* &International ,elecommunication *nion)

Specialized *nited !ations agency

9egulates international telecommunications

@rovides developing countries with technical expertise


and e5uipment

=ounded in 7>%6B joined *nited !ations in 7A/<

0embers from 7A+ countries

=ocus of I,*

#lobal telecommunications issues

.orldwide Internet services implementation


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ISO3

ISO3 &Internet Society)

=ounded in 7AA

@rofessional membership society

Establishes technical Internet standards

3urrent ISO3 concerns

9apid Internet growth

Ceeping Internet accessible

Information security

Stable Internet addressing services

Open standards
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ISO3 &cont'd()

ISO3 oversees groups with specific missions

I24 &Internet 2rchitecture 4oard)

,echnical advisory group

Oversees Internet's design and management

IE,= &Internet Engineering ,ask =orce)

Sets Internet system communication standards

@articularly protocol operation and interaction

2nyone may submit standard proposal

Elaborate review$ testing$ and approval processes


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I2!2 and I32!!

I@ &Internet @rotocol) address

2ddress identifying computers in ,3@-I@ based


&Internet) networks

9eliance on centralized management authorities

I@ address management history

Initially1 I2!2 &Internet 2ssigned !umbers 2uthority)

7AA<1 ,hree 9I9s &9egional Internet 9egistries)

29I! &2merican 9egistry for Internet !umbers)

2@!I3 &2sia @acific !etwork Information 3entre)

9I@E &9Dseaux I@ EuropDens)


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I2!2 and I32!! &cont'd()

I@ address management history &cont'd()

;ate 7AA8s1 I32!! &Internet 3orporation for 2ssigned


!ames and !umbers)

@rivate nonprofit corporation

9emains responsible for I@ addressing and domain


name management

I2!2 performs system administration

*sers and business obtain I@ addresses from IS@


&Internet service provider)
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,he OSI 0odel

0odel for understanding and developing network


computer?to?computer communications

Developed by ISO in the 7A>8s

Divides network communications into seven layers

@hysical$ Data ;ink$ !etwork$ ,ransport$ Session$


@resentation$ 2pplication
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,he OSI 0odel &cont'd()

@rotocol interaction

;ayer directly above and below

2pplication layer protocols

Interact with software

@hysical layer protocols

2ct on cables and connectors


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,he OSI 0odel &cont'd()

,heoretical representation describing network


communication between two nodes

:ardware and software independent

Every network communication process represented

@D*s &protocol data units)

Discrete amount of data

2pplication layer function

=low through layers %$ 6$ /$ +$ $ and 7

#eneralized model and sometimes imperfect


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=igure ?7 =low of data through the OSI model
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2pplication ;ayer

,op &seventh) OSI model layer

Does not include software applications

@rotocol functions

=acilitates communication between software


applications and lower?layer network services

!etwork interprets application re5uest

2pplication interprets data sent from network


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2pplication ;ayer &cont'd()

Software applications negotiate with application


layer protocols

=ormatting$ procedural$ security$ synchronization$ and


other re5uirements

Example of 2pplication layer protocol1 :,,@


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=igure ? 2pplication layer functions while retrieving a .eb page


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@resentation ;ayer

@rotocol functions

2ccept 2pplication layer data

=ormat data

*nderstandable to different applications and hosts

Examples of file types translated at the presentation


layer

#I=$ E@#$ ,I==$ 0@E#$ Fuick,ime

@resentation layer services manage data encryption


and decryption

Example protocol1 Secure Sockets ;ayer &SS;)


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=igure ?+ @resentation layer services while retrieving a secure .eb page
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Session ;ayer

@rotocol functions

3oordinate and maintain communications between


two network nodes

Session

3onnection for ongoing data exchange between two


parties

3onnection between remote client and access server

3onnection between .eb browser client and .eb


server
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Session ;ayer &cont'd()

=unctions

Establishing and keeping alive communications link

=or session duration

Ceeping communications secure

Synchronizing dialogue between two nodes

Determining if communications ended

Determining where to restart transmission

,erminating communications

Set terms of communication

Identify session participants


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=igure ?/ Session layer protocols managing voice communications
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,ransport ;ayer

@rotocol functions

2ccept data from Session layer

0anage end?to?end data delivery

:andle flow control

3onnection?oriented protocols

Establish connection before transmitting data

Example1 ,3@ three?way handshake

SG! &synchronization) packet

SG!?23C &synchronization?acknowledgment)

23C
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,ransport ;ayer &cont'd()

3hecksum

*ni5ue character string

2llows receiving node to determine if arriving data


matches sent data

3onnectionless protocols

Do not establish connection with another node before


transmitting data

Do not check for data integrity

=aster than connection?oriented protocols


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,ransport ;ayer &cont'd()

Segmentation

4reaking large data units received from Session layer


into multiple smaller units called segments

Increases data transmission efficiency on certain


network types

0,* &maximum transmission unit)

;argest data unit network will carry

Ethernet default1 7688 bytes

Discovery routine used to determine 0,*


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,ransport ;ayer &cont'd()

9eassembly

9ecombining the segmented data units

Se5uencing

Identifying segments belonging to the same group of


subdivided data

Specifies order of data issue


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=igure ?6 Segmentation and reassembly
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=igure ?% 2 ,3@ segment
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!etwork ;ayer

@rotocol functions

,ranslate network addresses into physical


counterparts

Decide how to route data from sender to receiver

2ddressing

System for assigning uni5ue identification numbers to


network devices

,ypes of addresses

!etwork addresses &logical or virtual addresses)

@hysical addresses
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!etwork ;ayer &cont'd()

!etwork address example1 78(+/(AA(7

@hysical address example1 88%8A<+EA<=+

=actors used to determine path routing

Delivery priority

!etwork congestion

Fuality of service

3ost of alternative routes

9outers belong in the network layer


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!etwork ;ayer &cont'd()

3ommon !etwork layer protocol

I@ &Internet @rotocol)

=ragmentation

Subdividing ,ransport layer segments

@erformed at the !etwork layer

Segmentation preferred over fragmentation for


greater network efficiency
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+<
=igure ?< 2n I@ packet
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Data ;ink ;ayer

=unction of protocols

Divide data received into distinct frames for


transmission in @hysical layer

=rame

Structured package for moving data

Includes raw data &payload)$ sender's and receiver's


network addresses$ error checking and control
information
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Data ;ink ;ayer &cont'd()

@ossible communication mishap

!ot all information received

3orrected by error checking

Error checking methods

=rame check se5uence

393 &cyclic redundancy check)

@ossible glut of communication re5uests

Data ;ink layer controls flow of information

2llows !I3 to process data without error


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Data ;ink ;ayer &cont'd()

,wo Data ;ink layer sublayers

;;3 &;ogical ;ink 3ontrol) sublayer

023 &0edia 2ccess 3ontrol) sublayer

023 sublayer

0anages access to the physical medium

2ppends physical address of destination computer


onto data frame

@hysical address

=ixed number associated with each device's network


interface
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=igure ?> ,he Data ;ink layer and its sublayers
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=igure ?A 2 !I3's physical address
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@hysical ;ayer

=unctions of protocols

2ccept frames from Data ;ink layer

#enerate signals as changes in voltage at the !I3

3opper transmission medium

Signals issued as voltage

=iber?optic cable transmission medium

Signals issued as light pulses

.ireless transmission medium

Signals issued as electromagnetic waves


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@hysical ;ayer &cont'd()

@hysical layer protocols' responsibilities when


receiving data

Detect and accept signals

@ass on to Data ;ink layer

Set data transmission rate

0onitor data error rates

!o error checking

Devices operating at @hysical layer

:ubs and repeaters

!I3s operate at both @hysical layer and Data ;ink


layers
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2pplying the OSI 0odel
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,able ?7 =unctions of the OSI layers
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3ommunication 4etween ,wo Systems

Data transformation

Original software application data differs from


application layer !I3 data

Information added at each layer

@D*s

#enerated in 2pplication layer

Segments

#enerated in ,ransport layer

*nit of data resulting from subdividing larger @D*


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3ommunication 4etween ,wo Systems
&cont'd()

@ackets

#enerated in !etwork layer

Data with logical addressing information added to


segments

=rames

#enerated in Data ;ink layer

3omposed of several smaller components or fields


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3ommunication 4etween ,wo Systems
&cont'd()

Encapsulation

Occurs in Data ;ink layer

@rocess of wrapping one layer's @D* with protocol


information

2llows interpretation by lower layer

@hysical layer transmits frame over the network


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=igure ?77 Data transformation through the OSI model
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=rame Specifications

=rames

3omposed of several smaller components or fields

=rame characteristic dependencies

!etwork type where frames run

Standards frames must follow

Ethernet

Developed by Herox

=our different types of Ethernet frames

0ost popular1 IEEE >8(+ standard


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=rame Specifications &cont'd()

,oken ring

Developed by I40

9elies upon direct links between nodes and ring


topology

!early obsolete

Defined by IEEE >8(6 standard

Ethernet frames and token ring frames differ

.ill not interact with each other

Devices cannot support more than one frame type per


physical interface or !I3
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IEEE !etworking Specifications

IEEE's @roject >8

Effort to standardize physical and logical network


elements

=rame types and addressing

3onnectivity

!etworking media

Error?checking algorithms

Encryption

Emerging technologies

>8(+1 Ethernet

>8(771 .ireless
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6+
,able ? IEEE >8 standards
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Summary

Standards help ensure interoperability between


software and hardware from different manufacturers

ISO's OSI &Open Systems Interconnection) model

9epresents communication between two networked


computers

Includes seven layers

IEEE's @roject >8 aims to standardize networking


elements

Significant IEEE >8 standards include >8(+


&Ethernet)$ >8(77 &wireless)$ and >8(7% &02!s)
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