I.

Verbal Communication
Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language and speaking.
Language is said to have originated from sounds and gestures. There are many
languages spoken in the world. The basis of language formation are: gender, class,
profession, geographical area, age group and other social elements.
1. Oral Communication

Oral Communication means stemming
from the mouth message in the form of spoken
words. Oral communication is the process of
verbally transmitting information and ideas
from one individual or group to another. Oral
communication can be either Formal or
Informal.




More formal types of oral communication include:
Presentations at business meetings
Classroom lectures
Commencement speech given at a graduation ceremony
Examples of Oral Communication
a.) Intrapersonal Communication
Intrapersonal Communication is self-talk or a
conversation you hold with yourself under certain
circumstances for example, when you need to
make an important decision or learn something
about yourself. You may wonder whether
intrapersonal communication is just another way of
describing the thinking process. In a way, that
would be correct.
Intrapersonal communication is a form of
thinking that goes on inside us which relies on
language to express itself. It is similar to the Shakespearean soliloquy where the
character in question engages in self-talk to reflect on events that have transpired.
Intrapersonal communication often increases self-awareness and mindfulness, and
hones critical thinking skills.

Examples of informal oral communication include:
Face-to-face conversations
Telephone conversations
Discussions that take place at business
meetings


a.) Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication is communication between several people. This form
of communication may range from the
impersonal to the very personal.
Impersonal communication is when you
talk with a person you do not really care
about there is often coldness or
indifference in your attitude when you
engage in this kind of communication.
Then, there is social communication
where you engage in niceties with
people you meet in a social context. The
most personal type of communication
occurs when you talk with people who are close to you, for example, your best friend,
family members and colleagues. Such relationships are interdependent, meaning that
the action of one party very often directly affects the other party. Interpersonal
communication can take place face to face as well as through electronic channels like
video-conferencing, chat rooms, e-mail and Twitter.

b.) Small group Communication
Small group Communication takes place in a group; usually comprising five to 10
people. This form of communication serves
relationship needs (like companionship, family
bonding and affection or support) as well as task-
based needs, for example, deciding on
disciplinary action or resolving conflict in the
workplace.
In academic institutions, students often form
small groups which meet regularly for study
discussions or to work collaboratively on projects.
At the workplace, small groups may meet to
discuss issues related to work, or for problem-
solving or team-building purposes. Learning to
communicate effectively in teams contributes to success and advancement in many
careers. Small group communication allows you to interact with others, be it at home, in
school, at the workplace or in public. You learn to exchange ideas, solve problems and
share experiences.


c.) Public Communication
Public Communication also known as public speaking, involves
communication between a speaker and an audience. This audience may range
from just a few people to
thousands or even millions of
people. The aim of the speaker is
usually to inform or to persuade
the audience to act, buy, or think
in a certain way. A teacher may
address an assembly of students
on codes of behaviour or school
rules. A politician may make
speeches on how he will be
dealing with certain issues in
order to win their votes. An
executive may give a business
presentation to get more sales. It is important to understand some of the basic
principles of effective public speaking so that you are able to influence, persuade
as well as entertain your audience when you communicate with them.

d.) Mass communication

Mass Communication is communication that
is sent out from a source to many receivers all over
the world. It takes place through media like films,
radio, videos and television. Modern avenues of
mass communication like the Internet and blogs
can be very powerful indeed as information is
disseminated instantly.

e.) Corporate communication
Corporate Communication is communication that takes place among members of
an organization, within that organization. Interacting in teams, conferencing with co-
workers, talking with a supervisor or manager, giving employees explanations and
directions, interviewing and making presentations are some examples of corporate
communication. Effective corporate
communication skills enhance corporate
image and impact positively on morale,
commitment, and productivity in
corporations.



f.) Intercultural Communication
Intercultural Communication is
communication between people of
diverse cultures and ethnicity. The world
is increasingly becoming a global village
and every country has people of various
ethnicities. Thus, it is important to note
differences in the communication
practices of different cultures if
intercultural harmony and understanding
is to be maintained. For example, in
many Asian countries, students will seldom contradict or disagree with a teacher in
the classroom as this shows disrespect. In Western academic institutions, however,
it is the norm for students to think for themselves and engage their teachers in
debate and discussion. It is important to make efforts to recognise and respect the
communication practices of people from different cultures and nationalities.
1. Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication involves physical ways of communication, like, tone
of the voice, touch, smell and body motion. Creative and aesthetic non-verbal
communication includes singing, music, dancing and sculpturing. Symbols and sign
language are also included in non-verbal communication. Body language is a non-
verbal way of communication. Body posture and physical contact convey a lot of
information. Body posture matters a lot when you are communicating verbally to
someone. Folded arms and crossed legs are some of the signals conveyed by a
body posture. Physical contact, like, shaking hands, pushing, patting and touching
expresses the feeling of intimacy. Facial expressions, gestures and eye contact are
all different ways of communication. Reading facial expressions can help you know a
person better.
Examples of Non-Verbal Communication
a.) Body Language or Body Movements
Body movements include gestures, posture, head and hand movements or
whole body movements. Body
movements can be used to reinforce
or emphasize what a person is saying
and also offer information about the
emotions and attitudes of a person.
However, it is also possible for body
movements to conflict with what is
said. A skilled observer may be able
to detect such discrepancies in
behaviour and use them as a clue to
what someone is really feeling.


Research work has identified the different categories of body movement that are detailed below
with each category describing the purpose they commonly serve:
Emblems: Gestures that serve the same function as a word are called emblems. For
example, the signals that mean 'OK', 'Come here!', or the hand movement used when
hitch-hiking. However, be aware that whilst some emblems are internationally
recognised, others may need to be interpreted in their cultural context.
Illustrators: Gestures which accompany words to illustrate a verbal message are known
as illustrators. For example, the common circular hand movement which accompanies
the phrase 'over and over again', or nodding the head in a particular direction when
saying 'over there'.
Affect Displays: These are facial expressions or gestures which show the emotions we
feel. These are often unintentional and can conflict with what is being said. Such
expressions give strong clues as to the true emotional state of a person.
Regulators: Gestures used to give feedback when conversing are called regulators, for
example head nods, short sounds such as 'uh-huh', 'mm-mm', and expressions of
interest or boredom. Regulators allow the other person to adapt his or her speech to
reflect the level of interest or agreement. Without receiving feedback, many people find it
difficult to maintain a conversation.
Adaptors: Non-verbal behaviours which either satisfy some physical need such as
scratching or adjusting uncomfortable glasses, or represent a psychological need such
as biting fingernails when nervous. Although normally subconscious, adaptors are more
likely to be restrained in public places than in the private world of individuals where they
are less likely to be noticed. Adaptive behaviours often accompany feelings of anxiety or
hostility.

b.) Posture
Posture can reflect people's emotions,
attitudes and intentions. Research has identified
a wide range of postural signals and their
meanings, such as:
Open and Closed Posture: Two forms of posture
have been identified, open and closed, which may
reflect an individual's degree of confidence, status or
receptivity to another person. Someone seated in a
closed position might have his/her arms folded, legs
crossed or be positioned at a slight angle from the
person with whom they are interacting. In an open
posture you might expect to see someone directly
facing you with hands apart on the arms of the chair.
An open posture can be used to communicate openness or interest in someone and a
readiness to listen, whereas the closed posture might imply discomfort or disinterest.
Mirroring: Notice the way a loving couple relate to each other. You might like to observe a
close relationship in person or on television. You will see that the partners' postures will match,
as if one partner is a mirror reflection of the other. For example, if one partner drapes an arm

over the back of a chair this might be replicated in the other person's position. If one partner
frowns, it could be reflected in the other partner's facial expression. This 'mirroring' indicates
interest and approval between people and serves to reassure others of interest in them and
what they are saying.
c.) Eye Contact






Eye contact is an important aspect of non-verbal behaviour. In interpersonal interaction,
it serves three main purposes:
To give and receive feedback: Looking at someone lets them know that the receiver is
concentrating on the content of their speech. Not maintaining eye contact can indicate
disinterest. Communication may not be a smooth process if a listener averts their eyes
too frequently.
To let a partner know when it is their 'turn' to speak: This is related to the above
point. Eye contact is more likely to be continuous when someone is listening, rather than
speaking. When a person has finished what they have to say, they will look directly at
the other person and this gives a signal that the arena is open. If someone does not
want to be interrupted, eye contact may be avoided.
To communicate something about a relationship between people: When you dislike
someone, you tend to avoid eye contact and pupil size is often reduced. On the other
hand, the maintenance of positive eye contact signals interest or attraction in a partner.
d.) Para-Language
Para-language relates to all aspects of the voice
which are not strictly part of the verbal message,
including the tone and pitch of the voice, the speed
and volume, at which a message is delivered, and
pauses and hesitations between words.
These signals can serve to indicate feelings
about what is being said. Emphasizing particular
words can imply whether or not feedback is
required.


e.) Closeness and Personal Space (Proxemics)







Every culture has different levels of physical closeness appropriate to different
types of relationship, and individuals learn these distances from the society in which
they grew up.
In today's multicultural society, it is important to consider the range of non-verbal
codes as expressed in different ethnic groups. When someone violates an 'appropriate'
distance, people may feel uncomfortable or defensive. Their actions may well be open
to misinterpretation.

These four distances are associated with the four main types of relationship - intimate,
personal, social and public.
Each of the distances are divided into two, giving a close phase and a far phase, thus making
eight divisions in all. It is worth noting that these distances are considered the norm in Western
Society:
Intimate Distance: Ranges from close contact (touching) to the 'far' phase of 15-45cm.
In British society, it tends to be seen as an inappropriate distance for public behaviour
and, as mentioned above, entering the intimate space of another person with whom you
do not have a close relationship can be extremely disturbing.
Personal Distance: The 'far' phase of personal distance is considered to be the most
appropriate for people holding a conversation. At this distance it is easy to see the other
person's expressions and eye movements, as well as their overall body language.
Handshaking can occur within the bounds of personal distance.
Social Distance: This is the normal distance for impersonal business, for example
working together in the same room or during social gatherings. Seating is also important;
communication is far more likely to be considered as a formal relationship if the
interaction is carried out across a desk. In addition, if the seating arrangements are such
that one person appears to look down on another, an effect of domination may be
created. At a social distance, speech needs to be louder and eye contact remains
essential to communication, otherwise feedback will be reduced and the interaction may
end.
Public Distance: Teachers and public speakers address groups at a public distance. At
such distances exaggerated non-verbal communication is necessary for communication
to be effective. Since subtle facial expressions are lost at this distance so clear hand
gestures are often used as a substitute. Larger head movements are also typical of an
experienced public speaker who is aware of changes in the way body language is
perceived at longer distances.

f.) Facial Expression

Communication involves both verbal and nonverbal forms of making sure our
message is heard. When communicating with others, we often use facial
expressions. It is important to understand these more subtle signals as a larger part
of the communication process. A simple smile may indicate that we are in
agreement with a message or approve of the message being heard. Meanwhile, a
scowl may indicate displeasure or disagreement with the message. Understanding
facial expressions and their meaning is an important part of the communication
process.
III. Written Communication
Written communication is writing the words which you want to communicate.
Good written communication is essential for business purposes. Written communication
is practiced in many different languages. E-mails, reports, articles and memos are some
of the ways of using written communication in business. The written communication can
be edited and amended many times before it is communicated to the second party to
whom the communication is intended. This is one of the main advantages of using
writing as the major means of communication in business activity. Written
communication is used not only in business but also for informal communication
purposes. Mobile SMS is an example of informal written communication.





Examples of Written Communication
a.) Business Letters









A business letter is usually a letter from one company to another, or between
such organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties. The overall
style of letter depends on the relationship between the parties concerned.
b.) Memos













This form is generally used for corresponding with other departments or in
calling for information from or conveying information to its employees. It may also
be used in corresponding with attached and subordinate offices. It is written in
the third person and bears no salutation or supersession except the name and
designation of the officer signing it.


c.) Notices












Notice is the legal concept in which a party is made aware of a legal
process affecting their rights, obligations or duties.

d.) Agenda










An agenda is a list of meeting activities in the order in which they are to be taken
up, by beginning with the call to order and ending with adjournment. It usually includes
one or more specific items of business to be discussed. It may, but is not required to,
include specific times for one or more activities. An agenda may also be called a docket
or schedule.



c
e.) Announcement









Statement made formally and publicly to the press for mass distribution.
Announcements can be made in response to something such as rumors, or can be
made for positive reasons such as the introduction of a new product or practice. For
example, a company in the business of manufacturing computers may unexpectedly
make an announcement about a new computer model. See also press release.
f.) Feedbacks









Process in which the effect or output of an action is 'returned' (fed-back) to
modify the next action. Feedback is essential to the working and survival of all
regulatory mechanisms found throughout living and non-living nature, and in man-made
systems such as education system and economy.


g.) Policies









A policy is a principle to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy
is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure

or protocol. Policies are
generally adopted by the Board of or senior governance body within an organization
whereas procedures or protocols would be developed and adopted by senior executive
officers.
IV. Visual Communication
The last type of communication is the visual communication. Visual
communication is visual display of information, like topography, photography, signs,
symbols and designs. Television and video clips are the electronic form of visual
communication.
Effective communication is essential for the success of any type of business.
Informally too, nothing can be achieved without proper communication. Therefore,
developing communicative skills is a must. One must understand that all the four types
of communication are equally important and one must develop communicative skills in
all the mediums. Communicative media is growing day by day to ensure clarity and to
eliminate the ambiguity in communication.






Examples of Visual Communication
a.) Video






Videos can be effective as training aids and ways to introduce new products to
an entire company. The human resources department can create an introductory
training video as part of new employee orientation. Other departments can create
training videos specific to their needs. When a company wants to introduce a new
product to employees, a video is an efficient way of delivering the new product
information to the entire company, allowing the company to see what the product can do
and answering questions employees might have.
b.) Slide presentation








A slide is a single page of a presentation. Collectively, a group of slides may be
known as a slide deck. Historically, a slide was created on a transparency and
viewed with an overhead projector. In today's digital age, a slide most commonly
refers to a single page developed using a presentation program such as Microsoft
PowerPoint or Apple Keynote.




c.) Picture/symbols/signs









A symbol is something that stands for something else because of a taught
association or because of resemblance to a thing, activity or concept. A symbol can be
a gesture, sign, object, photo, product label, black-and-white graphic or color graphic.
Augmentative and alternative communication systems use symbols.


























Different Forms of Communication
And
Examples






Submitted by:
Veryan B. Castelo
BSOA-IV
Sec 112 B
October 3, 2014


Submitted to:

Ms. Magdalena I. Dagalea