Yale University

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Yale University
Yale University Shield 1.svg
Latin: Universitas Yalensis
Motto ( Hebrew) (Urim V'Tamim)
Lux et veritas (Latin)
Motto in English
Light and truth
Established
1701
Type
Private
Endowment
$23.9 billion[1]
President
Peter Salovey[2]
Academic staff 4,171[3]
Students
12,223
Undergraduates 5,414
Postgraduates 6,809
Location
New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Campus Urban, 837 acres (339 ha) including Yale Golf Course
Former names
Collegiate School (17011718)
Yale College (17181887)
Colors
Yale Blue[4]
Athletics
NCAA Division I (FCS Football) Ivy League
Nickname
Bulldogs
Mascot Handsome Dan
Affiliations
Ivy League
AAU
IARU
Website Yale.edu
Yale logo.png
Charter creating Collegiate School, which became Yale College, October 9, 1701
Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connec
ticut. Founded in 1701 as the "Collegiate School" by a group of Congregationalis
t ministers and chartered by the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the th
ird-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. In 1718, the sc
hool was renamed "Yale College" in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale, a gove
rnor of the British East India Company. Established to train Connecticut ministe
rs in theology and sacred languages, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to in
corporate humanities and sciences. During the 19th century Yale gradually incorp
orated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph.D. in the Un
ited States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887.[5]
Yale is organized into twelve constituent schools: the original undergraduate co
llege, the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, and ten professional schools. Whi
le the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each school's faculty ove
rsees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in dow
ntown New Haven, the University owns athletic facilities in Western New Haven, i
ncluding the Yale Bowl, a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forest and natu
re preserves throughout New England. The University's assets include an endowmen
t valued at $23.9 billion as of September 27, 2014.[6] The Yale University Libra
ry, serving all twelve schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the th
ird-largest academic library in the United States.[7][8]
Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental m
ajors and are organized into a system of residential colleges. Almost all facult
y teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.[9]
Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I
Ivy League.

Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U.S. Presidents, 19 U.S.
Supreme Court Justices, 13 living billionaires,[10] and many foreign heads of st
ate. 52 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the University as students, fa
culty, or staff, and 230 Rhodes Scholars (the second most in the world) graduate
d from the University.[11]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.1.1 Origins
1.1.2 Curriculum
1.1.3 Students
1.2 19th century
1.2.1 Sports and debate
1.2.2 Expansion
1.3 20th century
1.3.1 Behavioral sciences
1.3.2 Biology
1.3.3 Medicine
1.3.4 Faculty
1.3.5 History and American Studies
1.3.6 Women
1.3.7 Class
1.3.8 Town-gown relations
1.4 21st century
2 Administration and organization
2.1 Leadership
2.2 Staff and labor unions
3 Campus
3.1 Notable nonresidential campus buildings
3.2 Campus safety
4 Academics
4.1 Admissions
4.2 Collections
4.3 University rankings
4.4 Faculty, research, and intellectual traditions
5 Campus life
5.1 Residential colleges
5.2 Student organizations
5.3 Traditions
5.4 Athletics
5.4.1 Song
5.4.2 Mascot
6 Notable people
6.1 Benefactors
6.2 Notable alumni and faculty
7 Yale in fiction and popular culture
8 Notes and references
9 Further reading
9.1 Secret societies
10 External links
History[edit]
A Front View of Yale-College and the College Chapel, Daniel Bowen, 1786.
Early history[edit]
Origins[edit]
Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School,"
passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, in
an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Co

nnecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel A

ndrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Nicole Mather, James Noyes, James Pier
pont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all
alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford, Conn
ecticut, to pool their books to form the school's library.[12] The group, led by
James Pierpont, is now known as "The Founders".
Originally known as the "Collegiate School," the institution opened in the home
of its first rector, Abraham Pierson,[13] in Killingworth (now Clinton). The sch
ool moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1718 the college moved to New H
aven, Connecticut.
First diploma awarded by Yale College, granted to Nathaniel Chauncey, 1702.
Meanwhile, a rift was forming at Harvard between its sixth president Increase Ma
ther and the rest of the Harvard clergy, whom Mather viewed as increasingly libe
ral, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity. The feud caused th
e Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it w
ould maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not.[14]
In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor G
urdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu
Yale, who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father David had
been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in
constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah
Dummer, Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in British Raj
as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, whic
h were sold for more than 560, a substantial sum at the time. Yale also donated 4
17 books and a portrait of King George I. Cotton Mather suggested that the schoo
l change its name to Yale College in gratitude to its benefactor, and to increas
e the chances that he would give the college another large donation or bequest.
Elihu Yale was away in India when the news of the school's name change reached h
is home in Wrexham, Wales, a trip from which he never returned. While he did ult
imately leave his fortunes to the "Collegiate School within His Majesties Colony
of Connecticot",[citation needed] the institution was never able to successfull
y lay claim to it.
Old Brick Row in 1807.
Curriculum[edit]
Yale was swept up by the great intellectual movements of the periodthe Great Awak
ening and the Enlightenmentthanks to the religious and scientific interests of pr
esidents Thomas Clap and Ezra Stiles. They were both instrumental in developing
the scientific curriculum at Yale, while dealing with wars, student tumults, gra
ffiti, "irrelevance" of curricula, desperate need for endowment, and fights with
the Connecticut legislature.[15]

Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England,

regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essent
ial for study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stil
es, president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in
the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their o
riginal language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to stu
dy Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to stu
dy the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase ( Urim and Thummim) on t
seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when hostile British for
ces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. However, Yale graduat
e Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation,
interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary deg
ree LL.D., at 1803,[16] for his efforts.

Woolsey Hall in c. 1905

Students[edit]
As the only college in Connecticut, Yale educated the sons of the elite.[17] Off
enses for which students were punished included cardplaying, tavern-going, destr
uction of college property, and acts of disobedience to college authorities. Dur
ing the period, Harvard was distinctive for the stability and maturity of its tu
tor corps, while Yale had youth and zeal on its side.[18]
The emphasis on classics gave rise to a number of private student societies, ope
n only by invitation, which arose primarily as forums for discussions of modern
scholarship, literature and politics. The first such organizations were debating
societies: Crotonia in 1738, Linonia in 1753, and Brothers in Unity in 1768.[19
]
19th century[edit]
Men leaning on the old Yale fence facing Chapel Street, c. 1874.
The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum
against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and s
cience. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for
colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students
and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for i
nnovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their s
tudents and prospective students demanded a classical background. The Yale repor
t meant the classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with
changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual track. In the decentralized
environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tra
dition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely moder
n or completely classical.[20] A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congr
egationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brough
t about by the Victorian culture. They concentrated on developing a whole man po
ssessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations from withi
n, yet flexible enough to adjust to the 'isms' (professionalism, materialism, in
dividualism, and consumerism) tempting him from without.[21] Perhaps the most we
ll-remembered[citation needed] teacher was William Graham Sumner, professor from
1872 to 1909. He taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology
to overflowing classrooms. He bested President Noah Porter, who disliked social
science and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Port
er objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnos
tic materialism because it might harm students.[22]
Until 1887, the legal name of the university was "The President and Fellows of Y
ale College, in New Haven." In 1887, under an act passed by the Connecticut Gene
ral Assembly, Yale gained its current, and shorter, name of "Yale University."[2
3]
Sports and debate[edit]
The Revolutionary War soldier Nathan Hale (Yale 1773) was the prototype of the Y
ale ideal in the early 19th century: a manly yet aristocratic scholar, equally w
ell-versed in knowledge and sports, and a patriot who "regretted" that he "had b
ut one life to lose" for his country. Western painter Frederic Remington (Yale 1
900) was an artist whose heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the W
ild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embod
ied the heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Frank
Stover in the novel Stover at Yale (1911) questioned the business mentality tha
t had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly the students turned to athlet
ic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became the goal
of the student body, and the alumni, as well as the team itself.[24]

Along with Harvard and Princeton, Yale students rejected elite British concepts
about 'amateurism' in sports and constructed athletic programs that were uniquel
y American, such as football.[25] The HarvardYale football rivalry began in 1875.
Yale's four-oared crew team, posing with 1876 Centennial Regatta trophy, won at
Philadelphia.
Between 1892, when Harvard and Yale met in the first intercollegiate debate, and
1909, the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton,
the rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame thes
e early debates. Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and e
mphasized in yearbooks, and team members even received the equivalent of athleti
c letters for their jackets. There even were rallies sending off the debating te
ams to matches. Yet, the debates never attained the broad appeal that athletics
enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner, as is the ca
se in sports, and that scoring is subjective. In addition, with late 19th-centur
y concerns about the impact of modern life on the human body, athletics offered
hope that neither the individual nor the society was coming apart.[26]
In 190910, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous ref
orms of 190506 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alar
m and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard,
Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possi
ble radical changes forced by government upon the sport. President Arthur Hadley
of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked
to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were re
duced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegi
ate Athletic Association. The big three had tried to operate independently of th
e majority, but changes did reduce injuries.[27]
Expansion[edit]
Connecticut Hall, oldest building on the Yale campus, built between 1750 and 175
3.
Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale D
ivinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847),[28] and the Yale School
of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presid
ency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The universi
ty would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry
& Environmental Studies (founded by Gifford Pinchot in 1901), the Yale School of
Public Health (1915), the Yale School of Nursing (1923), the Yale School of Dra
ma (1955), the Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and the Yale School of M
anagement (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield S
cientific School.
Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosop
her, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in h
igher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claimi
ng that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Ma
ny of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians sinc
e have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded
reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selectiv
e conservative.[29] He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new;
rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles t
o a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges o
f his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompa
nied the emergence and growth of the modern university.

Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor of the Yale campus, facing north.

20th century[edit]
Behavioral sciences[edit]
Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially ones connected with
the Rockefellers, contributed about $7 million to support the Yale Institute of
Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology. The
money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation
officers who aimed to "improve mankind" under an informal, loosely defined huma
n engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President James
R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes, tapped into foundation largesse
by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to contro
l, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual be
havior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human developm
ent and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the
behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their
human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.[30]
Biology[edit]
Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale du
ring overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site
for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Gra
ce E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both gradua
te students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, i
ncluding the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology,
respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have bee
n a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's gr
oup was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional positio
n or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely
productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of res
earch or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that n
ew models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include exte
nsive field research.[31]
Medicine[edit]
Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. An
innovative, even maverick, leader, he not only kept the school from going under
but also turned it into a first-class research institution.[citation needed] Ded
icated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fer
vent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and enviro
nment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer
exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the gradu
ate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numero
us new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations,
envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biologica
l scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a f
ew years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to
resign.[32]
Faculty[edit]
Before World War II, most elite university faculties counted among their numbers
few, if any, Jews, blacks, women, or other minorities; Yale was no exception. B
y 1980, this condition had been altered dramatically, as numerous members of tho
se groups held faculty positions.[33]
History and American Studies[edit]
The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological
struggle. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies
in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American stud
ies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting libe

rty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fu
ndamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism a
nd national purpose.[34] Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire Wi
lliam R. Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale U
niversity and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the '
values' of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism."
[35]
Women[edit]
Women studied at Yale University as early as 1892, in graduate-level programs at
the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.[36]
In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merg
ing to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female, d
eclined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 196
9.[37] Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate;[38]
she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Antho
ny Hall. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women start
ing from freshman year; at the time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vand
erbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus.
A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty be
came the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccess
ful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of
sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Boa
rd and the Yale Women's Center.[39] In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed
against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's femi
nist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexu
al climate.[40] In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee
to address complaints of sexual misconduct.[41]
Class[edit]
Yale, like other Ivy League schools, instituted policies in the early 20th centu
ry designed to maintain the proportion of white Protestants of notable families
in the student body (see numerus clausus), and was one of the last of the Ivies
to eliminate such preferences, beginning with the class of 1970.[42]
Town-gown relations[edit]
Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands o
f students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city
officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pres
sed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financial
ly supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence sugg
ests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the ec
onomic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success
amid a decline in the local economy.[43]
21st century[edit]
In 2006, Yale and Peking University (PKU) established a Joint Undergraduate Prog
ram in Beijing, an exchange program allowing Yale students to spend a semester l
iving and studying with PKU honor students.[44] In July 2012, the Peking Univers
ity-Yale University Program ended due to weak participation.[44]
In 2007 outgoing Yale President Rick Levin characterized Yale's institutional pr
iorities: "First, among the nation's finest research universities, Yale is disti
nctively committed to excellence in undergraduate education. Second, in our grad
uate and professional schools, as well as in Yale College, we are committed to t
he education of leaders."[45]
The Boston Globe wrote that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educati

ng the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale."[46
] Yale alumni were represented on the Democratic or Republican ticket in every U
.S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated Presidents since
the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton,
and George W. Bush, and major-party nominees during this period include John Ker
ry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice Pr
esident, 1972). Other Yale alumni who made serious bids for the Presidency durin
g this period include Hillary Rodham Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Ha
rt (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1
976, 1980, 1992).
Several explanations have been offered for Yales representation in national elect
ions since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus
activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influen
ce of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many of the future candidates.[47] Yale
President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yales focus on creating "a laborato
ry for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure o
f Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster.[47] Richard H. B
rodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University, state
d: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our
admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale."[46]
Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale durin
g the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Libera
l Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage th
e Yale Daily News.[48] Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elit
ism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school
."[49] CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions p
olicies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically
influential family."[50] New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and Th
e Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community a
nd cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which
downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.[51]
During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Mich
ael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". W
hen challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his o
wn Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diff
use, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism i
n it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and eliti
sm".[52][53] In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separa
te from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between
the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have wome
n in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African
Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change
of an entire generation".[54]
In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location th
e others are Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara for the T
ony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative.[5
5] As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Y
ale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar,
"Debating Globalization".[56] As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC
chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar, "Understanding Politics
and Politicians."[57] Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, Universi
ty College London, and both schools affiliated hospital complexes to conduct rese
arch focused on the direct improvement of patient carea growing field known as tr
anslational medicine. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of ot
her partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the sc
ale of the new partnership with UCL".[58]

New international Yale initiatives launched included (among many others):

Jackson Institute for Global Affairs, promoting international education Universi
ty-wide;
Global Health Initiative, uniting and expanding global health efforts across cam
pus;
Yale India Initiative, expanding the study of and engagement with India;
Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, bridging the gap between academia an
d the world of public policy; and
Yale China Law Center, promoting the rule of law in China.
Yale - Management Guild
New global research and educational partnerships included (among many others):
Yale-Universidad de Chile International Program in Astronomy Education and Resea
rch;
Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agrobiology;
TodaiYale Initiative for the Study of Japan;
Fudan-Yale Biomedical Research Center in Shanghai;
Yale-University College London Collaboration; and
UNSAAC-Yale Center for the Study of Machu Picchu and Inca Culture in Peru.
The most ambitious international partnership to date is Yale-NUS College in Sing
apore, a joint effort with the National University of Singapore to create a new
liberal arts college in Asia featuring an innovative curriculum that weaves West
ern and Asian traditions, set to open in August 2013.[59][60][61]
Administration and organization[edit]
Leadership[edit]
School founding
School
Year founded
Yale College
1701
Yale School of Medicine
1810
Yale Divinity School
1822
Yale Law School
1843
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
1847
Sheffield Scientific School[28]
1847
Yale School of Fine Arts
1869
Yale School of Music
1894
Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
1901
Yale School of Public Health
1915
Yale School of Nursing
1923
Yale School of Drama
1955
Yale School of Management
1976
The President and Fellows of Yale College, also known as the Yale Corporation, i
s the governing board of the University.
Yale's former president Richard C. Levin was, at the time, one of the highest pa
id university presidents in the United States with a 2008 salary of $1.5 million

.[62]
The Yale Provost's Office has launched several women into prominent university p
residencies. In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale f
rom this position, and went on to become President of the University of Chicago,
the first woman to be full president of a major university. In 1994 Yale Provos
t Judith Rodin became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at
the University of Pennsylvania. In 2002 Provost Alison Richard became the Vice
Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 2004, Provost Susan Hockfield beca
me the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2007 Deputy Pr
ovost Kim Bottomly was named President of Wellesley College. In 2003, the Dean o
f the Divinity School, Rebecca Chopp, was appointed president of Colgate Univers
ity and now heads Swarthmore College.
The university has three major academic components: Yale College (the undergradu
ate program), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the professional sch
ools.[63] In 2008 Provost Andrew Hamilton was confirmed to be the Vice Chancello
r of the University of Oxford.[64] Former Dean of Yale College Richard H. Brodhe
ad serves as the President of Duke University.
Staff and labor unions[edit]
Main article: Federation of Hospital and University Employees
Much of Yale University's staff, including most maintenance staff, dining hall e
mployees, and administrative staff, are unionized. Clerical and technical employ
ees are represented by Local 34 of UNITE HERE and service and maintenance worker
s by Local 35 of the same international. Together with the Graduate Employees an
d Students Organization (GESO), an unrecognized union of graduate employees, Loc
als 34 and 35 make up the Federation of Hospital and University Employees. Also
included in FHUE are the dietary workers at Yale-New Haven Hospital, who are mem
bers of 1199 SEIU.[65] In addition to these unions, officers of the Yale Univers
ity Police Department are members of the Yale Police Benevolent Association, whi
ch affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employ
ees.[66] Finally, Yale security officers voted to join the International Union o
f Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in fall 2010 after the Nati
onal Labor Relations Board ruled they could not join AFSCME; the Yale administra
tion contested the election.[67]
Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminat
ing in strikes.[68] There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The N
ew York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of lab
or tension of any university in the U.S.[69] Yale's unusually large endowment ex
acerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to
treat workers with respect.[70] In a 2003 strike, however, the university claime
d that more union employees were working than striking.[71] Professor David Grae
ber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in
campus labor issues.[72]
Campus[edit]
Yale Law School
Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2). An addit
ional 500 acres (2.0 km2) includes the Yale golf course and nature preserves in
rural Connecticut and Horse Island.[73]
Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus[74] as well as for severa
l iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey cou
rses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery[75] and Center for British Art, Eero Saarine
n's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Ar
chitecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-centur
y mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful stree

t in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s.
In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in t
he United States.[76]
Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture
style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness[77] Stone sculpt
ure built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personali
ties such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who h
as fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildin
gs depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a
prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of
beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these build
ings by splashing the walls with acid,[78] deliberately breaking their leaded gl
ass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating nic
hes for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft ove
r the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for
though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic man
ner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exceptio
n is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing
stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale
Memorial Carillon.
Vanderbilt Hall
Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) styl
e are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Ru
ssell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, inc
luding Vanderbilt Hall,[79] Phelps Hall,[80] St. Anthony Hall (a commission for
member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories,
dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences s
chool at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest resident
ial college.[81]
Statue of Nathan Hale in front of Connecticut Hall
The oldest building on campus, Connecticut Hall (built in 1750), is in the Georg
ian style. Georgian-style buildings erected from 1929 to 1933 include Timothy Dw
ight College, Pierson College, and Davenport College, except the latter's east,
York Street faade, which was constructed in the Gothic style so as to co-ordinate
with adjacent structures.
The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Sk
idmore, Owings & Merrill, is one of the largest buildings in the world reserved
exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts.[82] It is locate
d near the center of the University in Hewitt Quadrangle, which is now more comm
only referred to as "Beinecke Plaza".
The library's six-story above-ground tower of book stacks is surrounded by a win
dowless rectangular building with walls made of translucent Vermont marble, whic
h transmit subdued lighting to the interior and provide protection from direct l
ight, while glowing from within after dark.
Interior of Beinecke Library
The sculptures in the sunken courtyard by Isamu Noguchi are said to represent ti
me (the pyramid), the sun (the circle), and chance (the cube).
Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as
the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main term
inal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Inga

lls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. T
hese latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano a
prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like st
one towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many
Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.[83]
Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices
at Yale.[84] Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below
1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university alloca
tes renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential co
lleges.[85] Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certifica
tion.[86] Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, org
anic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls.[87] Y
ale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments I
nstitutes College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a B+ grade overall.
[88]
Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven
Marsh Botanical Garden
Yale Sustainable Food Project Farm
Yale Old Campus Courtyard in winter
Notable nonresidential campus buildings[edit]
Notable nonresidential campus buildings and landmarks include Battell Chapel, Be
inecke Rare Book Library, Harkness Tower, Ingalls Rink, Kline Biology Tower, Osb
orne Memorial Laboratories, Payne Whitney Gymnasium, Peabody Museum of Natural H
istory, Sterling Hall of Medicine, Sterling Law Buildings, Sterling Memorial Lib
rary, Woolsey Hall, Yale Center for British Art, Yale University Art Gallery, an
d Yale Art & Architecture Building.
Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built bo
th to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is repres
ented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erect
ed in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (e
rected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constru
cted on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th
century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 18
23). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript S
ociety, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers
for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern
style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Bea
ux-Arts style (erected 186970); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis
or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the firs
t wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rea
r garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, de
signs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; and Wolf'
s Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).
The Starr Reading Room in Sterling Library
Harkness Tower
The Library Circulation Desk
Memorial Chapel on Yale's Old Campus

The Yale School of Management

Yale School of Architecture
Yale School of Forestry
Connecticut Hall
Yale Peabody Museum
The Yale Bowl
Campus safety[edit]
In addition to the Yale University Police Department, founded in 1894,[89] a var
iety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, an
d a shuttle service.[90]
In the 1970s and 1980s, poverty and violent crime rose in New Haven, dampening Y
ale's student and faculty recruiting efforts.[91] Between 1990 and 2006, New Hav
en's crime rate fell by half, helped by a community policing strategy by the New
Haven police and Yale's campus became the safest among the Ivy League and other
peer schools.[92] Nonetheless, across the board, the city of New Haven has reta
ined the highest levels of crime of any Ivy League city for more than a decade.[
93]
In 2004, a national non-profit watchdog group called Security on Campus filed a
complaint with the U.S. Department of Education, accusing Yale of under-reportin
g rape and sexual assaults.[94][95]
Academics[edit]
Admissions[edit]
Yale University's Sterling Memorial Library, as seen from Maya Lin's sculpture,
Women's Table. The sculpture records the number of women enrolled at Yale over i
ts history; female undergraduates were not admitted until 1969.
Undergraduate admission to Yale College is considered highly competitive.[96] In
2014, Yale accepted 1,935 students to the Class of 2018 out of 30,932 applicant
s, an acceptance rate of 6.3%.[97][98] 98% of students graduate within six years
.[99]
Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full d
emonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form
of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, a
nd the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395.[100] 15%
of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and abou
t 50% receive some form of financial aid.[99][101][102] About 16% of the Class o
f 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of
$13,000 among borrowers.[99]
Half of all Yale undergraduates are women, more than 39% are ethnic minority U.S
. citizens (19% are underrepresented minorities), and 10.5% are international st
udents.[100] Fifty-five percent attended public schools and 45% attended private
, religious, or international schools, and 97% of students were in the top 10% o
f their high school class.[99] Every year, Yale College also admits a small grou
p of non-traditional students through the Eli Whitney Students Program.

Collections[edit]
The Night Caf, Vincent van Gogh, 1888, Yale Art Gallery.
Yale University Library, which holds over 15 million volumes, is the third-large
st university collection in the United States.[7][103] The main library, Sterlin
g Memorial Library, contains about 4 million volumes, and other holdings are dis
persed at subject libraries.
Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library
has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John H
ay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, includin
g an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instrume
nts. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th century Bri
tish literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, m
akes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researcher
s through Yale.
Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University
Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains mor
e than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern
art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-sc
ale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale
Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK,
grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building
.
The Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven is used by school children an
d contains research collections in anthropology, archaeology, and the natural en
vironment. The Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments, affiliated wit
h the Yale School of Music, is perhaps the least-known of Yale's collections, be
cause its hours of opening are restricted.
The museums also house the artifacts brought to the United States from Peru by Y
ale history professor Hiram Bingham in his expedition to Machu Picchu in 1912 wh
en the removal of such artifacts was legal. Peru would now like to have the item
s returned; Yale has so far declined.[104] In November 2010, a Yale University r
epresentative agreed to return the artifacts to a Peruvian university.[105]
University rankings[edit]
University rankings
National
ARWU[106]
9
Forbes[107]
4
U.S. News & World Report[108] 3
Washington Monthly[109] 39
Global
ARWU[110]
11
QS[111] 10
Times[112]
11
The U.S. News & World Report ranked Yale third among U.S. national universities
for 2015,[113] as it has for each of the past thirteen years, in every case behi
nd Princeton and Harvard. It was ranked fourth in the 2011 QS World University R
ankings and tenth in the 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[
114][115] Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitys Academic Ranking of World Universities,
placed Yale at 11 in 2010. ARWU also ranked Yale 25th in Natural Sciences and Ma
thematics, 76100th in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences, 9th in Life a
nd Agriculture Sciences, 21st in Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy, and 8th in Soci
al Sciences worldwide.[116]

Faculty, research, and intellectual traditions[edit]

The college is, after normalization for institution size, the tenth-largest bacc
alaureate source of doctoral degree recipients in the United States, and the lar
gest such source within the Ivy League.[117]
Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criti
cism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth
Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department
became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deco
nstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late sev
enties to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated wit
h deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Ma
n who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis
Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparat
ive Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was alwa
ys somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the res
t of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intelle
ctual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited wit
h beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; l
ikewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current genera
tion of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fost
ered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Jour
nal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were
influential teachers and scholars.
Since summer 2010, Yale has also been host to Yale Publishing Course.
Campus life[edit]
Yale is a medium-sized research university, most of whose students are in the gr
aduate and professional schools. Undergraduates, or Yale College students, come
from a variety of ethnic, national, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Of the 2010201
1 freshman class, 10% are non U.S. citizens, while 54% went to public high schools
.[118] Yale is also an open campus for the gay community.[119][120] Its active L
GBT community first received wide publicity in the late 1980s, when Yale obtaine
d a reputation as the "gay Ivy", due largely to a 1987 Wall Street Journal artic
le written by Julie V. Iovine, an alumna and the spouse of a Yale faculty member
. During the same year, the University hosted a national conference on gay and l
esbian studies and established the Lesbian and Gay Studies Center.[121] The slog
an "One in Four, Maybe More" was coined by the campus gay community. While the c
ommunity in the 1980s and early 1990s was very activist, today most LGBT events
have become part of the general campus social scene.[122] For example, the annua
l LGBT Co-op Dance attracts straight as well as gay students.
Residential colleges[edit]
Main article: Residential colleges of Yale University
Yale has a system of twelve residential colleges, instituted in 1933 by donation
of Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of the college systems a
t Oxford and Cambridge. Although they resemble the Oxbridge colleges organizatio
nally and architecturally, unlike the federal system of their precursors the res
idential colleges are dependent entities of Yale College. All undergraduates are
members of a college, assigned before their freshman year, and 85 percent live
in the college quadrangle or a college-affiliated dormitory.[123] The colleges a
re led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and universi
ty faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. All twelve college
quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, court
yard, library, common room, seminar rooms, and a variety of student facilities l
ike gyms, game rooms, printing presses, and squash courts. Colleges offer their
own seminars (which can be taken for credit), social events, and speaking engage
ments known as "Master's Teas," but they do not contain programs of study or aca
demic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty

of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.

Residential colleges are named for important people or places in university hist
ory. The dominant architecture of the residential colleges is Collegiate Gothic,
the architectural style most characteristic of the university. Several colleges
are revivalist interpretations of Georgian orFederal styles, and the two most r
ecent, (Morse and Ezra Stiles), have modernist structures. While the majority of
upperclassman live in the colleges, most on-campus freshmen live on the Old Cam
pus, the university's oldest precinct. Each residential college has its own dini
ng hall, but students are permitted to eat in any residential college dining hal
l or the large dining facility called "Commons".
Berkeley College
Branford College
Calhoun College
Davenport College
Jonathan Edwards College
Trumbull College
This is a list of residential colleges at Yale.[124]
Berkeley College, named for the Rt. Rev. George Berkeley (16851753), early benefa
ctor of Yale.[125]
Branford College, named for Branford, Connecticut, where Yale was briefly locate
d.[126]
Calhoun College, named for John C. Calhoun, vice-president and influential membe
r of Congress of the United States.[127]
Davenport College, named for Rev. John Davenport, the founder of New Haven. Ofte
n called "D'port".[128]
Ezra Stiles College, named for the Rev. Ezra Stiles, a president of Yale. Genera
lly called "Stiles," despite an early-1990s crusade by then-master Traugott Lawl
er to preserve the use of the full name in everyday speech. Its buildings were d
esigned by Eero Saarinen.[129]
Jonathan Edwards College, named for theologian, Yale alumnus, and Princeton co-f
ounder Jonathan Edwards. Generally called "J.E." The oldest of the residential c
olleges, J.E. is the only college with an independent endowment, the Jonathan Ed
wards Trust.[130]
Morse College, named for Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of Morse code and the tele
graph. Also designed by Eero Saarinen.[131]
Pierson College, named for Yale's first rector, Abraham Pierson.[132] A statue o
f Abraham Pierson stands on Yale's Old Campus.[133]
Saybrook College, named for Old Saybrook, Connecticut, the town in which Yale wa
s founded.[134]
Silliman College, named for noted scientist and Yale professor Benjamin Silliman
. About half of its structures were originally part of the Sheffield Scientific
School.[135]
Timothy Dwight College, named for the two Yale presidents of that name, Timothy
Dwight IV and Timothy Dwight V. Often abbreviated "T.D."[136]
Trumbull College, named for Jonathan Trumbull, first Governor of Connecticut.[13
7]

In 1998, Yale launched a series of extensive renovations to the older residentia

l buildings, which in many decades of existence had seen only routine maintenanc
e and incremental improvements to plumbing, heating, and electrical and network
wiring. Many of these renovations have now been completed, and among other impro
vements, renovated colleges feature newly built basement facilities including sn
ack bars called "butteries," game rooms, theaters, athletic facilities, fine art
s studios, and music practice rooms.
In June 2008, President Levin announced that the Yale Corporation had authorized
the construction of two new residential colleges, scheduled to open in 2013. Th
e additional colleges, to be built in the northern part of the campus, will allo
w for expanded admission and a reduction of crowding in the existing residential
colleges.[138] Designs have been released, and some public controversy has surf
aced over Yale's decision to demolish a number of historic buildings on the site
, including a recently constructed library, in order to clear it for the $600 mi
llion new structures.[139]
Student organizations[edit]
Main article: List of Yale University student organizations
The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. E
stablished in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspa
pers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the wee
kly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent,
non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale underg
raduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The
Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities
and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cate
r to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama
Coalition[140] serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the vario
us Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale R
adio[141] is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While s
tudents used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only
stream.
The Yale College Council (YCC) serves as the campus's undergraduate student gove
rnment. All registered student organizations are regulated and funded by a subsi
diary organization of the YCC, known as the Undergraduate Organizations Committe
e (UOC). The Graduate and Professional Student Senate (GPSS) serves as Yale's gr
aduate and professional student government.
The Yale Political Union is advised by alumni political leaders such as John Ker
ry and George Pataki. The Yale International Relations Association functions as
the umbrella organization for the top-ranked Model UN team.
The campus includes several fraternities and sororities. The campus features at
least 18 a cappella groups, the most famous of which is The Whiffenpoofs, who ar
e unusual among college singing groups in being made up solely of senior men.
Yale's secret societies include Skull and Bones, Scroll and Key, Wolf's Head, Bo
ok and Snake, Elihu, Berzelius, St. Elmo, Manuscript, and Mace and Chain. The tw
o oldest existing honor societies are the Aurelian (1910) and the Torch Honor So
ciety (1916).[142]
The Elizabethan Club, a social club, has a membership of undergraduates, graduat
es, faculty and staff with literary or artistic interests. Membership is by invi
tation. Members and their guests may enter the "Lizzie's" premises for conversat
ion and tea. The club owns first editions of a Shakespeare Folio, several Shakes
peare Quartos, a first edition of Milton's Paradise Lost, among other important
literary texts.

Traditions[edit]
Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from
their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been repla
ced with "bubble pipes".[143][144] ("Bright College Years," the University's alm
a mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die W
acht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider
it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Camp
us. Actual students rarely do so.[145] In the second half of the twentieth centu
ry Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a
popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In s
pite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009 and 2011, b
ut its future remains uncertain.[146]
Athletics[edit]
The Walter Camp Gate at the Yale Athletic Complex.
Main article: Yale Bulldogs
Yale supports 35 varsity athletic teams that compete in the Ivy League Conferenc
e, the Eastern College Athletic Conference, the New England Intercollegiate Sail
ing Association. Yale athletic teams compete intercollegiately at the NCAA Divis
ion I level. Like other members of the Ivy League, Yale does not offer athletic
scholarships.
Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's fir
st natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Me
morial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic co
mplex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic compl
ex in the world.[147] October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth n
ew boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is
named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard G
ilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maint
ains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-H
arvard Boat Race.
Yale crew is the oldest collegiate athletic team in America, and won Olympic Gam
es Gold Medal for men's eights in 1924 and 1956. The Yale Corinthian Yacht Club,
founded in 1881, is the oldest collegiate sailing club in the world.
In 1896, Yale and Johns Hopkins played the first known ice hockey game in the Un
ited States. Since 2006, the school's ice hockey clubs have played a commemorati
ve game.[148]
For kicks, between 1954 and 1982, residential college teams and student organiza
tions played bladderball.[149]
Yale students claim to have invented Frisbee, by tossing empty Frisbie Pie Compa
ny tins.[150][151]
Yale athletics are supported by the Yale Precision Marching Band. "Precision" is
used here ironically; the band is a scatter-style band that runs wildly between
formations rather than actually marching.[152] The band attends every home foot
ball game and many away, as well as most hockey and basketball games throughout
the winter.
Yale intramural sports are also a significant aspect of student life. Students c
ompete for their respective residential colleges, fostering a friendly rivalry.
The year is divided into fall, winter, and spring seasons, each of which include
s about ten different sports. About half the sports are coeducational. At the en
d of the year, the residential college with the most points (not all sports coun

t equally) wins the Tyng Cup.

Song[edit]
Notable among the songs commonly played and sung at events such as commencement,
convocation, alumni gatherings, and athletic games are the alma mater, "Bright
College Years", and the Yale fight song, "Down the Field."
Two other fight songs, "Bulldog, Bulldog" and "Bingo Eli Yale", written by Cole
Porter during his undergraduate days, are still sung at football games. Another
fight song sung at games is "Boola Boola". According to College Fight Songs: An A
nnotated Anthology published in 1998, Down the Field ranks as the fourth-greatest f
ight song of all time.[153]
Mascot[edit]
The school mascot is "Handsome Dan", the known Yale bulldog, and the Yale fight
song (written by Cole Porter while he was a student at Yale) contains the refrai
n, "Bulldog, bulldog, bow wow wow." The school color, since 1894, is Yale Blue.[
154] Yale's Handsome Dan is believed to be the first college mascot in America,
having been established in 1889.[155]
Notable people[edit]
Benefactors[edit]
Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or t
imeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations comm
emorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family
(Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter)
; John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charle
s B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gil
der, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion.[156] Charles B.
Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 t
o support of the construction of two new residential colleges.[157]
Notable alumni and faculty[edit]
Further information: List of Yale University people and List of Yale Law School
alumni
Academy Award Winning Actress Meryl Streep, Yale School of Drama class of 1975
President William Howard Taft graduated from Yale in 1878.
Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the bes
t-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush,
Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav R
omanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime
minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu iller, Mexican president Erne
sto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president Jos Pacian
o Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence
Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Cyrus Van
ce, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Bent, and Tom Wolfe
; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patr
iot and "first spy" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors
and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney
Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia K
azan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Oliver Stone, Sam Watersto
n, and Michael Cimino; "Father of American football" Walter Camp, "The perfect o
arsman" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling and Bill Hutchinson; basketba
ll player Chris Dudley; football players Craig Breslow, Gary Fencik, and Calvin
Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes;
swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers
Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver
; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster;

sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick C
avett and Anderson Cooper; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria;
economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor a
nd Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Fra
ncis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeo
ple, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harol
d Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time War
ner president Jeffrey Bewkes, and Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon.
Yale in fiction and popular culture[edit]
Further information: List of Yale University people and Yale in popular culture
Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultu
ral referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of s
ociety[158] and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portraye
d in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover
at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover[159] and Frank Merriwell, th
e model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, a
nd track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs.[160][161] Yale Uni
versity was also mentioned in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby". Ni
ck Carraway and Tom Buchanan have both graduated from New Haven. The narrator (t
he former) has written a series of editorials for the Yale News and the latter w
as "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football at New Haven".
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ http://news.yale.edu/2014/09/24/investment-return-202-brings-yale-endo
wment-value-239-billion
Jump up ^ Shelton, Jim (July 1, 2013). "Peter Salovey takes the helm as Yales 23r
d president". New Haven Register. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yale "Factsheet"". Yale Office of Institutional Research. Yale Univer
sity. Fall 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Yale University Identity Guidelines". Yale.edu. Retrieved December 4,
2011.
Jump up ^ "Academic programs | Yale". Yale.edu. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ http://news.yale.edu/2014/09/24/investment-return-202-brings-yale-endo
wment-value-239-billion
^ Jump up to: a b Gibbons, Susan (2013). Yale University Library Annual Report 20
122013 (Report). Yale University Library. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "ALA Library Fact Sheet 22 The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing b
y Volumes Held". American Library Association. July 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2014
.
Jump up ^ Lu, Carmen (October 23, 2002). news/2009/10/15/undergraduate-teachingrequirement-myth/ "Undergraduate teaching requirement a myth". Yale Daily News.
Retrieved December 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Ten Colleges Most Likely to Make You a Billionaire". theatlantic.
com. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Number of Winners by Institution". rhodesscholar.org. Retrieved 13 Au
gust 2014.
Jump up ^ The Harvard Crimson: "I'm Gonna Git Yoy Sukka: Classic Stories of Reve
nge at Harvard.". Retrieved April 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Although Pierson was "rector" in his own time, he is today considered
the first president of Yale.
Jump up ^ "Increase Mather"., Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Encyclopdia
Britannica
Jump up ^ Louis Leonard Tucker, Puritan Protagonist: President Thomas Clap of Ya
le College (1970); Edmund S. Morgan, The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles,
17271795 (1970).
Jump up ^ "Edmund Fanning (17391818)". Retrieved June 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Historian Bruce Daniels has used biographical dictionaries of the coll
ege graduates of Yale University, presents statistics on Yale graduates from the
classes of 1702 to 1780, focusing on the graduates' career choices, their succe

ss in life, religious affiliation, vital statistics, the percentage of those who

supported the American Revolution, and geographic mobility. See Bruce C. Daniel
s, "College Students and Puritan Society: a Quantitative Profile of Yale Graduat
es in Colonial America," Connecticut History 1982 (23): 123
Jump up ^ Kathryn McDaniel. Moore, "The War with the Tutors: Student-faculty Con
flict at Harvard and Yale, 17451771," History of Education Quarterly 1978 18(2):
115127,
Jump up ^ None of these continue to exist today. They are commemorated in names
given to campus structures, such as Brothers in Unity Courtyard in Branford Coll
ege.
Jump up ^ Michael S. Pak, "The Yale Report of 1828: A New Reading and New Implic
ations," History of Education Quarterly 2008 48(1): 3057; Melvin I. Urofsky, "Ref
orms and Response: The Yale Report of 1828," History of Education Quarterly, Vol
. 5, No. 1 (Mar., 1965), pp. 5367 in JSTOR
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n Scholars and the Transformation of Higher Learning in America, 18301890 (1986)
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Sociology 19801981 3(1): 87106
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ieved 18 July 2014.
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al, 18651914," Proteus 1986 3(1): 1824
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etics (1988)
Jump up ^ Roberta J. Park, "Muscle, Mind, and 'Agon:' Intercollegiate Debating a
nd Athletics at Harvard and Yale, 18921909," Journal of Sport History 1987 14(3):
263285
Jump up ^ John S., Watterson III, "The Football Crisis of 19091910: the Response
of the Eastern 'Big Three'," Journal of Sport History 1981 8(1): 3349
^ Jump up to: a b Sheffield was originally named Yale Scientific School; it was
renamed in 1861 after a major donation from Joseph E. Sheffield.
Jump up ^ George Levesque, "Noah Porter Revisited," Perspectives on the History
of Higher Education 2007 26: 2966,
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Philanthropic Foundation Support for the Behavioral Sciences at Yale University,
192341," History of the Human Sciences 2008 21(2): 2143,
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20th Century Research at Yale Led by Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford
and G. Evelyn Hutchinson," Journal of the History of Biology 2003 36(3): 501529,
Jump up ^ Howard Spiro and Priscilla Waters Norton, "Dean Milton C. Winternitz a
t Yale," Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 2003 46(3): 403412,
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A Step in the Creation of the Modern History Department," Journal of the Histor
ical Society (1529921x); 2007 7(3): 385405
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" American Studies 40:2 (Summer 1999): 7199
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American Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 437465 in JSTOR
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(2005-02-24). Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
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Vassar.edu. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
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en.". Retrieved April 10, 2007.
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ity". Retrieved April 29, 2011.
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uct," Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
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il 10, 2007.
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Remaking Social Geography," Political Geography 2003 22(1): 89117, focuses on Yal
e.
^ Jump up to: a b Gideon, Gavan; Sisgoreo, Daniel; Stephenson, Tapley (July 27,
2012). "With end of Yale-PKU, admins' hopes unfulfilled". Yale Daily News. New H
aven, CT, USA: The Yale Daily News Publishing Company. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
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2007-04-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Boston Globe November 17, 2002, Magazine, p. 6
^ Jump up to: a b Los Angeles Times October 4, 2000, p. E1
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mni Magazine. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
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s on the rise". Washington Post. p. B1.
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e Thursday". Yale Daily News. Rosenfeld, Everett (October 15, 2010). "Union Vote
Contested by Yale". Yale Daily News.
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for Respect: The Clerical and Technical Workers' Strike at Yale University, 198
485 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995).
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housands Go on Strike". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Solidarity Strong as Yale Strike Ends". Aflcio.org. March 6, 2003. Re
trieved December 4, 2011.
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2, 2003. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Charlie Rose Show, Interview with David Graeber, 2006, PBS
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2007.
Jump up ^ Assorted pictures of Yale's campus.. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ About the Yale Art Gallery., Retrieved April 10, 2007. Archived April

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Jump up ^ "America's most beautiful college campuses", Travel+Leisure (September
, 2011)
Jump up ^ Synnott, Marcia Graham. The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and admis
sions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900 1970, Greenwood Press, 1979. Westpor
t, Connecticut, London, England
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l 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Vanderbilt Hall
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Jump up ^ Beinecke Rare Book Library: "About the Library Building.". Retrieved A
pril 10, 2007.
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enberg, Gutenberg.org
Further reading[edit]
Bagg, Lyman H. Four Years at Yale, New Haven, 1891.
Blum, John Morton. A life with history (2004) 283pp, memoir of history professor
and advisor to the president
Brown, Chandos Michael. Benjamin Silliman: A Life in the Young Republic. (1989).
377 pp.
Buckley, William F., Jr. God and Man at Yale, 1951.
Dana, Arnold G. Yale Old and New, 78 vols. personal scrapbook, 1942.
Deming, Clarence. Yale Yesterdays, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1915.
Dexter, Franklin Bowditch. Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Yale: Yale Coll
ege with Annals of the College History, 6 vols. New York, 18851912.
__________. Documentary History of Yale University: Under the Original Charter o
f the Collegiate School of Connecticut, 17011745. New Haven: Yale University Pres
s, 1901.
Fitzmier, John R. New England's Moral Legislator: Timothy Dwight, 17521817 (1998)
. 261 pp.
French, Robert Dudley. The Memorial Quadrangle, New Haven, Yale University Press
, 1929.
Furniss, Edgar S. The Graduate School of Yale, New Haven, 1965.
Gilpen, Toni, et al. On Strike For Respect, (updated edition: University of Illi
nois Press, 1995,)
Holden, Reuben A. Yale: A Pictorial History, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1
967.
Kabaservice, Geoffrey. The Guardians: Kingman Brewster, His Circle, and the Rise
of the Liberal Establishment, (2004). 573 pp.
Kalman, Laura. Legal Realism at Yale, 19271960 (1986). 314pp.
Kelley, Brooks Mather. Yale: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.
10-ISBN 0-300-07843-9: 13-ISBN 978-0-300-07843-5; OCLC 810552

Kingsley, William L. Yale College. A Sketch of its History, 2 vols. New York, 18
79.
Mendenhall, Thomas C. The Harvard-Yale Boat Race, 18521924, and the Coming of Spo
rt to the American College. (1993). 371 pp.
Nelson, Cary. Will Teach for Food: Academic Labor in Crisis, Minneapolis, Univer
sity of Minnesota Press, 1997.
Nissenbaum, Stephen, ed. The Great Awakening at Yale College (1972). 263 pp.
Oren, Dan A. Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale, New Haven, Yale Unive
rsity Press, 1985.* Oviatt, Edwin. The Beginnings of Yale (17011726), New Haven,
Yale University Press, 1916.
Pierson, George Wilson. Yale College, An Educational History (18711921), New Have
n, Yale University Press, 1952.
Pierson, George Wilson. Yale, The University College (19211937), New Haven, Yale
University Press, 1955.
__________, The Founding of Yale: The Legend of the Forty Folios, New Haven, Yal
e University Press, 1988.
Pinnell, Patrick L. The Campus Guide: Yale University, Princeton Architectural P
ress, New York, 1999.
Stevenson, Louise L. Scholarly Means to Evangelical Ends: The New Haven Scholars
and the Transformation of Higher Learning in America, 18301890 (1986). 221 pp.
Scully, Vincent et al., eds. Yale in New Haven: Architecture and Urbanism. New H
aven: Yale University, 2004.
Stokes, Anson Phelps. Memorials of Eminent Yale Men, 2 vols. New Haven, Yale Uni
versity Press, 1914.
Wikisource-logo.svg Stokes, Anson Phelps (1922). "Yale University". Encyclopdia B
ritannica (12th ed.).
Synnott, Marcia Graham. The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at H
arvard, Yale, and Princeton, 19001970 (1979). 310 pp.
Tucker, Louis Leonard. Connecticut's Seminary of Sedition: Yale College. Chester
, Conn.: Pequot, 1973. 78 pp.
Warch, Richard. School of the Prophets: Yale College, 17011740. (1973). 339 pp.
Welch, Lewis Sheldon, and Walter Camp. Yale, her campus, class-rooms, and athlet
ics (1900). online
Whitehead, John S. The Separation of College and State: Columbia, Dartmouth, Har
vard, and Yale, 17761876 (1973). 262 pp.
Wilson, Leonard G., ed. Benjamin Silliman and His Circle: Studies on the Influen
ce of Benjamin Silliman on Science in America (1979). 228 pp.
"Yale University". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Secret societies[edit]
Main article: Yale secret societies
Robbins, Alexandra, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and th
e Hidden Paths of Power, Little Brown & Co., 2002; ISBN 0-316-73561-2 (paper edi
tion).
Millegan, Kris (ed.), Fleshing Out Skull & Bones, TrineDay, 2003. ISBN 0-9752906
-0-6 (paper edition).
External links[edit]
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