New Zealand

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This article is about the country. For other uses, see New Zealand (disambiguati
on).
"NZ" redirects here. For other uses, see NZ (disambiguation).
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New Zealand
Aotearoa
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem:
"God Defend New Zealand"
MENU0:00
"God Save the Queen"[n 1]
Location of New Zealand within the Realm of New Zealand
Location of New Zealand within the Realm of New Zealand
Capital Wellington
4117S 17427E
Largest city
Auckland
Official languages
95.9% English[n 2]
4.2% Mori
0.6% NZ Sign Language
Ethnic groups (2013)
74.0% European
14.9% Mori
11.8% Asian
7.4% Pacific peoples
1.2% Middle Eastern, Latin American, African
1.7% Other[4]
Demonym
New Zealander
Kiwi (colloquial)
Government
Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Monarch Elizabeth II
Governor-General
Jerry Mateparae
Prime Minister John Key
Legislature
Parliament
(House of Representatives)
Independence from the United Kingdom
Self-government 17 January 1853
Dominion
26 September 1907
Statute of Westminster Adoption Act
25 November 1947
Current constitution
13 December 1986
Area
Total 268,021 km2 (75th)
103,483 sq mi
Water (%)
1.6[n 3]
Population
June 2014 estimate
4,537,081[6] (123rd)
2013 census
4,242,048[7]
Density 16.5/km2 (205th)
42.7/sq mi
GDP (PPP)
2013 estimate
Total $122.193 billion[8]
Per capita
$30,493[8]
GDP (nominal) 2013 estimate
Total $181.3 billion[8]
Per capita
$40,481[8]
Gini (1997)
36.2[9]

medium
HDI (2013)
Steady 0.910[10]
very high 7th
Currency
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Time zone
NZST[n 4] (UTC+12)
Summer (DST)
NZDT (UTC+13)
(Sep to Apr)
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy
Drives on the left
Calling code
+64
ISO 3166 code NZ
Internet TLD
.nz
New Zealand (/nju zilnd/; Mori: Aotearoa [ataa]) is an island country in the southw
Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses that of
the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Mui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu and num
erous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) ea
st of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) sout
h of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its
remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its lon
g isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of animal, fungal
and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, su
ch as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic er
uptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city
is Auckland.
Polynesians settled New Zealand in 12501300 CE and developed a distinctive Mori cu
lture. Abel Tasman, a Dutch explorer, was the first European to sight New Zealan
d in 1642 CE.[11] In 1840, the British Crown and Mori signed the Treaty of Waitan
gi, making New Zealand a British colony. Today, the majority of New Zealand's po
pulation of 4.5 million is of European descent; the indigenous Mori are the large
st minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zeal
and's culture is mainly derived from Mori and early British settlers, with recent
broadening arising from increased immigration. The official languages are Engli
sh, Mori and New Zealand Sign Language, with English predominant. The country's e
conomy was historically dominated by the export of wool, but exports of dairy pr
oducts, meat, and wine, along with tourism, are more significant today.
Nationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, unicameral Parliament
, while executive political power is exercised by the Cabinet, led by the Prime
Minister, who is currently John Key. Queen Elizabeth II is the country's head of
state and is represented by a Governor-General. In addition, New Zealand is org
anised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local govern
ment purposes. The Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau (a dependent terri
tory); the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing states in free association with
New Zealand); and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealand's territorial claim
in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of N
ations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific I
slands Forum and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Politics
3.1 Government
3.2 Foreign relations and the military
3.3 Local government and external territories
4 Environment
4.1 Geography
4.2 Climate
4.3 Biodiversity

5 Economy
5.1 Trade
5.2 Infrastructure
6 Demography
6.1 Ethnicity and immigration
6.2 Language
6.3 Education
6.4 Religion
7 Culture
7.1 Art
7.2 Literature
7.3 Entertainment
7.4 Sports
8 See also
9 Notes
9.1 Footnotes
9.2 Citations
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology
See also: New Zealand place names
brown square paper with Dutch writing and a thick red, curved line
Detail from a 1657 map showing the western coastline of "Nova Zeelandia"
Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Land
t, supposing it was connected to a landmass of the same name at the southern tip
of South America.[12] In 1645 Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeeland
ia after the Dutch province of Zeeland.[13][14] British explorer James Cook subs
equently anglicised the name to New Zealand.[n 5]
Aotearoa (often translated as "land of the long white cloud")[15] is the current
Mori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Mori had a name for the whole co
untry before the arrival of Europeans, with Aotearoa originally referring to jus
t the North Island.[16] Mori had several traditional names for the two main islan
ds, including Te Ika-a-Mui (the fish of Mui) for the North Island and Te Waipounam
u (the waters of greenstone) or Te Waka o Aoraki (the canoe of Aoraki) for the S
outh Island.[17] Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island),
Middle (South Island) and South (Stewart Island / Rakiura).[18] In 1830, maps be
gan to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907 th
is was the accepted norm.[19] The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 200
9 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised,
and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as
North Island or Te Ika-a-Mui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu.[20] Note that fo
r each island, either its English or Mori name can be used, or both can be used t
ogether.
History
Main article: History of New Zealand
One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the M
arquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand an
d others going north to Hawai'i. A second set start in southern Asia and end in
Melanesia.
The Mori people are most likely descended from people who emigrated from Taiwan t
o Melanesia and then travelled east through to the Society Islands. After a paus
e of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlem
ent of New Zealand.[21]
New Zealand was one of the last major landmasses settled by humans. Radiocarbon
dating, evidence of deforestation[22] and mitochondrial DNA variability within Mo
ri populations[23] suggest New Zealand was first settled by Eastern Polynesians
between 1250 and 1300,[17][24] concluding a long series of voyages through the s

outhern Pacific islands.[25] Over the centuries that followed these settlers dev
eloped a distinct culture now known as Mori. The population was divided into iwi
(tribes) and hap (subtribes) who would sometimes cooperate, sometimes compete and
sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Mori migrated to the C
hatham Islands (which they named Rkohu) where they developed their distinct Morio
ri culture.[26][27] The Moriori population was decimated between 1835 and 1862,
largely because of Taranaki Mori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although
European diseases also contributed. In 1862 only 101 survived and the last known
full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.[28]
The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel T
asman and his crew in 1642.[29] In a hostile encounter, four crew members were k
illed and at least one Mori was hit by canister shot.[30] Europeans did not revis
it New Zealand until 1769 when British explorer James Cook mapped almost the ent
ire coastline.[29] Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European
and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. They traded food, metal t
ools, weapons and other goods for timber, food, artifacts and water.[31] The int
roduction of the potato and the musket transformed Mori agriculture and warfare.
Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustain
ed military campaigns.[32] The resulting inter-tribal Musket Wars encompassed ov
er 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,00040,000 Mori.[33] From the earl
y 19th century, Christian missionaries began to settle New Zealand, eventually c
onverting most of the Mori population.[34] The Mori population declined to around
40 percent of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases
were the major factor.[35]
A torn sheet of paper
The Waitangi sheet from the Treaty of Waitangi
In 1788 Arthur Phillip assumed the position of Governor of New South Wales and c
laimed New Zealand as part of New South Wales.[citation needed] The British Gove
rnment appointed James Busby as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832[36] and
in 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by Charles de
Thierry, the nebulous United Tribes of New Zealand sent a Declaration of the Ind
ependence to King William IV of the United Kingdom asking for protection.[36] On
going unrest and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence p
rompted the Colonial Office to send Captain William Hobson to claim sovereignty
for the British Crown and negotiate a treaty with the Mori.[37] The Treaty of Wai
tangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840.[38] In response
to the commercially run New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independ
ent settlement in Wellington[39] and French settlers "purchasing" land in Akaroa
,[40] Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840
, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating.[41] With the signing
of the Treaty and declaration of sovereignty the number of immigrants, particula
rly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.[42]
New Zealand, originally part of the colony of New South Wales, became a separate
Colony of New Zealand on 1 July 1841.[43] The colony gained a representative go
vernment in 1852 and the 1st New Zealand Parliament met in 1854.[44] In 1856 the
colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domes
tic matters other than native policy. (Control over native policy was granted in
the mid-1860s.)[44] Following concerns that the South Island might form a separ
ate colony, premier Alfred Domett moved a resolution to transfer the capital fro
m Auckland to a locality near the Cook Strait.[45] Wellington was chosen for its
harbour and central location, with parliament officially sitting there for the
first time in 1865. As immigrant numbers increased, conflicts over land led to t
he New Zealand Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in the loss and confiscati
on of much Mori land.[46] In 1893 the country became the first nation in the worl
d to grant all women the right to vote[47] and in 1894 pioneered the adoption of
compulsory arbitration between employers and unions.[48]

In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King Edward VII proclaime
d New Zealand a dominion within the British Empire, reflecting its self-governin
g status. Accordingly, the title "Dominion of New Zealand" dates from 1907.[49][
50]
In 1947 the country adopted the Statute of Westminster, confirming that the Brit
ish parliament could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of
New Zealand.[44] New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting alongside t
he British Empire in the First and Second World Wars[51] and suffering through t
he Great Depression.[52] The depression led to the election of the first Labour
government and the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state and a protecti
onist economy.[53] New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following World
War II[54] and Mori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the
cities in search of work.[55] A Mori protest movement developed, which criticised
Eurocentrism and worked for greater recognition of Mori culture and the Treaty o
f Waitangi.[56] In 1975, a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate alleged b
reaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in
1985.[38] The government has negotiated settlements of these grievances with man
y iwi, although Mori claims to the foreshore and seabed have proved controversial
in the 2000s.
Politics
Main article: Politics of New Zealand
Government
A smiling man wearing a white shirt with a green tie and black jacket
John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand since 2008
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy,[57] alt
hough its constitution is not codified.[58] Elizabeth II is the Queen of New Zea
land and the head of state.[59] The Queen is represented by the Governor-General
, whom she appoints on the advice of the Prime Minister.[60][61] The Governor-Ge
neral can exercise the Crown's prerogative powers, such as reviewing cases of in
justice and making appointments of ministers, ambassadors and other key public o
fficials,[62] and in rare situations, the reserve powers (e.g. the power to diss
olve Parliament or refuse the Royal Assent of a bill into law).[63] The powers o
f the Queen and the Governor-General are limited by constitutional constraints a
nd they cannot normally be exercised without the advice of Cabinet.[63][64]
refer to caption
Elizabeth II
refer to caption
Sir Jerry Mateparae
The Queen of New Zealand and her vice-regal representative, the Governor-General
The New Zealand Parliament holds legislative power and consists of the Queen and
the House of Representatives.[64] It also included an upper house, the Legislat
ive Council, until this was abolished in 1950.[64] The supremacy of Parliament,
over the Crown and other government institutions, was established in England by
the Bill of Rights 1689 and has been ratified as law in New Zealand.[64] The Hou
se of Representatives is democratically elected and a Government is formed from
the party or coalition with the majority of seats.[64] If no majority is formed
a minority government can be formed if support from other parties during confide
nce and supply votes is assured. The Governor-General appoints ministers under a
dvice from the Prime Minister, who is by convention the Parliamentary leader of
the governing party or coalition.[65] Cabinet, formed by ministers and led by th
e Prime Minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and responsibl
e for deciding significant government actions.[66] By convention, members of cab
inet are bound by collective responsibility to decisions made by cabinet.[67]
Judges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rule
s regarding tenure to help maintain constitutional independence from the governm
ent.[58] This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based sole

ly on the legislation enacted by Parliament without other influences on their de

cisions.[68] The Privy Council in London was the country's final court of appeal
until 2004, when it was replaced with the newly established Supreme Court of Ne
w Zealand. The judiciary, headed by the Chief Justice,[69] includes the Court of
Appeal, the High Court, and subordinate courts.[58]
A block of buildings fronted by a grassy lawn
New Zealand government "Beehive" and the Parliament Buildings (right), in Wellin
gton
Almost all parliamentary general elections between 1853 and 1993 were held under
the first-past-the-post voting system.[70] The elections since 1930 have been d
ominated by two political parties, National and Labour.[70] Since the 1996 elect
ion, a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional (MMP
) has been used.[58] Under the MMP system each person has two votes; one is for
electoral seats (including some reserved for Mori),[71] and the other is for a pa
rty. Since the 2005 election, there have been 70 electorate seats (which include
s, since the 1996 election, 7 Mori electorates), and the remaining fifty seats ar
e assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, althoug
h a party has to win one electoral seat or 5 percent of the total party vote bef
ore it is eligible for these seats.[72] Between March 2005 and August 2006 New Z
ealand became the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in
the land (Head of State, Governor-General, Prime Minister, Speaker and Chief Jus
tice) were occupied simultaneously by women.[73]
New Zealand is identified as one of the world's most stable and well-governed na
tions.[74] As of 2011, the country was ranked fifth in the strength of its democ
ratic institutions[75] and first in government transparency and lack of corrupti
on.[76] New Zealand has a high level of civic participation, with 79% voter turn
out during the most recent elections, compared to an OECD average of 72%. Furthe
rmore, 67% of New Zealanders say they trust their political institutions, far hi
gher than the OECD average of 56%.[77]
See also: International rankings of New Zealand
Foreign relations and the military
Main articles: Foreign relations of New Zealand and New Zealand Defence Force
Anzac Day service at the National War Memorial
Early colonial New Zealand allowed the British Government to determine external
trade and be responsible for foreign policy.[78] The 1923 and 1926 Imperial Conf
erences decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate their own politi
cal treaties and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. On
3 September 1939 New Zealand allied itself with Britain and declared war on Ger
many with Prime Minister Michael Savage proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; whe
re she stands, we stand."[79]
A squad of men kneel in the desert sand while performing a war dance
Mori Battalion haka in Egypt, 1941
In 1951 the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests
,[80] while New Zealand joined Australia and the United States in the ANZUS secu
rity treaty.[81] The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened foll
owing protests over the Vietnam War,[82] the refusal of the United States to adm
onish France after the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior,[83] disagreements over en
vironmental and agricultural trade issues and New Zealand's nuclear-free policy.
[84][85] Despite the USA's suspension of ANZUS obligations the treaty remained i
n effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a
similar historical trend.[86] Close political contact is maintained between the
two countries, with free trade agreements and travel arrangements that allow cit
izens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.[87] In 201
3, there are about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is ab
out 15 percent of the population of New Zealand.[88] 65,000 Australians live in

New Zealand.[87]
New Zealand has a strong presence among the Pacific Island countries. A large pr
oportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries and many Pacific people mi
grate to New Zealand for employment.[89] Permanent migration is regulated under
the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow u
p to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively t
o become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme fo
r temporary migration was introduced in 2007 and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Isl
anders were employed under it.[90] New Zealand is involved in the Pacific Island
s Forum, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Association of Southeast Asia
n Nations Regional Forum (including the East Asia Summit).[87] New Zealand is al
so a member of the United Nations,[91] the Commonwealth of Nations,[92] the Orga
nisation for Economic Co-operation and Development[93] and the Five Power Defenc
e Arrangements.[94]
Infantry from the 2nd Battalion, Auckland Regiment in the Battle of the Somme, S
eptember 1916
The New Zealand Defence Force has three branches: the Royal New Zealand Navy, th
e New Zealand Army and the Royal New Zealand Air Force.[95] New Zealand's nation
al defence needs are modest because of the unlikelihood of direct attack,[96] al
though it does have a global presence. The country fought in both world wars, wi
th notable campaigns in Gallipoli, Crete,[97] El Alamein[98] and Cassino.[99] Th
e Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering New Zealand's nationa
l identity[100][101] and strengthened the ANZAC tradition it shares with Austral
ia.[102] According to Mary Edmond-Paul, "World War I had left scars on New Zeala
nd society, with nearly 18,500 in total dying as a result of the war, more than
41,000 wounded, and others affected emotionally, out of an overseas fighting for
ce of about 103,000 and a population of just over a million."[103] New Zealand a
lso played key parts in the naval Battle of the River Plate[104] and the Battle
of Britain air campaign.[105][106] During World War II, the United States had mo
re than 400,000 American military personnel stationed in New Zealand.[107]
In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the Korean
War, the Second Boer War,[108] the Malayan Emergency,[109] the Gulf War and the
Afghanistan War. It has contributed forces to several regional and global peacek
eeping missions, such as those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the S
inai, Angola, Cambodia, the IranIraq border, Bougainville, East Timor, and the So
lomon Islands.[110] New Zealand also sent a unit of army engineers to help rebui
ld Iraqi infrastructure for one year during the Iraq War.
New Zealand ranks 8th in
Development Index, which
ication to policies that
the second most peaceful
Index.[112]

the Center for Global Development's 2012 Commitment to

ranks the world's most developed countries on their ded
benefit poorer nations.[111] New Zealand is considered
country in the world according to the 2012 Global Peace

Local government and external territories

Main articles: Local government in New Zealand and Realm of New Zealand
Realm of New Zealand
The early European settlers divided New Zealand into provinces, which had a degr
ee of autonomy.[113] Because of financial pressures and the desire to consolidat
e railways, education, land sales and other policies, government was centralised
and the provinces were abolished in 1876.[114] As a result, New Zealand now has
no separately represented subnational entities. The provinces are remembered in
regional public holidays[115] and sporting rivalries.[116]
Since 1876, various councils have administered local areas under legislation det

ermined by the central government.[113][117] In 1989, the government reorganised

local government into the current two-tier structure of regional councils and t
erritorial authorities.[118] The 249 municipalities[118] that existed in 1975 ha
ve now been consolidated into 67 territorial authorities and 11 regional council
s.[119] The regional councils' role is to regulate "the natural environment with
particular emphasis on resource management",[118] while territorial authorities
are responsible for sewage, water, local roads, building consents and other loc
al matters.[120] Five of the territorial councils are unitary authorities and al
so act as regional councils.[121] The territorial authorities consist of 13 city
councils, 53 district councils, and the Chatham Islands Council. While official
ly the Chatham Islands Council is not a unitary authority, it undertakes many fu
nctions of a regional council.[122]
New Zealand is one of 16 realms within the Commonwealth.[123][124] The Realm of
New Zealand is the territory over which the Queen of New Zealand is sovereign an
d comprises New Zealand, Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue
.[124] The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in free association w
ith New Zealand.[125][126] The New Zealand Parliament cannot pass legislation fo
r these countries, but with their consent can act on behalf of them in foreign a
ffairs and defence. Tokelau is a non-self-governing territory that uses the New
Zealand flag and anthem, but is administered by a council of three elders (one f
rom each Tokelauan atoll).[127][128] The Ross Dependency is New Zealand's territ
orial claim in Antarctica, where it operates the Scott Base research facility.[1
29] New Zealand citizenship law treats all parts of the realm equally, so most p
eople born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependen
cy before 2006 are New Zealand citizens. Further conditions apply for those born
from 2006 onwards.[130]
[show] v t e Administrative divisions of the Realm of New Zealand
Environment
Main article: Environment of New Zealand
Geography
Main article: Geography of New Zealand
See also: Atlas of New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons
Photo of New Zealand from space.
The snow-capped Southern Alps dominate the South Island, while the North Island'
s Northland Peninsula stretches towards the subtropics.
Aoraki / Mount Cook viewed from the road to Mount Cook Village, located in the S
outhern Alps. Much of New Zealand's South Island landscape is mountainous.
Photo showing clear blue water, a photographer or tourist capturing the water on
a golden sanded beach and forested hills
Torrent Bay at Abel Tasman National Park in the South Island
New Zealand is located near the centre of the water hemisphere and is made up of
two main islands and a number of smaller islands. The two main islands (the Nor
th Island, or Te Ika-a-Mui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu) are separated
by the Cook Strait, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide at its narrowest point.[131] Bes
ides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are Stewart
Island, the Chatham Islands, Great Barrier Island (in the Hauraki Gulf),[132] d
'Urville Island (in the Marlborough Sounds)[133] and Waiheke Island (about 22 km
(14 mi) from central Auckland).[134] The country's islands lie between latitude
s 29 and 53S, and longitudes 165 and 176E.
New Zealand is long and narrow (over 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) along its north-n
orth-east axis with a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250 mi)),[135] with about
15,000 km (9,300 mi) of coastline[136] and a total land area of 268,000 square
kilometres (103,500 sq mi)[137] Because of its far-flung outlying islands and lo
ng coastline, the country has extensive marine resources. Its Exclusive Economic
Zone, one of the largest in the world, covering more than 15 times its land are
a.[138]

The South Island is the largest landmass of New Zealand, and is divided along it
s length by the Southern Alps.[139] There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800
ft), the highest of which is Aoraki / Mount Cook 3,754 metres (12,316 ft).[140]
Fiordland's steep mountains and deep fiords record the extensive ice age glaciat
ion of this south-western corner of the South Island.[141] The North Island is l
ess mountainous but is marked by volcanism.[142] The highly active Taupo Volcani
c Zone has formed a large volcanic plateau, punctuated by the North Island's hig
hest mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2,797 metres (9,177 ft)). The plateau also hosts t
he country's largest lake, Lake Taupo,[143] nestled in the caldera of one of the
world's most active supervolcanoes.[144]
The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the
waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the Pacific and Indo-Austra
lian Plates.[145] New Zealand is part of Zealandia, a microcontinent nearly half
the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the Gon
dwanan supercontinent.[146] About 25 million years ago, a shift in plate tectoni
c movements began to contort and crumple the region. This is now most evident in
the Southern Alps, formed by compression of the crust beside the Alpine Fault.
Elsewhere the plate boundary involves the subduction of one plate under the othe
r, producing the Puysegur Trench to the south, the Hikurangi Trench east of the
North Island, and the Kermadec and Tonga Trenches[147] further north.[145]
Climate
Main article: Climate of New Zealand
New Zealand has a mild and temperate maritime climate (Kppen: Cfb) with mean annu
al temperatures ranging from 10 C (50 F) in the south to 16 C (61 F) in the north.[1
48] Historical maxima and minima are 42.4 C (108.32 F) in Rangiora, Canterbury and
25.6 C (14.08 F) in Ranfurly, Otago.[149] Conditions vary sharply across regions fr
om extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi arid in Ce
ntral Otago and the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Nort
hland.[150] Of the seven largest cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving o
n average only 640 millimetres (25 in) of rain per year and Auckland the wettest
, receiving almost twice that amount.[151] Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch
all receive a yearly average of more than 2,000 hours of sunshine. The southern
and south western parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate,
with around 1,4001,600 hours; the northern and north eastern parts of the South
Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive about 2,4002,500 hours.[
152] The general snow season is about early June until early October in the Sout
h Island. It is less common on the North Island, although it does occur.
Biodiversity
Main article: Biodiversity of New Zealand
New Zealand's geographic isolation for 80 million years[153] and island biogeogr
aphy is responsible for the country's unique species of animals, fungi and plant
s. They have either evolved from Gondwanan wildlife or the few organisms that ha
ve managed to reach the shores flying, swimming or being carried across the sea.
[154] About 82 percent of New Zealand's indigenous vascular plants are endemic,
covering 1,944 species across 65 genera and includes a single endemic family.[15
5][156] The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand, including lichen forming
species, is not known, nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic, b
ut one estimate suggests there are approximately 2300 species of lichen forming
fungi in New Zealand[155] and 40 percent of these are endemic.[157] The two main
types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent podocarps,
or by southern beech in cooler climates.[158] The remaining vegetation types co
nsist of grasslands, the majority of which are tussock.[159]
Before the arrival of humans an estimated 80 percent of the land was covered in
forest, with only high alpine, wet, infertile and volcanic areas without trees.[
160] Massive deforestation occurred after humans arrived, with around half the f

orest cover lost to fire after Polynesian settlement.[161] Much of the remaining
forest fell after European settlement, being logged or cleared to make room for
pastoral farming, leaving forest occupying only 23 percent of the land.[162]
Kiwi amongst sticks
The endemic flightless kiwi is a national icon.
The forests were dominated by birds, and the lack of mammalian predators led to
some like the kiwi, kakapo and takah evolving flightlessness.[163] The arrival of
humans, associated changes to habitat, and the introduction of rats, ferrets an
d other mammals led to the extinction of many bird species, including large bird
s like the moa and Haast's Eagle.[164][165]
Other indigenous animals are represented by reptiles (tuataras, skinks and gecko
s),[166] frogs, spiders (katipo), insects (weta) and snails.[167][168] Some, suc
h as the wrens and tuatara, are so unique that they have been called living foss
ils. Three species of bats (one since extinct) were the only sign of native land
mammals in New Zealand until the 2006 discovery of bones from a unique, mouse-s
ized land mammal at least 16 million years old.[169][170] Marine mammals however
are abundant, with almost half the world's cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and por
poises) and large numbers of fur seals reported in New Zealand waters.[171] Many
seabirds breed in New Zealand, a third of them unique to the country.[172] More
penguin species are found in New Zealand than in any other country.[173]
Since human arrival almost half of the country's vertebrate species have become
extinct, including at least fifty-one birds, three frogs, three lizards, one fre
shwater fish, and one bat. Others are endangered or have had their range severel
y reduced.[164] However, New Zealand conservationists have pioneered several met
hods to help threatened wildlife recover, including island sanctuaries, pest con
trol, wildlife translocation, fostering, and ecological restoration of islands a
nd other selected areas.[174][175][176][177] According to the 2012 Environmental
Performance Index, New Zealand is considered a "strong performer" in environmen
tal protection, ranking 14th out of 132 assessed countries.[178]
Economy
Main article: Economy of New Zealand
See also: List of companies of New Zealand and Transport in New Zealand
New Zealand has a modern, prosperous and developed market economy with an estima
ted gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita of
roughly US$28,250.[n 6] The currency is the New Zealand dollar, informally known
as the "Kiwi dollar"; it also circulates in the Cook Islands (see Cook Islands
dollar), Niue, Tokelau, and the Pitcairn Islands.[182] New Zealand was ranked si
xth in the 2013 Human Development Index,[183] fourth in the The Heritage Foundat
ion's 2012 Index of Economic Freedom,[184] and 13th in INSEAD's 2012 Global Inno
vation Index.[185]
Blue water against a backdrop of snow capped mountains
Milford Sound, one of New Zealand's most famous tourist destinations.[186]
Historically, extractive industries have contributed strongly to New Zealand's e
conomy, focussing at different times on sealing, whaling, flax, gold, kauri gum,
and native timber.[187] With the development of refrigerated shipping in the 18
80s meat and dairy products were exported to Britain, a trade which provided the
basis for strong economic growth in New Zealand.[188] High demand for agricultu
ral products from the United Kingdom and the United States helped New Zealanders
achieve higher living standards than both Australia and Western Europe in the 1
950s and 1960s.[189] In 1973 New Zealand's export market was reduced when the Un
ited Kingdom joined the European Community[190] and other compounding factors, s
uch as the 1973 oil and 1979 energy crisis, led to a severe economic depression.
[191] Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western
Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the dev
eloped nations surveyed by the World Bank.[192] Since 1984, successive governmen

ts engaged in major macroeconomic restructuring (known first as Rogernomics and

then Ruthanasia), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a highly protectionist e
conomy to a liberalised free-trade economy.[193][194]
Unemployment peaked above 10 percent in 1991 and 1992,[195] following the 1987 s
hare market crash, but eventually fell to a record low of 3.4 percent in 2007 (r
anking fifth from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).[196] However, the globa
l financial crisis that followed had a major impact on New Zealand, with the GDP
shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty y
ears,[197][198] and unemployment rising back to 7 percent in late 2009.[199] At
May 2012, the general unemployment rate was around 6.7 percent, while the unempl
oyment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 13.6 percent.[200] New Zealand has exper
ienced a series of "brain drains" since the 1970s[201] that still continue today
.[202] Nearly one quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Aus
tralia and Britain, which is the largest proportion from any developed nation.[2
03] In recent years, however, a "brain gain" has brought in educated professiona
ls from Europe and lesser developed countries.[204][205]
Trade
New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade,[206] particularly in ag
ricultural products.[207] Exports account for a high 24 percent of its output,[1
36] making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global e
conomic slowdowns. Its principal export industries are agriculture, horticulture
, fishing, forestry and mining, which make up about half of the country's export
s.[208] Its major export partners are Australia, United States, Japan, China, an
d the United Kingdom.[136] On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the New
ZealandChina Free Trade Agreement, the first such agreement China has signed wit
h a developed country.[209][210] The service sector is the largest sector in the
economy, followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw ma
terial extraction.[136] Tourism plays a significant role in New Zealand's econom
y, contributing $15.0 billion to New Zealands total GDP and supporting 9.6 percen
t of the total workforce in 2010.[211] International visitors to New Zealand inc
reased by 3.1 percent in the year to October 2010[212] and are expected to incre
ase at a rate of 2.5 percent annually up to 2015.[211]
A Romney ewe with her two lambs
Wool has historically been one of New Zealand
s major exports.
Wool was New Zealands major agricultural export during the late 19th century.[187
] Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues,[187]
but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities[213
] and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers.[214] In contrast dairy farm
ing increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007,[215
] to become New Zealand
s largest export earner.[216] In the year to June 2009,
dairy products accounted for 21 percent ($9.1 billion) of total merchandise expo
rts,[217] and the country
s largest company, Fonterra, controls almost one-third
of the international dairy trade.[218] Other agricultural exports in 2009 were
meat 13.2 percent, wool 6.3 percent, fruit 3.5 percent and fishing 3.3 percent.
New Zealand
s wine industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of
vineyards doubling over the same period,[219] overtaking wool exports for the f
irst time in 2007.[220][221]
Infrastructure
In 2008, oil, gas and coal generated about 69 percent of New Zealand
s gross ene
rgy supply while 31% was generated from renewable energy, primarily hydroelectri
c power and geothermal power.[222] New Zealand
s transport network includes 93,8
05 kilometres (58,288 mi) of roads, worth 23 billion dollars,[223] and 4,128 kil
ometres (2,565 mi) of railway lines.[136] Most major cities and towns are linked
by bus services, although the private car is the predominant mode of transport.
[224] The railways were privatised in 1993, then re-purchased by the government
in 2004 and vested into a state owned enterprise.[225] Railways run the length o

f the country, although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers.[226
] Most international visitors arrive via air[227] and New Zealand has six intern
ational airports, but currently only the Auckland and Christchurch airports conn
ect directly with countries other than Australia or Fiji.[228] The New Zealand P
ost Office had a monopoly over telecommunications until 1989 when Telecom New Ze
aland was formed, initially as a state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1
990.[229] Telecom still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructu
re, but competition from other providers has increased.[230] The United Nations
International Telecommunication Union ranks New Zealand 12th in the development
of information and communications infrastructure, having moved up four places be
tween 2008 and 2010.[231]
Demography
Main article: Demographics of New Zealand
Graph with a New Zealand population scale ranging from 0 to almost 7 million on
the y axis and the years from 1850 to around 2070 on the x axis. A black line st
arts at about 100,000 in 1858 and increases steadily to about 4.1 million in 200
6. Seven separate red lines then project out from the black line ending in value
s ranging from roughly 4.5 to 6.5 million in the year 2061; two lines are slight
ly thicker than the rest.
New Zealand
s historical population (black) and projected growth (red)
The population of New Zealand is about 4.5 million.[232] New Zealand is a predom
inantly urban country, with 72 percent of the population living in 16 main urban
areas and 53 percent living in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurc
h, Wellington, and Hamilton.[233] New Zealand cities generally rank highly on in
ternational livability measures. For instance, in 2010 Auckland was ranked the w
orld
s 4th most liveable city and Wellington the 12th by the Mercer Quality of L
ife Survey[234]
Life expectancy of a New Zealand in 2012 was 84 years for females, and 80.2 year
s for males.[235] Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years
to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.[236] New Zeala
nd
s fertility rate of 2.1 is relatively high for a developed country, and natur
al births account for a significant proportion of population growth. Consequentl
y, the country has a young population compared to most industrialized nations, w
ith 20 percent of New Zealanders being 14 years-old or younger.[136] By 2050 the
population is forecast to reach 5.3 million, the median age to rise from 36 yea
rs to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise fr
om 18 percent to 29 percent.[236] Despite the high life expectancy, mortality fr
om heart disease is higher in New Zealand than it is in various other developed
Western countries such as Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada.[237]

List of cities in New Zealand

(June 2010 population estimates)[238] Map of New Zealand, with cities labelled
.
Rank
City Name
Region Pop.
Rank
City Name
Region Pop.
1
Auckland
Auckland Region 1,418,000
7
Dunedin Otago Re
gion
119,100
2
Wellington
Wellington Region
397,900 8
Palmerston North
Manawatu-Wanganui Region
83,800
3
Christchurch
Canterbury Region
379,100 9
Nelson Nelson
61,600
4
Hamilton
Waikato Region 212,000 10
Rotorua Bay of Plenty Re
gion
56,200
5
Napier-Hastings Hawke
s Bay region
125,300 11
New Plymouth
Taranaki Region 53,400
6
Tauranga
Bay of Plenty Region
123,500 12
Whangarei
Northland Region
52,900

Ethnicity and immigration

Main articles: New Zealanders and Immigration to New Zealand
New Zealanders of European descent
In the 2013 census, 74.0% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as Euro
pean, and 14.9% as Mori. Other major ethnic groups include Asian (11.8%) and Paci
fic peoples (7.4%).[239][n 7] The population has become more diverse in recent d
ecades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92 p
ercent European and 7 percent Mori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the
remaining 1 percent.[240]
While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "Kiwi
" is commonly used both internationally[241] and by locals.[242] The Mori loanwor
d Pkeh has been used to refer to New Zealanders of European descent, although othe
rs reject this appellation.[243][244] The word Pkeh today is increasingly used to
refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.[245]
Lion dancers wearing bright red and yellow costumes
lion dancers perform at the Auckland Lantern Festival.
The Mori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early Europe
an settlers. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain,
Ireland and Australia because of restrictive policies similar to the white Aust
ralian policies.[246] There was also significant Dutch, Dalmatian,[247] Italian,
and German immigration, together with indirect European immigration through Aus
tralia, North America, South America and South Africa.[248] Following the Great
Depression policies were relaxed and migrant diversity increased. In 200910, an a
nnual target of 45,00050,000 permanent residence approvals was set by the New Zea
land Immigration Service more than one new migrant for every 100 New Zealand res
idents.[249] Just over 25% of New Zealand's population was born overseas, with t
he majority (52%) living in the Auckland region. In the late 2000s, Asia ovetook
the UK and Ireland as the largest source of overseas migrants; at the 2013 cens
us, 31.6% of overseas-born New Zealand residents were born in Asia (mainly China
, India, the Philippines and South Korea), while 26.5% were born in the UK and I
reland. Australia, the Pacific Islands, and South Africa are also significant so
urces of migrants.[250] The number of fee-paying international students increase
d sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary i
nstitutions in 2002.[251]
Language
Main article: Languages of New Zealand
English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 98 percent of the
population.[3] New Zealand English is similar to Australian English and many spe
akers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart.[252] Th
e most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other E
nglish dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-"i" sound (a
s in "kit") has centralised towards the schwa sound (the "a" in "comma" and "abo
ut"); the short-"e" sound (as in "dress") has moved towards the short-"i" sound;
and the short-"a" sound (as in "trap") has moved to the short-"e" sound.[253] H
ence, the New Zealand pronunciation of words such as "bad", "dead", "fish" and "
chips" sound like "bed", "did", "fush" and "chups" to non-New Zealanders.
After the Second World War, Mori were discouraged from speaking their own languag
e (te reo Mori) in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language
only in a few remote areas.[254] It has recently undergone a process of revitali
sation,[255][256] being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987
,[257] and is spoken by 4.1 percent of the population.[3] There are now Mori lang
uage immersion schools and two Mori Television channels, the only nationwide tele
vision channels to have the majority of their prime-time content delivered in Mor
i.[258] Many places have both their Mori and English names officially recognised.
Samoan is one of the most widely spoken languages in New Zealand (2.3 percent),

[n 8] followed by French, Hindi, Yue and Northern Chinese.[3][259][n 9] New Zeal

and Sign Language is used by about 28,000 people. It was declared one of New Zea
land's official languages in 2006.[260]
Education
Main articles: Education in New Zealand and List of universities in New Zealand
Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with th
e majority attending from the age of 5.[261] There are 13 school years and atten
ding state (public) schools is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent reside
nts from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their
19th birthday.[262] New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent,[136]
and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.[261
][n 10] There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universi
ties, colleges of education, polytechnics, specialist colleges, and wnanga,[263]
in addition to private training establishments.[264] In the adult population 14.
2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of sec
ondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no for
mal qualification.[265] The OECD's Programme for International Student Assessmen
t ranks New Zealand's education system as the 7th best in the world, with studen
ts performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science.[266]
Simple white building with two red domed towers
A Rtana church
Religion
Main article: Religion in New Zealand
Christianity is the predominant religion in New Zealand, although its society is
among the most secular in the world.[267] In the 2006 Census, 55.6 percent of t
he population identified themselves as Christians, while another 34.7 percent in
dicated that they had no religion (up from 29.6 percent in 2001) and around 4 pe
rcent affiliated with other religions.[268][n 11] The main Christian denominatio
ns are Anglicanism (14.8 percent), Roman Catholicism (13.6 percent), Presbyteria
nism (10.7 percent) and Methodism (5 percent). There are also significant number
s of Christians who identify themselves with Pentecostal, Baptist, and Latter-da
y Saint churches. According to census figures, other significant minority religi
ons include Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam.[259][269] The indigenous Mori tend to
be associated with Presbyterian and Latter-day Saint churches, but the census sh
owed that the New Zealand-based Ringat and Rtana religions had experienced conside
rable growth.[270]
Culture
Main article: Culture of New Zealand
Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures
Late twentieth-century house-post depicting the navigator Kupe fighting two sea
creatures
Early Mori adapted the tropically based east Polynesian culture in line with the
challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually dev
eloping their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal
with families (whanau), sub-tribes (hapu) and tribes (iwi) ruled by a chief (ran
gatira) whose position was subject to the community's approval.[271] The British
and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and al
so influenced Mori culture,[272][273] particularly with the introduction of Chris
tianity.[274] However, Mori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a v
ital part of their identity, and Mori kinship roles resemble those of other Polyn
esian peoples.[275] More recently American, Australian, Asian and other European
cultures have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Mori Polynesian cultures are
also apparent, with Pasifika, the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an a
nnual event in Auckland.
Two women in long flowing yellow skirts either side of a man in a short black sk
irt mid dance

Cook Islands dancers at Auckland's Pasifika festival

The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders b
eing rugged, industrious problem solvers.[276] Modesty was expected and enforced
through the "tall poppy syndrome", where high achievers received harsh criticis
m.[277] At the time New Zealand was not known as an intellectual country.[278] F
rom the early 20th century until the late 1960s Mori culture was suppressed by th
e attempted assimilation of Mori into British New Zealanders.[254] In the 1960s,
as higher education became more available and cities expanded[279] urban culture
began to dominate.[280] Even though the majority of the population now lives in
cities, much of New Zealand's art, literature, film and humour has rural themes
.
Art
Main article: New Zealand art
As part of the resurgence of Mori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and
weaving are now more widely practised and Mori artists are increasing in number a
nd influence.[281] Most Mori carvings feature human figures, generally with three
fingers and either a natural-looking, detailed head or a grotesque head.[282] S
urface patterns consisting of spirals, ridges, notches and fish scales decorate
most carvings.[283] The pre-eminent Mori architecture consisted of carved meeting
houses (wharenui) decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These bui
ldings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting
to different whims or needs.[284]
Mori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mix
ture of red ochre and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pi
ctures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls.[285] Mori tattoos (mok
o) consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bon
e chisel.[286] Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been domina
ted by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of N
ew Zealand.[287] Portraits of Mori were also common, with early painters often po
rtraying them as "noble savages", exotic beauties or friendly natives.[287] The
country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing l
ocal artists to developed their own distinctive style of regionalism.[288] Durin
g the 1960s and 70s many artists combined traditional Mori and Western techniques
, creating unique art forms.[289] New Zealand art and craft has gradually achiev
ed an international audience, with exhibitions in the Venice Biennale in 2001 an
d the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.[281][290]
Refer to caption
Portrait of Hinepare of Ngti Kahungunu by Gottfried Lindauer, showing chin moko,
pounamu hei-tiki and woven cloak
Mori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white t
riangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes.[291] Greenstone was fashioned int
o earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the hei-tiki, a
distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side.[29
2] Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 195
0s most people dressed up for social occasions.[293] Standards have since relaxe
d and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical
and lacklustre.[294][295] However, the local fashion industry has grown signific
antly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 est
ablished labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.[295]
Literature
Main article: New Zealand literature
Mori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral
stories and poems were converted to the written form.[296] Most early English li
terature was obtained from Britain and it was not until the 1950s when local pub
lishing outlets increased that New Zealand literature started to become widely k
nown.[297] Although still largely influenced by global trends (modernism) and ev

ents (the Great Depression), writers in the 1930s began to develop stories incre
asingly focused on their experiences in New Zealand. During this period literatu
re changed from a journalistic activity to a more academic pursuit.[298] Partici
pation in the world wars gave some New Zealand writers a new perspective on New
Zealand culture and with the post-war expansion of universities local literature
flourished.[299]
Entertainment
Main articles: Music of New Zealand, Cinema of New Zealand and Media of New Zeal
and
Bungee jumping in the popular resort town of Queenstown.
New Zealand music has been influenced by blues, jazz, country, rock and roll and
hip hop, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation.[3
00] Mori developed traditional chants and songs from their ancient South-East Asi
an origins, and after centuries of isolation created a unique "monotonous" and "
doleful" sound.[301] Flutes and trumpets were used as musical instruments[302] o
r as signalling devices during war or special occasions.[303] Early settlers bro
ught over their ethnic music, with brass bands and choral music being popular, a
nd musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s.[304][305] Pipe bands became
widespread during the early 20th century.[306] The New Zealand recording indust
ry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtain
ed success in Britain and the USA.[300] Some artists release Mori language songs
and the Mori tradition-based art of kapa haka (song and dance) has made a resurge
nce.[307] The New Zealand Music Awards are held annually by Recorded Music NZ; t
he awards were first held in 1965 by Reckitt & Colman as the Loxene Golden Disc
awards.[308] Recorded Music NZ also publishes the country's official weekly reco
rd charts.[309]
Radio first arrived in New Zealand in 1922 and television in 1960.[310] The numb
er of New Zealand films significantly increased during the 1970s.[311] In 1978 t
he New Zealand Film Commission started assisting local film-makers and many film
s attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement. The h
ighest grossing New Zealand movies[312] include: Boy, The World's Fastest Indian
, Once Were Warriors, and Whale Rider. Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden in
crease in the numbers of radio and television stations.[311] New Zealand televis
ion primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with a large nu
mber of Australian and local shows. The country's diverse scenery and compact si
ze, plus government incentives,[313] have encouraged some producers to film big
budget movies in New Zealand.[314] The New Zealand media industry is dominated b
y a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the sta
te retains ownership of some television and radio stations. Between 2003 and 200
8, Reporters Without Borders consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in
the top twenty.[315] As of 2011, New Zealand was ranked 13th worldwide in press
freedom by Freedom House, with the 2nd freest media in the Asia-Pacific region a
fter Palau.[316]
Sports
Main article: Sport in New Zealand
The Basin Reserve in Wellington, one of the premier cricket grounds in New Zeala
nd.
Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have British origins.[317
] Rugby union is considered the national sport[318] and attracts the most specta
tors.[319] Golf, netball, tennis and cricket have the highest rates of adult par
ticipation, while football (soccer) is top among young people.[319] Victorious r
ugby tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the late 1880s and the early 1
900s played an early role in instilling a national identity.[320] Horseracing wa
s also a popular spectator sport and became part of the "Rugby, Racing and Beer"
culture during the 1960s.[321] Mori participation in European sports was particu

larly evident in rugby and the country's team performs a haka, a traditional Mori
challenge, before international matches.[322]
New Zealand has competitive international teams in rugby union, netball, cricket
, rugby league, and softball and has traditionally done well in triathlons, rowi
ng, yachting and cycling. New Zealand participated at the Summer Olympics in 190
8 and 1912 as a joint team with Australia, before first participating on its own
in 1920. The country has ranked highly on a medals-to-population ratio at recen
t Games.[319][323][324] The All Blacks, the national men's rugby union team, are
the most successful in the history of international rugby[325] and the reigning
World Cup champions.[326] New Zealand is known for its extreme sports, adventur
e tourism[327] and strong mountaineering tradition.[328] Other outdoor pursuits
such as cycling, fishing, swimming, running, tramping, canoeing, hunting, snowsp
orts and surfing are also popular.[329] The Polynesian sport of waka ama racing
has increased in popularity and is now an international sport involving teams fr
om all over the Pacific.[330]
See also
Portal icon
New Zealand portal
Portal icon
Oceania portal
List of New Zealand-related topics
Outline of New Zealand
Notes
Footnotes
Jump up ^ "God Save the Queen" is officially a national anthem but is generally
used only on regal and vice-regal occasions.[1][2]
Jump up ^ Language percentages add to more than 100% because some people speak m
ore than one language. They exclude unusable responses and those who spoke no la
nguage (e.g. too young to talk).[3]
Jump up ^ The proportion of New Zealand's area (excluding estuaries) covered by
rivers, lakes and ponds, based on figures from the New Zealand Land Cover Databa
se,[5] is (357526 + 81936) / (26821559 9249926033 19216) = 1.6%. If estuarine ope
n water, mangroves, and herbaceous saline vegetation are included, the figure is
2.2%.
Jump up ^ The Chatham Islands have a separate time zone, 45 minutes ahead of the
rest of New Zealand.
Jump up ^ Zeeland is spelt "Zealand" in English. New Zealand's name is not deriv
ed from the Danish island Zealand.
Jump up ^ PPP GDP estimates from different organisations vary. The International
Monetary Fund's estimate is US$27,420.[179] The CIA World Factbook estimate is
$28,000.[180] The World Bank's estimate is US$29,352.[181]
Jump up ^ Ethnicity figures add to more than 100% as people could choose more th
an one ethnic group.
Jump up ^ Of the 85,428 people that replied they spoke Samoan in the 2006 Census
, 57,828 lived in the Auckland region.[259]
Jump up ^ Languages listed here are those spoken by over 40,000 New Zealanders.
Jump up ^ Tertiary education in New Zealand is used to describe all aspects of p
ost-school education and training. Its ranges from informal non-assessed communi
ty courses in schools through to undergraduate degrees and advanced, research-ba
sed postgraduate degrees.
Jump up ^ Another 6 percent objected to stating their religion. Statistics NZ do
not report a total percentage for "Other" religions. Depending on how many peop
le claimed both Christian and other religions, this could range from 3 to 5 perc
ent. These percentages are based on the usually resident population, excluding a
nother 7 percent of people who did not provide usable information.
Citations
Jump up ^ "New Zealand's National Anthems". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. R
etrieved 17 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Protocol for using New Zealand's National Anthems". Ministry for Cult
ure and Heritage. Retrieved 17 February 2008.

^ Jump up to: a b c d "QuickStats About Culture and Identity: Languages spoken".

Statistics New Zealand. March 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "2013 Census - Cultural Diversity". Statistics New Zealand.
Jump up ^ "The New Zealand Land Cover Database". New Zealand Land Cover Database
2. New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 26 April 20
11.
Jump up ^ "Estimated resident population of New Zealand". Statistics New Zealand
. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Number of Electorates and Electoral Populations: 2013 Census Media Re
lease". 2013 Census. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "New Zealand". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 20 A
pril 2012.
Jump up ^ "Equality and inequality: Gini index". Human Development Report 2009.
United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
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Further reading
Bateman, David, ed. (2005). Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia (6th ed.). ISBN 1-8
6953-601-0.
Sinclair, Keith; revised by Dalziel, Raewyn (2000). A History of New Zealand. IS
BN 978-0-14-029875-8.
Statistics New Zealand. New Zealand Official Yearbook (annual). ISBN 1-86953-776
-9 (2010).
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