UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING



MEMB221 - MECHANICS & MATERIALS LAB
Experiment title : Thin cylinder (6)
Author : Zaiful Fadly Bin Zawawi
Student ID : ME086677
Section : 02 (group 6)
Lecturer : Siti Zubaidah Bte Othman




Performed Date Due Date Submitted Date
25/06/2012 09/07/2012 09/07/2012

1 | M E M B 2 2 1

Table of Content

1.0 Abstract..2
2.0 Objective....3
3.0 Theory4
4.0 Equipment.7
5.0 Procedure10
6.0 Data and Observations11
7.0 Analysis and Results...16
8.0 Discussion...18
9.0 Conclusions.20
10.0 References..21
11.0 Appendices.22












2 | M E M B 2 2 1

1.0 Abstract

To examine the stress and strain in a thin walled cylinder, students conduct the
experiment by using thin cylinder apparatus (SM1007). The experiment clearly shows the
principles, theories and analytical techniques and does help the student in studies.

By using SM1007, student will be able to measure the strains of the cylinder in 2 ends
condition. Open ends and closed ends. The difference between opened ends and closed
ends is that, open ends does not have axial load and no direct axial stress, meanwhile in a
closed ends there is axial load and axial stress.

As the result of the experiment, the value of circumferential stress both under open
condition and closed condition has been obtained. Analysis has been made and so the
calculation. From the data collected in opened ends condition the values of Youngs
modulus and Poissons ratio are calculated.
























3 | M E M B 2 2 1

2.0 Objective

The objective of this experiment is to determine the circumferential stress under open and
closed condition and to analyze the combined stress and circumferential stress.


































4 | M E M B 2 2 1

3.0 Theory

Because this is a thin cylinder, i.e. the ratio of wall thickness to internal diameter is less than
about 1/20, the value of
H
and
L
may be assumed reasonably constant over the area, i.e.
throughout the wall thickness, and in all subsequent theory the radial stress, which is small, will
be ignored. I symmetry the two principal stresses will be circumferential (hoop) and longitudinal
and these, from elementary theory, will be given by:

H
=

(1)
and

L
=

(2)
As previously stated, there are two possible conditions of stress obtainable; 'open end' and the
'closed ends'.


Figure 1: Stresses in a thin walled cylinder

5 | M E M B 2 2 1

a) Open Ends Condition:

The cylinder in this condition has no end constraint and therefore the longitudinal component of
stress
L
will be zero, but there will be some strain in this direction due to the Poisson effect.
Considering an element of material:

H
will cause strains of:-

H
1
=

. (3)
and

L
1
=

. (4)
These are the two principal strains. As can be seen from equation 4, in this condition
L
will be
negative quantity, i.e. the cylinder in the longitudinal direction will be in compression.

b) Closed Ends Condition :

By constraining the ends, a longitudinal as well as circumferential stress will be imposed upon
the cylinder. Considering an element of material:

H
will cause strains of:-

H
1
=

. (5)
and

L
1
=

. (6)

L
will cause strains of:-

L

=

. (7)
6 | M E M B 2 2 1

and

H

=

. (8)
The principal strains are a combination of these values which are:

H

=

(
H
-

) . (9)

L

=

(
L
-

) . (10)
The principal of the strains may be evaluated and the Mohr Strain Circle constructed for each of
the test condition. From this circle the strain at any position relative to the principal axes may be
determined.

c) To determine a value for Poisson's Ratio :

Dividing equations 3 and 4 gives:-

= (11)
This equation is only applicable to the open ends condition.







7 | M E M B 2 2 1

4.0 Equipment

Thin Cylinder SM1007


Figure 2: Thin Cylinder SM1007

Figure 2 shows a thin walled cylinder of aluminum containing a freely supported piston. The
piston can be moved in or out to alter end conditions by use of the hand wheel. An operating
range of 0 - 3.5 MN/m
2
pressure gauge is fitted to the cylinder. Pressure is applied to the cylinder
by closing the return valve, situated near the pump outlet and operating the pump handle of the
self-contained hand pump unit. In purpose to release the pressure the return valve is unscrewed.


8 | M E M B 2 2 1


Figure 3: Sectional plan of the thin cylinder

The cylinder unit, which is resting on four dowels, is supported in a frame and located axially by the
locking screw and the adjustment screw (hand wheel). When the hand wheel is screwed in, it forces the
piston away from the end plate and the entire axial load is taken on the frame, thus relieving the cylinder
of all longitudinal stress. This creates open ends. Pure axial load transmission from the cylinder to frame
is ensured by the hardened steel rollers situated at the end of the locking and adjustment screws. When the
hand wheel is screwed out, the pressurized oil in the cylinder forces the piston against caps at the end of
the cylinder and become closed ends of the cylinder. The cylinder wall then takes the axial stress.

9 | M E M B 2 2 1


Figure 4: Strain gauges positions
Six active strain gauges are cemented onto the cylinder in the position shown in Figure 4; these are self-
temperature compensation gauges and are selected to match the thermal characteristics of the thin
cylinder. Each gauge forms one arm of a bridge, the other three arms consisting of close tolerance high
stability resistors mounted on a p.c.b. Shunt resistors are used to bring the bridge close to balance in its
unstressed condition (this is done on factory test). The effect on gauge factor of this balancing process is
negligible.





10 | M E M B 2 2 1

5.0 Procedure

The power of the thin cylinder is switched on and it leaves for at least 5 minutes before the
experiment is conducted. This allows the strain gauges to reach a stable temperature and to give
the accurate readings.
Two conditions of stress may be achieved in the cylinder during test:
(i) A purely circumferential stress system which is the 'open ends' condition
(ii) A biaxial stress system which is the 'closed ends' condition.

To obtain the circumferential condition of stress,
Ensure that the return valve on the pump is fully unscrewed so that oil can return to the oil
reservoir. The hand wheel is screwed in until it reaches the stop. This moves the piston away
from the left-hand end plate and thus the longitudinal load is transmitted onto the frame. When in
this condition, the value of the Young's Modulus for the cylinder material may be determined
and also the value for Poisson's Ratio can also be determined.

To obtain the biaxial stress system,
Ensure that the return valve on the pump is fully unscrewed. The hand wheel is unscrewed and
the crosspiece is pushed to the left until it contacts the frame end plate. The return valve is closed
and the hand pump is operated to pump oil into the cylinder and push the piston to the end of the
cylinder. Thus, when the cylinder is pressurized, both longitudinal and circumferential stresses
are set up in the cylinder. Before any test being made, and at zero pressure, each strain gauge
channel should be brought to zero or the initial strain readings recorded as appropriate.


11 | M E M B 2 2 1

6.0 Data and Observation
Table 1: Open Ends Results

Cylinder Condition: OPEN ENDS


Reading

Pressure
(MN.m
-2
)
Direct
Hoop
Stress
(MN.m
-2
)
Strain ()
Gauge
1
Gauge
2
Gauge
3
Gauge
4
Gauge
5
Gauge
6
1 0.03 0.40 0 0 0 1 0 0
2 0.51 6.80 94 -33 -3 30 62 96
3 1.02 13.60 200 -72 -6 64 130 204
4 1.50 20.00 297 -110 -11 96 193 305
5 2.00 26.67 400 -146 -13 130 261 410
6 2.50 33.33 502 -181 -16 165 328 518
7 3.00 40.00 605 -217 -17 202 394 621
Values from actual Mohrs Circle
(at 3 MN.m
-2
)

-

-217

-9

200

405

-
Values from theoretical Mohrs
Circle
(at 3 MN.m
-2
)

580

-191

2

195

388

580



12 | M E M B 2 2 1

Sample Calculations for Open Ends (Theoretical values) :
Thickness = 3mm
Internal Diameter = 80mm
Poissons ratio = 0.33
Youngs Modulus = 69 10
9
N.m
-2

H
=

(1)

H
=

= 40 MN.m
-2

H
1
=

. (3)

H
1
=

= 580 (for 1,6)

L
1
=

. (4)

L
1
=

= -191 (for 2)

1
= 580 ,
2
= -191

n
= (

) + (

) cos2 (=30)

n
= 2 (for 3)
13 | M E M B 2 2 1

m
= (

) + (

) cos2

m =
388 (for 5)
When is equal 45

= (

) = 195 (for 4)


14 | M E M B 2 2 1

Table 2: Closed Ends Results

Cylinder Condition: CLOSED ENDS


Reading

Pressure
(MN.m
-2
)
Direct
Hoop
Stress
(MN.m
-2
)
Strain ()
Gauge
1
Gauge
2
Gauge
3
Gauge
4
Gauge
5
Gauge
6
1 0.01 0.13 0 0 0 0 1 1
2 0.50 6.67 78 15 32 50 64 78
3 1.00 13.33 164 33 67 102 133 167
4 1.51 20.13 248 48 99 152 199 254
5 1.99 26.53 329 63 131 203 334 425
6 2.50 33.33 414 82 167 257 334 425
7 3.01 40.13 499 99 199 310 401 512
Values from actual Mohrs Circle
(at 3 MN.m
-2
)

-

99

199

203

400

-
Values from theoretical Mohrs
Circle
(at 3 MN.m
-2
)

484

99

195

292

388

484

Sample Calculations for Closed Ends (Theoretical Values):
Thickness = 3mm
Internal Diameter = 80mm
Poissons ratio = 0.33
Youngs Modulus = 69 10
9
N.m
-2


15 | M E M B 2 2 1

H
= 40 MN.m
-2

L
= 20 MN.m
-2

H

=

(
H
-

) . (9)

H
= 484 (for 1,6)

L

=

(
L
-

) . (10)

L
= 99 (for 2)

1
= 484 ,
2
= 99

n
= (

) + (

) cos2 (=30)

n
= 195 (for 3)

m
= (

) + (

) cos2

m =
388 (for 5)
When is equal 45

= (

) = 292 (for 4)



16 | M E M B 2 2 1

7.0 Analysis and Result


Graph 1: Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain

From the Graph, we know that the value of the Youngs Modulus is 65.3GPa.
(Gradient of graph is 0.0653TPa)
The actual value of Youngs Modulus is 69GPa.
Percentage Error = (69-65.3)/(69) = 5.36%





y = 0.0653x + 0.5373
R = 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
H
o
o
p

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
N
.
m

)

Hoop Strain ()
Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop
Strain
17 | M E M B 2 2 1


Graph 2: Graph of Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain
From the graph, we know that the Poissons ratio is 0.33
(Gradient of the graph is 0.3606)
The actual value of the Poissons ratio given is also 0.33
The Percentage error = (0.33-0.3606)/(0.33) = 9.27%













y = -0.3606x - 0.3457
R = 0.9997
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

S
t
r
a
i
n

(

)

Hoop Strain ()
Graph of Longitudinal Strain against
Hoop Strain
18 | M E M B 2 2 1

8.0 Discussions
Table 3: Open Ends Condition at a cylinder pressure of 3MN.m
-2
Gauge no Actual Strain
()
Theoretical Strain
()
Error
(%)
1 - 580 -
2 -217 -191 13.6
3 -9 2 550
4 200 195 2.6
5 405 388 4.4
6 - 580 -










19 | M E M B 2 2 1

Table 4: Closed Ends Condition at a cylinder pressure of 3MN.m
-2
Gauge no Actual Strain
()
Theoretical Strain
()
Error
(%)
1 - 484 -
2 99 99 0
3 199 195 2.05
4 203 292 30.47
5 400 388 3.1
6 - 484 -

From the Graph 1, Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain, we know that the value of the
Youngs Modulus is 65.3GPa. (Gradient of graph is 0.0653TPa). The actual value of Youngs
Modulus is 69GPa. The Percentage Error = 5.36%.

From the Graph 2, Graph of Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain we know that the Poissons
ratio is 0.3606 (Gradient of the graph is 0.3606). The actual value of the Poissons ratio given is
also 0.33. The Percentage error = 9.27%

20 | M E M B 2 2 1

9.0 Conclusion
From the experiment we can determine the circumferential stress under open condition and under
the closed condition. We are being able to analyses the theoretical values of each condition by
using the formula which is given from the theory parts. We are also being able to analyses the
theoretical value which the actual values by self-drawing of Mohr Strain Circles. By using
details from the open condition, we are also being able to get the values of Youngs Modulus and
the Poissons ratio. For this experiment, we get the value of Youngs Modulus is 65.3GPa and
the value of Poissons ratio is 0.3606.



























21 | M E M B 2 2 1

10.0 References

1. Laboratory Manual Mechanics & Materials Lab 2012.
2. Mechanics of Materials.2009.5
th
edtion.Singapore.McGraw-Hill.pp423
3. Material Testing.2012
http://www.tecquipment.com/Materials-Testing/Stress-Strain/SM1007.aspx
4. Thin Wall Cylinder.2012
http://homepage.mac.com/sami_ashhab/courses/strength/subjects/thin_wall_cylinder/thin
_wall_cylinder.html
5. Thin Cylinder.2012
http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/sme/mech226/Thincylinders/thincyl.pdf























22 | M E M B 2 2 1

11.0 Appendices
Table 5: Technical Details
Items Details
Dimensions 370mm high 700mm long 380 front to
back
Nett Weight 30kg
Electrical Supply 85VAC to 264VAC 50Hz to 60 Hz
Fuse 20mm 6.3A Type F
Max. Cylinder Pressure 3.5MN.m
-2

Strain Gauges Electrical resistance self-temperature
compensation type
Cylinder oil Shell Tellus 37
Total oil capacity App. 2 liters
Cylinder Dimensions 80mm internal diameter
3mm wall thickness
359mm length
Cylinder Material Aged Aluminium Alloy 6063
Youngs Modulus (E) 69GN.m
-2

Poissons Ratio 0.33