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Name : Muhammad Kamran Akram(BEE-

FA11-079)
Amir Khalid
(BEE-FA11-032)
Abou o!"an
(BEE-FA11-103)
M#Ahmad
(BEE-FA11-0$3)
%ila&ar Khan
(BEE-FA11-0'3)

(ro)ram: BEE-*E
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Digital image processing
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Table of Contents
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References15

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Digital Image Processing
Digital image processing deals with manipulation of digital images through a
digital computer. It is a subeld of signals and s!stems but focus particularl!
on images. DIP focuses on de"eloping a computer s!stem that is able to
perform processing on an image. The input of that s!stem is a digital image
and the s!stem process that image using e#cient algorithms$ and gi"es an
image as an output. The most common e%ample is &dobe Photoshop. It is
one of the widel! used application for processing digital images.
How it works.
In the abo"e gure $ an image has been captured b! a camera and has been
sent to a digital s!stem to remo"e all the other details $ and 'ust focus on the
water drop b! (ooming it in such a wa! that the )ualit! of the image remains
the same
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Purpose of Image processing
The purpose of image processing is di"ided into * groups. The! are,
1. -isuali(ation . /bser"e the ob'ects that are not "isible.
2. Image sharpening and restoration . To create a better image.
3. Image retrie"al . 0ee1 for the image of interest.
4. 2easurement of pattern 3 2easures "arious ob'ects in an image.
*. Image 4ecognition 3 Distinguish the ob'ects in an image.
some of the ma'or applications of
DIP
2
digital image processing has "er! wide applications and almost all of the
technical elds are impacted b! Digital Image processing is not 'ust limited
to ad'ust the spatial resolution of the e"er!da! images captured b! the
camera. It is not 'ust limited to increase the brightness of the photo$ e.t.c.
5lectromagnetic wa"es can be thought of as stream of particles$ where each
particle is mo"ing with the speed of light. 5ach particle contains a bundle of
energ!. This bundle of energ! is called a photon.
The electromagnetic spectrum according to the energ! of photon is shown
below.
2
Digital image processing
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In this electromagnetic spectrum$ we are onl! able to see the "isible
spectrum. -isible spectrum mainl! includes se"en di7erent colors that are
commonl! term as 8-I9:/;4<. -I9:/;4 stands for "iolet $ indigo $ blue $
green $ orange $ !ellow and 4ed.
9ut that does not nullif! the e%istence of other stu7 in the spectrum. /ur
human e!e can onl! see the "isible portion$ in which we saw all the ob'ects.
9ut a camera can see the other things that a na1ed e!e is unable to see. =or
e%ample, % ra!s $ gamma ra!s $ e.t.c. >ence the anal!sis of all that stu7 too
is done in digital image processing.
?4a! has been widel! used in the eld of medical. The anal!sis of :amma
ra! is necessar! because it is used widel! in nuclear medicine and
astronomical obser"ation. 0ame goes with the rest of the things in 52
spectrum.
&pplications of Digital Image
Processing
0ome of the ma'or elds in which digital image processing is widel! used are
mentioned below
Image sharpening and restoration
2edical eld
4emote sensing
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Transmission and encoding
2achineA4obot "ision
Color processing
Pattern recognition
-ideo processing
2icroscopic Imaging
Image sharpening and restoration
Image sharpening and restoration refers here to process images that ha"e
been captured from the modern camera to ma1e them a better image or to
manipulate those images in wa! to achie"e desired result. It refers to do
what Photoshop usuall! does.
This includes Booming$ blurring $ sharpening $ gra! scale to color con"ersion$
detecting edges and "ice "ersa $ Image retrie"al and Image recognition. The
common e%amples are,
The original image
The (oomed image
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9lurr image
0harp image
5dges
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2edical eld
The common applications of DIP in the eld of medical is
1. :amma ra! imaging
2. P5T scan
3. ? 4a! Imaging
4. 2edical CT
*. E- imaging
E- imaging
In the eld of remote sensing $ the area of the earth is scanned b! a satellite
or from a "er! high ground and then it is anal!(ed to obtain information
about it. /ne particular application of digital image processing in the eld of
remote sensing is to detect infrastructure damages caused b! an
earth)ua1e.
&s it ta1es longer time to grasp damage$ e"en if serious damages are
focused on. 0ince the area e7ected b! the earth)ua1e is sometimes so wide $
that it not possible to e%amine it with human e!e in order to estimate
damages. 5"en if it is $ then it is "er! hectic and time consuming procedure.
0o a solution to this is found in digital image processing. &n image of the
e7ected area is captured from the abo"e ground and then it is anal!(ed to
detect the "arious t!pes of damage done b! the earth)ua1e.
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The 1e! steps include in the anal!sis are
1. The e%traction of edges
2. &nal!sis and enhancement of "arious t!pes of edges
Transmission and encoding
The "er! rst image that has been transmitted o"er the wire was from
Fondon to Gew ;or1 "ia a submarine cable. The picture that was sent is
shown below.
The picture that was sent too1 three hours to reach from one place to
another.
Gow 'ust imagine $ that toda! we are able to see li"e "ideo feed $ or li"e cct"
footage from one continent to another with 'ust a dela! of seconds. It means
that a lot of wor1 has been done in this eld too. This eld doesnot onl! focus
on transmission $ but also on encoding. 2an! di7erent formats ha"e been
de"eloped for high or low bandwith to encode photos and then stream it o"er
the internet or e.t.c.
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2achineA4obot "ision
&part form the man! challenges that a robot face toda! $ one of the biggest
challenge still is to increase the "ision of the robot. 2a1e robot able to see
things $ identif! them $ identif! the hurdles e.t.c. 2uch wor1 has been
contributed b! this eld and a complete other eld of computer "ision has
been introduced to wor1 on it.
>urdle detection
>urdle detection is one of the common tas1 that has been done through
image processing$ b! identif!ing di7erent t!pe of ob'ects in the image and
then calculating the distance between robot and hurdles.
Fine follower robot
2ost of the robots toda! wor1 b! following the line and thus are called line
follower robots. This help a robot to mo"e on its path and perform some
tas1s. This has also been achie"ed through image processing.
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Color processing
Color processing includes processing of colored images and di7erent color
spaces that are used. =or e%ample 4:9 color model $ ;CbCr$ >0-. It also
in"ol"es stud!ing transmission $ storage $ and encoding of these color
images.
Pattern recognition
Pattern recognition in"ol"es stud! from image processing and from "arious
other elds that includes machine learning 8 a branch of articial
intelligence<. In pattern recognition $ image processing is used for identif!ing
the ob'ects in an images and then machine learning is used to train the
s!stem for the change in pattern. Pattern recognition is used in computer
aided diagnosis $ recognition of handwriting $ recognition of images e.t.c
-ideo processing
& "ideo is nothing but 'ust the "er! fast mo"ement of pictures. The )ualit! of
the "ideo depends on the number of framesApictures per minute and the
)ualit! of each frame being used. -ideo processing in"ol"es noise reduction $
detail enhancement $ motion detection $ frame rate con"ersion $ aspect ratio
con"ersion $ color space con"ersion e.t.c.
Digital camera images
Digital cameras generall! include speciali(ed digital image processing
hardware .. either dedicated chips or added circuitr! on other chips .. to
con"ert the raw data from their image sensor into a color.corrected image in
a standard image le format. Images from digital cameras can be further
processed to impro"e their )ualit! or to create desired special e7ects. This
additional processing is t!picall! e%ecuted b! special software programs that
can manipulate the images in a "ariet! of wa!s.
=ilm
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5e+,&orld 81C63< was the rst feature lm to use digital image processing
to pi%ellate photograph! to simulate an androidHs point of "iew.
Intelligent Transportation 0!stems
Digital image processing has a wide applications in intelligent transportation
s!stems$ such as automatic number plate recognition and tra#c sign
recognition.
&4TI=ICI&F IGT5FFI:5GC5
&rticial intelligence is more or less the stud! of putting human intelligence
into machines. &rticial intelligence has man! applications in image
processing. =or e%ample, de"eloping computer aided diagnosis s!stems that
help doctors in interpreting images of ?.ra! $ 24I e.t.c and then highlighting
conspicuous section to be e%amined b! the doctor.
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0ignal processing is an umbrella and image processing lies under it. The
amount of light reIected b! an ob'ect in the ph!sical world 83d world< is pass
through the lens of the camera and it becomes a 2d signal and hence result
in image formation. This image is then digiti(ed using methods of signal
processing and then this digital image is manipulated in digital image
processing.
C/2PET54 :4&P>IC0
Computer graphics deals with the formation of images from ob'ect models$
rather then the image is captured b! some de"ice. =or e%ample, /b'ect
rendering. :enerating an image from an ob'ect model. 0uch a s!stem would
loo1 something li1e this.
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Computer 1e!board
Jhene"er a 1e! is pressed from the 1e!board $ the appropriate electrical
signal is sent to 1e!board controller containing the &0CII "alue that particular
1e!. =or e%ample the electrical signal that is generated when 1e!board 1e! a
is pressed$ carr! information of digit C6 in the form of D and 1$ which is the
&0CII "alue of character a.
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If !ou were to capture the image of a fast mo"ing ob'ect $ could be a car or
an!thing. The ad'ustment of shutter speed and its time would e7ect a lot.
0o $ in order to capture an image li1e this$ we will ma1e two amendments,
Increase shutter speed
Decrease shutter time
Jhat happens is $ that when we increase shutter speed $ the more number of
times $ the shutter would open or close. It means di7erent samples of light
would allow to pass in. &nd when we decrease shutter time $ it means we will
immediatel! captures the scene$ and close the shutter gate.
If !ou will do this $ !ou get a crisp image of a fast mo"ing ob'ect.
In order to understand it $ we will loo1 at this e%ample. 0uppose !ou want to
capture the image of fast mo"ing water fall.
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;ou set !our shutter speed to 1 second and !ou capture a photo. This is what
!ou get
Then !ou set !our shutter speed to a faster speed and !ou get.
Then again !ou set !our shutter speed to e"en more faster and !ou get.
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;ou can see in the last picture $ that we ha"e increase our shutter speed to
"er! fast$ that means that a shutter get opened or closed in 2DDth of 1
second and so we got a crisp image.
References

1#h,,1:66en#&iki1edia#or)6&iki6%i)i,al7ima)e71ro-e++in)
2.Azriel Rosenfeld, Picture Processing by Computer, New York: Acdemic Press, !"#"
$. %ttp:&&www.tutorilspoint.com&dip&inde'.%tm