1

Chapter 2
AC to DC CONVERSION
(RECTIFIER)
Single-phase, half wave rectifier
Uncontrolled: R load, R-L load, R-C load
Controlled
Free wheeling diode
Single-phase, full wave rectifier
Uncontrolled: R load, R-L load,
Controlled
Continuous and discontinuous current mode
Three-phase rectifier
uncontrolled
controlled
2
Rectifiers
DEFINITION: Converting AC (from
mains or other AC source) to DC power by
using power diodes or by controlling the
firing angles of thyristors/controllable
switches.
Basic block diagram
Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3-
phase).
Output can be made fixed or variable
Applications: DC welder, DC motor drive,
Battery charger,DC power supply, HVDC
AC input DC output
3
Single-phase, half-wave, R-load
( )
m
m
m RMS o
m
m
m avg o
V
V
t d t V V
V
V
t d t V V V
5 . 0
2
) sin(
2
1
,
(rms), tage Output vol
318 . 0 ) sin(
2
average), or (DC tage Output vol
2
0
0
1
= = =
= = = =
}
}
t
t
e e
t
t
e e
t
+
v
s
_
+
v
o
_
v
o
i
o
v
s
e
t t
2t
A K
4
1 2
V RL
5
Given the supply voltage v = 120 V
rms
, 60 Hz. Determine:
a) The average load voltage and current
b) The load voltage in rms
c) The average power absorbed by the load, RL
d) The power factor of the circuit
Answer
a) 54 V & 10.8 A
b) 84.9 V
c) 1440 W
d) 0.707
Example
5
Half-wave with R-L load

tan
) (
: where
) sin( ) (
: is response forced diagram, From
response, natural response; forced :
) ( ) ( ) (
: Solution eqn. al differenti order First
) (
) ( ) sin(
: KVL
1
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =

|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
+ =
+ =

R
L
L R Z
t
Z
V
t i
i i
t i t i t i
t d
t di
L R t i t V
v v v
m
f
n f
n f
m
L R s
e
u
e
u e e
e e e
e
e
e e
+
v
s
_
+
v
o
_
+
v
R
_
+
v
L
_
i
6
R-L load
| |
et e
et
et e
et e
u u e e
u u
u
u e e e e
t e
e
e
e
t
m
m m
m
t
m
n f
t
n
e t
Z
V
t i
Z
V
Z
V
A
Ae
Z
V
i
A
Ae t
Z
V
t i t i t i
R L Ae t i
t d
t di
L R t i

+
|
.
|

\
|
=

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
= =
= +
=
) sin( ) sin( ) (
as, given is current the Therefore
) sin( ) sin(
) 0 sin( ) 0 (
: i.e , conducting starts diode the before zero is
current inductor realising by solved be can
) sin( ) ( ) ( ) (
Hence
; ) (
: in results which
0
) (
) (
0, source when is response Natural
0
7
R-L waveform

: i.e , decreasing is current the because negative is
: Note
dt
di
L v
v
L
L
=
e
t
v
o
v
s,
t
2t
i
o
|
v
R
v
L
3t
4t
0
8
Extinction angle
| |
| |

s s
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
= +
= +
|
.
|

\
|
=

otherwise
0
0 for
) sin( ) sin(
) (
load, L - R ith rectfier w the summarise To
and 0 between conducts diode the Therefore,
y. numericall solved be only can
0 ) sin( ) sin(
: to reduces which
0 ) sin( ) sin( ) (
. angle, tion theextinc as known is point This
OFF. turns whendiode is zero reaches current
point when he duration)T that during negative
is source the (although radians n longer tha
biased forward in remains diode that the Note
| e
u u e
e
|
|
u u |
u u | |
|
t
et e
et |
et |
t
e t
Z
V
t i
e
e
Z
V
i
t
m
m
t =L/R
9
RMS current, Power
( )
( )( )
( )( )
RMS RMS s
RMS RMS s
RMS
RMS
o
I V
P
pf
I V S
S
P
S
P
pf
R I
t d t i t d t i I
t d t i t d t i I
.
.
i.e source,
by the supplied power apparent the is
load. by the absorbed power the to equal which
source, by the supplied power real the is where
: definition from computed is Factor Power
P
: is load by the absorbed Power
N CALCULATIO POWER
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
: is current RMS The
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
: is current (DC) average The
,
,
2
o
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
=
=
=
=
= =
= =
} }
} }
| t
| t
e e
t
e e
t
e e
t
e e
t
10
1 2
V=vmsinwt
L
0.1 H
RL
100
Given Vm= 100 V , e = 377 rads
-1
. Determine:
a) An expression for current i & extension angle
b) The average current
c) The rms current
d) The power absorbed by R
L
e) The power factor of the circuit
Answer
a) 0.936sin(et-0.361)+0.936e
-et/0.377
, 201
o
(3.5 rad)
b) 0.308 A
c) 0.474 A
d) 22.4 W
e) 0.67
Example
11
Half wave rectifier, R-C Load
( )
u
e
u
e u e
u
sin
OFF is diode when
ON is diode hen w ) sin(
/
m
RC t
m
o
V v
e V
t V
v
=

=

+
v
s
_
+
v
o
_
i
D
o
u
t
2t
3t 4t
V
m
V
max
v
s
v
o
V
min
t /2
i
D
3t /2
AV
o
Time constant = t = RC
12
Operation
Let C initially uncharged. Circuit is
energised at et=0
Diode becomes forward biased as the
source become positive
When diode is ON the output is the same
as source voltage. C charges until V
m
After et=t/2, C discharges into load (R).
The source becomes less than the output
voltage
Diode reverse biased; isolating the load
from source.
The output voltage decays exponentially
(with time constant RC)
13
Estimation of u
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
m m
m
m
RC
m m
RC t
m
RC t
m
m
m
V V
RC
RC RC
RC
RC V
V
e
RC
V V
t
e
RC
V
t d
e V d
t V
t d
t V d
=
= + = + =
+ = =

=
=

|
.
|

\
|
=
=

|
.
|

\
|
=

=




u
u
t
t
t
t u
e
t e e u
e u
e u
u
e
u u
u e
e
u
e
u
e
e
e
e u u
e u e
e u e
sin and
Therefore wave. sine the of peak the to close very is
2 2
-tan
: then large, is circuits, practical For
tan tan
1
tan
1
1
sin
cos
1
sin cos
equal, are slopes the , At
1
sin
) (
sin
and
cos
) (
sin
: are functions the of slope The
1 1
/
/
/
14
Estimation of o
o
u o
u o t
o t e
e u o t
e u o t
for y numericall solved be must equation This
0 ) (sin sin(
or
) sin ( ) 2 sin(
, 2 t At
) 2 (
) 2 (
=
= +
+ =
+
+
RC
RC
m m
e
e V V
15
Ripple Voltage
fRC
V
RC
V V
RC
e
e V e V V V
e V e V v
t
V V
V V V V
V V V
t
V
m
m o
RC
RC
m
RC
m m o
RC
m
RC
m o
m
m m m m
o
=
|
.
|

\
|
= A
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= ~ A
= = +
+ =
~
= =
= + =
= A
+ =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+

e
t
e
t
o t
o t e
t o
t u
o o t
o t e
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
t t t
u
2
2
1 : expansoin Series Using
1
: as ed approximat is voltage ripple The
) 2 (
: is 2 at evaluated tage output vol The
2. then constant, is tage output vol DC
such that large is C and 2, and If
sin ) 2 sin(
2 at occurs tage output vol Min
. is tage output vol Max
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
min max
max
Note: Sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB
16
Capacitor Current
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

+ s s

+ s s +
=

=
=
=


) 2 ( t ) ( i.e
OFF, is diode when
sin
) 2 ( t ) (2 i.e
ON, is diode when
) cos(
), ( ng substituti Then,
OFF is diode when sin
ON is diode when ) sin(
) (
But
) (
) (
: , of In terms
) (
) (
: as expressed be can capacitor in the current The
/
/
o t e u
u
u t e o t
e e
e
e
u
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e u e
e u e
RC t m
m
c
o
RC t
m
m
o
o
c
o
c
e
R
V
t CV
t i
t v
e V
t V
t v
t d
t dv
C t i
t
t d
t dv
C t i
17
Peak Diode Current
R
V
CV i
R
V
R
V
i
CV CV I
i i i i
m
m peak D
m m
R
m m peak c
C R D s
o
o e
o o t
o t
o t
o e o t e
o t
sin
cos
: is current peak diode The
sin ) (2 sin
) (2
.
: obtained be can ) (2 at current Resistor
cos ) (2 cos
Hence. . ) (2 at occurs current diode peak The
: that Note
,
,
+ =
=
+
= +
+
= + =
+
+ = =
Note: cos(A+B)= cosAcosB - sinAsinB
18
Example
A half-wave rectifier has a 120V rms source at 60Hz. The
load is =500 Ohm, C=100uF. Assume o and u are calculated
as 48 and 93 degrees respectively. Determine (a) Expression
for output voltage (b) peak-to peak ripple (c) capacitor
current (d) peak diode current.
( )
( )

=
=
= =
= =
= =
= =


(OFF) 5 . 169
(ON) ) sin( 7 . 169

(OFF) sin
(ON) ) sin( 7 . 169 ) sin(
) (
: tage Output vol (a)
; 5 . 169 ) 62 . 1 sin( 7 . 169 sin
843 . 0 48
; 62 . 1 93
; 7 . 169 2 120
) 85 . 18 /( 62 . 1
/
t
RC t
m
m
o
m
o
o
m
e
t
e V
t t V
t v
V rad V
rad
rad
V V
e
e u e
e
u
e e
e
u
o
u
t
2t
3t 4t
V
m
V
max
v
s
v
o
V
min
t /2
i
D
3t /2
o
u
AV
o
19
Example (cont)
( )
( )
( )
A
rad
rad u
R
V
CV i
e
t
e
R
V
t CV
t i
V
u fRC
V
RC
V V
V V V V V V
V V V
m
m peak D
t
RC t
m
m
c
m
m o
m m m m o
o
50 . 4 ) 34 . 0 26 . 4 (
500
) 62 . 1 sin( 7 . 169
) 843 . 0 cos( 7 . 169 ) 100 )( 60 2 (
sin
cos
: current diode Peak (d)
(OFF) A 339 . 0
(ON) A ) cos( 4 . 6
(OFF)
) sin(
(ON) ) cos(
: current Capacitor (c)
7 . 56
100 500 60
7 . 169 2
: ion Approximat Using
43 sin ) 2 sin(
: Using
: (b)Ripple
,
) 85 . 18 /( 62 . 1
) /(
min max
= + =
+ =
+ =

=
=

= =
|
.
|

\
|
= A
= = + = A
= A


t
o
o e
e
u
e e
e
e
t
o o t
e
e u e
20
Controlled half-wave
+
v
o
_
+
v
s
_
i
g
i
a
( ) | |
( ) | |
( )
t
o
t
o
e e
t
e e
t
o
t
e e
t
t
o
t
o
t
o
2
2 sin
1
2
] 2 cos( 1 [
4
sin
2
1
voltage RMS
cos 1
2
sin
2
1
: voltage Average
2
2
,
+ = =
=
+ = =
}
}
}
m m
m RMS o
m
m o
V
t d t
V
t d t V V
V
t d t V V
e
t
v
v
o
o
i
g
e
t
e
t
v
s
+ VSCR -
Note power sinus: sin x= (1-cos2x)
2
21
Controlled h/w, R-L load
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
et
o
et
o
et
e
u o
u o o
o
u e e e e

|
.
|

\
|
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
= =
=
+
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
e
Z
V
A
Ae
Z
V
i
i
Ae t
Z
V
t i t i t i
m
m
t
m
n f
sin
sin 0
, 0 : condition Initial
sin ) ( ) ( ) (
+
v
s
_
i
+
v
o
_
+
v
R
_
+
v
L
_
e
t
v
s
t
2t
v
o
o
i
o
|
+ VSCR -
22
Thyristor waveform
23
Controlled R-L load
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) | |
( )
( )
R I P
: load by the absorbed power The
dt t i
2
1
I
: current RMS
d t i
2
1
I
: current Average
cos cos
2
V
d t sin V
2
1
V
: voltage Average
angel. conduction the called is Angle
e sin sin
Z
V
0 i
y numericall solved be must angle Extinction
otherwise 0
t for e sin t sin
Z
V
t i
g, simplifyin and A for ng Substituti
2
RMS o

2
RMS

o
m

m o

) (
m

t) (
m
=
}
=
}
=
=
}
=
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
= =

s s
(

|
.
|

\
|
=


24
Thyristor Triggering
25
Examples
1. A half wave controlled rectifier has a source of 120V
RMS at 60Hz. R = 20 ohm, L= 0.04 H, and the delay
angle is 45 degrees. Determine: (a) the expression for
current i(et), (b) average current, (c) the power absorbed
by the load.
2. Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of 40V
across a 100 ohm load from a 120V RMS, 60Hz supply.
Determine the power factor absorbed by the resistance.
26
Freewheeling diode (FWD)
Note that for single-phase, half wave rectifier
with R-L load, the load (output) current is
NOT continuos.
A FWD (sometimes known as commutation
diode) can be placed as shown below to make
it continuos
+
v
s
_
i
o
+
v
o
_
+
v
R
_
+
v
L
_
+
v
s
_
+
v
o
_
D
1
is on, D
2
is off
i
o
v
o
= v
s
i
o
+
v
o
_
i
o
D
2
is on, D
1
is off
v
o
= 0
(a)
(b)
(c)
27
Operation of FWD
Note that both D
1
and D
2
cannot be turned
on at the same time.
For a positive cycle voltage source,
D
1
is on, D
2
is off
The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (b)
The voltage across the R-L load is the same as
the source voltage.
For a negative cycle voltage source,
D
1
is off, D
2
is on
The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure (c)
The voltage across the R-L load is zero.
However, the inductor contains energy from
positive cycle. The load current still circulates
through the R-L path.
But in contrast with the normal half wave
rectifier, the circuit in Figure (c) does not
consist of supply voltage in its loop.
Hence the negative part of v
o
as shown in the
normal half-wave disappear.
28
The inclusion of FWD results in continuos
load current, as shown below.
Note also the output voltage has no
negative part.
FWD- Continuous load current
t
2t 3t
4t
i
D1
i
o
output
Diode
current
i
D2
v
o
0
et
29
Why single-phase full-wave ?
To produce purely DC (less ripple) voltage
or current
Suitable for high power application
Average current in the AC source is zero,
thus avoiding problem associated with
non-zero average source current especially
in transformer
30
Full wave rectifier
Center-tapped
D
1
i
s
+
v
s
_
v
o
+
i
D1
i
D2
i
o
+
v
s1
_
+
v
s2
_
D
2
+ v
D1

+ v
D2

Center-tapped
(CT) rectifier
requires
center-tap
transformer.
Full Bridge
(FB) does not.
CT: 2 diodes
FB: 4 diodes.
Hence, CT
experienced
only one diode
volt-drop per
half-cycle
Conduction
losses for CT
is half.
Diodes ratings
for CT is twice
than FB
( )
m
m
m o
m
m
o
V
V
t d t V V
t t V
t t V
v
637 . 0
2
sin
1
: voltage (DC) Average
2 sin
0 sin
circuits, both For
0
= = =

s s
s s
=
}
t
e e
t
t e t e
t e e
t
+
v
s
_
i
s
i
D
1
+
v
o
_
i
o
Full Bridge
D
1
D
2
D
4
D
3
31
Bridge waveforms
+
v
s
_
i
s
i
D
1
+
v
o
_
i
o
Full Bridge
D
1
D
2
D
4
D
3
t
2t
3t
4t
V
m
V
m
-V
m
-
V
m
v
s
v
o
v
D1
v
D2
v
D3
v
D4
i
o
i
D1
i
D2
i
D3
i
D4
i
s
32
Center-tapped waveforms
Center-tapped
D
1
i
s
+
v
s
_
v
o
+
i
D1
i
D2
i
o
+
v
s1
_
+
v
s2
_
D
2
+ v
D1

+ v
D2

t
2t
3t
4t
V
m
V
m
-2V
m
-2V
m
v
s
v
o
v
D1
v
D2
i
o
i
D1
i
D2
i
s
33
Full wave bridge, R-L load
+
v
s
_
i
s
i
D
1
+
v
o
_
i
o
+
v
R
_
+
v
L
_
v
o
v
s
i
o
i
D1
, i
D2
i
D3
,i
D4
i
s
e
t t
2t
2
1
4
3
34
Approximation with large L
( ) , for ,
2
: i.e. terms, harmonic the
all drop to possible is it enough, large is If
. increasing ry rapidly ve decreases Thus
decreases. harmonic increases, As
: currents harmonic The

curent DC The
1
1
1
1 2
terms harmonics the and
2
term DC the where
) cos( ) (
Series, Fourier Using
... 4 , 2
R L
R
V
R
V
I t i
L
n I
V n
L jn R
V
Z
V
I
R
V
I
n n
V
V
V
V
t n V V t v
m o
o
n
n
n
n
n
n
o
o
m
n
m
o
n
n o o
>> = = ~
+
= =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
=
+ + =

=
e
t
e
e
e
t
t
t e e
(average value)
(Z
n
increases)
35
R-L load approximation
v
o
v
s
i
o
i
D1
, i
D2
i
D3
,i
D4
i
s
e
t t
2t
( )
R I P
I I I I
R
V
R
V
I
RMS o
o RMS n o RMS
m o
o
2
2
,
2
: load the to delivered Power
,
2
current e Approximat
=
= + =
= =

t
36
Examples
b) Given a bridge rectifier has an AC source V
m
=100V at
50 Hz, and R-L load with R =100 Ohm , L= 10 mH
i) determine the average current in the load
ii) determine the first two higher order harmonics of
the load current
iii) determine the power absorbed by the load
37
Controlled full wave, R load
( ) | |
( ) | |
( )
R
V
P
V
t d t V V
V
t d t V V
RMS
o
m
m
RMS
o
m
m o
2
2
,
: is load R by the absorbed power The
4
2 sin
2 2
1
sin
1
Voltage RMS
cos 1 sin
1
: voltage (DC) Average
=
+ =
=
+ = =
}
}
t
o
t
o
e e
t
o
t
e e
t
t
o
t
o
+
v
s
_
i
s
i
D
1
+
v
o
_
i
o T
1
T
4
T
2
T
3
38
+
v
s
_
i
s
i
D
1
+
v
o
_
i
o
+
v
R
_
+
v
L
_
Controlled, R-L load
t
2t
v
o
Discontinuous mode
|
o
t
+o
i
o
t
2t
v
o
Continuous mode
t+o
o
|
i
o
T1, T2
ON
T3, T4
ON
2
1
4
3
39
Discontinuous mode
| |
zero. an greater th be must ) ( t
at current operation continous For
). ( is expression current output the
in when is mode current us discontino
and continous between boundary The
0 ) (
: condition y with numericall solved be must
and angle extinction the is that Note
) (
: ensure to need mode, us discontino For
; tan and
) (
for
) sin( ) sin( ) (
: load L - R
with wave half controlled similar to Analysis
1
2 2
) (
o t e
o t
|
|
|
t o |
t
e
u
e
| e o
u o u e e
et o e
+ =
+
=
+ <
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
s s

|
.
|

\
|
=

o
t
m
i
R
L
R
L
L R Z
t
e t
Z
V
t i
40
Continuous mode
| |
( ) cos

2V
d t sin V

1
V
: as given is tage output vol (DC) Average
R
L
tan
mode, current continuous for Thus
R
L
tan
for Solving
0, e 1 ) sin(
), sin( ) sin(
: identity ry Trigonomet Using
0 )e sin( ) sin(
0 ) i(
m

m o
1
1
) (
) (
= =
|
.
|

\
|
s
|
.
|

\
|
=
>
= +
> +
> +
}
+

+
t
41
Single-phase diode groups
In the top group (D
1
, D
3
), the cathodes (-) of the two
diodes are at a common potential. Therefore, the
diode with its anode (+) at the highest potential will
conduct (carry) i
d
.
For example, when v
s
is ( +), D
1
conducts i
d
and D
3
reverses (by taking loop around v
s
, D
1
and D
3
).
When v
s
is (-), D
3
conducts, D
1
reverses.
In the bottom group, the anodes of the two diodes
are at common potential. Therefore the diode with
its cathode at the lowest potential conducts i
d
.
For example, when v
s
(+), D
2
carry i
d
. D
4
reverses.
When v
s
is (-), D
4
carry i
d
. D
2
reverses.
+
v
s
_
+
v
o
_
v
p
v
n
i
o
D
1
D
3
D
4
D
2
v
o
=v
p
v
n
42
Three-phase rectifiers
D
1
v
o
=v
p
v
n
+
v
o
_
v
pn
v
nn
i
o
D
3
D
2
D
6
+ v
cn
-
n
+ v
bn
-
+ v
an
-
D
5
D
4
t 2t 0
4t
V
m
V
m
v
an
v
bn
v
cn
v
n
v
p
v
o
=v
p
- v
n
3t
D1
D6
D1
D3
D3
D2
D3
D4
D5
D4
ia
ib
ic
43
Three-phase waveforms
Top group: diode with its anode at the
highest potential will conduct. The other
two will be reversed.
Bottom group: diode with the its cathode at
the lowest potential will conduct. The other
two will be reversed.
For example, if D
1
(of the top group)
conducts, v
p
is connected to v
an
.
. If D
6
(of the
bottom group) conducts, v
n
connects to v
bn
.
All other diodes are off.
The resulting output waveform is given as:
v
o
=v
p
-v
n
For peak of the output voltage is equal to
the peak of the line to line voltage v
ab
.
44
Three-phase, average voltage
| |
phase. - single
a of n higher tha much is rectifier phase - three a
of component voltage DC output that the Note
955 . 0
3

) cos(
3

) sin(
3
1
: voltage Average
radians. 3 or degrees 60 over average its
Obtain segments. six the of one only Considers
,
,
3 2
3
,
3 2
3
,
L L m
L L m
L L m
L L m o
V
V
t
V
t d t V V

= =
=
=
}
t
e
t
e e
t
t
t
t
t
t
v
o
0
t/3 2t/3
V
m, L-L
v
o
t/3
45
3 Phase Current Waveform
Output current is assumed to be DC
46
Controlled, three-phase
V
m
v
an
v
bn v
cn
T
1
+
v
o
_
v
pn
v
nn
i
o
T
3
T
2
T
6
+ v
cn
-
n
+ v
bn
-
+ v
an
-
T
5
T
4
o
v
o
47
Controlled, three-phase
waveforms
48
Controlled, three-phase
waveforms
49
Output voltage of controlled
three phase rectifier
o
t
e e
t
o
o t
o t
cos
3

) sin(
3
1
: as computed be can voltage Average
SCR. the of angle delay
the be let Figure, previous the From
,
3 2
3
,
|
.
|

\
|
=
=

+
+

}
L L m
L L m o
V
t d t V V
EXAMPLE: A three-phase controlled rectifier has
an input voltage of 415V RMS at 50Hz. The load
R=10 ohm. Determine the delay angle required to
produce current of 50A.
50
Q1. Consider an uncontrolled full wave diode rectifier
with series R and L load. The supply voltage is given as
340 sin (314t) V.
a) By assuming the load inductance is large enough,
sketch the waveform of
i) Output voltage, V
o
ii) Diode current iD
1
, iD
2
, iD
3
and iD
4
iii) Input supply current, i
s
b) If R-L load are 10 O and 100 mH respectively, and the
instantaneous voltage across the load is given as
Where
i) Derive the average output voltage, V
o
ii) Calculate the average load current, I
o
iii) Calculate the amplitude of harmonic voltage, V
n
for n =
2, 4
iv) Calculate the amplitude of harmonic current, V
n
for n =
2, 4
v) Calculate the load current in rms

=
+ + =
4 , 2
) cos( ) (
n
nwt Vn Vo t vo t
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ =
1
1
1
1 2
n n
Vm
Vo vn
t
51
Q2. a) Draw the circuit diagram of a single-phase
controlled full-wave rectifier using four power devices
with resistive load connected to it. Assuming the input
voltage of the rectifier is v (t) = V
m
sin(et) and the delay
angle is o,
i) Sketch the load voltage and current waveforms
ii) Derive the equations for the average load voltage and
current.
b) Consider using the rectifier as DC supply to a highly
inductive load (R = 2.4 O and L = 0.6 H) which keeps the
load current smooth and ripple-free. The rectifier is
supplied from 1414 V
rms
, 50 Hz supply.
i) Sketch the load voltage waveform and show that the
relationship between the average load voltage and the
delay angle o is (2V
m
/t) cos o.
ii) If the load requires a current of 450 A, calculate the
delay angle that will give this value.
iii) Prove that the load current is continuous.
iv) Determine the power absorbed by the load.
v) Explain how the power absorbed by the load is
increased by including a freewheeling diode i