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Anupam Hazra
Y.V. Singh
Jyoti Nayak
Women Empowerment:
Milestones and Challenges
Arpita Sharma
10
17
Dinesh Sahu
Kanker
20
Dr Mohd. Shahid
Gyanendra Mishra
22
25
NirendraDev
28
B. Chandra Sekhar
Prof. K. Govindappa
31
Y. S.Kataria
38
Shweta
42
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Kurukshetra seeks to carry the message of Rural Development to all people. It serves as a forum for free, frank and serious discussion on the
problems of Rural Development with special focus on Rural Uplift.
The views expressed by the authors in the articles are their own. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the government or the organizations they
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September 2011
Kurukshetra
Inside
ndia has the largest number of elected women in the world, and there
are around 75000 women representatives out of a total of 260,000
panchayat representatives. Empowering women is the surest means of
We discuss in this
issue the status of women in rural India and what all is being done.
The government has framed legislation
empower
decision making.
the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) has been fruitful, and has empowered
women both politically and socially.
Despite
century, India still ranks very low among the 177 nations on gender equity
according to the Human Development Index.
Though the path to empowerment of women is rough, age old
prejudices and gender based biases are giving way to gender equality and
harmonious development Policies.
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September 2011
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September 2011
At family level
At Society/Community level
At State/National level
Economic
Self-employment
opportunities for women;
Womens involvement
in
income-generating
activities; Contribution
to family income; Access
to and control of family
resources
Socio-Cultural
Womens
freedom
of movement; Nondiscriminatory treatment
to daughters; Initiatives
towards educating girl
child
Affirmative
mediarepresentation for women
highlighting their roles and
contributions for the nation;
Womens literacy and access to
a broad range of educational
options;
Familial/
Interpersonal
Active involvement in
decision-making process
of family; Control over
sexual relations; Ability
to make childbearing
decisions; Freedom from
domestic violence
Systems
providing
easy
access to reproductive health
services
Legal
Knowledge
about
womens basic rights;
Family support and
encouragement
for
exercising
womens
rights
Strict
enforcement
of
legislations
protecting
womens rights and promoting
women empowerment, Media
support for ensuring proper
implementation of Acts and
legislations ensuring women
welfare; Active judicial system
to address womens rights
violations
Political
Knowledge of political
as well as democratic
system and means of
access to it; Domestic
support for political
involvement
Womens
representation
in regional and national
decision making bodies of
government e.g. Lok Sabha,
State Legislative assemblies;
Representation of womens
interests in effective lobbies
and interest groups
Psychological
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September 2011
of
women
agricultural
September 2011
Women in
processing
post
harvest
and
agro-
Almost entire post harvest and agroprocessing activities are performed by women.
The operations like cleaning, grading, drying,
parboiling milling; grinding, decortication and
storage are performed by women out of necessity,
which is socially accepted, irrespective of economic
status of the women. The male workers seldom
perform these operations, even if they have idle
time. Fortunately mechanically powered simple
equipment and gadgets are available in rural
areas on custom for many of these operations and
therefore womens drudgery has been reduced to
a great extent. The custom services of rice milling,
flour grinding and oil expelling are quite common
in rural areas.
Characteristics
workers
4.
5.
6.
Technological
Training and skill
Passive attitude towards modernization
Credit facilities
Marketing system
Social barrier
1. Technological barriers
The equipment for agriculture production
processing and value addition are developed
keeping ergonomic design factors of male
operators. For women these are scaled down in
size but their physiological responses under long
duration of work are hardly investigated he physical
strength, working posture and environment under
which female workers are employed varies from
region to region, which influences the adoption of
technology. The research institutions have hardly
appointed female researchers and technicians for
evaluation of women specific technology.
4. Credit facilities
The modern agriculture, including improved
machinery, requires higher capital investment
which is not adequate from farmers savings alone.
The women farmers are not conversant with
Banking system and procedure for availing loan and
thus, are deprived of credit facilities for purchase of
machinery and other agricultural inputs.
5. Marketing system
Purchase of improved machinery or sale of
agro-produce requires knowledge of industries
dealing in machinery and organized marketing
network system for agro-produce. The women
workers seldom handle such issues outside their
village boundaries, though they are involved in
trade in village or local bazars.Since marketing
requires movement away from their villages, it
will be appropriate to organize, group societies, to
look after such issues. Network can be established
like Contact farming, franchise trading supply
to organized cooperatives/stores for value added
products for assured marketing.
6. Social barrier
Women are equally competent to operate any
mechanical device as seen in urban areas. In many
Asian countries such as in Japan, Korea, China,
Philippines, Thailand and Malaysia, women equally
participate in operation of field machinery. But the
rural women workers in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
and Nepal have confined to using hand tools and
Kurukshetra
September 2011
September 2011
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT:
MILESTONES AND CHALLENGES
Arpita Sharma
10
10
and politically that can help them take Selfdecision regarding education, mobility, economic
independency, political participation, public
speaking and awareness to exercise rights.
India has so far passed/amended several
women specific legislations and implemented a
plethora of programs and schemes for womens
well-being and economic emancipation.
Empowerment is a process aimed at changing
the nature and reaction of systemic forces which
marginalize women and other disadvantaged
sections in a given context. The need for women
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September 2011
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13
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Conclusion
Indisputably, India is committed to the cause
of empowerment of women. However, the journey
towards progress is long and arduous. India has
witnessed great change in the last two decades.
Age old prejudices and gender based biases are
giving way to gender equality and harmonious
development. Policies to raise womens age at
marriage, enhance their educations and open
greater employment opportunities will also help
to empower them, at least in some respects. Our
goal is to cause policy, institutional and individual
change that will improve the lives of women and
girls everywhere.
(The author is Ph.D Student of Dept.
of Agricultural Communication, College of
Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture
& Technology, Pantnagar 263145 Uttarakhand,
e-mail : sharmaarpita35@gmail.com )
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Opportunities:
In order to assist and develop rural women
entrepreneurship, women at grass root level should
be involved through the womens organizations.
Such organizations can be instrumental in identifying
women for income generating activities. The
small industries service Institute and voluntary
organizations should organize special programmes
for prospective women entrepreneurs in villages.
Under the Integrated Rural Development Programme
(IRDP), special sub-schemes can be undertaken
for development of women entrepreneurs in rural
areas.
Government Initiatives
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September 2011
by
Rural
Women
September 2011
19
Challenges Faced
Entrepreneurs
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September 2011
Uttar Pradesh,
Community
Badaun
and
Balmiki
September 2011
23
Issues in Manual
Rehabilitation
Scavenging
and
Conclusion
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September 2011
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25
DEPRIVATION PARAMETERS
The automatic inclusion group is expected to
make up 4 percent of the rural population. To identify
the remaining 38 per cent (among the estimated 42
percent rural BPL population, according to the Rs.
675 cut off) seven deprivation parameters will be
used.
Each household gets one point for satisfying
each parameters. If households with the maximum
score of seven do not come to 38 percent, those with
scores of six will be included, and then those with
scores of five, and so on till the required 38 percent
is reached. The seven parameters :
=
AUTOMATIC INCLUSIONS
(Households almost certain to fall within the
Rs. 675 cutoff)
The homeless
Manual scavengers
AUTOMATIC EXCLUSIONS
(Households with per head expenditures almost
certainly above Rs. 675 a month)
=
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September 2011
CONCLUSION :
Eradication of poverty in India is a long-term goal.
It is incorrect to say that all the poverty eradication
programmes have failed because the growth of
the middle class people indicates that economic
prosperity has indeed been very impressive in India,
but at the same time, the distribution of wealth is not
at all even across the country. Poverty eradication
is expected to make better progress in the coming
years than in the past due to the increasing stress on
education, reservation of seats in government jobs
and the increasing empowerment of women which
have contributed much to the eradication of poverty
in India. According to Nicholas Stern, Vice-President
of the World Bank, increasing globalization and
investment opportunities contribute significantly
to the reduction of poverty in India which would
increase rise in per-capita income and accelerate
economic development of our people.
(The author is Reader, P.G. Department
of Economics and Dean of the Faculty of Arts,
Jamshedpur Womens
College, Jamshedpur,
e-mail : shahin.razi@gmail.com)
September 2011
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Kurukshetra
Moreover,
suggestions
have
also
cropped up on improving the awareness level.
Awareness programmes with regard to the
Looking back, there are success stories visMission should be organized on regular basis
-vis the implementation of the Rajiv Gandhi
in the remote villages for its success. For better
Drinking Water Mission. According to Planning
results, there is also stress on greater community
Commission sources, a few years back, Himachal
involvement, especially women.Studies also claim
Pradesh stands out as unique in the sense that
that the improvement in this regard is found to be
almost all women a whopping 96 per cent
phenomenal in the case of Rajasthan where over
have asserted their increased participation in
91 per cent of the rural households have access to
the community activities. As
safe drinking water, making a
regards the programs impact
marked improvement than
The
increased
on children, an overwhelming
what it was in 2003-04. In
majority of women, 89 per
terms of receiving sufficient
availability and
cent have reported that on
quantity of water, the northconsequently,
increased
account of improved water
eastern state of Assam also
supply, easier access and
stands out as one of the best
water usage by the rural
adequate availability, children
performing states.
households
have
been
have now more time set apart
The increased availability
for study and play. Needless
found to be the biggest
and consequently, increased
to add, earlier the younger
water usage by the rural
program benefits.
lots used to devote a lot of
households have been found
time in helping elders collect
to be the biggest program
water. Overall, the study
benefits. Overall, there has
said, an overwhelming majority, 96 per cent of
been also noticeable decrease in the frequency of
the households have reported increased usage of
the supply system breakdowns and also ensuring
water.
Environmental Sanitation and reduction in water
borne diseases.
An evaluation study on the implementation
of theprogrammealso revealed that a substantial
To wrap up, one must say; the greatest
93 per cent of the rural population at present has
strength of democracy is that under this system
access to safe drinking water, about66 per cent
of governance, the people are the masters of the
of the households having access to safe drinking
destiny and also of their own developmental works.
water source are getting round the year supply of
The Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi had
drinking water. And it is encouraging to note that an
always underlined this theme. The Rajiv Gandhi
overwhelming majority of the households,93per
National Drinking Water Mission is truly one such
cent have reported their satisfaction with the
scheme. (PIB Features)
water quality.
(The author is the Special Representative,
The study also brought some important
The Statesman,NewDelhi)
suggestions for better functioning of theprogramme.
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September 2011
WASTELAND DEVELOPMENT IN
ANDHRA PRADESH
B. Chandra Sekhar & Prof. K. Govindappa
Kurukshetra
September 2011
31
31
1.
ii.
iii.
2. Classification
wastelands:
and
Estimation
of
September 2011
Table . 1
State-wise Wastelands of India
(Area in Sq. Km)
State
No. of
Districts
Covered
Total Wastelands
area in districts
covered
% of
wastelands
to total geog.
Area
Andhra Pradesh
23
275068.00
51750.19
18.81
Arunachal Pradesh
13
83743.00
18326.25
21.88
Assam
23
78438.00
20019.17
25.52
Bihar
55
173877.00
20997.55
12.08
Goa
3702.00
613.27
16.57
Gujarat
25
196024.00
43021.28
21.95
Hariyana
19
44212.00
3733.98
8.45
Himachal Pradesh
12
55673.00
31659.00
56.87
14
101387.00
65444.24
65.55
10
Karnataka
27
191791.00
20839.28
10.87
11
Kerala
14
38863.00
1448.18
3.73
12
Madhya Pradesh
62
443446.00
69713.75
15.72
13
Maharastra
32
307690.00
53489.08
17.38
14
Manipur
22327.00
12948.62
58.00
15
Meghalaya
22429.00
9904.38
44.16
16
Mizoram
21081.00
4071.68
19.31
17
Nagaland
16579.00
8404.10
50.69
18
Orissa
30
155707.00
21341.71
13.71
19
Punjab
17
50362.00
2228.40
4.42
20
Rajasthan
32
342239.00
105639.11
30.87
21
Sikkim
7096.00
3569.58
50.30
22
Tripura
10486.00
1276.03
12.17
23
Tamil Nadu
29
130058.00
23013.90
17.70
24
Uttar Pradesh
83
294411.00
38772.80
13.17
25
West Bengal
18
88752.00
5718.48
6.44
26
Union territories
20
10973.00
574.30
5.23
Total
584
3166414.00
638518.31
20.17
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September 2011
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33
Sl.
No.
Table. 2
Causes of Land Degradation
Area
(million hectors)
Percentage of total
area
Water erosion
107.12
61.70
Wind erosion
17.79
10.24
Ravines
3.97
2.28
Salt-affected
7.61
4.38
Water logging
8.52
4.90
4.91
2.82
19.49
11.22
Special problems
2.73
1.57
1.46
0.84
173.64
100.00
Causes of Degradation
Total
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September 2011
4. Programmes
wastelands:
DPAP:
for
Development
of
Table. 3.1
Wasteland statistics and indicators of poverty and food insecurity In India
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
State
Deficit in food
production
Percentage
wasteland
Percentage
below poverty
line
Rural in
fracture
index (%)
Rural literacy
(%) 2001
1.16
1.29
1.55
0.42
1.74
0.33
0.76
1.11
3.99
3.70
1.12
1.27
1.13
0.16
1.25
1.18
0.94
0.85
1.18
18.81
25.52
5.90
7.53
21.95
8.45
56.87
10.87
3.73
18.89
19.31
17.38
13.71
4.42
30.87
17.70
9.40
30.27
6.44
15.92
45.01
56.93
44.38
22.18
28.02
30.34
29.88
25.76
62.00
42.05
37.93
49.72
11.95
26.46
32.48
44.54
24.98
40.80
42.30
74.60
99.20
60.00
30.80
34.90
11.80
35.80
39.70
80.00
57.40
32.40
64.60
37.70
56.90
31.40
84.10
70.00
89.90
55.33
60.92
44.42
76.23
58.53
64.00
74.38
60.00
90.05
46.26
58.10
71.00
66.44
65.00
56.00
67.00
54.00
61.00
64.00
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chattisgarh
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Jarkhand
Madhya Pradesh
Maharastra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamail Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Uttaranchal
West Bangal
Kurukshetra
September 2011
35
35
Sl.
No.
Table. 3.2
Wasteland statistics and indicators of poverty and marginalization
Andhra Pradesh
Sl.
No.
District
Incidence of poverty
(poor %)
Wasteland (%)
Adilabad
53.10
15.23
54.00
Anantapur
50.00
16.90
63.70
Chittoor
61.10
38.76
90.00
Kadapa
43.10
29.93
84.60
East Godavari
28.60
13.41
55.40
Guntur
33.00
14.72
87.20
Karimnagar
43.20
12.43
84.20
Kammam
41.70
10.90
68.30
Krishna
29.40
10.56
90.10
10
Kurnool
41.70
21.97
67.00
11
Mahaboobnagar
52.80
13.54
67.20
12
Medak
48.80
11.73
74.40
13
Nalgonda
46.60
12.14
74.00
14
Nellore
49.70
37.61
97.80
15
Nizamabad
41.00
18.70
82.40
16
Prakasham
37.80
21.46
87.80
17
Rangareddy
47.80
19.50
67.90
18
Srikakulam
53.10
18.89
92.20
19
Visakhapatnam
45.90
28.24
74.70
20
Vizayanagaram
51.30
20.63
85.80
21
Warangal
43.20
11.63
80.80
22
West Godavari
35.70
4.38
71.00
36
36
IWDP:
September 2011
2.
Absence of adequate
appropriate management.
Kurukshetra
September 2011
investments
and
3.
4.
5.
ii.
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38
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Kurukshetra
September 2011
Domestic Workers
Domestic work forms one of the largest
sectors of female employment in the urban
areas. Domestic workers are unorganized and
the sector remains unregulated and unprotected
by labour laws. This is largely because the
domestic workers undertake work in private
homes rather than in commercial establishments.
They work in appalling conditions, with no
coverage under the existing welfare measures
and schemes for social security, old age pension,
health and maternity protection etc. Domestic
workers lack organizational strength and voice and
comprise largely of unskilled women, who enter
thelabourmarket without any technical skills.As
per National Sample Survey (NSS) 2004-05, there
are about 47.50 lakh domestic workers in the
country. About 30lakhof these workers are urban
women, making domestic work as the largest
female occupation in urban India.
Domestic workers come from vulnerable
communities and backward areas. Most of these
are poor, vulnerable, illiterate, unskilled and
do not understand the urban labour market.
Domestic work is undervalued and poorly
regulated, and many domestic workers remain
overworked, underpaid and unprotected. They
are maltreated, exploited and suffer violence
and even sexually abused. The main issues that
concern domestic work are: lack of decent wages
and work conditions, no defined work time, no
weekly offs, loneliness, violence, abuse, and
Kurukshetra
September 2011
39
SUBSC R I PT I ON COUPON
(For New Membership/Renewal/Change in Address
Address
PIN
Kurukshetra
September 2011
September 2011
41
41
Kurukshetra
September 2011
No. of Villages
236,004
37.00
158,124
25.00
221,040
35.00
15,058
2.00
3,976
1.00
634,202
100.00
Total
September 2011
43
43
Rural
Market
Purchasing Power
September 2011
Kurukshetra
September 2011
45
Retail
The rural retail market is currently estimated at
US$ 112 billion, or around 40 per cent of the US$
280 billion Indian retail market, according to a study
paper, The Rise of Rural India, by an industry body.
Hindustan Unilever (HUL) is planning to
significantly increase its rural reach. According to
Harish Manwani, Chairman, HUL, the quality and
quantity of rural coverage will go up to the extent
that what we have done in the last 25 years we
want to do it in the next two years. Currently
HUL products reach approximately 250,000 rural
retail outlets and the company intends to scale
it up to nearly 750,000 outlets in two years time.
Direct selling firm Tupperware India, known for
its storage containers plans to foray into the rural
markets in the next two-three years. We have
solid plans for the rural market. We are working on
bringing products for rural people as well, said Asha
Gupta, Managing Director, and Tupperware India.
Castrol India is pushing its rural sales by building up a
distribution infrastructure to reach out to all villages.
According to Ravi Kirpalani, Chief Operating Officer,
Castrol India, Our distribution now reaches 5,0007,000 towns and villages, but we are planning to take
our products to six lakh villages with a population of
less of 5,000.
Automobiles
Car sales in rural India have been on the
increase in the last three years since the government
announced various schemes such as farm loan waiver
etc, for the rural population.
Maruti Suzukis share of rural sales has
increased from 3.5 per cent to 17 per cent in the
last three years. Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M)
is now selling more Scorpios in rural and semiurban markets. Scorpio sales have increased from
35 per cent to 50 per cent in the last two years.
Toyota Kirloskar Motor (TKM), in which Japans Toyota
Motor Corp holds an 89 per cent controlling stake,
is planning at selling 40 per cent of its cars in rural
markets in India. According to Hiroshi Nakagawa,
Managing Director, TKM,
Yamaha is also planning a major initiative in rural
India by launching more models in the affordable price
range in 2010. We are very strong in Tier 1 and Tier
II cities. Now onwards, our focus will be rural India
46
46
September 2011
September 2011
47
47
Conclusion
3.
4.
AWARENESS
of
product:
Means
of
transportation,
communication,
media
penetration and literacy levels are just some of
the factors that come into play here. Companies
may have to rely on direct promotion and area
specific marketing campaigns to get better
results on their product awareness. For example
companies like Hindustan Unilever (HUL) rely
heavily on their own company-organised media
promotional events organised by stockiest.
Since rural areas have limited venues for
entertainment, conducting an event in rural
areas can bring a good response. Some of the
interesting events that can be conducted are
Road Shows, Melas, Street Theatre, Film Shows
and so on. Several Agrochemical companies
such as Rallis India Limited, Wockhardt and
tractor companies like Escort, Mahindras
have successfully employed melas, local
communication to get higher sales.
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Kurukshetra
September 2011