Introduction
2
The word haemophilus means “blood loving” and refers to the growth
requirement of these organism for one or both of two factors present in
blood – X and V factors. The X factor is protoporphyrin or hemin. The heat
stable X factor is necessary for synthesizing iron containing respiratory
enzymes, cytochrome, cytochrome oxidase, catalase, and peroxidase. The
heat labile V factor , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), is a
coenzyme involved in oxidation-reduction reaction.
Review of Literature
8
Introduction:
History:
serious Hib infection had fallen from 1:600 to 1:30,000 by 5 years of age.
Many other European countries have introduced, or are in the process of
introducing, a routine Hib immunisation programme. Because the
epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae infection is changing so
dramatically, it is opportune to review Haemophilus influenzae as it was
perceived in the pre-vaccine era (the past) and during vaccine
implementation (the present), and how its role may change in the post-
vaccination era (the future). This review will summarise the historical
landmarks that have led to our present-day understanding
of Haemophilus influenzae pathogenicity, the concerns about antibiotic
resistance, the features of the host immune response to Haemophilus
influenzae, and the introduction of the Hib vaccine. Furthermore, the
possible importance of this organism in the future will be discussed.20
During the 40 year period between 1946 and 1986 the incidence of
HiB increased 4 times over, and while some scientists speculate that the use
of antibiotics may have caused a resistant strain of this bacteria, but another
aspect to be looked at is the widespread use of vaccines. Like Polio, Hib
increased it's incidents dramatically with widespread use of vaccines, which
could be due in part to some ingredients in vaccines. While vaccine
manufacturers include ingredients that are adjuvants which help to trigger
immune response, many vaccines also include ingredients which actually
suppress the immune system which could give bacterium and viral particles
which are normally dormant in the human body, the opportunity to attack
cells without the bodies natural defense mechanisms fighting back in a
healthy fashion. Hib was first discovered in the 1890's during an influenza
outbreak. If HiB is not treated immediately, the death rate is typically around
5 to 10% with Neurological damage in as high as 30% of it's victims.21
12
Colonial morphology:
Morphology:
• Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
Classification:
Pathogenesis:
Virulence:
Mechanism:
Haemophilus influenzae
Pneumonia
Bacteremia
Encapsulated organism
Blood capillaries
Complement mediated
Non-immune host
Inflammatory response
Clinical features:
Diseases of children:
Diseases of adults:
Lab diagnosis:
Specimen collection:
Culture:
Cultural characteristics:
19
Media used:
• Blood agar.
• Chocolate agar.
• Levinthal agar (selective media).
• Complex media.
An antiserum agar medium was evaluated to determine its usefulness
and accuracy in the study of prevalence of haemophilus influenzae type b
(HIB) in the pharynx of infants and young children.the effects of varying the
concentration of ingredients were demonstrated. The medium could be store
at 4 °c for periods up to 12 weeks with no loss of effectiveness.26
Growth requirements:
Biochemical reactions: