Symbols and constants that are defined and used locally are not included here. SI units are given to
illustrate the dimensions of t he various symbols. The equations indicated refer to the location where
the symbol is first used or first defined.
a,a' surface areas of solid per
volume of bed and per
volume of solid, respectively,
m "
1
; Eq. (3.4)
a,a' decay constants of clusters in
the freeboard, m
_ 1
; Eqs.
(7.17) and (12.60)
a
h
bubble-emulsion interfacial a
h
area per bed volume, m
_ 1
;
Eq. (10.18)
Si activity of catalyst,
dimensionless; Eq. (15.9)
A gaseous reactant
Ar Archimedes number,
dimensionless; Eq. (3.20)
A
t
cross-sectional area of bed, m
2
area of vessel wall or of heat
exchange surface, m
2
b stoichiometric coefficient; Eq.
(18.1)
b,B constants, appear in various
places in text
solid reactant
Cd,or
orifice coefficient,
Cd,or
dimensionless; Eq. (4.12)
C* concentration of vapor in the
gas that is in equilibrium with
the surface of the particle,
mo l / m
3
; Eq. (16.51)
Cpg, Cpj, Cp
S
specific heat of gas, liquid, and
solid, respectively, J/kg-K
C
s
concentration of tracer solids
in t he bed, k g / m
3
; Eq. (9.4)
C
A
time average concentration of
A that a particle encounters,
mol / m
3
; Eq. (18.43)
C\ concentration of vapor A in
gas that is in equilibrium with
bed solids, mo l / m
3
; Eq.
(16.28)
^Ab> C
A c
, C
Ae
concentration of A in the gas
bubble, in t he cloud-wake
region, and in the emulsion
phase, respectively, mo l / m
3
^Ai> ^ > ^ Aex concentration of A in the
entering gas stream, at the top
of the dense bed, and at the
exit of t he vessel, respectively,
mo l / m
3
CD drag coefficient, dimensionless;
Eq. (3.28)
xxi
G
s
i> G
S
2, G
s3
volume fractions of cloud,
emulsion, and wake region,
respectively, per bubble
volume, dimensionless; Eqs.
(5.7), (6.32), and (5.11)
friction factors for gas flow,
bet ween dispersed solids and
gas, and for gas-solid mixtures,
respectively, dimensionless;
Eqs. (15.37), (15.36), and
(15.35)
flow rate of solids, kg/ s; Eq.
(15.15)
feed rate of solids, overflow
rate of solids, and carryover
rate of solids by entrainment,
respectively, kg/ s; Eq. (14.1)
output tracer concentration
versus time for a unit step
input of tracer, dimensionless;
Fig. 10.7
= 9.8 m/ s
2
, acceleration of
gravity
lkgr
= 32.2
lb-ft
l bf-s
2
conversion
Eq.
N- s
2
_ 9. 8kg-m
kg-wt -s
2
factor
mass flux of gas, kg/ m
2
- s
(15.23)
mass flux of solids, kg/ m
2
- s ;
Eq. (7.1)
saturated mass flux of solids,
kg/ m
2
- s ; Eq. (7.28)
downflow and upflow flux of
solids, respectively, kg/ m
2
*s;
Eq. (7.1)
mass flux of solids from a bed
of pure i, kg/ m
2
- s ; Eq. (7.3)
mass flux of dispersed solids,
of upward-moving clusters and
of downward-moving clusters
in t he freeboard, respectively,
kg/ m
2
- s ; Eq. (7.20)
height, m
heat transfer coefficient
between wall and bed, W/
m
2
- K; Eq. (13.1)
xxii NO T AT I O N
C
p
specific heat, J/ kg /
c
, /
e
, /
w
d* dimensionless measure of
particle diameter; Eq. (3.31)
d\y effective bubble diameter, m;
Eq. (5.2)
d\y
m
maximum bubble diameter, m; fg> /s> fs
Eq. (6.4)
d\yQ bubbl e diameter just above t he
distributor, m; Eq. (5.14)
d
e
f f effective diameter of particles
in a bed, m
;
Eq. (3.3)
dh diameter of hole of a
s
multihole tuyere, m; Chap. 4 F F F
df outer diameter of tubes '
1
'
2
inserted into beds, m;
Example 6.4
d
or
orifice diameter, m
dp particle diameter based on
screen analysis, m; Eq. (3.5)
d
S
ph equivalent spherical diameter
of a particle, m; Eq. (3.1) g
d
t
bed or t ube diameter, m
d
te
effective diameter of a bed
that contains internals, m; Eq.
(6.13)
Dg
V
, vertical and horizontal
dispersion coefficients of gas,
respectively, m
2
/ s ; Eqs. (10.1)
and (10.3) G
g
D
s v
, D
s
h vertical and horizontal
dispersion coefficients of G
s
solids, respectively, m
2
/ s ; Eqs.
(9.1) and (9.13) G*
3) molecular diffusion coefficient
of gas, m
2
/ s G G
3)
e
effective diffusion coefficient
of gas in the emulsion, m
2
/ s ;
Eq. (10.29)
G s i
3)
m
diffusion coefficient of
moisture, m
2
/ s ; Eq. (16.46) G
s l
, G
s 2
, G
S
s
effective diffusivity of gas
through t he product blanket,
m
2
/ s ; Eq. (18.10)
e
s
, e
w
emissivity of solids and of wall,
respectively, dimensionless; h
Eq. (13.13) h
( ) exit age distribution function,
s
- 1
; Fig. 10.7
NO T AT I O N
xxiii
surface reaction, m/ s ; Eq.
(18.6)
mass transfer coefficient, m/ s
mass transfer coefficient at a
single sphere falling through a
gas, m/ s ; Eq. (11.1)
apparent mass transfer
coefficient bet ween gas and
bed, based on t he surface area
of all t he bed particles, m/ s;
Eq. (11.6)
mass transfer coefficient
between gas and a single
particle, m/ s ; Eq. (11.3)
rate constant for a first-order
gas-solid reaction, m
3
/ mol - s;
Eq. (18.5)
effective thermal conductivity
of a fixed bed with a stagnant
gas, W/ m
2
- K; (Eq. (13.2)
effective thermal conductivity
of a thin layer of bed near the
wall surface, W/ m
2
- K; Eq.
(13.4)
thermal conductivity of gas,
W/ m
2
- K; Eq. (11.25)
thermal conductivity of solid,
W/ m
2
- K; Eq. (13.2)
rate constant for the
deactivation of catalyst, s
- 1
;
Eqs. (15.10) (17.8)
rate constant for the
regeneration of catalyst, s
- 1
;
Eq. (17.9)
coefficient of gas interchange
between bubbl e and cloud-
wake region, s "
1
; Eq. (10.13)
overall coefficient of gas
interchange between bubble
and emulsion phase, s
- 1
; Eq.
(10.13)
coefficient of gas interchange
bet ween cloud-wake region
and emulsion phase, s
_ 1
; Eq.
(10.13)
interchange coefficient for
mass transfer between bubble
and emulsion, s
- 1
; Eq. (11.8)
h* heat transfer coefficient at a
single sphere falling through a
gas, W/ m
2
- K; Eq. (11.25) k
d
hfo heat transfer coefficient k
d
bet ween bubbl e and cloud, W/
m
2
- K; Eq. (11.33)
^b ed apparent heat transfer ^d, bed
coefficient bet ween gas and
bed based upon total surface
area of particles, W/ m
2
K ;
after Eq. (11.27)
h g gas convection heat transfer k
d p
coefficient, W/ m
2
- K; Eq.
(13.16)
Zip real heat transfer coefficient k
r
bet ween gas and single
particles, W/ m
2
- K; Eq.
(11.28)
k
o
h
r
radiant heat transfer
coefficient, W/ m
2
*K; Eq.
(13.13) LO
heat transfer coefficient in t he
wall region of a fixed bed with
stagnant gas, W/ m
2
K; Eq.
(13.5)
k
H enthalpy, J/kg; Eq. (15.17)
g
H j , height of lower dense bed and k
s
of freeboard, respectively, m;
Eq. ( 8. 10)
K a
,
K a l
H
t
= H
d
+ Hf, height of column,
m
H
t o t a
j total volumetric heat transfer
2
coefficient bet ween gas and
bed, W/ m
2
- K; Eq. (11.34)