EEE351 Lecture Note: Yeasir Arafat, Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET.

Page 1
EEE 351


11.2 Supply-Independent Biasing





Figure 11.2 Simple circuit to establish supply-independent
currents.
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We can write VGS1 = VGS2 + ID2RS, or

Neglecting the body effect (i.e. VTH1 = VTH2), we have


and hence

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EEE351 Lecture Note: Yeasir Arafat, Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET. Page 4



start-up.


11.3 Temperature-Independent References




11.3.1 Negative TC Voltage
The base-emitter voltage of bipolar transistors or more generally the
forward voltage of a pn-junction diode exhibits a negative TC.
,

EEE351 Lecture Note: Yeasir Arafat, Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET. Page 5
Thus,



and

Therefore,

Finally,



11.3.2 Positive TC Voltage

If two identical transistors (IS1=IS2) are biased at collector currents of nI0
and I0 and there base currents are negligible, then

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Solution: Neglecting the base current, we can write



11.3.3 Bandgap Reference





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Figure 11.10 Realization of a pnp bipolar transistor in CMOS technology.
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In Fig 11.12, the offset effect is quantified as
. Thus



Figure 11.12 Effect of op amp offset on the reference voltage.
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Figure 11.13 Reduction of the effect of op amp offset.


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Figure 11.15 Reference generator incorporating 2 series B-E voltages.


In the circuit of Fig 11.9, the feedback signal produced by the op amp
returns to both its inputs. The negative feedback factor is given by



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Figure 11.16 (a) Curvature in temperature dependence of a bandgap
voltage (b) Variation of the zero-TC temperature for different samples.



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Figure 11.18 Generation of a PTAT current.


Figure 11.19 Generation of a PTAT current using a simple amplifier.


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Figure 11.20 Generation of a temperature-independent voltage.









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Figure 11.21 Constant-Gm biasing by switched-capacitor resistor (SwCR)


Figure 11.22 Voltage-to-current conversion by means of SwCR